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Ahern J, Boyle ME, Thompson WK, Fan CC, Loughnan R. Dietary and Lifestyle Factors of Brain Iron Accumulation and Parkinson's Disease Risk. medRxiv 2024:2024.03.13.24304253. [PMID: 38559115 PMCID: PMC10980125 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.24304253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Iron is an essential nutrient which can only be absorbed through an individual's diet. Excess iron accumulates in organs throughout the body including the brain. Iron dysregulation in the brain is commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's Disease (PD). Our previous research has shown that a pattern of iron accumulation in motor regions of the brain related to a genetic iron-storage disorder called hemochromatosis is associated with an increased risk of PD. To understand how diet and lifestyle factors relate to this brain endophenotype and risk of PD we analyzed the relationship between these measures, estimates of nutrient intake, and diet and lifestyle preference using data from UK Biobank. Methods Using distinct imaging and non-imaging samples (20,477 to 28,388 and 132,023 to 150,603 participants, respectively), we performed linear and logistic regression analyses using estimated dietary nutrient intake and food preferences to predict a) brain iron accumulation score (derived from T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and b) PD risk. In addition, we performed a factor analysis of diet and lifestyle preferences to investigate if latent lifestyle factors explained significant associations. Finally, we performed an instrumental variable regression of our results related to iron accumulation and PD risk to identify if there were common dietary and lifestyle factors that were jointly associated with differences in brain iron accumulation and PD risk. Results We found multiple highly significant associations with measures of brain iron accumulation and preferences for alcohol (factor 7: t=4.02, pFDR=0.0003), exercise (factor 11: t=-4.31, pFDR=0.0001), and high-sugar foods (factor 2: t=-3.73, pFDR=0.0007). Preference for alcohol (factor 7: t=-5.83, pFDR<1×10-8), exercise (factor 11: t=-7.66, pFDR<1×10-13), and high sugar foods (factor 2: t=6.03, pFDR<1×10-8) were also associated with PD risk. Instrumental variable regression of individual preferences revealed a significant relationship in which dietary preferences associated with higher brain iron levels also appeared to be linked to a lower risk for PD (p=0.004). A similar relationship was observed for estimates of nutrient intake (p=0.0006). Voxel-wise analysis of i) high-sugar and ii) alcohol factors confirmed T2-weighted signal differences consistent with iron accumulation patterns in motor regions of the brain including the cerebellum and basal ganglia. Conclusion Dietary and lifestyle factors and preferences, especially those related to carbohydrates, alcohol, and exercise, are related to detectable differences in brain iron accumulation and alterations in risk of PD, suggesting a potential avenue for lifestyle interventions that could influence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ahern
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Mary Et Boyle
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74103, USA
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74103, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74103, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9444 Medical Center Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2
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LaBianca S, Brikell I, Helenius D, Loughnan R, Mefford J, Palmer CE, Walker R, Gådin JR, Krebs M, Appadurai V, Vaez M, Agerbo E, Pedersen MG, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB, Kendler KS, Jernigan TL, Geschwind DH, Ingason A, Dahl AW, Zaitlen N, Dalsgaard S, Werge TM, Schork AJ. Polygenic profiles define aspects of clinical heterogeneity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nat Genet 2024; 56:234-244. [PMID: 38036780 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex disorder that manifests variability in long-term outcomes and clinical presentations. The genetic contributions to such heterogeneity are not well understood. Here we show several genetic links to clinical heterogeneity in ADHD in a case-only study of 14,084 diagnosed individuals. First, we identify one genome-wide significant locus by comparing cases with ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to cases with ADHD but not ASD. Second, we show that cases with ASD and ADHD, substance use disorder and ADHD, or first diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood have unique polygenic score (PGS) profiles that distinguish them from complementary case subgroups and controls. Finally, a PGS for an ASD diagnosis in ADHD cases predicted cognitive performance in an independent developmental cohort. Our approach uncovered evidence of genetic heterogeneity in ADHD, helping us to understand its etiology and providing a model for studies of other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja LaBianca
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabell Brikell
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorte Helenius
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Joel Mefford
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clare E Palmer
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Walker
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesper R Gådin
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Krebs
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morteza Vaez
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew W Dahl
- Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Noah Zaitlen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Søren Dalsgaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Parekh P, Fan CC, Frei O, Palmer CE, Smith DM, Makowski C, Iversen JR, Pecheva D, Holland D, Loughnan R, Nedelec P, Thompson WK, Hagler DJ, Andreassen OA, Jernigan TL, Nichols TE, Dale AM. FEMA: Fast and efficient mixed-effects algorithm for large sample whole-brain imaging data. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26579. [PMID: 38339910 PMCID: PMC10823765 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The linear mixed-effects model (LME) is a versatile approach to account for dependence among observations. Many large-scale neuroimaging datasets with complex designs have increased the need for LME; however LME has seldom been used in whole-brain imaging analyses due to its heavy computational requirements. In this paper, we introduce a fast and efficient mixed-effects algorithm (FEMA) that makes whole-brain vertex-wise, voxel-wise, and connectome-wide LME analyses in large samples possible. We validate FEMA with extensive simulations, showing that the estimates of the fixed effects are equivalent to standard maximum likelihood estimates but obtained with orders of magnitude improvement in computational speed. We demonstrate the applicability of FEMA by studying the cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of age on region-of-interest level and vertex-wise cortical thickness, as well as connectome-wide functional connectivity values derived from resting state functional MRI, using longitudinal imaging data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study release 4.0. Our analyses reveal distinct spatial patterns for the annualized changes in vertex-wise cortical thickness and connectome-wide connectivity values in early adolescence, highlighting a critical time of brain maturation. The simulations and application to real data show that FEMA enables advanced investigation of the relationships between large numbers of neuroimaging metrics and variables of interest while considering complex study designs, including repeated measures and family structures, in a fast and efficient manner. The source code for FEMA is available via: https://github.com/cmig-research-group/cmig_tools/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Parekh
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Center for Population Neuroscience and GeneticsLaureate Institute for Brain ResearchTulsaOklahomaUSA
- Department of Radiology, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of InformaticsUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Clare E. Palmer
- Center for Human DevelopmentUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Diana M. Smith
- Center for Human DevelopmentUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and GeneticsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Neurosciences Graduate ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carolina Makowski
- Department of Radiology, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and GeneticsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - John R. Iversen
- Center for Human DevelopmentUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Neural ComputationUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- The Swartz Center for Computational NeuroscienceUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience & BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Diliana Pecheva
- Department of Radiology, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and GeneticsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dominic Holland
- Department of Radiology, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics LabUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pierre Nedelec
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Center for Population Neuroscience and GeneticsLaureate Institute for Brain ResearchTulsaOklahomaUSA
| | - Donald J. Hagler
- Department of Radiology, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and GeneticsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Terry L. Jernigan
- Department of Radiology, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Human DevelopmentUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Cognitive ScienceUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thomas E. Nichols
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Radiology, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and GeneticsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Cognitive ScienceUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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4
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Boen R, Kaufmann T, van der Meer D, Frei O, Agartz I, Ames D, Andersson M, Armstrong NJ, Artiges E, Atkins JR, Bauer J, Benedetti F, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brosch K, Buckner RL, Cairns MJ, Calhoun V, Caspers S, Cichon S, Corvin AP, Crespo-Facorro B, Dannlowski U, David FS, de Geus EJC, de Zubicaray GI, Desrivières S, Doherty JL, Donohoe G, Ehrlich S, Eising E, Espeseth T, Fisher SE, Forstner AJ, Fortaner-Uyà L, Frouin V, Fukunaga M, Ge T, Glahn DC, Goltermann J, Grabe HJ, Green MJ, Groenewold NA, Grotegerd D, Grøntvedt GR, Hahn T, Hashimoto R, Hehir-Kwa JY, Henskens FA, Holmes AJ, Håberg AK, Haavik J, Jacquemont S, Jansen A, Jockwitz C, Jönsson EG, Kikuchi M, Kircher T, Kumar K, Le Hellard S, Leu C, Linden DE, Liu J, Loughnan R, Mather KA, McMahon KL, McRae AF, Medland SE, Meinert S, Moreau CA, Morris DW, Mowry BJ, Mühleisen TW, Nenadić I, Nöthen MM, Nyberg L, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Pantelis C, Paolini M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Persson K, Quidé Y, Marques TR, Sachdev PS, Sando SB, Schall U, Scott RJ, Selbæk G, Shumskaya E, Silva AI, Sisodiya SM, Stein F, Stein DJ, Straube B, Streit F, Strike LT, Teumer A, Teutenberg L, Thalamuthu A, Tooney PA, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Trollor JN, van 't Ent D, van den Bree MBM, van Haren NEM, Vázquez-Bourgon J, Völzke H, Wen W, Wittfeld K, Ching CRK, Westlye LT, Thompson PM, Bearden CE, Selmer KK, Alnæs D, Andreassen OA, Sønderby IE. Beyond the Global Brain Differences: Intraindividual Variability Differences in 1q21.1 Distal and 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 Deletion Carriers. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:147-160. [PMID: 37661008 PMCID: PMC7615370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriers of the 1q21.1 distal and 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 copy number variants exhibit regional and global brain differences compared with noncarriers. However, interpreting regional differences is challenging if a global difference drives the regional brain differences. Intraindividual variability measures can be used to test for regional differences beyond global differences in brain structure. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging data were used to obtain regional brain values for 1q21.1 distal deletion (n = 30) and duplication (n = 27) and 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion (n = 170) and duplication (n = 243) carriers and matched noncarriers (n = 2350). Regional intra-deviation scores, i.e., the standardized difference between an individual's regional difference and global difference, were used to test for regional differences that diverge from the global difference. RESULTS For the 1q21.1 distal deletion carriers, cortical surface area for regions in the medial visual cortex, posterior cingulate, and temporal pole differed less and regions in the prefrontal and superior temporal cortex differed more than the global difference in cortical surface area. For the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion carriers, cortical thickness in regions in the medial visual cortex, auditory cortex, and temporal pole differed less and the prefrontal and somatosensory cortex differed more than the global difference in cortical thickness. CONCLUSIONS We find evidence for regional effects beyond differences in global brain measures in 1q21.1 distal and 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 copy number variants. The results provide new insight into brain profiling of the 1q21.1 distal and 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 copy number variants, with the potential to increase understanding of the mechanisms involved in altered neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Boen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Ames
- University of Melbourne Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St George's Hospital, Kew, Victoria, Australia; National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1299, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Établissement public de santé (EPS) Barthélemy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jochen Bauer
- University Clinic for Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katharina Brosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vince Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University/Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University Hospital Basel, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aiden P Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Centro superior de investigaciones científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Sevilla, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Friederike S David
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne L Doherty
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Donohoe
- School of Psychology and Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Else Eising
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, Oslo New University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lidia Fortaner-Uyà
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janik Goltermann
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nynke A Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gøril Rolfseng Grøntvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tim Hahn
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jayne Y Hehir-Kwa
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frans A Henskens
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Asta K Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Core-Facility Brainimaging and Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masataka Kikuchi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Costin Leu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - David E Linden
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Department of Cognitive Science and Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katie L McMahon
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Clara A Moreau
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bryan J Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute and Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Departments of Radiation Sciences, Integrative Medical Biology and Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael J Owen
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia; Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marco Paolini
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tomas Paus
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karin Persson
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Yann Quidé
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sigrid B Sando
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Division of Molecular Medicine, New South Wales Health Pathology, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana I Silva
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dan J Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- Psychiatric Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Teutenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Health and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutierrez
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria UC-CSIC, Santander, Spain; Department of Radiology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry and Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Sevilla, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Maqués de Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla, Santander, Spain; Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Greifswald, Germany; Greifswald University Hospital, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kaja K Selmer
- Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital and the University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Alnæs
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida E Sønderby
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Reas ET, Shadrin A, Frei O, Motazedi E, McEvoy L, Bahrami S, van der Meer D, Makowski C, Loughnan R, Wang X, Broce I, Banks SJ, Fominykh V, Cheng W, Holland D, Smeland OB, Seibert T, Selbæk G, Brewer JB, Fan CC, Andreassen OA, Dale AM. Improved multimodal prediction of progression from MCI to Alzheimer's disease combining genetics with quantitative brain MRI and cognitive measures. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5151-5158. [PMID: 37132098 PMCID: PMC10620101 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a pressing need for non-invasive, cost-effective tools for early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Using data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), Cox proportional models were conducted to develop a multimodal hazard score (MHS) combining age, a polygenic hazard score (PHS), brain atrophy, and memory to predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. Power calculations estimated required clinical trial sample sizes after hypothetical enrichment using the MHS. Cox regression determined predicted age of onset for AD pathology from the PHS. RESULTS The MHS predicted conversion from MCI to dementia (hazard ratio for 80th versus 20th percentile: 27.03). Models suggest that application of the MHS could reduce clinical trial sample sizes by 67%. The PHS alone predicted age of onset of amyloid and tau. DISCUSSION The MHS may improve early detection of AD for use in memory clinics or for clinical trial enrichment. HIGHLIGHTS A multimodal hazard score (MHS) combined age, genetics, brain atrophy, and memory. The MHS predicted time to conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. MHS reduced hypothetical Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trial sample sizes by 67%. A polygenic hazard score predicted age of onset of AD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie T. Reas
