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Nonkovic N, Marceau K, McGeary JE, Ramos AM, Palmer RHC, Heath AC, Knopik VS. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with DNA methylation in early adolescence: A sibling comparison design. Dev Psychol 2024:2024-77561-001. [PMID: 38661663 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) may impact offspring biological (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid methylation [DNAm]) and behavioral (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder hyperactive/impulsive [ADHD-HI] symptoms) development. There has been consistency in findings of differential methylation in global DNAm, and the specific genes AHRR, CYP1A1, CNTNAP2, MYO1G, and GFI1 in relation to MSDP. The current study aims to (a) replicate the associations of MSDP and DNAm in prior literature in middle childhood-adolescence (cross-sectionally) using a sibling-comparison design where siblings were discordant for MSDP (n = 328 families; Mage Sibling 1 = 13.02; Sibling 2 = 10.20), adjusting for prenatal and postnatal covariates in order to isolate the MSDP exposure on DNAm. We also (b) cross-sectionally explored the role of DNAm in the most robust MSDP-ADHD associations (i.e., with ADHD-HI) previously found in this sample. We quantified smoking exposure severity for each sibling reflecting time and quantity of MSDP, centered relative to the sibling pair's average (i.e., within-family centered, indicating child-specific effects attributable MSDP exposure) and controlling for the sibling average MSDP (i.e., between-family component, indicating familial confounding related to MSDP). We found that child-specific MSDP was associated with global DNAm, and CNTNAP2, CYP1A1, and MYO1G methylation after covariate adjustment, corroborating emerging evidence for a potentially causal pathway between MSDP and DNAm. There was some evidence that child-specific CNTNAP2 and MYO1G methylation partially explained associations between MSDP and ADHD-HI symptoms, though only on one measure (of two). Future studies focused on replication of these findings in a longitudinal genetic design could further solidify the associations found in the current study. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Nonkovic
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University
| | - John E McGeary
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
| | - Amanda M Ramos
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University
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2
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Romero Villela PN, Evans LM, Palviainen T, Border R, Kaprio J, Palmer RHC, Keller MC, Ehringer MA. Loci on chromosome 20 interact with rs16969968 to influence cigarettes per day in European ancestry individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 257:111126. [PMID: 38387257 PMCID: PMC11062023 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The understanding of the molecular genetic contributions to smoking is largely limited to the additive effects of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but the underlying genetic risk is likely to also include dominance, epistatic, and gene-environment interactions. METHODS To begin to address this complexity, we attempted to identify genetic interactions between rs16969968, the most replicated SNP associated with smoking quantity, and all SNPs and genes across the genome. RESULTS Using the UK Biobank European subsample, we found one SNP, rs1892967, and two genes, PCNA and TMEM230, that showed a significant genome-wide interaction with rs16969968 for log10 CPD and raw CPD, respectively, in a sample of 116 442 individuals who self-reported currently or previously smoking. We extended these analyses to individuals of South Asian descent and meta-analyzed the combined sample of 117 212 individuals of European and South Asian ancestry. We replicated the gene findings in a meta-analysis of five Finnish samples (N=40 140): FinHealth, FINRISK, Finnish Twin Cohort, GeneRISK, and Health-2000-2011. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this represents the first reliable epistatic association between single nucleotide polymorphisms for smoking behaviors and provides a novel direction for possible future functional studies related to this interaction. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the feasibility of these analyses by pooling multiple datasets across various ancestries, which may be applied to other top SNPs for smoking and/or other phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela N Romero Villela
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Luke M Evans
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, USA
| | - Richard Border
- Departments of Neurology and Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA; Departments of Neurology and Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.
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3
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Thompson MF, Ghahramanlou-Holloway M, Murphy MA, Perera KU, Benca-Bachman C, Palmer RHC, Gray JC. Resting-state network analysis of suicide attempt history in the UK Biobank. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7591-7600. [PMID: 37254555 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research has identified altered brain structure and function in individuals at risk for self-directed violence thoughts and behaviors. However, these studies have largely utilized healthy controls and findings have been inconsistent. Thus, this study examined differences in resting-state functional network connectivity among individuals with lifetime suicide attempt(s) v. lifetime self-directed violence thoughts alone. METHODS Using data from the UK Biobank, this study utilized a series of linear regressions to compare individuals with lifetime suicide attempt(s) (n = 566) v. lifetime self-directed violence thoughts alone (n = 3447) on within- and between- network resting-state functional connectivity subnetworks. RESULTS There were no significant between-group differences for between-network, within-network, or whole-brain functional connectivity after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and body mass index and performing statistical corrections for multiple comparisons. Resting-state network measures may not differentiate between individuals with lifetime suicide attempt(s) and lifetime self-directed violence thoughts alone. CONCLUSIONS Null findings diverge from results reported in smaller neuroimaging studies of suicide risk, but are consistent with null findings in other large-scale studies and meta-analyses. Strengths of the study include its large sample size and stringent control group. Future research on a wider array of imaging, genetic, and psychosocial risk factors can clarify relative contributions of individual and combined variables to suicide risk and inform scientific understanding of ideation-to-action framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Thompson
- Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjan Ghahramanlou-Holloway
- Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mikela A Murphy
- Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kanchana U Perera
- Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chelsie Benca-Bachman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua C Gray
- Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Niemis W, Peterson SR, Javier C, Nguyen A, Subiah S, Palmer RHC. On the utilization of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model to study substance use disorders: A scoping review protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292238. [PMID: 37824561 PMCID: PMC10569547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are cells derived from somatic cells via reprogramming techniques. The iPSC approach has been increasingly used in neuropsychiatric research in the last decade. Though substance use disorders (SUDs) are a commonly occurring psychiatric disorder, the application of iPSC model in addiction research has been limited. No comprehensive review has been reported. We conducted a scoping review to collate existing evidence on the iPSC technologies applied to SUD research. We aim to identify current knowledge gaps and limitations in order to advance the use of iPSCs in the SUD field. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We employed a scoping review using the methodological framework first created by Arksey and O'Malley and further updated by Levac et al. and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). We adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Protocols (PRISMA-P) to report items for the protocol. We searched evidence from four electronic databases: PubMed®, Embase®, Web of Science™, and Scopus®. Primary research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were included and limited to studies published in English, at the time from 2007 to March 2022. This is an "ongoing" scoping review. Searched studies will be independently screened, selected, and extracted by two reviewers. Disagreement will be solved by the third reviewer and discussion. Extracted data will be analyzed in descriptive and quantitative approaches, then summarized and presented in appropriate formats. Results will be reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guideline and disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations. CONCLUSION To our best knowledge, this is the first comprehensive scoping review of iPSC methods specifically applied to a broad range of addictive drugs/substances that lead to SUDs or misuse behavior. REGISTRATION This protocol is registered on Zenodo repository (https://zenodo.org/) with doi:10.5281/zenodo.7915252.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasiri Niemis
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Shenita R. Peterson
- Woodruff Health Sciences Center Library, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Chrisabella Javier
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Amy Nguyen
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Sanchi Subiah
