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Moullan N, Asiago J, Stecco K, Hadi S, Albizem M, Tieu H, Hock B, Fenwick C, Lin K, Lengsfeld T, Poffenbarger L, Liu D, Trono D, Pantaleo G, Venkayya R, Bhuyan P. A First-in-Human Randomized Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Neutralization Profile of Two Investigational Long-Acting Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:173-187. [PMID: 38221576 PMCID: PMC10828317 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-023-00908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 remains a significant risk for the immunocompromised given their lower responsiveness to vaccination or infection. Therefore, passive immunity through long-acting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) offers a needed approach for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Our study evaluated safety, anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity, nasal penetration, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of two half-life-extended investigational mAbs, AER001 and AER002, providing the first demonstration of upper airway penetration of mAbs with the LS-modification. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I study enrolled healthy adults (n = 80) who received two long-acting COVID mAbs (AER001 and AER002), AER002 alone, or placebo. The dose ranged from 100 mg (mg) to 1200 mg per mAb component. The primary objective was to describe the safety and tolerability following intravenous (IV) administration. Secondary objectives were to describe PK, anti-drug antibodies (ADA), neutralization activity levels, and safety evaluation through 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS The majority (97.6%) of the reported adverse events (AE) post administration were of grade 1 severity. There were no serious adverse events (SAE) or ADAs. AER001 and AER002 successfully achieved an extended half-life of 105 days and 97.5 days, respectively. Participants receiving AER001 and AER002 (300 mg each) or AER002 (300 mg) alone showed 15- and 26-fold higher neutralization levels against D614G and omicron BA.1 than the placebo group 24 h post-administration. Single 300 or 1200 mg IV dose of AER001 and AER002 resulted in nasal mucosa transudation of approximately 2.5% and 2.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION AER001 and AER002 showed an acceptable safety profile and extended half-life. High serum neutralization activity was observed against D614G and Omicron BA.1 compared to the placebo group. These data support that LS-modified mAbs can achieve durability, safety, potency, and upper airway tissue penetration and will guide the development of the next generation of mAbs for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT Number 2022-001709-35 (COV-2022-001).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Björn Hock
- Lavaux Biotech Consulting, Yens, Switzerland
| | | | - Kai Lin
- Aerium Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - David Liu
- Aerium Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Didier Trono
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sobieszczyk ME, Maaske J, Falsey AR, Sproule S, Robb ML, Frenck RW, Tieu HV, Mayer KH, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Tong T, Brewinski Isaacs M, Janes H, Bansal H, Edwards LM, Green JA, Kelly EJ, Shoemaker K, Takas T, White T, Bhuyan P, Villafana T, Hirsch AI. Durability of protection and immunogenicity of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) COVID-19 vaccine over 6 months. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e160565. [PMID: 36106642 PMCID: PMC9479753 DOI: 10.1172/jci160565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundWe report updated safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) from an ongoing phase 3 trial.MethodsAdults at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection were randomized (2:1), stratified by age, to receive 2 doses of AZD1222 or placebo. The primary efficacy end point was confirmed SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcriptase PCR-positive (RT-PCR-positive) symptomatic COVID-19 at 15 or more days after a second dose in baseline SARS-CoV-2-seronegative participants. The 21,634 and 10,816 participants were randomized to AZD1222 and placebo, respectively.FindingsData cutoff for this analysis was July 30, 2021; median follow-up from second dose was 78 and 71 days for the double-blind period (censoring at unblinding or nonstudy COVID-19 vaccination) and 201 and 82 days for the period to nonstudy COVID-19 vaccination (regardless of unblinding) in the AZD1222 and placebo groups, respectively. For the primary efficacy end point in the double-blind period (141 and 184 events; incidence rates: 39.2 and 118.8 per 1,000 person years), vaccine efficacy was 67.0% (P < 0.001). In the period to nonstudy COVID-19 vaccination, incidence of events remained consistently low and stable through 6 months in the AZD1222 group; for the primary efficacy end point (328 and 219 events; incidence rates: 36.4, 108.4) and severe/critical disease (5 and 13 events; incidence rates: 0.6, 6.4), respective vaccine efficacy estimates were 65.1% and 92.1%. AZD1222 elicited humoral immune responses over time, with waning at day 180. No emergent safety issues were seen.ConclusionAZD1222 is safe and well tolerated, demonstrating durable protection and immunogenicity with median follow-up (AZD1222 group) of 6 months.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04516746.FundingAstraZeneca; US government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jill Maaske
