PD-L1 Expression in Ampullary Adenocarcinoma

INTRODUCTION

Ampullary adenocarcinoma is a rare neoplasm often treated by the complex Whipple's procedure. Several histological factors predict poor prognosis including pancreatobiliary morphology, presence of lymphovascular, perineural invasion and local or distant metastasis. Systemic therapy with gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil regimens are given with variable benefits. Immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors have shown beneficial anti-tumor effects in several carcinomas, the most remarkable being in non-small cell lung cancer. Administration of these novel drugs is based on immunohistochemical expression (which may or may not be indicative of response to therapy) along with meticulous decision making by the multidisciplinary team. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an effective means of immune marker demonstration and has been used in various tumor types for predictive and prognostic purposes.

METHODS

PD-L1 IHC (clone E1L3N) was applied in 101 cases of ampullary adenocarcinoma. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were also evaluated. The immunoreactivity was assessed and categorized into following staining thresholds: <1%, <5%, <10% and ≥10% for tumor cells (membranous and/or cytoplasmic staining pattern), and 5% and 10% cut-offs for immune cells.

RESULTS

We found that at a 10% cut-off, 73.3% (74/101) patients were men (P  =  .006) older than 50 years of age (P < .001) presenting with a tumor measuring <3 cm (P  =  .001). It was significantly associated with intestinal differentiation (P  =  .004) and grade 1 tumors (P  =  .001). Twelve patients presented with recurrence as well (P  =  .03).

CONCLUSION

In the context of ampullary adenocarcinoma, this study highlights the positivity observed with the PD-L1 IHC clone E1L3N at different thresholds, with the particularly stronger associations being evident at a 10% cut-off.

Current Utility of Transgastric Percutaneous Drainage for the Management of Pancreatitis-Related Retrogastric Walled-Off Necrotic Collections: A Prospective Observational Study

Introduction Pancreatic fluid collection (PFC) is one of the most frequent complications associated with acute pancreatitis. The route of drainage is guided by the size and site of collection. The present study aims to assess the clinical and technical success of transgastric percutaneous drainage (PCD) for managing retrogastric walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN). Materials and methods A total of 44 patients with acute pancreatitis diagnosed with WOPN who underwent transgastric PCD with ultrasound or CT guidance as part of standard clinical management were included in the study. Patients were observed for improvement in clinical parameters, and treatment outcomes were noted in terms of technical success, clinical success, adverse events, need for additional procedures, hospital stay, and duration of placement of all drains. Data for the internalization of transgastric PCD was also observed in the study. Results Technical success during the drain placement was observed in 93% (n=41) of patients.Internalization of the transgastric drain was attempted in 12 patients and successful in 11 (91%). The median duration of hospital stay from the time of placement of the first PCD until discharge and the median duration of all PCDs placed were higher in patients where the transgastric drain was not internalized as compared to patients where the transgastric drain was internalized. Conclusion In WOPN, transgastric drain placement and successful internalization in any form help in the early resolution of peripancreatic and abdominal collections. It also reduces the time to percutaneous catheter removal, which in turn reduces the morbidity and decreases the need for additional interventions or surgery.

Post Cholecystectomy Bile Duct Injury in an Acute Setting: Categorization, Triaging, and Management Algorithm

Background Postcholecystectomy bile duct injury (BDI) is a management challenge with significant morbidity, mortality, and effects on long-term quality of life. Early referral to a specialized hepatobiliary center and appropriate early management are crucial to improving outcomes and overall quality of life. In this retrospective analysis, we examined patients who were managed at our center over the past 10 years and proposed a triage and management algorithm for BDI in acute settings. Methods Patients referred to our center with BDI from January 2011 to December 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. The primary objective of initial management is to control sepsis and minimize BDI-related morbidity and mortality. All the patients were resuscitated with intravenous fluid, antibiotics (preferably culture-based), correction of electrolyte deficiencies, and organ support if required. A triage module and management algorithm were framed based on our experience. All the patients were triaged based on the presence or absence of bile leaks. Each group was further subdivided into red, yellow, and green zones (depending on the presence of sepsis, organ failure, and associated injuries), and the results were analyzed as per the proposed algorithm. Results One hundred twenty-eight patients with acute BDI were referred to us during the study period, and 116 patients had BDI with a bile leak and 12 patients were without a bile leak. Out of bile leak patients, 106 patients (91.38%) had sepsis with or without organ failure (red and yellow zone) and required invasive intervention in the form of PCD insertion (n=99, 85.34%) and/or laparotomy, lavage, and drainage (n=7, 6.03%). Another 10 patients (8.62%) had controlled external biliary fistula (green zone), of which four were managed with antibiotics, four underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography stenting, and only two (1.7%) patients could undergo Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy upfront due to late referral. Among patients with BDI without bile leaks, nine (75%) had cholangitis (red and yellow zones). Out of these, five required PTBD along with antibiotics and four were managed with antibiotics alone. Only three (25%) patients in this group could undergo definitive repair without any restriction on the timing of referral and were sepsis-free at presentation (green zone). A total of nine patients had a vascular injury, and four of them required digital subtraction angiography and coil embolization. There were three (2.34%) mortalities; all were in the red zone of rest and had successful initial management. In total, five patients were managed with early repair in the acute setting, and the rest underwent definitive intervention at subsequent admissions after being converted to green zone patients with initial management. Conclusion The presented categorization, triaging, and management algorithm provides optimum insight to understand the severity, simplify these complex scenarios, expedite the decision-making process, and thus enhance patient outcomes in early acute settings following BDI.

Jaundice in a Child with Sickle Cell Anemia: A Case Based Approach

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in beta globin gene. Hepatobiliary system is affected in 10-40% of patients with SCA and has a multifactorial etiology. The authors present a child with SCA and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to biliary obstruction. He underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and biliary stenting, had complications of post sphincterotomy bleed, retroperitoneal hematoma and post laparoscopic cholecystectomy sepsis with acute sickle hepatic crisis. He was managed successfully and is doing well on follow-up. Here authors discuss a stepwise approach in management of jaundice in a patient with SCA. Patients with SCA are prone to develop vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) during periods of stress. VOC affects the liver as acute sickle hepatic crisis, acute hepatic sequestration or sickle cell intrahepatic cholestasis and is collectively termed as sickle cell hepatopathy. Hemolysis due to sickling results in cholelithiasis with its associated complications. These patients are vulnerable to viral hepatitis and hemochromatosis due to multiple blood transfusions. There may be a concomitant acute viral hepatitis, drug induced liver injury, Budd-Chiari syndrome or other chronic liver diseases. These conditions have considerable clinical overlap and may coexist, making the evaluation more challenging. Detailed history, examination and investigations are required for differentiation of etiology. Periods of stress must be tackled with proper hydration, oxygen supplementation, maintaining hemoglobin >10 g/dL, and a low hemoglobin S fraction. Patients with SCA and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia are "high-risk" and best managed by a multidisciplinary team. Preventive strategies like timely vaccinations, chelation, etc. must be practised.

Universal to nonuniversal transition of the statistics of rare events during the spread of random walks

Through numerous experiments that analyzed rare event statistics in heterogeneous media, it was discovered that in many cases the probability density function for particle position, P(X,t), exhibits a slower decay rate than the Gaussian function. Typically, the decay behavior is exponential, referred to as Laplace tails. However, many systems exhibit an even slower decay rate, such as power-law, log-normal, or stretched exponential. In this study, we utilize the continuous-time random walk method to investigate the rare events in particle hopping dynamics and find that the properties of the hop size distribution induce a critical transition between the Laplace universality of rare events and a more specific, slower decay of P(X,t). Specifically, when the hop size distribution decays slower than exponential, such as e^{-|x|^{β}} (β>1), the Laplace universality no longer applies, and the decay is specific, influenced by a few large events, rather than by the accumulation of many smaller events that give rise to Laplace tails.