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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McKenna BG, Knight AK, Smith AK, Corwin EJ, Carter SE, Palmer RHC, Dunlop AL, Brennan PA. Infant epigenetic aging moderates the link between Black maternal childhood trauma and offspring symptoms of psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37771149 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Although offspring of women exposed to childhood trauma exhibit elevated rates of psychopathology, many children demonstrate resilience to these intergenerational impacts. Among the variety of factors that likely contribute to resilience, epigenetic processes have been suggested to play an important role. The current study used a prospective design to test the novel hypothesis that offspring epigenetic aging - a measure of methylation differences that are associated with infant health outcomes - moderates the relationship between maternal exposure to childhood adversity and offspring symptomatology. Maternal childhood adversity was self-reported during pregnancy via the ACEs survey and the CTQ, which assessed total childhood trauma as well as maltreatment subtypes (i.e., emotional, physical, and sexual abuse). Offspring blood samples were collected at or shortly after birth and assayed on a DNA methylation microarray, and offspring symptomatology was assessed with the CBCL/1.5-5 when offspring were 2-4 years old. Results indicated that maternal childhood trauma, particularly sexual abuse, was predictive of offspring symptoms (ps = 0.003-0.03). However, the associations between maternal sexual abuse and offspring symptomatology were significantly attenuated in offspring with accelerated epigenetic aging. These findings further our understanding of how epigenetic processes may contribute to and attenuate the intergenerational link between stress and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna K Knight
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sierra E Carter
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Anne L Dunlop
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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McGeary JE, Benca-Bachman CE, Risner VA, Beevers CG, Gibb BE, Palmer RHC. Associating broad and clinically defined polygenic scores for depression with depression-related phenotypes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6534. [PMID: 37085695 PMCID: PMC10121555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Twin studies indicate that 30-40% of the disease liability for depression can be attributed to genetic differences. Here, we assess the explanatory ability of polygenic scores (PGS) based on broad- (PGSBD) and clinical- (PGSMDD) depression summary statistics from the UK Biobank in an independent sample of adults (N = 210; 100% European Ancestry) who were extensively phenotyped for depression and related neurocognitive traits (e.g., rumination, emotion regulation, anhedonia, and resting frontal alpha asymmetry). The UK Biobank-derived PGSBD had small associations with MDD, depression severity, anhedonia, cognitive reappraisal, brooding, and suicidal ideation but only the association with suicidal ideation remained statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Similarly small associations were observed for the PGSMDD but none remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. These findings provide important initial guidance about the expected effect sizes between current UKB PGSs for depression and depression-related neurocognitive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E McGeary
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chelsie E Benca-Bachman
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Victoria A Risner
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Brandon E Gibb
- Department of Psychology State, University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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7
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Benca-Bachman CE, Bubier J, Syed RA, Romero Villela PN, Palmer RHC. Polygenic influences on the behavioral effects of alcohol withdrawal in a mixed-ancestry population from the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism (COGA). Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103851. [PMID: 37031923 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol withdrawal (AW) is a feature of alcohol use disorder that may occur in up to half of individuals with chronic, heavy alcohol consumption whenever alcohol use is abruptly stopped or significantly reduced. To date, few genes have been robustly associated with AW; this may be partly due to most studies defining AW as a binary construct despite the multiple symptoms and their range in severity from mild to severe. The current study examined the effects of genome-wide loci on a factor score for AW in high risk and community family samples in the Collaborative Study for the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). In addition, we tested whether differentially expressed genes associated with alcohol withdrawal in model organisms are enriched in human genome-wide association study (GWAS) effects. Analyses employed roughly equal numbers of males and females (mean age 35, standard deviation = 15; total N = 8009) and included individuals from multiple ancestral backgrounds. Genomic data were imputed to the HRC reference panel and underwent strict quality control procedures using Plink2. Analyses controlled for age, sex, and population stratification effects using ancestral principal components. We found support that AW is a polygenic disease (SNP-heritability = 0.08 [95 % CI = 0.01, 0.15; pedigree-based heritability = 0.12 [0.08,0.16]. We identified five single nucleotide variants that met genomewide significance, some of which have previously been associated with alcohol phenotypes. Gene-level analyses suggest a role for COL19A1 in AW; H-MAGMA analyses implicated 12 genes associated with AW. Cross-species enrichment analyses indicated that variation within genes identified in model organism studies explained <1 % of the phenotypic variability in human AW. Notably, the surrounding regulatory regions of model organism genes explained more variance than expected by chance, indicating that these regulatory regions and gene sets may be important for human AW. Lastly, when comparing the overlap in genes identified from the human GWAS and H-MAGMA analyses with the genes identified from the animal studies, there was modest overlap, indicating some convergence between the methods and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie E Benca-Bachman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | | | - Rameez A Syed
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pamela N Romero Villela
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Institute for Behavior Genetics, University of Colorado of Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA; Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.
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8
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Huggett SB, Ikeda AS, Yuan Q, Benca-Bachman CE, Palmer RHC. Genome- and transcriptome-wide splicing associations with alcohol use disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3950. [PMID: 36894673 PMCID: PMC9998611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mechanisms of alternative mRNA splicing have been shown in the brain for a variety of neuropsychiatric traits, but not substance use disorders. Our study utilized RNA-sequencing data on alcohol use disorder (AUD) in four brain regions (n = 56; ages 40-73; 100% 'Caucasian'; PFC, NAc, BLA and CEA) and genome-wide association data on AUD (n = 435,563, ages 22-90; 100% European-American). Polygenic scores of AUD were associated with AUD-related alternative mRNA splicing in the brain. We identified 714 differentially spliced genes between AUD vs controls, which included both putative addiction genes and novel gene targets. We found 6463 splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs) that linked to the AUD differentially spliced genes. sQTLs were enriched in loose chromatin genomic regions and downstream gene targets. Additionally, the heritability of AUD was enriched for DNA variants in and around differentially spliced genes associated with AUD. Our study also performed splicing transcriptome-wide association studies (TWASs) of AUD and other drug use traits that unveiled specific genes for follow-up and splicing correlations across SUDs. Finally, we showed that differentially spliced genes between AUD vs control were also associated with primate models of chronic alcohol consumption in similar brain regions. Our study found substantial genetic contributions of alternative mRNA splicing in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer B Huggett
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ami S Ikeda
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Qingyue Yuan
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chelsie E Benca-Bachman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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9
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Meyer MN, Appelbaum PS, Benjamin DJ, Callier SL, Comfort N, Conley D, Freese J, Garrison NA, Hammonds EM, Harden KP, Lee SSJ, Martin AR, Martschenko DO, Neale BM, Palmer RHC, Tabery J, Turkheimer E, Turley P, Parens E. Wrestling with Social and Behavioral Genomics: Risks, Potential Benefits, and Ethical Responsibility. Hastings Cent Rep 2023; 53 Suppl 1:S2-S49. [PMID: 37078667 PMCID: PMC10433733 DOI: 10.1002/hast.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
In this consensus report by a diverse group of academics who conduct and/or are concerned about social and behavioral genomics (SBG) research, the authors recount the often-ugly history of scientific attempts to understand the genetic contributions to human behaviors and social outcomes. They then describe what the current science-including genomewide association studies and polygenic indexes-can and cannot tell us, as well as its risks and potential benefits. They conclude with a discussion of responsible behavior in the context of SBG research. SBG research that compares individuals within a group according to a "sensitive" phenotype requires extra attention to responsible conduct and to responsible communication about the research and its findings. SBG research (1) on sensitive phenotypes that (2) compares two or more groups defined by (a) race, (b) ethnicity, or (c) genetic ancestry (where genetic ancestry could easily be misunderstood as race or ethnicity) requires a compelling justification to be conducted, funded, or published. All authors agree that this justification at least requires a convincing argument that a study's design could yield scientifically valid results; some authors would additionally require the study to have a socially favorable risk-benefit profile.