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexey Shadrin
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, PO box 1080, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ehsan Motazedi
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shahram Bahrami
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Carolina Makowski
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert Loughnan
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Iris Broce
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarah J. Banks
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vera Fominykh
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Weiqiu Cheng
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dominic Holland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Olav B. Smeland
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tyler Seibert
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - James B. Brewer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chun C. Fan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Ren J, Loughnan R, Xu B, Thompson WK, Fan CC. Estimating the Total Variance Explained by Whole-Brain Imaging for Zero-inflated Outcomes. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.14.553270. [PMID: 37645753 PMCID: PMC10462013 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.14.553270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Zero-inflated outcomes are very common in behavioral data, particularly for responses to psychological questionnaires. Modeling these challenging distributions is further exacerbated by the absence of established statistical models capable of characterizing total signals attributed to whole-brain imaging features, making the accurate assessment of brain-behavior relationships particularly formidable. Given this critical need, we have developed a novel variational Bayes algorithm that characterizes the total signal captured by whole-brain imaging features for zero-inflated outcomes . Our zero-inflated variance (ZIV) estimator robustly estimates the fraction of variance explained (FVE) and the proportion of non-null effects from large-scale imaging data. In simulations, ZIV outperformed other linear prediction algorithms. Applying ZIV to data from one of the largest neuroimaging studies, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development SM (ABCD) Study, we found that whole-brain imaging features have a larger FVE for externalizing compared to internalizing behavior. We also demonstrate that the ZIV estimator, especially applied to focal sub-scales, can localize key neurocircuitry associated with human behavior.
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Smith DM, Loughnan R, Friedman NP, Parekh P, Frei O, Thompson WK, Andreassen OA, Neale M, Jernigan TL, Dale AM. Heritability Estimation of Cognitive Phenotypes in the ABCD Study ® Using Mixed Models. Behav Genet 2023; 53:169-188. [PMID: 37024669 PMCID: PMC10154273 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Twin and family studies have historically aimed to partition phenotypic variance into components corresponding to additive genetic effects (A), common environment (C), and unique environment (E). Here we present the ACE Model and several extensions in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study (ABCD Study®), employed using the new Fast Efficient Mixed Effects Analysis (FEMA) package. In the twin sub-sample (n = 924; 462 twin pairs), heritability estimates were similar to those reported by prior studies for height (twin heritability = 0.86) and cognition (twin heritability between 0.00 and 0.61), respectively. Incorporating SNP-derived genetic relatedness and using the full ABCD Study® sample (n = 9,742) led to narrower confidence intervals for all parameter estimates. By leveraging the sparse clustering method used by FEMA to handle genetic relatedness only for participants within families, we were able to take advantage of the diverse distribution of genetic relatedness within the ABCD Study® sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Smith
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pravesh Parekh
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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8
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Fan CC, Loughnan R, Wilson S, Hewitt JK. Genotype Data and Derived Genetic Instruments of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study ® for Better Understanding of Human Brain Development. Behav Genet 2023; 53:159-168. [PMID: 37093311 PMCID: PMC10635818 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The data release of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development® (ABCD) Study represents an extensive resource for investigating factors relating to child development and mental wellbeing. The genotype data of ABCD has been used extensively in the context of genetic analysis, including genome-wide association studies and polygenic score predictions. However, there are unique opportunities provided by ABCD genetic data that have not yet been fully tapped. The diverse genomic variability, the enriched relatedness among ABCD subsets, and the longitudinal design of the ABCD challenge researchers to perform novel analyses to gain deeper insight into human brain development. Genetic instruments derived from the ABCD genetic data, such as genetic principal components, can help to better control confounds beyond the context of genetic analyses. To facilitate the use genomic information in the ABCD for inference, we here detail the processing procedures, quality controls, general characteristics, and the corresponding resources in the ABCD genotype data of release 4.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chieh Fan
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, USA.