Automated bidirectional coupling of multiscale models of aerosol dosimetry: validation with subject-specific deposition data

Assessing the toxicity of airborne particulate matter or the efficacy of inhaled drug depends upon accurate estimates of deposited fraction of inhaled materials. In silico approaches can provide important insights into site- or airway-specific deposition of inhaled aerosols in the respiratory system. In this study, we improved on our recently developed 3D/1D model that simulate aerosol transport and deposition in the whole lung over multiple breath cycles (J. Aerosol Sci 151:105647). A subject-specific multiscale lung model of a healthy male subject using computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) in a 3D model of the oral cavity through the large bronchial airways entering each lobe was bidirectionally coupled with a recently improved Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) model to predict aerosol deposition over the entire respiratory tract over multiple breaths for four conditions matching experimental aerosol exposures in the same subject from which the model was developed. These include two particle sizes (1 and 2.9 μm) and two subject-specific breathing rates of ~300 ml/s (slow breathing) and ~750 ml/s (fast breathing) at a target tidal volume of 1 L. In silico predictions of retained fraction were 0.31 and 0.29 for 1 μm and 0.66 and 0.62 for 2.9 μm during slow and fast breathing, respectively, and compared well with experimental data (1 μm: 0.31±0.01 (slow) and 0.27±0.01 (fast), 2.9 μm: 0.63±0.03 (slow) and 0.68±0.02 (fast)). These results provide a great deal of confidence in the validity and reliability of our approach.

Bernoulli trial under restarts: A comparative study of resetting transitions

A Bernoulli trial describing the escape behavior of a lamb to a safe haven in pursuit by a lion is studied under restarts. The process ends in two ways: either the lamb makes it to the safe haven (success) or is captured by the lion (failure). We study the first passage properties of this Bernoulli trial and find that only mean first passage time exists. Considering Poisson and sharp resetting, we find that the success probability is a monotonically decreasing function of the restart rate. The mean time, however, exhibits a nonmonotonic dependence on the restart rate taking a minimal value at an optimal restart rate. Furthermore, for sharp restart, the mean time possesses a local and a global minima. As a result, the optimal restart rate exhibits a continuous transition for Poisson resetting while it exhibits a discontinuous transition for sharp resetting as a function of the relative separation of the lion and the lamb. We also find that the distribution of first passage times under sharp resetting exhibits a periodic behavior.

Activation cross section for the (n,2n) and (n,p) reactions on 103Rh, 48Ti and 52Cr from reaction threshold up to 25 MeV energy region

Activation and off-line γ-ray spectrometric methods were used to measure the ground and isomeric state (n,2n) reaction cross section for 103Rh at two different neutron energies. The standard 27Al (n,α)24Na reference reaction was used to normalise neutron flux. The proton beam from the 14UD BARC-TIFR Pelletron facility in Mumbai, India, was utilised to create high-energy quasi-monoenergetic neutrons via the 7Li (p,n) reaction. Statistical model calculations including the level density, pre-equilibrium and optical potential model were performed using the TALYS (ver. 1.95) and EMPIRE (ver. 3.2.3) reaction codes. In addition, because of considerable discrepancies in measured data, the literature (n,p) reaction cross section of 52Cr and 48Ti targets were examined theoretically in the present work. The measured cross sections are discussed and compared with the latest evaluated data of the FENDL-3.2b, CENDL-3.2, TENDL-2019, JENDL-5.0, and ENDF/B-VIII.0 libraries, and experimental data based on the EXFOR compilation. The theoretical investigation of the (n,2n) reaction cross section was performed for the ground and isomeric state for the first time from reaction threshold to 25 MeV energies. The experimental data corresponding to the ground, isomeric state and isomeric ratio were reproduced consistently by the theoretical calculations. The present experimental results are good with certain literature data and theoretical values.

Glucometrics in the first week of critical illness and its association with mortality

OBJECTIVE

Evaluation of glucometrics in the first week of ICU stay and its association with outcomes.

DESIGN

Prospective observational study.

SETTING

Mixed ICU of teaching hospital.

PATIENTS

Adults initiated on insulin infusion for 2 consecutive blood glucose (BG) readings ≥180mg/dL.

MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST

Glucometrics calculated from the BG of first week of admission: hyperglycemia (BG>180mg/dL) and hypoglycemia (BG<70mg/dL) episodes; median, standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of BG, glycemic lability index (GLI), time in target BG range (TIR). Factors influencing glucometrics and the association of glucometrics to patient outcomes analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 5762 BG measurements in 100 patients of median age 55 years included. Glucometrics: hyperglycemia: 2253 (39%), hypoglycemia: 28 (0.48%), median BG: 169mg/dL (162-178.75), SD 31mg/dL (26-38.75), CV 18.6% (17.1-22.5), GLI: 718.5 [(mg/dL)²/h]/week (540.5-1131.5) and TIR 57% (50-67). Diabetes and higher APACHE II score were associated with higher SD and CV, and lower TIR. On multivariate regression, diabetes (p=0.009) and APACHE II score (p=0.016) were independently associated with higher SD. Higher SD and CV were associated with less vasopressor-free days; lower TIR with more blood-stream infections (BSI). Patients with higher SD, CV and GLI had a higher 28-day mortality. On multivariate analysis, GLI alone was associated with a higher mortality (OR 2.99, p=0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Glycemic lability in the first week in ICU patients receiving insulin infusion is associated with higher mortality. Lower TIR is associated with more blood stream infections.

Knowledge and Information Resources about Child Abuse among Government and Private Dental Practitioner in Uttar Pradesh, India

Background and Aim

To evaluate knowledge, attitude, and information sources about child abuse and neglect (CAN) among dentists in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh state, India.

Subjects and Methods

A cross-sectional online survey was carried out of dentist working in government and private hospitals in the Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh State, India (n = 674). The structured questionnaire was sent through electronic mail that contained the consent form, instructions for filling, and returning the questionnaire. The data obtained were systematically compiled and the Chi-square test was applied to test the association. The significance level of P ≤ 0.05 was applied.

Results

A maximum number of dental practitioners from the government (81.97%) and private sector (85.98%) were aware of the child protection law. A significant number of government and private dental practitioners were satisfied with their knowledge (p = 0.0092); however, 83.79% suggested that the continuing education programs/courses were important tool to update their knowledge. The girl child was maximum sufferer (p = 0.0056) of CAN. Only 14.08% of practitioners acted on the suspected cases, and a statistical significant relation was observed between the government and private dental practitioners for not taking any action on child abuse and neglect (p = 0.0010).

Conclusions

Data from this study may provide a useful contribution to the current limited knowledge about the familiarity of dental practitioners with child maltreatment and their skills to recognize and manage CAN cases in their practice. The majority of dental practitioners knew about the child protection law in India, but they were reluctant to report such cases due to the fear of anger from the parents and family of the child. Continuing education programs/courses were the most preferred method for increasing the knowledge regarding CAN. They should report the CAN cases to local legislators and health authorities so to prevent child abuse and neglect from ever occurring.

Adverse Events Following Immunization Among Children Under Two Years of Age: A Prospective Observational Study From North India

BACKGROUND

Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective child survival health interventions. A single serious adverse event following immunization (AEFI) or a cluster of events may lead to a loss of public confidence in the program and a major setback to immunization coverage. This study was conducted to assess the incidence of AEFIs in children less than two years of age.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A prospective community-based observational study was conducted in the North Indian state of Uttarakhand from October 2017 to February 2018. A total of 255 children who attended the selected sub-centres for immunization were finally included in the study. Follow-up home visits on the 8th and 30th day of vaccination were carried out to identify any occurrences of AEFIs.

