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Brockman R, Kuesel R, Archer K, O’Hearn K, Wilson N, Scott D, Williams M, Bessin R, Gonthier D. The Impact of Plant Essential Oils and Fine Mesh Row Covers on Flea Beetle (Chrysomelidae) Management in Brassicaceous Greens Production. Insects 2020; 11:insects11100714. [PMID: 33086511 PMCID: PMC7603271 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceous leafy greens are an important crop for small growers but are difficult to produce due to damage by flea beetles. Flea beetles are problematic for growers as they chew many small holes through leaves rendering produce unmarketable. We tested the efficacy of several essential oils, the woven-mesh row cover ProtekNet, and the spunbonded row cover Agribon, compared to organic and conventional insecticides and no spray controls in the spring and fall of 2019. We found that the two row cover treatments (Agribon and ProtekNet) provided the best control of flea beetles and associated damage. Thyme oil was highly phytotoxic and killed the crop entirely and rosemary and neem essential oils caused mild phytotoxic burns. Organic insecticides rarely performed better than the no spray control. While conventional insecticides controlled most flea beetles, the crop was often still too highly damaged to sell. The results of our study suggest row covers offer producers an effective method of flea beetle control that reduces their dependence on insecticides for conventional and organic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brockman
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Ag. Sci. Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (R.K.); (K.A.); (K.O.); (D.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Ryan Kuesel
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Ag. Sci. Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (R.K.); (K.A.); (K.O.); (D.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Kendall Archer
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Ag. Sci. Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (R.K.); (K.A.); (K.O.); (D.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Kyla O’Hearn
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Ag. Sci. Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (R.K.); (K.A.); (K.O.); (D.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Neil Wilson
- Department of Horticulture, N-322 Ag. Sci. Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (N.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Delia Scott
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Ag. Sci. Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (R.K.); (K.A.); (K.O.); (D.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Mark Williams
- Department of Horticulture, N-322 Ag. Sci. Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (N.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Ricardo Bessin
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Ag. Sci. Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (R.K.); (K.A.); (K.O.); (D.S.); (R.B.)
| | - David Gonthier
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Ag. Sci. Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (R.K.); (K.A.); (K.O.); (D.S.); (R.B.)
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Rojas ES, Batzer JC, Beattie GA, Fleischer SJ, Shapiro LR, Williams MA, Bessin R, Bruton BD, Boucher TJ, Jesse LCH, Gleason ML. Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits: Resurrecting a Classic Pathosystem. Plant Dis 2015; 99:564-574. [PMID: 30699691 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-14-1068-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt threatens cucurbit crop production in the Midwestern and Northeastern United States. The pathogen, Erwinia tracheiphila, is a xylem-limited bacterium that affects most commercially important cucurbit species, including muskmelon, cucumber, and squash. Bacterial wilt is transmitted and overwintered by striped and spotted cucumber beetles. Since there are few commercially available resistant cultivars, disease management usually relies on use of insecticides to suppress vector populations. Although bacterial wilt was initially described more than 100 years ago, our knowledge of disease ecology and epidemiology advanced slowly for most of the 20th century. However, a recent wave of research has begun to fill in missing pieces of the bacterial wilt puzzle. This article-the first review of research toward understanding the cucurbit bacterial wilt pathosystem-recounts early findings and updates our understanding of the disease cycle, including pathogen and vector biology. We also highlight research areas that could lead to more efficient and ecologically based management of bacterial wilt.