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, Univeristy of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
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Ahern J, Thompson W, Fan CC, Loughnan R. Comparing Pruning and Thresholding with Continuous Shrinkage Polygenic Score Methods in a Large Sample of Ancestrally Diverse Adolescents from the ABCD Study ®. Behav Genet 2023; 53:292-309. [PMID: 37017779 PMCID: PMC10655749 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10139-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Using individuals' genetic data researchers can generate Polygenic Scores (PS) that are able to predict risk for diseases, variability in different behaviors as well as anthropomorphic measures. This is achieved by leveraging models learned from previously published large Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWASs) associating locations in the genome with a phenotype of interest. Previous GWASs have predominantly been performed in European ancestry individuals. This is of concern as PS generated in samples with a different ancestry to the original training GWAS have been shown to have lower performance and limited portability, and many efforts are now underway to collect genetic databases on individuals of diverse ancestries. In this study, we compare multiple methods of generating PS, including pruning and thresholding and Bayesian continuous shrinkage models, to determine which of them is best able to overcome these limitations. To do this we use the ABCD Study, a longitudinal cohort with deep phenotyping on individuals of diverse ancestry. We generate PS for anthropometric and psychiatric phenotypes using previously published GWAS summary statistics and examine their performance in three subsamples of ABCD: African ancestry individuals (n = 811), European ancestry Individuals (n = 6703), and admixed ancestry individuals (n = 3664). We find that the single ancestry continuous shrinkage method, PRScs (CS), and the multi ancestry meta method, PRScsx Meta (CSx Meta), show the best performance across ancestries and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ahern
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA.
| | - Wesley Thompson
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, 74103, USA
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, 74103, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA
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10
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Hernandez LM, Kim M, Zhang P, Bethlehem RAI, Hoftman G, Loughnan R, Smith D, Bookheimer SY, Fan CC, Bearden CE, Thompson WK, Gandal MJ. Multi-ancestry phenome-wide association of complement component 4 variation with psychiatric and brain phenotypes in youth. Genome Biol 2023; 24:42. [PMID: 36882872 PMCID: PMC9990244 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of the complement component 4A (C4A) gene is associated with a greater lifetime risk of schizophrenia. In the brain, C4A is involved in synaptic pruning; yet, it remains unclear the extent to which upregulation of C4A alters brain development or is associated with the risk for psychotic symptoms in childhood. Here, we perform a multi-ancestry phenome-wide association study in 7789 children aged 9-12 years to examine the relationship between genetically regulated expression (GREx) of C4A, childhood brain structure, cognition, and psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS While C4A GREx is not related to childhood psychotic experiences, cognition, or global measures of brain structure, it is associated with a localized reduction in regional surface area (SA) of the entorhinal cortex. Furthermore, we show that reduced entorhinal cortex SA at 9-10 years predicts a greater number and severity of psychosis-like events at 1-year and 2-year follow-up time points. We also demonstrate that the effects of C4A on the entorhinal cortex are independent of genome-wide polygenic risk for schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest neurodevelopmental effects of C4A on childhood medial temporal lobe structure, which may serve as a biomarker for schizophrenia risk prior to symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna M. Hernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Richard A. I. Bethlehem
- University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
| | - Gil Hoftman
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Diana Smith
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Susan Y. Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Michael J. Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute at Penn Med and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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11
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Loughnan R, Palmer CE, Makowski C, Thompson WK, Barch DM, Jernigan TL, Dale AM, Fan CC. Unique prediction of developmental psychopathology from genetic and familial risk. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1631-1643. [PMID: 35764363 PMCID: PMC9691563 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection is critical for easing the rising burden of psychiatric disorders. However, the specificity of psychopathological measurements and genetic predictors is unclear among youth. METHODS We measured associations between genetic risk for psychopathology (polygenic risk scores (PRS) and family history (FH) measures) and a wide range of behavioral measures in a large sample (n = 5,204) of early adolescent participants (9-11 years) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development StudySM . Associations were measured both with and without accounting for shared variance across measures of genetic risk. RESULTS When controlling for genetic risk for other psychiatric disorders, polygenic risk for problematic opioid use (POU) is uniquely associated with lower behavioral inhibition. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression (DEP), and attempted suicide (SUIC) PRS shared many significant associations with externalizing, internalizing, and psychosis-related behaviors. However, when accounting for all measures of genetic and familial risk, these PRS also showed clear, unique patterns of association. Polygenic risk for ASD, BIP, and SCZ, and attempted suicide uniquely predicted variability in cognitive performance. FH accounted for unique variability in behavior above and beyond PRS and vice versa, with FH measures explaining a greater proportion of unique variability compared to the PRS. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that, among youth, many behaviors show shared genetic influences; however, there is also specificity in the profile of emerging psychopathologies for individuals with high genetic risk for particular disorders. This may be useful for quantifying early, differential risk for psychopathology in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Loughnan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Clare E. Palmer