RESULTS

Among 255 children, 212 AEFIs from 152 vaccinated subjects were reported. The majority of the AEFIs were reported in the age group 0-1 years. The incidence of AEFIs was 33.0 per 100 doses of vaccines administered. The most common AEFI reported was fever (101, 47.6%), followed by swelling (53, 25.0%). Among the vaccines, Pentavalent + oral polio vaccine (OPV) (48.8 per 100 doses) was majorly responsible for AEFIs, followed by diphtheria pertussis tetanus (DPT) + measles and rubella (MR) + OPV (46.6 per 100 doses).

CONCLUSION

Our findings revealed that although the incidence of AEFI reported was high, all of them were minor and no serious AEFIs were identified. The awareness among health professionals and the public regarding the reporting of AEFIs should be continued to increase the safety profile of vaccines.

Genomic characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease virus (LSDV) from India: Circulation of Kenyan-like LSDV strains with unique kelch-like proteins

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important poxviral disease endemic to Asia, Europe, and Africa. Recently, LSD has spread to naïve countries, including India, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Thailand. Here, we describe the complete genomic characterization of LSDV from India, LSDV-WB/IND/19 isolated from an LSD affected calf in 2019 determined by Illumina next-generation sequencing (NGS). The LSDV-WB/IND/19 has a genome size of 150,969 bp encoding 156 putative ORFs. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome sequence suggested that LSDV-WB/IND/19 is closely related to Kenyan LSDV strains with 10-12 variants with non-synonymous changes confined to LSD_019, LSD_049, LSD_089, LSD_094, LSD_096, LSD_140, and LSD_144 genes. In contrast to complete kelch-like proteins in Kenyan LSDV strains, LSDV-WB/IND/19 LSD_019 and LSD_144 genes were found to encode truncated versions (019a, 019b, and 144a, 144b). LSD_019a and LSD_019b proteins of LSDV-WB/IND/19 resemble that of wild-type LSDV strains based on SNPs and the C-terminal part of LSD_019b except for deletion at K229, whereas the LSD_144a and LSD_144b proteins resemble that of Kenyan LSDV strains based on SNPs, however, C-terminal part of LSD_144a resembles that of vaccine-associated LSDV strains due to premature truncation. The NGS findings were confirmed by Sanger sequencing of these genes in Vero cell isolate as well as in the original skin scab along with similar findings in another Indian LSDV from scab specimen. LSD_019 and LSD_144 genes are thought to modulate virulence and host range in capripoxviruses. This study demonstrates the circulation of unique LSDV strains in India and highlights the importance of constant monitoring of the molecular evolution of LSDV and associated factors in the region in light of the emergence of recombinant LSDV strains.

Capture of a diffusing lamb by a diffusing lion when both return home

A diffusing lion pursues a diffusing lamb when both of them are allowed to get back to their homes intermittently. Identifying the system with a pair of vicious random walkers, we study their dynamics under Poissonian and sharp resetting. In the absence of any resets, the location of intersection of the two walkers follows a Cauchy distribution. In the presence of resetting, the distribution of the location of annihilation is composed of two parts: one in which the trajectories cross without being reset (center) and the other where trajectories are reset at least once before they cross each other (tails). We find that the tail part decays exponentially for both the resetting protocols. The central part of the distribution, on the other hand, depends on the nature of the restart protocol, with Cauchy for Poisson resetting and Gaussian for sharp resetting. We find good agreement of the analytical results with numerical calculations.

An unusual cause of obstructive jaundice in childhood: Intra-choledochal malignant neuroendocrine tumour

The extrahepatic biliary apparatus is a rare site for neuroendocrine tumours. A 13-year-old child presented with cholestatic symptoms of jaundice and pruritus with soft hepatomegaly and mild ascites. Magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic ultrasound revealed a mid-common bile duct mass, and dilated intrahepatic biliary system. An en-bloc resection of the extrahepatic biliary apparatus, showed malignant cells disposed in lobules in a desmoplastic stroma with intramural invasion, staining positive for cytokeratin, chromogranin, synaptophysin and negative for CD56. At 3 months post-resection, whole body positron emission tomography scan was normal with no recurrence at 24 months.

Impact of Covid-19 on gastrointestinal cancer surgery: A National Survey

Purpose

To understand the actual impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and frame the future strategies, we conducted a pan India survey to study the impact on the surgical management of gastrointestinal cancers.

Methods

A national multicentre survey in the form of a questionnaire from 16 tertiary care gastrointestinal oncology centres across India was conducted from January 2019 to June 2021 that was divided into a 15-month pre-Covid era and a similar period of active Covid pandemic era.

Results

There was significant disruption of services; 13 (81%) centres worked as dedicated Covid care centres and 43% reported suspension of essential care for more than 6 months. In active Covid phase, there was a 14.5% decrease in registrations and proportion of decrease was highest in the centres from South zone (22%). There was decrease in resections across all organ systems; maximum reduction was noted in hepatic resections (33%) followed by oesophageal and gastric resections (31 and 25% respectively). There was minimal decrease in colorectal resections (5%). A total of 584 (7.1%) patients had either active Covid-19 infection or developed infection in the post-operative period or had recovered from Covid-19 infection. Only 3 (18%) centres reported higher morbidity, while the rest of the centres reported similar or lower morbidity rates when compared to pre-Covid phase; however, 6 (37%) centres reported slightly higher mortality in the active Covid phase.

Conclusion

Covid-19 pandemic resulted in significant reduction in new cancer registrations and elective gastrointestinal cancer surgeries. Perioperative morbidity remained similar despite 7.1% perioperative Covid 19 exposure.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00423-022-02675-6.

Does Timing of Completion Radical Cholecystectomy Determine the Survival Outcome in Incidental Carcinoma Gallbladder: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis

Introduction

Incidental discovery of gallbladder cancer (GBC) on postoperative histopathology or intra-operative suspicion is becoming increasingly frequent since laparoscopic cholecystectomy became the standard of care for gallstone disease. Incidental GBC (IGBC) portends a better survival than primarily detected GBC. Various factors affect the outcome of re-resection with the timing of re-intervention an important determinant of survival.

Methods

All patients of IGBC who underwent curative resection from January 2009 to December 2018 were considered for analysis. Details of demographic profile, index surgery, and operative findings on re-resection, histopathology and follow-up were retrieved from the prospectively maintained database. Patients were evaluated in three groups based on the interval between index cholecystectomy and re-resection: Early (<4 weeks), Intermediate (4-12 weeks) and Late (>12 weeks), using appropriate statistical tests.

Results

Ninety-one patients were admitted with IGBC during the study period of which 48 underwent re-resection with curative intent. The median age of presentation was 55 years (31-77 years). The median duration of follow-up was 40.6 months (Range: 1.2-130.6 months). Overall and disease-free survival among the above-mentioned three groups was the best in the early group (104 and 102 months) as compared to the intermediate (84 and 83 months) and late groups (75 and 73 months), though the difference failed to achieve statistical significance (p=0.588 and 0.581). On univariate analysis, factors associated with poor outcome were node metastasis, need for common bile duct (CBD) excision and high-grade tumor. However, on multivariate analysis, poor differentiation was the only independent factor affecting survival.

Conclusion

Early surgery, preferably within four weeks, possibly entails better survival in incidentally detected GBC. The grade of a tumor, however, is the most important determinant of survival in IGBC.

General approach to stochastic resetting

We address the effect of stochastic resetting on diffusion and subdiffusion process. For diffusion we find that mean square displacement relaxes to a constant only when the distribution of reset times possess finite mean and variance. In this case, the leading order contribution to the probability density function (PDF) of a Gaussian propagator under resetting exhibits a cusp independent of the specific details of the reset time distribution. For subdiffusion we derive the PDF in Laplace space for arbitrary resetting protocol. Resetting at constant rate allows evaluation of the PDF in terms of H function. We analyze the steady state and derive the rate function governing the relaxation behavior. For a subdiffusive process the steady state could exist even if the distribution of reset times possesses only finite mean.