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann R. Falsey
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie Sproule
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W. Frenck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hong-Van Tieu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Mayer
- Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Tina Tong
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Holly Janes
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Himanshu Bansal
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Justin A. Green
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J. Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Shoemaker
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Therese Takas
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Tom White
- Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and
| | - Prakash Bhuyan
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Tonya Villafana
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - and Ian Hirsch
- Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Laffan MA, Rees S, Yadavalli M, Ferstenberg LB, Kumar Shankar N, Medin J, Foskett N, Arnold M, Gomes da Silva H, Bhuyan P, Nord M. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCov-19) vaccination: Case characteristics and associations. Vaccine 2022; 40:5585-5593. [PMID: 35989136 PMCID: PMC9388294 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Post-marketing surveillance for COVID-19 vaccines during the pandemic identified an extremely rare thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) reported post-vaccination, requiring further characterisation to improve diagnosis and management. Methods We searched the AstraZeneca Global Safety Database (through April 26, 2021) for cases with co-reported thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (using standardised MedDRA queries/high-level terms) following AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19). Cases were adjudicated by experts as ‘typical’,’possible’, ‘no’ or ‘unknown’ according to available TTS criteria. Additional confirmatory datasets (May 20–June 20, October 1–December 28) were evaluated. Findings We identified 573 reports, including 273 (47.6 %) ‘typical’ and 171 (29.8 %) ’possible’ TTS cases. Of these 444 cases, 275 (61.9 %) were female, median age was 50.0 years (IQR: 38.0–60.0). Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis was reported in 196 (44.1 %) cases, splanchnic venous thrombosis in 65 (14.6 %) and thromboses at multiple sites in 119 (26.8 %). Median time to onset was 12.0 days (IQR: 9.0–15.0). Comparison with a pre-pandemic reference population indicated higher rates of autoimmune disorders (13.8 %, 4.4 %), previous heparin therapy (7.4 %, 1.2 %), history of thrombosis (5.5 %, 1.4 %), and immune thrombocytopenia (6.1 %, 0.2 %). Fatality rate was 22.2 % (127/573) overall and 23.6 % (105/444) in ‘typical’/’possible’ TTS, which decreased from 39.0 % (60/154) in February/March to 15.5 % (45/290) in April. Overall patterns were similar in confirmatory datasets. Conclusions The reporting rate of ‘typical’/’possible’ TTS post first-dose vaccination in this dataset is 7.5 per million vaccinated persons; few cases were reported after subsequent doses, including booster doses. Peak reporting coincided with media-driven attention. Medical history differences versus a reference population indicate potentially unidentified risk factors. The decreasing fatality rate correlates with increasing awareness and publication of diagnostic/treatment guidelines. Adjudication was hindered by unreported parameters, and an algorithm was developed to classify potential TTS cases; comprehensive reporting could help further improve definition and management of this extremely rare syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Laffan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Room 5S5b, The Hammersmith Hospital, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Sue Rees
- Sue Rees Consultancy Ltd, Verulam Point, Station Way, St. Albans AL1 5HE, UK.
| | - Madhavi Yadavalli
- Patient Safety, Chief Medical Office, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Lisa Beth Ferstenberg
- Patient Safety, Chief Medical Office, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Nirmal Kumar Shankar
- Patient Safety, Chief Medical Office, R&D, AstraZeneca, India Pvt. Ltd, Rachenahalli, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore 560045, India.