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10
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Catherman C, Cassidy S, Benca-Bachman CE, Barber JM, Palmer RHC. Associations between neuroticism, subjective sleep quality, and depressive symptoms across the first year of college. J Am Coll Health 2023; 71:381-388. [PMID: 33689579 PMCID: PMC8426424 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1891917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine neuroticism's impact on the relationship between depressive symptoms and sleep quality during the college transition. PARTICIPANTS First-year students (N = 302) from a southeastern university in the USA. METHODS A longitudinal cross-lagged panel model assessed direct and indirect effects between self-reported sleep and depressed mood. RESULTS Higher neuroticism was directly associated with both greater depressed mood and sleep quality. Poorer sleep quality was associated with depressive symptoms at baseline (β = 0.250, [95% CI = 0.123,0.362]) and during spring semester (β = 0.261, [95% CI = 0.126,0.383]). Baseline depressive symptoms predicted sleep quality during fall semester (β = 0.140, [95% CI = 0.031, 0.247]), and fall semester sleep quality predicted spring semester depression symptoms (β = 0.106, [95% CI = 0.007,0.201]). DISCUSSION Neuroticism is an indicator of emotional distress and disrupted sleep upon college entry. Furthermore, there was evidence for both within time-point and prospective associations between sleep quality and depression symptoms albeit at different times throughout the first year of college.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Catherman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Samantha Cassidy
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jessica M Barber
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Hatoum AS, Morrison CL, Mitchell EC, Lam M, Benca-Bachman CE, Reineberg AE, Palmer RHC, Evans LM, Keller MC, Friedman NP. Genome-wide Association Study Shows That Executive Functioning Is Influenced by GABAergic Processes and Is a Neurocognitive Genetic Correlate of Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:59-70. [PMID: 36150907 PMCID: PMC9722603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in executive functions (EFs), cognitive processes that control goal-directed behaviors, are associated with psychopathology and neurologic disorders. Little is known about the molecular bases of individual differences in EFs. Prior candidate gene studies have been underpowered in their search for dopaminergic processes involved in cognitive functioning, and existing genome-wide association studies of EFs used small sample sizes and/or focused on individual tasks that are imprecise measures of EFs. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide association study of a common EF (cEF) factor score based on multiple tasks in the UK Biobank (n = 427,037 individuals of European descent). RESULTS We found 129 independent genome-wide significant lead variants in 112 distinct loci. cEF was associated with fast synaptic transmission processes (synaptic, potassium channel, and GABA [gamma-aminobutyric acid] pathways) in gene-based analyses. cEF was genetically correlated with measures of intelligence (IQ) and cognitive processing speed, but cEF and IQ showed differential genetic associations with psychiatric disorders and educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that cEF is a genetically distinct cognitive construct that is particularly relevant to understanding the genetic variance in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Hatoum
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington St. Louis Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Claire L Morrison
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.
| | - Evann C Mitchell
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Max Lam
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chelsie E Benca-Bachman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew E Reineberg
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Luke M Evans
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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12
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Knopik VS, Micalizzi L, Marceau K, Loviska AM, Yu L, Bien A, Rolan E, Evans AS, Palmer RHC, Heath AC. The roles of familial transmission and smoking during pregnancy on executive function skills: A sibling-comparison study. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1-13. [PMID: 36039978 PMCID: PMC10710697 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942200075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This research examines maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk for poorer executive function in siblings discordant for exposure. Data (N = 173 families) were drawn from the Missouri Mothers and Their Children study, a sample, identified using birth records (years 1998-2005), in which mothers changed smoking behavior between two pregnancies (Child 1 [older sibling]: M age = 12.99; Child 2 [younger sibling]: M age = 10.19). A sibling comparison approach was used, providing a robust test for the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and different aspects of executive function in early-mid adolescence. Results suggested within-family (i.e., potentially causal) associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and one working memory task (visual working memory) and one response inhibition task (color-word interference), with increased exposure associated with decreased performance. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was not associated with stop-signal reaction time, cognitive flexibility/set-shifting, or auditory working memory. Initial within-family associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and visual working memory as well as color-word interference were fully attenuated in a model including child and familial covariates. These findings indicate that exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy may be associated with poorer performance on some, but not all skills assessed; however, familial transmission of risk for low executive function appears more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 West State St, West Lafayette, USA, IN, 47906
| | - Lauren Micalizzi
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5 Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Box G-S121-5, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 West State St, West Lafayette, USA, IN, 47906
| | - Amy M Loviska
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 West State St, West Lafayette, USA, IN, 47906
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 West State St, West Lafayette, USA, IN, 47906
| | - Alexandra Bien
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 West State St, West Lafayette, USA, IN, 47906
| | - Emily Rolan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Rd., East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Allison S Evans
- Concord Comprehensive Neuropsychological Services, 86 Baker Avenue Extension #301, Concord, MA, 01742, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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13
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Feurer C, McGeary JE, Brick LA, Knopik VS, Carper MM, Palmer RHC, Gibb BE. Associations between depression-relevant genetic risk and youth stress exposure: Evidence of gene-environment correlations. J Psychopathol Clin Sci 2022; 131:457-466. [PMID: 35467896 PMCID: PMC9262038 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Familial risk for depression is associated with youth exposure to self-generated dependent stressful life events and independent events that are out of youth's control. Familial risk includes both genetic and environmental influences, raising the question of whether genetic influences, specifically, are associated with youth exposure to both dependent and independent stressful life events. To address this question, this study examined the relation between a genome-wide association study (GWAS)-derived depression-based polygenic risk score (DEP-PRS) and youth experiences of dependent and independent stress. Participants were 180 youth (ages 8 to 14, 52.2% female) of European ancestry and their biological mothers recruited based on the presence versus absence of a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the mothers. Youth and mothers were interviewed every 6 months for 2 years regarding the occurrence of stressful life events, which were coded as independent or dependent (self-generated). Results indicated that youth's DEP-PRS and maternal history of MDD were uniquely associated with increased exposure to both dependent and independent events. Similar results were observed when examining major versus minor events separately, with the additional finding of a DEP-PRS × mother MDD interaction for major dependent events such that levels of moderate to severe dependent life stressors were highest among youth with high DEP-PRSs who also had mothers with MDD. These results not only support the presence of depression-relevant gene-environment correlations (rGEs), but also highlight the possibility that rather than only capturing depression-specific genetic liability, GWAS-derived polygenic risk scores may also capture genetic variance contributing to stress exposure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cope Feurer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - John E. McGeary
- Providence Veterans Affair Medical Center
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Leslie A. Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | | | - Matthew M. Carper
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University
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14
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Huggett SB, Ikeda AS, McGeary JE, Kaun KR, Palmer RHC. Opioid Use Disorder and Alternative mRNA Splicing in Reward Circuitry. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061045. [PMID: 35741807 PMCID: PMC9222793 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Opiate/opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing brain disorder that has increased in prevalence in the last two decades in the United States. Understanding the molecular correlates of OUD may provide key insights into the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Using publicly available RNA-sequencing data, our study investigated the possible role of alternative mRNA splicing in human brain tissue (dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and midbrain) of 90 individuals with OUD or matched controls. We found a total of 788 differentially spliced genes across brain regions. Alternative mRNA splicing demonstrated mostly tissue-specific effects, but a functionally characterized splicing change in the clathrin and AP-2-binding (CLAP) domain of the Bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1) gene was significantly linked to OUD across all brain regions. We investigated two hypotheses that may underlie differential splicing in OUD. First, we tested whether spliceosome genes were disrupted in the brains of individuals with OUD. Pathway enrichment analyses indicated spliceosome perturbations in OUD across brain regions. Second, we tested whether alternative mRNA splicing regions were linked to genetic predisposition. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of OUD, we found no evidence that DNA variants within or surrounding differentially spliced genes were implicated in the heritability of OUD. Altogether, our study contributes to the understanding of OUD pathophysiology by providing evidence of a possible role of alternative mRNA splicing in OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer B. Huggett
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.B.H.); (A.S.I.)