The complete genome sequence of Indian sheeppox vaccine virus and comparative analysis with other capripoxviruses

Sheeppox virus (SPPV) is responsible for a significant economic loss to sheep husbandry in enzootic regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia including the Indian subcontinent. In this study, we present the complete genome sequence of SPPV vaccine strain SPPV-Srin38/00 from India determined by next-generation sequencing (NGS) using Illumina technology. The attenuated Srinagar vaccine strain of SPPV (SPPV-Srin38/00) was developed by serial passaging the virus initially in lamb testes (LT) cells followed by Vero cell line. The SPPV-Srin38/00 virus has a genome size of 150, 103 bp, which encodes for 147 functional putative genes and consists of a central coding region flanked by two identical 2353 bp inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). Comparative phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome sequences of Capripoxviruses formed three distinct groups each for SPPV, GTPV, and LSDV with clustering of SPPV-Srin38/00 strain with SPPV-A strain. Nine ORFs of SPPV-Srin38/00 namely SPPV-Srin_002/SPPV-Srin_155, SPPV-Srin_004/SPPV-Srin_153, SPPV-Srin_009, SPPV-Srin_013, SPPV-Srin_026, SPPV-Srin_132, and SPPV-Srin_136 were found to be fragmented as compared to LSDV, whereas only one ORF (such as SPPV-Srin_136) was found to be fragmented as compared to GTPV. SPPV genomes, including the SPPV-Srin38/00 strain, shared 99.78-99.98% intraspecies nucleotide identity, indicating that SPPV strains have extremely low genetic diversity. The strain shared 96.80-97.08% and 97.11-97.61% nt identity with GTPV and LSDV strains, respectively. Its ORFs 016, 021, 022, 130 and 138 are the least identical ORFs among three species of the genus Capripoxvirus with 72.5-93% aa identity to GTPV and LSDV strains and may be potentially used for differentiation of CaPV species. This study may contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of capripoxviruses as well as the development of specific detection methods, better expression vectors, and vaccines with improved safety and efficacy.

Isolation and genetic characterization of canine adenovirus type 2 from a domestic dog showing neurological symptoms

Canine adenoviruses (CAVs) are of two types: canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), which causes infectious canine hepatitis, and canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), which is mainly associated with the respiratory type of disease in dogs. Due to the widespread use of modified live vaccines to control canine adenoviral infections and subsequently reduced disease incidence, CAVs are often neglected by clinicians. Although a number of studies are available about CAV-1 prevalence in India, only meagre information is available about CAV-2. This study reports the CAV-2 infection in a vaccinated dog with neurological and respiratory symptoms which was found negative for other canine pathogens like canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus. The virus was successfully isolated from rectal swab in MDCK cells and characterized by immunofluorescence assay and virus neutralization test. On phylogenetic analysis of partial E3 region, the Indian CAV-2 grouped in a separate clade different from established subgroups. An insertion of "G" nucleotide was reported at nucleotide (nt.) position 1077 in the E3 gene of Indian CAV-2 isolates which led to a frameshift in the coding region of E3 gene thereby imparting additional eleven amino acids to its C-terminal end in comparison to isolates from other parts of the world. This may have an implication on the functional role of E3 protein inside the cell. This study reinforces the unique signature insertion in the E3 gene of Indian CAV-2 and is the second study in the world to report the association of CAV-2 with neurological disease in dogs.

Proteome Modulation in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Peste des Petits Ruminants Vaccinated Goats and Sheep

In the present study, healthy goats and sheep (n = 5) that were confirmed negative for peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibodies by monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA and by serum neutralization test and for PPRV antigen by s-ELISA were vaccinated with Sungri/96. A quantitative study was carried out to compare the proteome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of vaccinated goat and sheep [5 days post-vaccination (dpv) and 14 dpv] vs. unvaccinated (0 day) to divulge the alteration in protein expression following vaccination. A total of 232 and 915 proteins were differentially expressed at 5 and 14 dpv, respectively, in goats. Similarly, 167 and 207 proteins were differentially expressed at 5 and 14 dpv, respectively, in sheep. Network generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was “infectious diseases, antimicrobial response, and inflammatory response,” which includes the highest number of focus molecules. The bio functions, cell-mediated immune response, and humoral immune response were highly enriched in goats at 5 dpv and at 14 dpv. At the molecular level, the immune response produced by the PPRV vaccine virus in goats is effectively coordinated and stronger than that in sheep, though the vaccine provides protection from virulent virus challenge in both. The altered expression of certain PBMC proteins especially ISG15 and IRF7 induces marked changes in cellular signaling pathways to coordinate host immune responses.

A Pilot Study of Perioperative Cisplatin-Capecitabine Chemotherapy With Preoperative Chemoradiation for Resectable Gastric Cancers

OBJECTIVES

The standard of care for resectable gastric cancers (GCs) includes perioperative chemotherapy (CT) or postoperative chemo/chemoradiotherapy (CRT) strategies. Poor treatment compliance postsurgery suggests that intensified surgical adjuvant treatment is more likely deliverable preceding surgery and, therefore, the safety and efficacy of perioperative cisplatin-capecitabine (CX) with preoperative chemoradiation (preopCRT) were ascertained.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between January 2017 and December 2018, 28 potentially resectable locally advanced GC patients were offered neoadjuvant CT-2 cycles of CX at 3-weekly intervals, followed by preopCRT 45 Gy/25 fractions/5 weeks and concurrent capecitabine, followed by surgical resection and 3 adjuvant cycles of CX.

RESULTS

Neoadjuvant CT was commenced in 28 patients (100%), preopCRT in 18 patients (64%), and surgery performed in 13 patients (46%). At each treatment step, decreasing patient numbers were due mainly to disease progression (12 [43%]) or other reasons, including (3 [11%]) from treatment-related toxicity. The R0 resection rate was 92% (12/13); a median of 18 nodes was obtained after D2 nodal clearance in 92% (12/13). There were 20%/4%/4% grade 3/4/5 toxicities. The median radiotherapy dose/duration was 45 Gy/5.4 weeks. Adjuvant CT was started in 11 patients (39%) and the third cycle was received by 7 patients (25%). No tumor (ypT0N0) was noted in 23% of the operated patients (3/13), or 11% of the intention-to-treat population (3/28). The median, 1-year, and 2-year survivals were 12 months, 53%, and 32%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Intensified preoperative treatment is doable in relatively unselected advanced GC patients in real-world settings of a public-sector hospital from a low-middle-income country. Disease progression during preoperative therapy allows patients destined for early clinical evidence of disease dissemination to avoid futile surgery, as opposed to a surgery-first strategy, without an overt increase in surgical morbidity or mortality, with encouraging R0 resection rates.

Genome-wide detection of copy number variations in Tharparkar cattle

Copy number variations (CNVs) are major forms of genetic variation with an increasing importance in animal genomics. This study used the Illumina BovineSNP 50 K BeadChip to detect the genome-wide CNVs in the Tharparkar cattle. With the aid of PennCNV software, we noticed a total of 447 copy number variation regions (CNVRs) across the autosomal genome, occupying nearly 2.17% of the bovine genome. The average size of detected CNVRs was found to be 122.2 kb, the smallest CNVR being 50.02 kb in size, to the largest being 1,232.87 Kb. Enrichment analyses of the genes in these CNVRs gave significant associations with molecular adaptation-related Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Most CNVR genes were significantly enriched for specific biological functions; signaling pathways, sensory responses to stimuli, and various cellular processes. In addition, QTL analysis of CNVRs described them to be linked with economically essential traits in cattle. The findings here provide crucial information for constructing a more comprehensive CNVR map for the indigenous cattle genome.