| | - Jennie Medin
- BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal SE431 83, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Nadia Foskett
- BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Academy House 136 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK.
| | - Matthew Arnold
- BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK.
| | - Hugo Gomes da Silva
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Rua Humberto Madeira 7 / 7A, 2730-097 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Prakash Bhuyan
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Magnus Nord
- Patient Safety, Chief Medical Office, R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal SE431 83, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Cohen TS, Kelly EJ, Nylander S, Bansal H, Jepson BM, Bhuyan P, Sobieszczyk ME, Falsey AR. Serum levels of anti-PF4 IgG after AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) vaccination. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7961. [PMID: 35562373 PMCID: PMC9103599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare cases of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) have been reported after AZD1222. Anti-platelet factor-4 (PF4) antibodies were observed in patients following presentation of TTS, however it is unclear if AZD1222 was responsible for inducing production of anti-PF4. Paired samples (baseline and day-15) from a phase 3 trial of AZD1222 vs placebo were analyzed for anti-PF4 levels; 19/1727 (1.1%, AZD1222) vs 7/857 (0.8%, placebo) participants were anti-PF4-IgG-negative at baseline but had moderate Day-15 levels (P = 0.676) and 0/35 and 1/20 (5.0%) had moderate levels at baseline but high Day-15 levels. These data indicate that AZD1222 does not induce a clinically relevant general increase in anti-PF4 IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor S Cohen
- Microbiome Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Elizabeth J Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sven Nylander
- Clinical Development, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Himanshu Bansal
- Biometrics, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Brett M Jepson
- Biometrics, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Prakash Bhuyan
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Magdalena E Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann R Falsey
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Soboleva K, Shankar NK, Yadavalli M, Ferreira C, Foskett N, Putsepp K, Ferstenberg LB, Nord M, da Silva HG, Bhuyan P. Geographical distribution of TTS cases following AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) vaccination. The Lancet Global Health 2022; 10:e33-e34. [PMID: 34919849 PMCID: PMC8670752 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Bhuyan P, Medin J, da Silva HG, Yadavalli M, Nord M. Just how common is TTS after a second dose of the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine? - Authors' reply. Lancet 2021; 398:1801-1802. [PMID: 34774142 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Bhuyan
- Clinical Development, Late-stage Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jennie Medin
- BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE431 83, Sweden
| | | | - Madhavi Yadavalli
- Patient Safety, Chief Medical Office, Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Magnus Nord
- Patient Safety, Chief Medical Office, Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE431 83, Sweden.
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Bhuyan P, Medin J, da Silva HG, Yadavalli M, Shankar NK, Mullerova H, Arnold M, Nord M. Very rare thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after second AZD1222 dose: a global safety database analysis. Lancet 2021; 398:577-578. [PMID: 34329583 PMCID: PMC9753120 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Bhuyan
- Global Clinical Development Late R&I, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jennie Medin
- Global Medical BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenberg SE431 83, Sweden
| | | | - Madhavi Yadavalli
- Global Patient Safety BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Hana Mullerova
- Global Medical BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Arnold
- Global Medical BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Magnus Nord
- Global Patient Safety BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenberg SE431 83, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Bhuyan
- Applied Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - A. Dewanji
- Applied Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
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Muse D, Christensen S, Bhuyan P, Absalon J, Eiden J, Jones TR, York LJ, Jansen KU, O'Neill RE, Harris SL, Perez JL. Immunogenicity and Safety of Bivalent rLP2086, a Meningococcal Serogroup B Vaccine, Coadministered With Tdap and MCV4 in US Adolescents. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv131.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Bhuyan P, Mahapatra S, Kar A, Kar T, Mahapatra M. Cervical polyp: an unusual presentation of carcinosarcoma. Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/20742835.2012.11441190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Vesikari T, Beeslaar J, Eiden J, Jiang Q, Harris S, York LJ, Morgenstern D, Bhuyan P, Perez JL. 1082Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of an Investigational Meningococcal Serogroup B Bivalent rLP2086 Vaccine in Healthy Adolescents Aged 11 to 18 Years in Three Phase 2, Randomized, Controlled Studies. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu052.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Vesikari