| | - Ami S. Ikeda
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.B.H.); (A.S.I.)
| | - John E. McGeary
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02908, USA;
| | - Karla R. Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
| | - Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.B.H.); (A.S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(404)-727-7340; Fax: +1-(404)-727-0372
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15
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Ikeda AS, Knopik VS, Bidwell LC, Parade SH, Goodman SH, Emory EK, Palmer RHC. A Review of Associations between Externalizing Behaviors and Prenatal Cannabis Exposure: Limitations & Future Directions. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10010017. [PMID: 35051059 PMCID: PMC8779620 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In utero cannabis exposure can disrupt fetal development and increase risk for various behavioral disruptions, including hyperactivity, inattention, delinquent behaviors, and later substance abuse, among others. This review summarizes the findings from contemporary investigations linking prenatal cannabis exposure to the development of psychopathology and identifies the limitations within the literature, which constrain our interpretations and generalizability. These limitations include a lack of genetic/familial control for confounding and limited data examining real world products, the full range of cannabinoids, and motives for use specifically in pregnant women. Taken together, our review reveals the need to continue to improve upon study designs in order to allow researchers to accurately draw conclusions about the development of behavioral consequences of prenatal cannabis exposure. Findings from such studies would inform policy and practices regarding cannabis use during pregnancy and move the field toward developing a comprehensive teratogenic profile of cannabis similar to what is characterized in the prenatal alcohol and tobacco literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami S. Ikeda
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.H.G.); (E.K.E.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.I.); (R.H.C.P.)
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - L. Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA;
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Stephanie H. Parade
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
- Bradley/Hasbro Children’s Research Center, E.P. Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI 02915, USA
| | - Sherryl H. Goodman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.H.G.); (E.K.E.)
| | - Eugene K. Emory
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.H.G.); (E.K.E.)
| | - Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.H.G.); (E.K.E.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.I.); (R.H.C.P.)
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16
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Huggett SB, Hatfield JS, Walters JD, McGeary JE, Welsh JW, Mackay TFC, Anholt RRH, Palmer RHC. Ibrutinib as a potential therapeutic for cocaine use disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:623. [PMID: 34880215 PMCID: PMC8654982 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use presents a worldwide public health problem with high socioeconomic cost. No current pharmacologic treatments are available for cocaine use disorder (CUD) or cocaine toxicity. To explore pharmaceutical treatments for tthis disorder and its sequelae we analyzed gene expression data from post-mortem brain tissue of individuals with CUD who died from cocaine-related causes with matched cocaine-free controls (n = 71, Mage = 39.9, 100% male, 49% with CUD, 3 samples/brain regions). To match molecular signatures from brain pathology with potential therapeutics, we leveraged the L1000 database honing in on neuronal mRNA profiles of 825 repurposable compounds (e.g., FDA approved). We identified 16 compounds that were negatively associated with CUD gene expression patterns across all brain regions (padj < 0.05), all of which outperformed current targets undergoing clinical trials for CUD (all padj > 0.05). An additional 43 compounds were positively associated with CUD expression. We performed an in silico follow-up potential therapeutics using independent transcriptome-wide in vitro (neuronal cocaine exposure; n = 18) and in vivo (mouse cocaine self-administration; n = 12-15) datasets to prioritize candidates for experimental validation. Among these medications, ibrutinib was consistently linked with the molecular profiles of both neuronal cocaine exposure and mouse cocaine self-administration. We assessed the therapeutic efficacy of ibrutinib using the Drosophila melanogaster model. Ibrutinib reduced cocaine-induced startle response and cocaine-induced seizures (n = 61-142 per group; sex: 51% female), despite increasing cocaine consumption. Our results suggest that ibrutinib could be used for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer B Huggett
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Hatfield
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry and Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Joshua D Walters
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry and Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - John E McGeary
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Justine W Welsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry and Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Robert R H Anholt
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry and Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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17
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Huggett SB, Johnson EC, Hatoum AS, Lai D, Srijeyanthan J, Bubier JA, Chesler EJ, Agrawal A, Palmer AA, Edenberg HJ, Palmer RHC. Genes identified in rodent studies of alcohol intake are enriched for heritability of human substance use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2485-2494. [PMID: 34751961 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent paradigms and human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on drug use have the potential to provide biological insight into the pathophysiology of addiction. METHODS Using GeneWeaver, we created rodent alcohol and nicotine gene-sets derived from 19 gene expression studies on alcohol and nicotine outcomes. We partitioned the SNP-heritability of these gene-sets using four large human GWAS: 1) alcoholic drinks per week, 2) problematic alcohol use, 3) cigarettes per day and 4) smoking cessation. We benchmarked our findings with curated human alcoholism and nicotine addiction gene-sets and performed specificity analyses using other rodent gene-sets (e.g., locomotor behavior) and other human GWAS (e.g., height). RESULTS The rodent alcohol gene-set was enriched for heritability of drinks per week, cigarettes per day, and smoking cessation, but not problematic alcohol use. However, the rodent nicotine gene-set was not significantly associated with any of these traits. Both rodent gene-sets showed enrichment for several non-substance use GWAS, and the extent of this relationship tended to increase as a function of trait heritability. In general, larger gene-sets demonstrated more significant enrichment. Finally, when evaluating human traits with similar heritabilities, both rodent gene-sets showed greater enrichment for substance use traits. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that rodent gene expression studies can help to identify genes that contribute to heritability of some substance use traits in humans, yet there was less specificity than expected. We outline various limitations, interpretations and considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer B Huggett
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, GA University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexander S Hatoum
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jenani Srijeyanthan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, GA University, Atlanta, USA
| | | | | | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, GA University, Atlanta, USA
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18
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Risner VA, Benca-Bachman CE, Bertin L, Smith AK, Kaprio J, McGeary JE, Chesler E, Knopik V, Friedman N, Palmer RHC. Multi-polygenic Analysis of Nicotine Dependence in Individuals of European Ancestry. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:2102-2109. [PMID: 34008017 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heritability estimates of nicotine dependence (ND) range from 40-70%, but discovery GWAS of ND are underpowered and have limited predictive utility. In this work, we leverage genetically correlated traits and diseases to increase the accuracy of polygenic risk prediction. METHODS We employed a multi-trait model using summary statistic-based best linear unbiased predictors (SBLUP) of genetic correlates of DSM-IV diagnosis of ND in 6,394 individuals of European Ancestry (prevalence = 45.3%, %female = 46.8%, µage = 40.08 [s.d. = 10.43]) and 3,061 individuals from a nationally-representative sample with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence symptom count (FTND; 51.32% female, mean age = 28.9 [s.d. = 1.70]). Polygenic predictors were derived from GWASs known to be phenotypically and genetically correlated with ND (i.e., Cigarettes per Day (CPD), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-Consumption and AUDIT-Problems), Neuroticism, Depression, Schizophrenia, Educational Attainment, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Self-Perceived Risk-Taking); including Height as a negative control. Analyses controlled for age, gender, study site, and the first 10 ancestral principal components. RESULTS The multi-trait model accounted for 3.6% of the total trait variance in DSM-IV ND. Educational Attainment (β=-0.125; 95% confidence interval (CI): [-0.149,-0.101]), CPD (0.071 [0.047,0.095]), and Self-Perceived Risk-Taking (0.051 [0.026,0.075]) were the most robust predictors. PGS effects on FTND were limited. CONCLUSIONS Risk for ND is not only polygenic, but also pleiotropic. Polygenic effects on ND that are accessible by these traits are limited in size and act additively to explain risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Risner
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta GA
| | - Chelsie E Benca-Bachman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta GA
| | - Lauren Bertin
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta GA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Smith Lab, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Finland
| | - John E McGeary
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence RI.,The Genomic Laboratory, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence RI
| | | | - Valerie Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN
| | - Naomi Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta GA