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Carolina Makowski
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, USA
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics, University of California San Diego, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego USA
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Psychiatry and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis USA
| | - Terry L. Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, USA
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, USA
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics, University of California San Diego, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, USA
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12
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Loughnan R, Ahern J, Tompkins C, Palmer CE, Iversen J, Thompson WK, Andreassen O, Jernigan T, Sugrue L, Dale A, Boyle MET, Fan CC. Association of Genetic Variant Linked to Hemochromatosis With Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures of Iron and Movement Disorders. JAMA Neurol 2022; 79:919-928. [PMID: 35913729 PMCID: PMC9344392 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Importance Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that leads to iron overload. Conflicting results from previous research has led some to believe the brain is spared the toxic effects of iron in HH. Objective To test the association of the strongest genetic risk variant for HH on brainwide measures sensitive to iron deposition and the rates of movement disorders in a substantially larger sample than previous studies of its kind. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional retrospective study included participants from the UK Biobank, a population-based sample. Genotype, health record, and neuroimaging data were collected from January 2006 to May 2021. Data analysis was conducted from January 2021 to April 2022. Disorders tested included movement disorders (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision [ICD-10], codes G20-G26), abnormalities of gait and mobility (ICD-10 codes R26), and other disorders of the nervous system (ICD-10 codes G90-G99). Exposures Homozygosity for p.C282Y, the largest known genetic risk factor for HH. Main Outcomes and Measures T2-weighted and T2* signal intensity from brain magnetic resonance imaging scans, measures sensitive to iron deposition, and clinical diagnosis of neurological disorders. Results The total cohort consisted of 488 288 individuals (264 719 female; ages 49-87 years, largely northern European ancestry), 2889 of whom were p.C282Y homozygotes. The neuroimaging analysis consisted of 836 individuals: 165 p.C282Y homozygotes (99 female) and 671 matched controls (399 female). A total of 206 individuals were excluded from analysis due to withdrawal of consent. Neuroimaging analysis showed that p.C282Y homozygosity was associated with decreased T2-weighted and T2* signal intensity in subcortical motor structures (basal ganglia, thalamus, red nucleus, and cerebellum; Cohen d >1) consistent with substantial iron deposition. Across the whole UK Biobank (2889 p.C282Y homozygotes, 485 399 controls), we found a significantly increased prevalence for movement disorders in male homozygotes (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.28-2.55; P = .001) but not female individuals (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.70-1.73; P = .69). Among the 31 p.C282Y male homozygotes with a movement disorder, only 10 had a concurrent HH diagnosis. Conclusions and Relevance These findings indicate increased iron deposition in subcortical motor circuits in p.C282Y homozygotes and confirm an increased association with movement disorders in male homozygotes. Early treatment in HH effectively prevents the negative consequences of iron overload in the liver and heart. Our work suggests that screening for p.C282Y homozygosity in high-risk individuals also has the potential to reduce brain iron accumulation and to reduce the risk of movement disorders among male individuals who are homozygous for this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Loughnan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jonathan Ahern
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Cherisse Tompkins
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Clare E. Palmer
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - John Iversen
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Ole Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terry Jernigan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Leo Sugrue
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Anders Dale
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Mary E. T. Boyle
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
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13
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Fan CC, Loughnan R, Makowski C, Pecheva D, Chen CH, Hagler DJ, Thompson WK, Parker N, van der Meer D, Frei O, Andreassen OA, Dale AM. Multivariate genome-wide association study on tissue-sensitive diffusion metrics highlights pathways that shape the human brain. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2423. [PMID: 35505052 PMCID: PMC9065144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular determinants of tissue composition of the human brain remain largely unknown. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on this topic have had limited success due to methodological constraints. Here, we apply advanced whole-brain analyses on multi-shell diffusion imaging data and multivariate GWAS to two large scale imaging genetic datasets (UK Biobank and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study) to identify and validate genetic association signals. We discover 503 unique genetic loci that have impact on multiple regions of human brain. Among them, more than 79% are validated in either of two large-scale independent imaging datasets. Key molecular pathways involved in axonal growth, astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation, and synaptogenesis during development are found to significantly impact the measured variations in tissue-specific imaging features. Our results shed new light on the biological determinants of brain tissue composition and their potential overlap with the genetic basis of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chieh Fan
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Makowski
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diliana Pecheva
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Population Neuroscience and Genetics Lab, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nadine Parker
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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14