Assessing failure patterns of radical intent radiation strategies in patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the esophagus

BACKGROUND

Patterns of failure following definitive CRT (dCRT) are different as compared to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) with increased locoregional failures documented with dCRT.

AIM

To document failure patterns in patients with esophageal carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant and definitive intent radiation strategies.

METHODS

Subjects were 123 patients treated with two chemoradiotherapy strategies. Group 1 (n = 99) underwent dose escalated definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT), Group 2 (n = 24) received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) followed by surgery. Cumulative incidence of locoregional failure (LRF), local failure (LF), regional lymph node failure (RLNF), and distant metastasis (DM) were computed; differences between the groups was evaluated using log rank test. Univariable and multivariable predictors of failure were identified using Cox regression analysis.

RESULTS

Cumulative LRF: 64% in Group 1 vs 35% in Group 2 (P = .050). Cumulative LF: 59% in Group 1 vs 12% in Group 2 (P = .000). Cumulative RLNF: 30% in Group 1 vs 24% in Group 2 (P = .592). Most common RLNF: mediastinum for both groups (6% vs 12.5%, respectively). Distant metastasis: 40.4% Group 1 vs 17% Group 2 (P = .129), predominantly lung (Group 1, 5%), and nonregional nodes (Group 2, 8.3%). Univariate analysis identified age ≤50, absence of concurrent chemotherapy, dose ≤50 Gy, and incomplete radiotherapy to predict higher odds of LRF and DM for Group 1; absence of comorbidities predicted for lower odds of LRF for Group 2. Age ≤50 predicted for higher odds of RNLR for Group 1, while absence of comorbidities predicted for lower odds of RNLR in Group 2. Multivariate analysis identified age ≤50, incomplete radiotherapy, and absence of concurrent chemotherapy to predict higher odds of LRF for Group 1. Age ≤50, absence of concurrent chemotherapy predicted higher odds of DM for Group 1. Absence of comorbidity predicted lower odds of LRF in Group 2.

CONCLUSION

LRF is common in both groups, with LF being predominant in dCRT as opposed to RNLF in NACRT. Age ≤50, absence of concurrent chemotherapy is a predictor of LRF and DM in dCRT.

Fugitive dust emission control study for a developed smart dry fog system

Air pollution due to dust emission is continuously increasing day by day in mining and allied industrial areas. Mining operations contribute a substantial amount of dust emission at the crushing, screening, and bulk material handling in loading areas. The ambient suspended dust particles create a severe nuisance to workers and local dwellers. For effective controlling of positive dust emission, an innovative automated dry fog dust suppression system (DFDSS) has been developed using hybrid nozzles, sensors, actuators, controllers, screw compressors, air receivers, pumps, motors, and water arrangement with filtration facility. The DFDSS was installed in a crushing and screening plant of an iron ore mine in India. Performance study indicted fugitive dust emission concentration values ranged from 354 to 7040 μg m^-3, which was reduced to 91-300 μg m^-3 after installation of DFDSS. The reduced values were within the permissible limit of 1200 μg m^-3 at a distance of 25 ± 2 m in the predominant downwind direction. The installed DFDSS added a meager addition of moisture content of 0.032% in the handling iron ore material, which was below the acceptable limit of 0.1%. The DFDSS precisely regulated fugitive dust emission from various mining activities without affecting the minerals processing performance. Thus, the DFDSS can be implemented effectively in different mining and allied industries where there is a dust emission problem.

Helmet shielding effect in mandibular fractures during road traffic accident

Objective:

The objectives of this study are to evaluate the proportion of helmeted and nonhelmeted patients sustaining mandibular fractures.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted on 200 patients reporting to oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) unit, trauma center, and department of OMFS. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect the necessary data. Patients were evaluated for age, gender, mode of transport (2/4 wheeler), presence of safety measure at the time of accident (helmet/seatbelt), maxillofacial injury in two wheeler (with helmet and without helmet), type of impact, and its association to maxillofacial fractures, particularly site of maxillofacial fractures. The association between mode of injury, presence of safety measures, impact type, and site of maxillofacial injuries was assessed using the Chi-square test. P < 0.5 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

The mean age of patients was 30 years, and approximately 92.5% of accidents patients were male. In this study, 35% nonhelmeted riders were reported head injury and 5% of the helmeted rider reported head injury. 54.5% of the patients suffered frontal impact, 28% collision, and 17.5% lateral slide collision. Head injuries are the main cause of death among the riders of all two wheelers. Lateral sliding collision injuries (17.5%) resulted 60.6% of the fractures mandible, 24.2% midface injury, and associated injury (15.15%).

Conclusion:

The use of helmet is strongly recommended to prevent head injuries and facial injuries. In the nonhelmeted riders in motorcycle accidents, the incidence of mandible fractures increases proportionally.

Identification of PI3K-AKT signaling as the dominant altered pathway in intestinal type ampullary cancers through whole-exome sequencing

Background

The genetic landscape of intestinal (INT) and pancreatobiliary (PB) type ampullary cancer (AC) has been evolving with distinct as well as overlapping molecular profiles.

Methods

We performed whole-exome sequencing in 37 cases of AC to identify the targetable molecular profiles of INT and PB tumors. Paired tumor-normal sequencing was performed on the HiSeq 2500 Illumina platform.

Results

There were 22 INT, 13 PB, and two cases of mixed differentiation of AC that exhibited a total of 1,263 somatic variants in 112 genes (2–257 variants/case) with 183 somatic deleterious variants. INT showed variations in 78 genes (1–31/case), while PB showed variations in 51 genes (1–29/case). Targetable mutations involving one or more major pathways were found in 86.5% of all ACs. Mutations in APC, CTNNB1, SMAD4, KMT2, EPHA, ERBB, and Notch genes were more frequent in INT tumors, while chromatin remodeling complex mutations were frequent in PB tumors. In the major signaling pathways, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3)/AKT and RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were significantly mutated in 70% of cases (82% INT, 46% PB, p = .023), with PI3/AKT mutation being more frequent in INT and RAS/MAPK in PB tumors. Tumor mutation burden was low in both differentiation types, with 1.6/Mb in INT and 0.8/Mb in PB types (p = .217).

Conclusions

The exome data suggest that INT types are genetically more unstable than PB and involve mutations in tumor suppressors, oncogenes, transcription factors, and chromatin remodeling genes. The spectra of the genetic profiles of INT and PB types suggested primary targeting of PI3/AKT in INT and RAS/RAF and PI3/AKT pathways in PB carcinomas.

Genomic scans for selection signatures revealed candidate genes for adaptation and production traits in a variety of cattle breeds

Domestication and selection are the major driving forces responsible for the determinative genetic variability in livestock. These selection patterns create unique genetic signatures within the genome. BovineSNP50 chip data from 236 animals (seven indicine and five taurine cattle breeds) were analyzed in the present study. We implemented three complementary approaches viz. iHS (Integrated haplotype score), ROH (Runs of homozygosity), and F_ST, to detect selection signatures. A total of 179, 56, and 231 regions revealed 518, 277, and 267 candidate genes identified by iHS, ROH, and F_ST methods, respectively. We found several candidate genes (e.g., NCR3, ARID5A, HIST1H2BN, DEFB4, DEFB7, HSPA1L, HSPA1B, and DNAJB4) related to production traits and the adaptation of indigenous breeds to local environmental constraints such as heat stress and disease susceptibility. However, further studies are warranted to refine the findings using a larger sample size, whole-genome sequencing, and/or high density genotyping.