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19
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Palmer RHC, Johnson EC, Won H, Polimanti R, Kapoor M, Chitre A, Bogue MA, Benca‐Bachman CE, Parker CC, Verma A, Reynolds T, Ernst J, Bray M, Kwon SB, Lai D, Quach BC, Gaddis NC, Saba L, Chen H, Hawrylycz M, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Mahaffey S, Fischer C, Sanchez‐Roige S, Bandrowski A, Lu Q, Shen L, Philip V, Gelernter J, Bierut LJ, Hancock DB, Edenberg HJ, Johnson EO, Nestler EJ, Barr PB, Prins P, Smith DJ, Akbarian S, Thorgeirsson T, Walton D, Baker E, Jacobson D, Palmer AA, Miles M, Chesler EJ, Emerson J, Agrawal A, Martone M, Williams RW. Integration of evidence across human and model organism studies: A meeting report. Genes Brain Behav 2021; 20:e12738. [PMID: 33893716 PMCID: PMC8365690 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute on Drug Abuse and Joint Institute for Biological Sciences at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory hosted a meeting attended by a diverse group of scientists with expertise in substance use disorders (SUDs), computational biology, and FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) data sharing. The meeting's objective was to discuss and evaluate better strategies to integrate genetic, epigenetic, and 'omics data across human and model organisms to achieve deeper mechanistic insight into SUDs. Specific topics were to (a) evaluate the current state of substance use genetics and genomics research and fundamental gaps, (b) identify opportunities and challenges of integration and sharing across species and data types, (c) identify current tools and resources for integration of genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic data, (d) discuss steps and impediment related to data integration, and (e) outline future steps to support more effective collaboration-particularly between animal model research communities and human genetics and clinical research teams. This review summarizes key facets of this catalytic discussion with a focus on new opportunities and gaps in resources and knowledge on SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of PsychologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Emma C. Johnson
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Hyejung Won
- Department of Genetics and Neuroscience CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineWest HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Apurva Chitre
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Chelsie E. Benca‐Bachman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of PsychologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Clarissa C. Parker
- Department of Psychology and Program in NeuroscienceMiddlebury CollegeMiddleburyVermontUSA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics LaboratoryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Jason Ernst
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael Bray
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Soo Bin Kwon
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Bryan C. Quach
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nathan C. Gaddis
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Laura Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Colorado, Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and ToxicologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | | | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Statistics and ProbabilityMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Spencer Mahaffey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of PharmacyUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Christian Fischer
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and InformaticsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Sandra Sanchez‐Roige
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anita Bandrowski
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Li Shen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineWest HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Dana B. Hancock
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Eric O. Johnson
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Peter B. Barr
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Pjotr Prins
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and InformaticsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Desmond J. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Friedman Brain Institute and Departments of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | | | - Erich Baker
- Department of Computer ScienceBaylor UniversityWacoTexasUSA
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Computational and Predictive Biology, BiosciencesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Tennessee KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | | | | | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Maryann Martone
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and InformaticsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
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Micalizzi L, Marceau K, Evans AS, Brick LA, Palmer RHC, Heath AC, Knopik VS. A sibling-comparison study of smoking during pregnancy and risk for reading-related problems. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 84:106961. [PMID: 33577969 PMCID: PMC7965354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This research examines the relationship between smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and risk for reading related problems in siblings discordant for exposure to SDP. Data (N = 173 families) were drawn from the Missouri Mothers and Their Children study, a sample, identified using birth records (years 1998-2005), in which mothers changed her smoking behavior between two pregnancies (Child 1 [older sibling]: M = 12.99; Child 2 [younger sibling]: M = 10.19). A sibling comparison approach was used, providing a robust test for the association between SDP and reading related outcomes in school-aged children. Results suggested within-family (i.e., potentially causal) associations between SDP and reading and language/comprehension factor scores, as well as between SDP and specific reading-related skills, including reading accuracy and receptive language, with increased exposure to SDP associated with decreased performance. SDP was not associated with spelling, reading rate, or receptive vocabulary. Initial within-family associations between SDP and word-letter identification, phonetic/decoding skills, and reading comprehension were fully attenuated following partial control for genetic and environmental confounding of the associations. These findings indicate that exposure to SDP is associated with poorer performance on some, but not all skills assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Micalizzi
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02903, United States of America.
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - Allison S Evans
- Concord Comprehensive Neuropsychological Services, 86 Baker Avenue Extension #301, Concord, MA 01742, United States of America
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, United States of America
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States of America
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 1202 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
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21
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Palmer RHC, Benca-Bachman CE, Huggett SB, Bubier JA, McGeary JE, Ramgiri N, Srijeyanthan J, Yang J, Visscher PM, Yang J, Knopik VS, Chesler EJ. Multi-omic and multi-species meta-analyses of nicotine consumption. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:98. [PMID: 33542196 PMCID: PMC7862377 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-species translational approaches to human genomic analyses are lacking. The present study uses an integrative framework to investigate how genes associated with nicotine use in model organisms contribute to the genetic architecture of human tobacco consumption. First, we created a model organism geneset by collecting results from five animal models of nicotine exposure (RNA expression changes in brain) and then tested the relevance of these genes and flanking genetic variation using genetic data from human cigarettes per day (UK BioBank N = 123,844; all European Ancestry). We tested three hypotheses: (1) DNA variation in, or around, the 'model organism geneset' will contribute to the heritability to human tobacco consumption, (2) that the model organism genes will be enriched for genes associated with human tobacco consumption, and (3) that a polygenic score based off our model organism geneset will predict tobacco consumption in the AddHealth sample (N = 1667; all European Ancestry). Our results suggested that: (1) model organism genes accounted for ~5-36% of the observed SNP-heritability in human tobacco consumption (enrichment: 1.60-31.45), (2) model organism genes, but not negative control genes, were enriched for the gene-based associations (MAGMA, H-MAGMA, SMultiXcan) for human cigarettes per day, and (3) polygenic scores based on our model organism geneset predicted cigarettes per day in an independent sample. Altogether, these findings highlight the advantages of using multiple species evidence to isolate genetic factors to better understand the etiological complexity of tobacco and other nicotine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H. C. Palmer
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Chelsie E. Benca-Bachman
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Spencer B. Huggett
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jason A. Bubier
- grid.249880.f0000 0004 0374 0039The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME USA
| | - John E. McGeary
- grid.40263.330000 0004 1936 9094Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI USA ,grid.413904.b0000 0004 0420 4094Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI USA
| | - Nikhil Ramgiri
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jenani Srijeyanthan
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jingjing Yang
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Elissa J. Chesler
- grid.249880.f0000 0004 0374 0039The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME USA
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22
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Martin KP, Benca-Bachman CE, Palmer RHC. Risk for alcohol use/misuse among entering college students: The role of personality and stress. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 13:100330. [PMID: 33437859 PMCID: PMC7787922 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined unique and joint effects of stress and personality on alcohol misuse. Factor-level Neuroticism is not uniquely associated with more alcohol misuse. Higher Neuroticism—Depression facet scores are associated with more alcohol misuse. Neuroticism—Depression moderates the association between stress and alcohol misuse.