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van der Meer D, Kaufmann T, Shadrin AA, Makowski C, Frei O, Roelfs D, Monereo-Sánchez J, Linden DEJ, Rokicki J, Alnæs D, de Leeuw C, Thompson WK, Loughnan R, Fan CC, Westlye LT, Andreassen OA, Dale AM. The genetic architecture of human cortical folding. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj9446. [PMID: 34910505 PMCID: PMC8673767 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The folding of the human cerebral cortex is a highly genetically regulated process that allows for a much larger surface area to fit into the cranial vault and optimizes functional organization. Sulcal depth is a robust yet understudied measure of localized folding, previously associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we report the first genome-wide association study of sulcal depth. Through the multivariate omnibus statistical test (MOSTest) applied to vertex-wise measures from 33,748 U.K. Biobank participants (mean age, 64.3 years; 52.0% female), we identified 856 genome-wide significant loci (P < 5 × 10−8). Comparisons with cortical thickness and surface area indicated that sulcal depth has higher locus yield, heritability, and effective sample size. There was a large amount of genetic overlap between these traits, with gene-based analyses indicating strong associations with neurodevelopmental processes. Our findings demonstrate sulcal depth is a promising neuroimaging phenotype that may enhance our understanding of cortical morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexey A. Shadrin
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carolina Makowski
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Roelfs
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer Monereo-Sánchez
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - David E. J. Linden
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jaroslav Rokicki
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christiaan de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M. Dale
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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15
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Shadrin AA, Kaufmann T, van der Meer D, Palmer CE, Makowski C, Loughnan R, Jernigan TL, Seibert TM, Hagler DJ, Smeland OB, Motazedi E, Chu Y, Lin A, Cheng W, Hindley G, Thompson WK, Fan CC, Holland D, Westlye LT, Frei O, Andreassen OA, Dale AM. Vertex-wise multivariate genome-wide association study identifies 780 unique genetic loci associated with cortical morphology. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118603. [PMID: 34560273 PMCID: PMC8785963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain morphology has been shown to be highly heritable, yet only a small portion of the heritability is explained by the genetic variants discovered so far. Here we extended the Multivariate Omnibus Statistical Test (MOSTest) and applied it to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of vertex-wise structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cortical measures from N=35,657 participants in the UK Biobank. We identified 695 loci for cortical surface area and 539 for cortical thickness, in total 780 unique genetic loci associated with cortical morphology robustly replicated in 8,060 children of mixed ethnicity from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. This reflects more than 8-fold increase in genetic discovery at no cost to generalizability compared to the commonly used univariate GWAS methods applied to region of interest (ROI) data. Functional follow up including gene-based analyses implicated 10% of all protein-coding genes and pointed towards pathways involved in neurogenesis and cell differentiation. Power analysis indicated that applying the MOSTest to vertex-wise structural MRI data triples the effective sample size compared to conventional univariate GWAS approaches. The large boost in power obtained with the vertex-wise MOSTest together with pronounced replication rates and highlighted biologically meaningful pathways underscores the advantage of multivariate approaches in the context of highly distributed polygenic architecture of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Shadrin
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Corresponding authors: Alexey A. Shadrin, , NORMENT Centre, Building 48, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway, Tel: +47 922 57 686; Ole A. Andreassen, , NORMENT Centre, Building 49, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway, Tel: +47 23 02 73 50 (22 11 78 43 dir), Fax: +47 23 02 73 33; Anders M. Dale, , Center for Translational Imaging and Precision Medicine, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Dept. of Neuroscience and Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States, Tel: (858) 822-6671, Fax: (858) 534-1078
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Clare E. Palmer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carolina Makowski
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Terry L. Jernigan
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tyler M. Seibert
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Olav B. Smeland
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ehsan Motazedi
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunhan Chu
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aihua Lin
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Weiqiu Cheng
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guy Hindley
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chun C. Fan
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dominic Holland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Corresponding authors: Alexey A. Shadrin, , NORMENT Centre, Building 48, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway, Tel: +47 922 57 686; Ole A. Andreassen, , NORMENT Centre, Building 49, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway, Tel: +47 23 02 73 50 (22 11 78 43 dir), Fax: +47 23 02 73 33; Anders M. Dale, , Center for Translational Imaging and Precision Medicine, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Dept. of Neuroscience and Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States, Tel: (858) 822-6671, Fax: (858) 534-1078
| | - Anders M. Dale
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Corresponding authors: Alexey A. Shadrin, , NORMENT Centre, Building 48, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway, Tel: +47 922 57 686; Ole A. Andreassen, , NORMENT Centre, Building 49, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway, Tel: +47 23 02 73 50 (22 11 78 43 dir), Fax: +47 23 02 73 33; Anders M. Dale, , Center for Translational Imaging and Precision Medicine, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Dept. of Neuroscience and Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States, Tel: (858) 822-6671, Fax: (858) 534-1078