SNPs with intermediate minor allele frequencies facilitate accurate breed assignment of Indian Tharparkar cattle

Tharparkar cattle breed is widely known for its superior milch quality and hardiness attributes. This study aimed to develop an ultra-low density breed-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype panel to accurately quantify Tharparkar populations in biological samples. In this study, we selected and genotyped 72 Tharparkar animals randomly from Cattle & Buffalo Farm of IVRI, India. This Bovine SNP50 BeadChip genotypic datum was merged with the online data from six indigenous cattle breeds and five taurine breeds. Here, we used a combination of pre-selection statistics and the MAF-LD method developed in our laboratory to analyze the genotypic data obtained from 317 individuals of 12 distinct breeds to identify breed-informative SNPs for the selection of Tharparkar cattle. This methodology identified 63 unique Tharparkar-specific SNPs near intermediate gene frequencies. We report several informative SNPs in genes/QTL regions affecting phenotypes or production traits that might differentiate the Tharparkar breed.

Efficient bi-directional coupling of 3D Computational Fluid-Particle Dynamics and 1D Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry lung models for multiscale modeling of aerosol dosimetry

The development of predictive aerosol dosimetry models has been a major focus of environmental toxicology and pharmaceutical health research for decades. One-dimensional (1D) models successfully predict overall deposition averages but fail to accurately predict local deposition. Computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) models provide site-specific predictions but at a computational cost that prohibits whole lung predictions. Thus, there is a need for developing multiscale strategies to provide a realistic subject-specific picture of the fate of inhaled aerosol in the lungs. CT-based 3D/CFPD models of the large airways were bidirectionally coupled with individualized 1D Navier-Stokes airflow and particle transport based upon the widely used Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry Model (MPPD). Distribution of airflows among lobes was adjusted by measured lobar volume changes observed in CT images between FRC and FRC + 1.5 L. As a test of the effectiveness of the coupling procedures, deposition modeling of previous 1 μm aerosol exposure studies was performed. The complete coupled model was run for 3 breaths, with the computation-intense portion being the 3D CFPD Lagrangian particle tracking calculation. The average deposition per breath was 11% in the combined multiscale model with site-specific doses available in the CFPD portion of the model and airway- or region-specific deposition available for the MPPD portion. In conclusion, the key methods developed in this study enable predictions of ventilation heterogeneities and aerosol deposition across the lungs that are not captured by 3D or 1D models alone. These methods can be used as the foundation for multi-scale modeling of the full respiratory system.

Effect of duloxetine in temporomandibular joint disorders: A comparison with arthrocentesis

Purpose

This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthrocentesis, duloxetine therapy alone, and duloxetine in combination with TMJ arthrocentesis in the treatment of painful TMJ.

Materials and Methods

Thirty patients with TMJ pain were included in the study who were divided into three groups with ten patients in each group. Group A included patients having only TMJ arthrocentesis; in Group B, only duloxetine therapy (30 mg) was given twice a day orally for 3 months; and in Group C, a combination of TMJ arthrocentesis with duloxetine therapy (30 mg) was given twice a day orally for 3 months. Patients were followed at regular interval of the 1^st day, 5^th day, 7^th day, 4^th week, 6^th week, and 12^th week and assessed in terms of pain, maximum mouth opening (mm), clicking, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale and estimation of interleukin-6 (IL-6). The data collected were compiled and statistically analyzed.

Results

The pain was found to be significantly lower in Group C than other groups at weeks 4, 6, and 12. In Group C, mouth opening increased significantly than Groups A and B on subsequent follow-ups. On biochemical analysis of IL-6 levels in lavage fluid, a significant decrease was observed in levels of IL-6 in lavage fluid in Groups A and C postoperatively.

Conclusion

The present study states that pain was observed to be much less after arthrocentesis along with duloxetine therapy. This combination therapy leads to much better and faster outcome, but still, long-term follow-ups with larger number of patients are required.

Prevalence and spectrum of pathogenic germline variants in intestinal and pancreatobiliary type of ampullary cancer

BACKGROUND

Ampullary cancer may occur as a component of hereditary cancer syndromes. Mutations in inherited cancer susceptibility genes play a therapeutic role and its knowledge in ampullary cancer is lacking.

METHODS

Thirty-seven cases of ampullary carcinoma were subjected to tumor-normal whole exome sequencing with mean coverage of 100X (blood) and 200X (tumor). Data were analyzed and correlated with intestinal and pancreatobiliary differentiation.

RESULTS

There were 22 intestinal, 13 pancreatobiliary and 2 cases of mixed differentiation. One hundred and forty-three germline variations with at least >1 pathogenic germline variants (PGVs) across 83 genes were found in 36 of 37 patients. Twelve genes (14.5 %) showed >3, 20 genes (24.1 %) showed two and 51 genes (61.4 %) showed one PGVs. Intestinal differentiation showed higher PGVs (117 variants, 73 genes) than pancreatobiliary differentiation (85 variants, 62 genes). PGVs in ERCC5, MEN1, MSH3, CHEK1, TP53, APC, FANCA, ERBB2, BRCA1, BRCA2, RTEL1, HNF1A and PTCH1 were seen in >50 % of cases. Nine genes harbored somatic second hits in 14 cases. PGVs in DNA damage-repair, homologous recombination repair, TP53 transcriptional regulation, DNA double stranded breaks, cell cycle and nucleotide excision repair genes were seen in all cases of intestinal and pancreatobiliary differentiation, while DNA mismatch repair genes were found in 81.8 % of intestinal and 84.6 % of pancreatobiliary cancers. Functional pathway analysis showed that DNA damage-repair, double stranded break repair, mismatch repair, homologous recombination repair and TP53 transcriptional regulation genes were altered in both while nucleotide-excision repair was significantly mutated in intestinal type and cell-cycle genes in pancreatobiliary type (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study reports spectrum of PGVs in intestinal and pancreatobiliary differentiation of ampullary carcinoma at higher frequency through whole exome sequencing. PGVs were most frequently found in DNA repair genes. Detecting PGVs through tumor-normal sequencing may identify therapeutically actionable and double-hit mutations that can guide towards appropriate management.

A Case Report of Pycnodysostosis Associated with Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies and Response to Treatment

Pycnodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive osteosclerotic bone disorder associated with short stature and multiple bony abnormalities. Growth hormone (GH) deficiency may contribute to short stature in about 50% of patients. Available literature has rarely reported other pituitary hormone deficiencies in pyknodysostosis. Though the management remains conservative, recombinant human GH (rhGH) has been tried in selected patients. Here we present a case of pycnodysostosis which was evaluated for associated co-morbidities and found to have multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies. A 7-year-old girl was referred to our centre for evaluation of short stature. On examination, she had frontal and occipital bossing, limited mouth opening, hyperdontia with multiple carries, short and stubby digits and short stature. Investigation revealed dense sclerotic bones with frontal and occipital bossing, non-fusion of sutures with obtuse mandibular angle, non-pneumatised sinuses, small ‘J’ shaped sella turcica, acro-osteolysis of digits and absent medullary cavities. Cathepsin-K gene mutation analysis confirmed the diagnosis of pycnodysostosis. She was screened for associated co-morbidities and was found to have concomitant GH deficiency. Treatment with rhGH brought about an increase of 1 standard deviation score in height over 2 years and also unmasked central hypothyroidism at three months necessitating thyroxine replacement.

Emergence of Primary Teeth in Children of Sunsari District of Eastern Nepal

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the timing and eruption sequence of primary teeth in children of Sunsari district of Eastern Nepal and compared the eruption pattern of males & females between various, ethnic groups. Method: This cross-sectional study, included 501 subjects, aged 3 months to 60 months selected by simple random sampling method. The determinant variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, and eruption of teeth were recorded. Results: This study provides a model data on emergence of primary teeth and number of deciduous teeth in these children. This is a first study of its kind in Nepal. The findings of this study will help as a reference data for optimal use in clinical, academic, and research activities, especially for children of Eastern Nepal.