Introduction Excessive alcohol use amongst college students is associated with low grades, poor mental health, and risks to physical safety. Neuroticism, characterized by emotional instability and anxiety, and self-reported stress have both been shown to be strong predictors of alcohol use and misuse, however, previous studies have shown that measures of stress and Neuroticism are frequently confounded. This study tests the hypothesis that personality traits, and Neuroticism in particular, predict alcohol use/misuse in matriculating freshmen above and beyond reported levels of stress. Methods Data were collected as part of an IRB-approved longitudinal study, MAPme, examining behavioral health in college. Participants were 303 first-year college students (70% female) with an average age of 18.58 (SD = 0.39). Data were collected during the first eight weeks of the first semester at college. Results Overall, domain-level Neuroticism was not associated with alcohol use/misuse above and beyond perceived levels of stress and other Big Five domains (β = 0.14, p = 0.088). Notably, the depression facet of Neuroticism (Neuroticism—Depression), was positively associated with alcohol use/misuse when accounting for the shared effects of stress. Results demonstrated that the Neuroticism—Depression facet moderated the relationship between stress and alcohol use/misuse (β = 0.18, p = 0.020). Conclusions The Neuroticism—Depression facet is a better predictor of alcohol use/misuse than the Neuroticism domain, even when accounting for stress and other personality domains. At low levels of the Depression facet, stress was negatively associated with alcohol use/misuse, but at high levels of the Depression facet, stress was positively associated with alcohol use/misuse. Taken together, our results shed new light into the combined and independent effects of Neuroticism and stress on alcohol use/misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen P Martin
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Psychology and interdisciplinary Sciences Building, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Chelsie E Benca-Bachman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Psychology and interdisciplinary Sciences Building, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Psychology and interdisciplinary Sciences Building, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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23
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Reynolds T, Johnson EC, Huggett SB, Bubier JA, Palmer RHC, Agrawal A, Baker EJ, Chesler EJ. Interpretation of psychiatric genome-wide association studies with multispecies heterogeneous functional genomic data integration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:86-97. [PMID: 32791514 PMCID: PMC7688940 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and other discovery genetics methods provide a means to identify previously unknown biological mechanisms underlying behavioral disorders that may point to new therapeutic avenues, augment diagnostic tools, and yield a deeper understanding of the biology of psychiatric conditions. Recent advances in psychiatric genetics have been made possible through large-scale collaborative efforts. These studies have begun to unearth many novel genetic variants associated with psychiatric disorders and behavioral traits in human populations. Significant challenges remain in characterizing the resulting disease-associated genetic variants and prioritizing functional follow-up to make them useful for mechanistic understanding and development of therapeutics. Model organism research has generated extensive genomic data that can provide insight into the neurobiological mechanisms of variant action, but a cohesive effort must be made to establish which aspects of the biological modulation of behavioral traits are evolutionarily conserved across species. Scalable computing, new data integration strategies, and advanced analysis methods outlined in this review provide a framework to efficiently harness model organism data in support of clinically relevant psychiatric phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Reynolds
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Computer Science Department, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erich J Baker
- Computer Science Department, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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24
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Ekblad MO, Marceau K, Rolan E, Palmer RHC, Todorov A, Heath AC, Knopik VS. The Effect of Smoking during Pregnancy on Severity and Directionality of Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms: A Genetically Informed Approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17217921. [PMID: 33126697 PMCID: PMC7662383 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and (I) severity and (II) directionality of externalizing and internalizing symptoms in a sample of sibling pairs while rigorously controlling for familial confounds. The Missouri Mothers and Their Children Study is a family study (N = 173 families) with sibling pairs (aged 7 to 16 years) who are discordant for exposure to SDP. This sibling comparison study is designed to disentangle the effects of SDP from familial confounds. An SDP severity score was created for each child using a combination of SDP indicators (timing, duration, and amount). Principal component analysis of externalizing and internalizing behavior, assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher Report Form, was used to create symptom severity and directionality scores. The variance in severity and directionality scores was primarily a function of differences between siblings (71% and 85%, respectively) rather than differences across families (29% and 15%, respectively). The severity score that combines externalizing and internalizing symptom severity was not associated with SDP. However, a significant within-family effect of SDP on symptom directionality (b = 0.07, p = 0.04) was observed in the sibling comparison model. The positive directionality score indicates that SDP is associated with differentiation of symptoms towards externalizing rather than internalizing symptoms after controlling for familial confounds with a sibling comparison model. This supports a potentially causal relationship between SDP and externalizing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael O. Ekblad
- Department of General Practice, Institute of Medicine, Turku University and Turku University Hospital, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (K.M.); (V.S.K.)
| | - Emily Rolan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Alexandre Todorov
- Department of Psychiatry, Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (A.T.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (A.T.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (K.M.); (V.S.K.)