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Palmer CE, Zhao W, Loughnan R, Zou J, Fan CC, Thompson WK, Dale AM, Jernigan TL. Distinct Regionalization Patterns of Cortical Morphology are Associated with Cognitive Performance Across Different Domains. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3856-3871. [PMID: 33825852 PMCID: PMC8258441 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive performance in children is predictive of academic and social outcomes; therefore, understanding neurobiological mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognition during development may be important for improving quality of life. The belief that a single, psychological construct underlies many cognitive processes is pervasive throughout society. However, it is unclear if there is a consistent neural substrate underlying many cognitive processes. Here, we show that a distributed configuration of cortical surface area and apparent thickness, when controlling for global imaging measures, is differentially associated with cognitive performance on different types of tasks in a large sample (N = 10 145) of 9-11-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) study. The minimal overlap in these regionalization patterns of association has implications for competing theories about developing intellectual functions. Surprisingly, not controlling for sociodemographic factors increased the similarity between these regionalization patterns. This highlights the importance of understanding the shared variance between sociodemographic factors, cognition and brain structure, particularly with a population-based sample such as ABCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Palmer
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - W Zhao
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - R Loughnan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - J Zou
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - C C Fan
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - W K Thompson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - A M Dale
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - T L Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Loughnan R, Lorca-Puls DL, Gajardo-Vidal A, Espejo-Videla V, Gillebert CR, Mantini D, Price CJ, Hope TMH. Generalizing post-stroke prognoses from research data to clinical data. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:102005. [PMID: 31670072 PMCID: PMC6831940 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lesion-symptom models for aphasia must generalize, if they are to be useful. We show that these models can generalize across countries, native languages, neuroimaging technology and from chronic to acute scans. The result depends on modelling lesion growth over years post-stroke. Lesion growth may be a more significant confound, in previous lesion-symptom analyses, than previously thought.
Around a third of stroke survivors suffer from acquired language disorders (aphasia), but current medicine cannot predict whether or when they might recover. Prognostic research in this area increasingly draws on datasets associating structural brain imaging data with outcome scores for ever-larger samples of stroke patients. The aim is to learn brain-behaviour trends from these data, and generalize those trends to predict outcomes for new patients. The practical significance of this work depends on the expected breadth of that generalization. Here, we show that these models can generalize across countries and native languages (from British patients tested in English to Chilean patients tested in Spanish), across neuroimaging technology (from MRI to CT), and from scans collected months or years after stroke for research purposes, to scans collected days or weeks after stroke for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Loughnan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Diego L Lorca-Puls
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Andrea Gajardo-Vidal
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Valeria Espejo-Videla
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Céline R Gillebert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Brain and Cognition, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Research Center for Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Foundation, Venice, Italy
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Thomas M H Hope
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK.
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Henry BA, Loughnan R, Hickford J, Young IR, St John JC, Clarke I. Differences in mitochondrial DNA inheritance and function align with body conformation in genetically lean and fat sheep. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:2083-93. [PMID: 26020304 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Body weight and adiposity are determined by the balance between energy intake, energy expenditure, and nutrient deposition. We have identified differences in appetite-regulating peptides in sheep selectively bred to be either lean or fat, wherein gene expression for orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone are elevated in the lean group. Despite this, the underlying mechanisms leading to differences in body composition in the lean and fat lines remains unknown. We measured postprandial temperature in adipose tissue and muscle to ascertain whether a difference in thermogenesis is associated with the difference in body composition in genetically lean (n = 8) and fat (n = 12) ewes. Body weight was higher (P < 0.01) but percent fat mass was lower (P < 0.001) in the lean group. The percent lean mass was similar in lean and fat groups. Animals received intracerebroventricular cannulae and temperature probes implanted into the retroperitoneal fat and the hind-limb skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis). Animals were meal fed (1100-1600 h) to entrain postprandial thermogenesis. Food intake was similar between lean and fat animals. Postprandial thermogenesis was greater (P < 0.05) in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue of lean animals but not in skeletal muscle. Intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin reduced (P< 0.05) food intake by an equal extent in both groups. Postprandial expression of UCP1 mRNA was greater (P < 0.05) in retroperitoneal fat of lean animals, with similar UCP3 expression in skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial genome sequencing indicated haplotypic clustering in lean and fat animals within both the encoding and nonencoding regions. This demonstrates that differences in body composition may be underpinned by differences in thermogenesis, specifically within adipose tissue. Furthermore, thermogenic differences may be associated with specific mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, suggesting a strong genetic component inherited through the maternal lineage.
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