Physicochemical, functional and rheological properties of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) flour as influenced by particle size

Different properties of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) flour passed through 60, 72, 85, 100, 150 and 200 mesh sieves and in the size range of 249-74 μm were studied. The protein content reduced while fat content improved significantly with diminution in particle size. Flowability, capacities to absorb water and form foam as well as stability of foam decreased while increase in swelling capacity, swelling index, oil absorption capacity was observed with decrease in flour particle size. Bimodal curve patterns were obtained for coarse flour samples of 249 μm and 211 μm using light scattering analysis. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that starch granules were of variable shape embedded in protein and fibre matrix. The flour with fine particle size exhibited greater values for peak, final, break down and set back viscosities and the dough from fine particles showed highest values for storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″),|G^∗| and |η^∗|.

Water-soluble chlorophyll-binding proteins from Brassica oleracea allow for stable photobiocatalytic oxidation of cellulose by a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase

BACKGROUND

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are indispensable redox enzymes used in industry for the saccharification of plant biomass. LPMO-driven cellulose oxidation can be enhanced considerably through photobiocatalysis using chlorophyll derivatives and light. Water soluble chlorophyll binding proteins (WSCPs) make it is possible to stabilize and solubilize chlorophyll in aqueous solution, allowing for in vitro studies on photostability and ROS production. Here we aim to apply WSCP-Chl a as a photosensitizing complex for photobiocatalysis with the LPMO, TtAA9.

RESULTS

We have in this study demonstrated how WSCP reconstituted with chlorophyll a (WSCP-Chl a) can create a stable photosensitizing complex which produces controlled amounts of H2O2 in the presence of ascorbic acid and light. WSCP-Chl a is highly reactive and allows for tightly controlled formation of H2O2 by regulating light intensity. TtAA9 together with WSCP-Chl a shows increased cellulose oxidation under low light conditions, and the WSCP-Chl a complex remains stable after 24 h of light exposure. Additionally, the WSCP-Chl a complex demonstrates stability over a range of temperatures and pH conditions relevant for enzyme activity in industrial settings.

CONCLUSION

With WSCP-Chl a as the photosensitizer, the need to replenish Chl is greatly reduced, enhancing the catalytic lifetime of light-driven LPMOs and increasing the efficiency of cellulose depolymerization. WSCP-Chl a allows for stable photobiocatalysis providing a sustainable solution for biomass processing.

A case series of unusual presentations of Burkitt's lymphoma

Context

Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is one of the fastest growing malignancies. It is the most common subtype of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in childhood. It has three major subtypes - endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types.

Aims

This study aims to study the clinicomorphologic features of this disease entity and to find optimal imaging technique for such cases.

Setting and Design

A retrospective observational study in a tertiary care center of academic and research potential.

Subjects and Methods

We are presenting three unusual cases of sporadic type of BL who presented initially as localized right iliac fossa mass mimicking as acute appendicitis. Initially, localized presentation progressed to diffuse abdominal mass lesions causing intestinal obstruction.

Results

These cases had emphasized the importance of accurate diagnosis by the ultrasonography (USG) or computed tomography (CT) scan for early diagnosis so as to manage such cases simply by early appropriate medical treatment.

Conclusion

In this article, we will discuss the clinical and imaging features of BL with the role of USG, CT scan and positron emission tomography/CT in the abdominopelvic imaging of pediatric patients.

From injectable to 3D printed hydrogels in maxillofacial tissue engineering: A review

Introduction

This review aims at describing different types of hydrogels in context to their composition, fabrication techniques and other specific features along with an insight into the latest advancements including smart hydrogels, 3D printed, programmable, shape memory and self-healing hydrogels for their applicability as scaffold in maxillofacial bone and cartilage tissue regeneration.

Methods

Electronic database searches were undertaken on PubMed, Ovid, Medline, Embase, ProQuest and science direct for English language literature, published for application of hydrogels in maxillofacial bone and cartilage tissue engineering. The search items used in this article were hydrogel, bone and cartilage tissue engineering, maxillofacial, clinical trials. Reviews and in vitro studies were excluded.

Results

Search for injectable hydrogel showed 4955 articles, when restricted to bone tissue engineering results were reduced to 463 and for cartilage engineering to 335; when we limited it to maxillofacial bone and cartilage tissue engineering, search results showed 49 articles to which 9 additional articles were included from references, after exclusion of in-vitro studies and duplicates 16 articles were obtained for our study. Similarly, for 3D printed hydrogels, result showed 1126 articles, which got restricted to 19 when searched for maxillofacial bone and cartilage engineering, then 2 additional articles were included directly from references, and finally after exclusion of the invitro studies and duplicates, a total of 5 articles were obtained.

Conclusion

Modifications in hydrogel can improve the mechanical properties, biocompatibility and unique chemistries for its use in bone and cartilage tissue engineering for future research.

Detection of recent infection of Japanese encephalitis virus in swine population using IgM ELISA: A suitable sentinel to predict infection in humans

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne flaviviral zoonotic disease and is one of the major causes of encephalitis in children. Swine, being an amplifier host of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), play an important role in its epidemiology. Therefore, early detection of either JEV or antibodies against JEV in swine is a feasible alternative for initiating necessary measures to prevent the spread of infection to humans. Since IgM antibodies appear early in swine sera, recombinant NS1 protein based indirect IgM ELISA was developed in the present study with the objective to know the recent infection of swine population with JEV. The relative diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the developed ELISA was 95.34% and 98.6%, respectively. The developed ELISA was found to have excellent reproducibility on inter-laboratory and inter-institutional validation studies. A total of 3,027 field swine sera samples were screened using the developed ELISA and 488 samples were found positive for IgM against JEV with an overall sero-positivity of 16.12% in swine population of India. The highest sero-positivity was observed in swine population of Eastern zone of India which coincided with the maximum number of human JE cases reported from this zone during the same period. Further, antibody kinetics study revealed that the IgM antibodies against NS1 protein of JEV started appearing in swine sera at day 5 and disappeared completely by day 40. The IgG antibodies started appearing at day 7, and remained for more than 365 days indicating the suitability of IgM ELISA to know the recent infection of JEV. The developed IgM ELISA can be readily incorporated into surveillance programs for detection of JEV activity in swine population so that outbreaks in humans can be prevented by taking suitable preventive measures.

Genome-wide assessment of genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium and haplotype block structure in Tharparkar cattle breed of India

Knowledge about genetic diversity is very essential for the management and sustainable utilization of livestock genetic resources. In this study, we presented a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of genetic diversity, ROH, inbreeding, linkage disequilibrium, effective population size and haplotype block structure in Tharparkar cattle of India. A total of 24 Tharparkar animals used in this study were genotyped with Illumina BovineSNP50 array. After quality control, 22,825 biallelic SNPs were retained, which were in HWE, MAF > 0.05 and genotyping rate >90%. The overall mean observed (H_O) and expected heterozygosity (H_E) were 0.339 ± 0.156 and 0.325 ± 0.129, respectively. The average minor allele frequency was 0.234 with a standard deviation of ± 0.131. We identified a total of 1832 ROH segments and the highest autosomal coverage of 13.87% was observed on chromosome 23. The genomic inbreeding coefficients estimates by F_ROH, F_HOM, F_GRM and F_UNI were 0.0589, 0.0215, 0.0532 and 0.0160 respectively. The overall mean linkage disequilibrium (LD) for a total of 133,532 pairwise SNPs measured by D' and r² was 0.6452 and 0.1339, respectively. In addition, we observed a gradual decline in effective population size over the past generations.