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25
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Huggett SB, Bubier JA, Chesler EJ, Palmer RHC. Do gene expression findings from mouse models of cocaine use recapitulate human cocaine use disorder in reward circuitry? Genes Brain Behav 2020; 20:e12689. [PMID: 32720468 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of drug use have investigated possible mechanisms governing human substance use traits for over 100 years. Most cross-species research on drug use/addiction examines behavioral overlap, but studies assessing neuromolecular (e.g. RNA) correspondence are lacking. Our study utilized transcriptome-wide data from the hippocampus and ventral tegmental area (VTA)/midbrain from a total of 35 human males with cocaine use disorder/controls and 49 male C57BL/6J cocaine/saline administering/exposed mice. We hypothesized differential expressed genes and systems of co-expressed genes (gene networks) would show appreciable overlap across mouse cocaine self-administration and human cocaine use disorder. We found modest, but significant relationships between differentially expressed genes associated with cocaine self-administration (short access) and cocaine use disorder within reward circuitry. Differentially expressed genes underlying models of acute cocaine exposure (cocaine), context re-exposure and cocaine + context re-exposure were not consistently associated with human CUD across brain regions. Investigating systems of co-expressed genes, we found several validated gene networks with weak to moderate conservation between cocaine/saline self-administering mice and disordered cocaine users/controls. The most conserved hippocampal and VTA gene networks demonstrated substantial overlap (2029 common genes) and included both novel and previously implicated targets for cocaine use/addiction. Lastly, we conducted (expression-based) phenome-wide association studies of the nine common hub genes across conserved gene networks. Common hub genes were associated with dopamine/serotonin function, cocaine self-administration and other relevant mouse traits. Overall, our study pinpointed and characterized conserved brain-related RNA patterns across mouse cocaine self-administration and human cocaine use disorder. We offer recommendations for future research and add to the dialogue surrounding pre-clinical animal research for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer B Huggett
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason A Bubier
- Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Elissa J Chesler
- Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The opioid epidemic in the United States has led to unprecedented increases in morbidity and mortality, posing a serious public health crisis. Although twin and family studies, as well as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), all identify significant genetic factors contributing to opioid dependence, no studies to date have estimated marker-based heritability estimates of opioid dependence. The goal of the current study was to use a large, genetically imputed, case/control sample of 4,064 participants (after quality control and imputation) with genome-wide data to estimate the unbiased heritability tagged by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). METHOD Study data were part of the Genome-wide Study of Heroin Dependence obtained via the Database for Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP). Genomic-Relatedness-Matrix Restricted Maximum Likelihood with adjustment for minor allele frequency (MAF) and linkage disequilibrium (LD; GREML-LDMS) was used to determine the variation in opioid dependence attributable to common SNPs from imputed data. Mixed linear models were used in an exploratory GWAS to assess effects of single SNPs. RESULTS At least 45% of the variance in opioid dependence according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, was attributable to common SNPs, after stratifying to account for differences in MAF and LD across the genome. Most of the genetic variance was tagged by SNPs in the 1%-9% MAF range and in low LD with other SNPs in the region. Two markers in LOC101927293 survived multiple-testing correction (i.e., q value < .05). CONCLUSIONS Nearly half of the variation in opioid dependence can be attributed to common SNPs. Most of this variation is due to rare variants in low LD with other markers in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lauren Micalizzi
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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27
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Palmer RHC, Brick LA, Chou YL, Agrawal A, McGeary JE, Heath AC, Bierut L, Keller MC, Johnson E, Hartz SM, Schuckit MA, Knopik VS. The etiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: Evidence of shared and non-shared additive genetic effects. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 201:147-154. [PMID: 31229702 PMCID: PMC6929687 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholism is a multifactorial disorder influenced by multiple gene loci, each with small effect. Studies suggest shared genetic influences across DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptoms, but shared effects across DSM-5 alcohol use disorder remains unknown. We aimed to test the assumption of genetic homogeneity across the 11 criteria of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS Data from 2596 alcohol using individuals of European ancestry from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment were used to examine the genomewide SNP-heritability (h2SNP) and SNP-covariance (rGSNP) between 11 DSM-5 AUD symptoms. Phenotypic relationships between symptoms were examined to confirm an underlying liability of AUD and the SNP-heritability of the observed latent trait and the co-heritabilityamong AUD symptoms was assessed using Genomic-Relatedness-Matrix-Restricted-Maximum-Likelihood. Genetic covariance among symptoms was examined using factor analysis. RESULTS Phenotypic relationships confirmed a unidimensional underlying liability to AUD. Factor and parallel analyses of the observed genetic variance/covariance provided evidence of genetic homogeneity. Additive genetic effects on DSM-5 AUD symptoms varied from 0.10 to 0.37 and largely overlapped (rG-SNP across symptoms ranged from 0.49 - 0.92). The additive genetic effect on the DSM-5 AUD factor was 0.36, 0.14 for DSM-5 AUD diagnosis, and was 0.22 for DSM-5 AUD severity. CONCLUSIONS Common genetic variants influence DSM-5 AUD symptoms. Despite evidence for a common AUD factor, the evidence of only partially overlapping genetic effects across AUD symptoms further substantiates the need to simultaneously model common and symptom-specific genetic effects in molecular genetic studies in order to best characterize the genetic liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, USA.
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, USA; Division of Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, USA
| | - Yi-Ling Chou
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John E McGeary
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, USA; Division of Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, USA; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laura Bierut
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA
| | | | - Sarah M Hartz
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, USA
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Palmer RHC, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Bidwell LC, Metrik JM. CNR1 and FAAH variation and affective states induced by marijuana smoking. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2019; 45:514-526. [PMID: 31184938 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2019.1614596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Polymorphisms in cannabinoid receptor type 1 (encoded by CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (encoded by FAAH) have been associated with cannabis dependence, but it remains unknown whether variation within these genes influences cannabis' acute effects on affect. Objective: Conduct a secondary data analysis study to determine whether previously observed acute effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on mood was dependent upon variation in CNR1 and FAAH. Methods: A balanced placebo design was used crossing marijuana administration (i.e., 0% THC vs. 2.8% THC) with stimulus expectancy. Participants (N = 118; 64% male) provided DNA and completed the Profile of Mood States questionnaire prior to and after smoking. Haplotypes were constructed from genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms for CNR1 (rs1049353 and rs806368) and FAAH (rs4141964, rs324420, and rs11576941); rs2023239 (CNR1) and rs6703669 (FAAH) were not part of a phased haplotype block. Analyses tested both main and interaction effects for genotype across CNR1 and FAAH, and drug, and expectancy effects. Results: THC increased levels of POMS Tension-Anxiety and Confusion-Bewilderment over and above the effects of variation in CNR1 and FAAH. Significant drug X genotype/haplotype and expectancy X genotype/haplotype interaction effects were observed for some but not all mood states [e.g., 'C' allele carriers of rs2023239 who received THC had higher levels of Anger-Hostility (β= 0.29 (0.12), p= .02) compared to those who received placebo]. Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest individual differences in mood states after using marijuana depend on genetic variation. Such information might be useful in understanding either motivation for use of marijuana and/or risk for associated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H C Palmer
- a Department of Psychology at Emory University, Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - John E McGeary
- b Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Providence , RI , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University , Providence , RI , USA.,d Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- e Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- f Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Jane M Metrik
- b Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Providence , RI , USA.,d Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , RI , USA
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29
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Brick LA, Marraccini ME, Micalizzi L, Benca-Bachman CE, Knopik VS, Palmer RHC. Overlapping genetic effects between suicidal ideation and neurocognitive functioning. J Affect Disord 2019; 249:104-111. [PMID: 30769295 PMCID: PMC6937431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents and young adults. Several studies have indicated significant genetic influences on suicide-related phenotypes and mounting evidence from neurobiological research has linked deficits in neurocognitive abilities to suicide phenotypes. The goal of the present study was to estimate the heritability of suicidal ideation (SI) in a large sample of adolescents and determine if SI is genetically correlated with neurocognitive functioning. METHODS Genome-wide data (N = 3564 unrelated individuals of European Ancestry) were drawn from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopment Cohort. Adolescents completed a psychiatric assessment, as well as a computerized neurocognitive battery to assess performance across four domains: memory, executive function, social cognition, and complex cognition. Genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) estimation was used to determine SNP-heritability (h2SNP) of SI and the genetic correlation (rG) between SI and neurocognitive domains. RESULTS Nearly 17% of adolescents reported SI. The SNP-heritability estimate for SI was marginally significant (h2SNP = 11%, SE = 8%, p = 0.086). Bivariate analyses indicated a significant rG between SI and emotion identification (rG = 0.79, SE = 0.45, p = 0.006; phenotypic correlation r = 0.04, p = 0.017). LIMITATIONS It is possible that SI may represent a related, but differentially heritable construct from suicide attempts/completion and other comorbid psychopathology. Additionally, though genetic correlations point to shared genetic factors across traits, direct causal mechanisms cannot be deduced. CONCLUSIONS Common heritable factors contribute to variation in SI and neurocognitive functioning. Genetic factors influencing emotion identification have significant genetic overlap with SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Marisa E Marraccini