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Boussini H, Traoré A, Tamboura HH, Bessin R, Boly H, Ouédraogo A. [Prevalence of tuberculosis and brucellosis in intra-urban and peri-urban dairy cattle farms in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso]. REV SCI TECH OIE 2012; 31:943-951. [PMID: 23520747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A study of the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis was conducted in dairy cattle farms in and around the city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. It reveals the potential economic and health impact of these two major zoonoses in the study area. Three farming systems were included in the study. A total of 1,420 cattle were tested for tuberculosis and 1,689 cattle were tested for brucellosis. The intradermal tuberculin test was used for tuberculosis, and the buffered antigen test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used for brucellosis. The overall prevalence rate is estimated to be 6.05% for tuberculosis and 3.61% for brucellosis. The prevalence rates of tuberculosis and brucellosis in urban and peri-urban dairy cattle farms in Ouagadougou were found to be high. As these two production-linked diseases are zoonotic, they could pose a major risk to human health and contribute significantly to reducing animal production and productivity in the areas covered by the study. Animals should be checked systematically prior to introducing them into dairy herds, with the ultimate goal of eradicating these two zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boussini
- Laboratoire national d'élevage, Ministère des Ressources animales, 03 BP 7026, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
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Belem AMG, Kabore A, Bessin R. Gastrointestinal helminthes of sheep in the central, eastern and northern parts of Burkina Faso. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.4314/bahpa.v53i1.32685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Diop BA, Bessin R. [Links between non-professional agents and the official Veterinary Services in sub-Saharan Africa]. REV SCI TECH OIE 2004; 23:147-56; discussion 391-401. [PMID: 15200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Para-professional agents known as auxiliaries, or community animal health workers, provide low-cost basic veterinary services to communities of livestock producers. A 2003 survey of 16 Sub-Saharan African countries, carried out as part of the Pan-African Programme for the Control of Epizootics, showed that in the majority of cases, the official Veterinary Services have no (or very few) links with the auxiliaries, although they are well aware of their existence and in some cases the auxiliaries have been trained by officials of the Veterinary Services. However, there are isolated cases of countries establishing more formal links, for example, recognising the status of an auxiliary, recognising auxiliaries with no definition of a status, attaching auxiliaries to Veterinary Service staff, establishing agreements for the provision of auxiliary services through livestock producer associations, harmonising auxiliary training programmes, issuing professional auxiliary cards, and setting up a consultation framework on the issue of auxiliaries. Unlike private veterinarians, agents of the official services do not generally perceive auxiliaries as competitors, and sometimes collaboration develops at this level. The authors propose several measures to improve links between the official Veterinary Services and auxiliaries, as follows: the fields of competence of auxiliaries should be defined and their curriculum harmonised, the status of auxiliaries should be recognised, a monitoring and assessment mechanism should be established at senior level in the Veterinary Services, training for livestock producers should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Diop
- Unité de coordination du Programme panafricain de contrôle des épizooties, Union africaine-Bureau interafricain des ressources animales, Dakar, Sénégal
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Coulibaly ND, Salembéré S, Bessin R. [Larval Clinostomum infection of cichlid fish in the lake of Kompienga in Burkina Faso: a menace to haleutic exploitation and public health]. Sante 1995; 5:189-93. [PMID: 7640902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Clinostomum sp. is a trematode, a parasitic worm, of which the larva infest a number of species of wild fish. In intertropical Africa and particularly in artificial lakes in the east of Burkina Faso, the infestation is especially observed in the cichlids fish. Because cichlids constitute 80 to 90% of the fish catches, enzootic infestation could infringe upon the fisheries, and also adversely affect public health. For this epidemiological study conducted during the first three quarters of 1994, we examined a total of 932 cichlids, a mix of all species. Prevalence (Pr) and intensity (I, number of parasites per fish) were the two indicators of the infestation level. 