Roles of Re-entrant cluster glass state and spin-lattice coupling in magneto-dielectric behavior of giant dielectric double perovskite La1.8Pr0.2CoFeO6

La based Co-Fe combined double perovskite (La1.8Pr0.2CoFeO6) was synthesized and the dielectric (zero-field and in-field), magnetic, x-ray absorption and Raman spectroscopy measurements have been investigated for La1.8Pr0.2CoFeO6 double perovskite. The existence of re-entrant cluster glass state is observed. The magneto-dielectric (MD) is found in two temperature regions (25-80 K and 125-275 K). It has been demonstrated that the observed MD at low and high temperatures are respectively due to the spin freezing and the spin-lattice coupling. Furthermore, the very large dielectric constant and the low loss suggest that La1.8Pr0.2CoFeO6 is very important from the application point of view.

Transport and tumbling of polymers in viscoelastic shear flow

Polymers in shear flow are ubiquitous and we study their motion in a viscoelastic fluid under shear. Employing Hookean dumbbells as representative, we find that the center-of-mass motion follows: 〈x_{c}^{2}(t)〉∼γ[over ̇]^{2}t^{α+2}, generalizing the earlier result: 〈x_{c}^{2}(t)〉∼γ[over ̇]^{2}t^{3}(α=1). Here 0<α<1 is the coefficient defining the power-law decay of noise correlations in the viscoelastic media. Motion of the relative coordinate, on the other hand, is quite intriguing in that 〈x_{r}^{2}(t)〉∼t^{β} with β=2(1-α), for small α. This implies nonexistence of the steady state, making it inappropriate for addressing tumbling dynamics. We remedy this pathology by introducing a nonlinear spring with FENE-LJ interaction and study tumbling dynamics of the dumbbell. We find that the tumbling frequency exhibits a nonmonotonic behavior as a function of shear rate for various degrees of subdiffusion. We also find that this result is robust against variations in the extension of the spring. We briefly discuss the case of polymers.

Sex estimation from the femur using discriminant function analysis in a Central Indian population

Sexual dimorphism is one of the major factors responsible for apparent variations in human skeletal anatomy. Establishing the biological profile of the deceased is essential for personal identification in forensic and archaeological casework. To develop a reliable biological profile, sex allocation is an integral step required to determine age, race/ancestry and stature, given observable differences in aging and growth patterns and variations in morphological traits relating to ancestry. Sex estimation from long bones by visual examination is very difficult. However, metric observations are more objective and effective. This osteometric analysis focused on sex estimation from the femur using discriminant function analysis. Fourteen measurements were taken directly on 175 dry femora (117 males and 58 females), aged 20–60 years, from the Chhattisgarh region of Central India. Student’s t-test was applied to assess significant sex and size differences. Direct and stepwise discriminant function analyses were applied to derive discriminant function models for sex estimation. The three parameters that were selected for the discriminant function analysis included: transverse head diameter, bi-trochanteric distance and maximum shaft diameter. Males were more accurately classified than females. An overall accuracy of 80.6% was reported with direct discriminant function analysis and 76% with stepwise discriminant function analysis upon cross-validation. The transverse head diameter emerged to be the best predictor of sex. This study provides a database and standards for sex estimation from skeletal remains of an unknown nature based on discriminant function equations. This is one of the few studies conducted in India on dry bones, and we anticipate that it will guide forensic specialists in the identification of unknown skeletons from this region.

Non-Gaussian subdiffusion of single-molecule tracers in a hydrated polymer network

Single molecule tracking experiments inside a hydrated polymer network have shown that the tracer motion is subdiffusive due to the viscoelastic environment inside the gel-like network. This property can be related to the negative autocorrelation of the instantaneous displacements at short times. Although the displacements of the individual tracers exhibit Gaussian statistics, the displacement distribution of all the trajectories combined from different spatial locations of the polymer network exhibits a non-Gaussian distribution. Here, we analyze many individual tracer trajectories to show that the central portion of the non-Gaussian distribution can be well approximated by an exponential distribution that spreads sublinearly with time. We explain all these features seen in the experiment by a generalized Langevin model for an overdamped particle with algebraically decaying correlations. We show that the degree of non-Gaussianity can change with the extent of heterogeneity, which is controlled in our model by the experimentally observed distributions of the motion parameters.

Signature of genome wide gene expression in classical swine fever virus infected macrophages and PBMCs of indigenous vis-a-vis crossbred pigs

The genetic basis of differential host immune response vis-à-vis transcriptome profile was explored in PBMCs of indigenous (Ghurrah) and crossbred pigs after classical swine fever vaccination and in monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) challenged with virulent classical swine fever (CSF) virus. The humoral immune response (E2 antibody) was higher (74.87%) in crossbred than indigenous pigs (58.20%) at 21st days post vaccination (21dpv). The rate of reduction of ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ was higher in crossbred pigs than indigenous pigs at 7th days post vaccination (7dpv). The immune genes IFIT1, IFIT5, RELA, NFKB2, TNF and LAT2 were up regulated at 7dpv in RNA seq data set and was in concordance during qRT-PCR validation. The Laminin Subunit Beta 1 (LAMB1) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) down-regulated in MDMs of indigenous pigs and consequently a significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher copy number of virulent CSF virus was evidenced in macrophages of crossbred pigs than indigenous pigs. Activation of LXR:RXR pathway at 60 h post infection (60hpi) in MDMs of indigenous versus crossbred pigs inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB, resulted into transrepression of proinflammatory genes. But it helped in maintenance of HDL level by lowering down cholesterol/LDL level in MDMs of indigenous pigs. The key immune genes (TLR2, TLR4, IL10, IL8, CD86, CD54, CASP1) of TREM1 signaling pathway were upregulated at 7dpv in PBMCs but those genes were downregulated at 60hpi in MDMs indigenous pigs. Using qRT-PCR, the validation of differentially expressed, immunologically important genes (LAMB1, OAS1, TLR 4, TLR8 and CD86) in MDMs revealed that expression of these genes were in concordance with RNA-seq data.

A simple enzymatic assay for the quantification of C1-specific cellulose oxidation by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases

OBJECTIVE

The development of an enzymatic assay for the specific quantification of the C1-oxidation product, i.e. gluconic acid of cellulose active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs).

RESULTS

In combination with a β-glucosidase, the spectrophotometrical assay can reliably quantify the specific C1- oxidation product of LPMOs acting on cellulose. It is applicable for a pure cellulose model substrate as well as lignocellulosic biomass. The enzymatic assay compares well with the quantification performed by HPAEC-PAD. In addition, we show that simple boiling is not sufficient to inactivate LPMOs and we suggest to apply a metal chelator in addition to boiling or to drastically increase pH for proper inactivation.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that the versatility of this simple enzymatic assay makes it useful in a wide range of experiments in basic and applied LPMO research and without the need for expensive instrumentation, e.g. HPAEC-PAD.

Identification and genotypic characterization of porcine teschovirus from selected pig populations in India

Porcine teschovirus (PTV) previously classified as porcine enteroviruses in the family Picornaviridae are associated with a wide range of illnesses in swine ranging from asymptomatic infection to acute fatal encephalomyelitis, diarrhea, and pneumonia. This study was planned to investigate whether porcine teschovirus is prevalent among pigs in India and to characterize the PTV identified in the study population. The study conducted in certain farms of North India revealed that 13 of 190 (6.84%) fecal samples were PTV positive by RT-PCR. Three viruses were successfully isolated from fecal samples using IB-RS-2 cell lines which were confirmed by RT-PCR and sequencing. Molecular characterization based on the VP1 region of the viral genome identified the isolated viruses as serotype 5 and serotype 8 of PTV. A new variant of teschovirus was also identified which showed significant nucleotide diversity from the known serotypes of the teschoviruses. This is the first report of isolation, identification, and characterization of porcine teschoviruses in India.