- University of Tampere Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Qin Jiang
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
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Bhuyan P, Eiden J, Jones TR, York LJ, Ginis J, Jansen KU, Perez JL. 1081Immunogenicity of Human Papilloma Vaccine Coadministered with an Investigational Bivalent rLP2086 Vaccine Against Meningococcal Serogroup B in Healthy Adolescents. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu052.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Bhuyan
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
| | - Joseph Eiden
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Pearl River, NY
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
| | - Thomas R. Jones
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Pearl River, NY
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
| | - Laura J. York
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
| | - John Ginis
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
| | - Kathrin U. Jansen
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Pearl River, NY
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
| | - John L. Perez
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
- Pfizer Vaccine Research, Collegeville, PA
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Patel A, Bhattacharyay R, Srinivasan R, Rajendrakumar E, Bhuyan P, Satyamurthy P, Swain P, Goswami K. 3D thermo-fluid MHD simulation of single straight channel flow in LLCB TBM. Fusion Engineering and Design 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Karikó K, Bhuyan P, Capodici J, Ni H, Lubinski J, Friedman H, Weissman D. Exogenous siRNA mediates sequence-independent gene suppression by signaling through toll-like receptor 3. Cells Tissues Organs 2005; 177:132-8. [PMID: 15388987 DOI: 10.1159/000079987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method that specifically suppresses gene expression in a sequence-dependent manner whose machinery is found in organisms from fungi to mammals. Mammalian cells have developed a sequence-independent system of gene suppression often induced by viral replication that includes the recognition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) through Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and induction of type I interferon synthesis. Interferon activates the transcription of a set of genes including dsRNA-activated protein kinase that suppresses protein synthesis and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, which generates a product that activates RNase L to cleave RNA in a sequence-independent manner. We observed that 21-bp dsRNA, a key mediator of RNAi, not only induces sequence-specific gene suppression, but also signals TLR3 to induce type I interferon and activates sequence-independent suppression of protein synthesis and enhancement of mRNA degradation. This sequence-independent suppression was demonstrated for both an exogenously administered reporter gene as well as during the targeting of viral genes in the course of acute herpes simplex virus type I infection of keratinocytes. As TLR3 is expressed by many primary cell types and cell lines, this sequence-independent suppression should be considered in the design of experiments using small interfering RNA-mediated gene suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Karikó
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Karikó K, Bhuyan P, Capodici J, Weissman D. Small interfering RNAs mediate sequence-independent gene suppression and induce immune activation by signaling through toll-like receptor 3. J Immunol 2004; 172:6545-9. [PMID: 15153468 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering (si) and short hairpin (sh) RNAs induce robust degradation of homologous mRNAs, making them a potent tool to achieve gene silencing in mammalian cells. Silencing by siRNAs is used widely because it is considered highly specific for the targeted gene, although a recent report suggests that siRNA also induce signaling through the type I IFN system. When human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) or keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines or human primary dendritic cells or macrophages were transfected with siRNA or shRNAs, suppression of nontargeted mRNA expression was detected. Additionally, siRNA and shRNA, independent of their sequences, initiated immune activation, including IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha production and increased HLA-DR expression, in transfected macrophages and dendritic cells. The siRNAs induced low, but significant, levels of IFN-beta in HEK293 and HaCaT cells. Secretion of these cytokines increased tremendously when HEK293 cells overexpressed Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), and the increased secretion of IFN-beta was inhibited by coexpression of an inhibitor of TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-beta, the TLR3 adaptor protein linked to IFN regulatory factor 3 signaling. Although siRNA and shRNA knockdown of genes represents a new and powerful tool, it is not without nonspecific effects, which we demonstrate are mediated in part by signaling through TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Karikó
- Division of Neurosurgery and Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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