387 fish were carriers of the parasite, comprising 41.5% of the total. Differences were observed between the species of cichlids. Oreochromis niloticus was the most infested (Pr, 56%; I, 17), followed by Sarotherodon galilaeus (Pr, 44%; I,6); and Hemichromis fasciatus (Pr, 20%; I, 5). In 89% of the carriers, the parasite was localized on the internal face of the operculum and in the pericardial septum, compared to 11% of the localizations in subcutaneous and muscular tissues. These last two localizations render the fish repugnant, and can cause the fresh fish to be rejected. If the parasitized fish is not rejected and then insufficiently cooked, as occurs at public grills with multitudes of consumers, the living parasite can penetrate and stay in the upper digestive tract and constitute a threat for consumer health.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Zeller HG, Bessin R, Thiongane Y, Bapetel I, Teou K, Ala MG, Atse AN, Sylla R, Digoutte JP, Akakpo JA. Rift Valley fever antibody prevalence in domestic ungulates in Cameroon and several west African countries (1989-1992) following the 1987 Mauritanian outbreak. Res Virol 1995; 146:81-5. [PMID: 7754240 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2516(96)80593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Hart LT, Morris NG, Bessin R, LePrince DJ, Todd WJ, Enright FM, Luther DG. Single-step technique for staining Anaplasma marginale in bovine blood smears. Am J Vet Res 1992; 53:1732-3. [PMID: 1280925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Three available differential stains, Camco-Quik, Diff-Quik, and Wright-Giesma were compared for detection of intraerythrocytic Anaplasma marginale in bovine blood smears. In samples where < 1% to more than 51% of the RBC were infected, statistical analysis of the data indicated no significant difference in the detection of A marginale with Camco-Quik or Diff-Quik stains. However, a significantly lower percentage of infected RBC were detected when blood smears were stained with the Wright-Giemsa stain, compared with the other 2 methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Hart
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge
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Abstract
Twenty-three well-conditioned ponies were evaluated for insulin and glucose response following oral glucose administration (1 g/kg bodyweight [bwt] as a 20 per cent solution). Ponies were defined as normal if total insulin secretion (TIS) was less than 149 mu iu/ml h and the glucose concentration was below 11.1 +/- 0.11 mmol/litre (200 +/- 2 mg/dl) at all times following oral glucose administration. When glucose concentrations were maintained below 11.1 +/- 0.11 mmol/litre, the area under the glucose curve (TG) was less than 17.4 mmol/litre/h (314 mg/dl/h). The ponies were assigned to four groups based on insulin and glucose response: Group 1 (n = 7), normal; Group 2 (n = 5), high insulin, normal glucose; Group 3 (n = 8), high insulin, high glucose and Group 4 (n = 3), high glucose, normal insulin. This classification is an initial attempt to define normal insulin and glucose response in ponies. Additional data need to be accumulated to define further insulin resistance and diabetes in ponies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Freestone
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803-8422, USA
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Freestone JF, Wolfsheimer KJ, Ford RB, Church G, Bessin R. Triglyceride, insulin, and cortisol responses of ponies to fasting and dexamethasone administration. J Vet Intern Med 1991; 5:15-22. [PMID: 2020012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ponies were evaluated for their response to feed withholding and exogenous administration of corticosteroids (dexamethasone 0.04 mg/kg intramuscular [IM]) in an attempt to reproduce the hyperlipemia syndrome. Because insulin resistance has been associated with hyperlipemia, all ponies were initially evaluated for insulin response to an oral glucose load and normal dexamethasone suppression of serum cortisol. Four ponies were identified as hyperinsulinemic reflecting insulin resistance. All ponies had suppressed cortisol concentrations following dexamethasone administration. Feed withdrawal resulted in hypertriglyceridemia by 48 hours in all ponies. Very low density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL) fraction was primarily elevated. The administration of dexamethasone failed to increase the degree of triglyceridemia. Although insulin resistance has been proposed as the likely cause of the hypertriglyceridemia in ponies, in this study four of eight ponies were considered to have normal insulin responses and yet still developed hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Freestone
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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Burton JR, Zachery JB, Bessin R, Rathbun HK, Greenough WB, Sterioff S, Wright JR, Slavin RE, Williams GM. Aspergillosis in four renal transplant recipients. Diagnosis and effective treatment with amphotericin B. Ann Intern Med 1972; 77:383-8. [PMID: 4559787 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-77-3-383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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