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lauren Micalizzi
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chelsie E Benca-Bachman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Pearson R, Palmer RHC, Brick LA, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Beevers CG. Additive genetic contribution to symptom dimensions in major depressive disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 2017; 125:495-501. [PMID: 27124715 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a phenotypically heterogeneous disorder with a complex genetic architecture. In this study, genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum-likelihood analysis (GREML) was used to investigate the extent to which variance in depression symptoms/symptom dimensions can be explained by variation in common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a sample of individuals with MDD (N = 1,558) who participated in the National Institute of Mental Health Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study. A principal components analysis of items from the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) obtained prior to treatment revealed 4 depression symptom components: (a) appetite, (b) core depression symptoms (e.g., depressed mood, anhedonia), (c) insomnia, and (d) anxiety. These symptom dimensions were associated with SNP-based heritability (hSNP2) estimates of 30%, 14%, 30%, and 5%, respectively. Results indicated that the genetic contribution of common SNPs to depression symptom dimensions were not uniform. Appetite and insomnia symptoms in MDD had a relatively strong genetic contribution whereas the genetic contribution was relatively small for core depression and anxiety symptoms. While in need of replication, these results suggest that future gene discovery efforts may strongly benefit from parsing depression into its constituent parts. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Pearson
- Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
| | | | - Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
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Palmer RHC, Beevers CG, McGeary JE, Brick LA, Knopik VS. A Preliminary Study of Genetic Variation in the Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Systems and Genome-wide Additive Genetic Effects on Depression Severity and Treatment Response. Clin Psychol Sci 2016; 5:158-165. [PMID: 28316879 DOI: 10.1177/2167702616651075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a heritable disorder that is commonly treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. However, no study has quantified the overlap in genetic effects between pretreatment depression severity and treatment response and the extent to which genetic effects could be attributed to variation in the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems (DA/5-HT). Data (N=1618) from the clinician-rated Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression and the clinician-rated Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology were obtained from participants of European ancestry in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression clinical trial. Genetic variants explained 31%–64% of the variance across assessments of pretreatment depression severity and treatment response. However, effects from the DA/5-HT systems genes were negligible. There was also limited evidence for genetic overlap for pretreatment depression severity and treatment response. Despite the clear genetic contributions to these depression phenotypes, different genetic factors may contribute to depression severity and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital; Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Christopher G Beevers
- Institute for Mental Health Research and Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - John E McGeary
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Providence VA Medical Center; Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital; Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital; Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
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Knopik VS, Marceau K, Bidwell LC, Palmer RHC, Smith TF, Todorov A, Evans AS, Heath AC. Smoking during pregnancy and ADHD risk: A genetically informed, multiple-rater approach. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:971-81. [PMID: 26799787 PMCID: PMC4958030 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is a significant public health concern with adverse consequences to the health and well-being of the developing child, including behavioral outcomes such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). There is substantial interest in understanding the nature of this reported association, particularly in light of more recent genetically informed studies that suggest that the SDP-ADHD link is less clear than once thought. In a sample of families (N = 173) specifically selected for sibling pairs discordant for prenatal smoking exposure, we use a sibling-comparison approach that controls for shared genetic and familial influences to assess the effects of SDP on ADHD symptom dimensions. ADHD was measured by both parent and teacher report on the Conners report forms and the Child Behavior Checklist/Teacher Report Form (CBCL/TRF). Results for the CBCL/TRF Total ADHD score are consistent with prior genetically informed approaches and suggest that previously reported associations between SDP and ADHD are largely due to familial confounding rather than causal teratogenic effects. However, results from the Conners parent report suggest a potentially causal effect of SDP on hyperactive/impulsive and, to a lesser extent, total ADHD symptoms; SDP results in increased parent-reported hyperactive/impulsive and total ADHD symptoms even after accounting for genetic and familial confounding factors. This suggests that the Conners assessment (parent-report) may provide a sensitive measure for use in studies examining child specific SDP effects on continuous and dimensional aspects of ADHD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island.
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Taylor F Smith
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Alexandre Todorov
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Allison Schettini Evans
- Memorial Hospital, Pawtucket, RI USA; Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Heritability estimates from twin studies of the multi-faceted phenotype of nicotine dependence (ND) range from moderate to high (31-60%), but vary substantially based on the specific ND-related construct examined. The current study estimated the aggregate role of common genetic variants on key ND constructs. METHOD Genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) was used to decompose phenotypic variance across multiple ND indices using 796 125 polymorphisms from 2346 unrelated 'lifetime ever smokers' of European ancestry. Measures included DSM-IV ND and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) summary measures and constituent constructs (e.g. withdrawal severity, tolerance, heaviness of smoking and time spent smoking). Exploratory and confirmatory factor models were used to describe the covariance structure across ND measures; resulting factor(s) were the subject(s) of GREML analyses. RESULTS Factor models indicated highly correlated DSM-IV and FTND factors for ND (0.545, 95% confidence interval 0.50-0.60) that could be represented as a higher-order factor (NIC DEP). Additive genetic influence on NIC DEP was 33% (s.e. = 0.14, p = 0.009). Post-hoc analyses indicated moderate genetic effects on the DSM-IV (34%, s.e. = 0.14, p = 0.008) and FTND (26%, s.e. = 0.14, p = 0.032) factors, both of which were influenced by the same genetic effects (r G-SNP = 1.00, s.e. = 0.09, p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS Overall, common single nucleotide polymorphisms accounted for a large proportion of the genetic influences on ND-related phenotypes that have been observed in twin studies. Genetic contributions across distinct ND scales were largely influenced by shared genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science,University of Colorado at Boulder,Boulder, CO,USA
| | - R H C Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,Alpert Medical School of Brown University,Providence, RI,USA
| | - L Brick
- Division of Behavioral Genetics,Department of Psychiatry,Rhode Island Hospital,Providence, RI,USA
| | - J E McGeary
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,Alpert Medical School of Brown University,Providence, RI,USA
| | - V S Knopik
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,Alpert Medical School of Brown University,Providence, RI,USA
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Bidwell LC, Palmer RHC, Brick L, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Knopik VS. A Propensity Scoring Approach to Characterizing the Effects of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Offspring's Initial Responses to Cigarettes and Alcohol. Behav Genet 2016; 46:416-30. [PMID: 27098899 PMCID: PMC4887264 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When examining the effects of prenatal exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) on later offspring substance use, it is critical to consider familial environments confounded with MSDP. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of MSDP on offspring's initial reactions to cigarettes and alcohol, which are indicators of future substance-use related problems. We tested these effects using two propensity score approaches (1) by controlling for confounding using the MSDP propensity score and (2) examining effects of MSDP across the MSDP risk distribution by grouping individuals into quantiles based on their MSDP propensity score. This study used data from 829 unrelated mothers with a reported lifetime history of smoking to determine the propensity for smoking only during their first trimester (MSDP-E) or throughout their entire pregnancy (MSDP-T). Propensity score analyses focused on the offspring (N = 1616 female twins) of a large subset of these mothers. We examined the effects of levels of MSDP-E/T on offspring initial reactions to their first experiences with alcohol and cigarettes, across the distribution of liability for MSDP-E/T. MSDP-E/T emerged as significant predictors of offspring reactions to alcohol and cigarettes, but the effects were confounded by the familial liability for MSDP. Further, the unique MSDP effects that emerged were not uniform across the MSDP familial risk distribution. Our findings underscore the importance of properly accounting for correlated familial risk factors when examining the effects of MSDP on substance related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, UCB 344, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Leslie Brick
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Knopik VS, Marceau K, Palmer RHC, Smith TF, Heath AC. Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Offspring Birth Weight: A Genetically-Informed Approach Comparing Multiple Raters. Behav Genet 2016; 46:353-64. [PMID: 26494459 PMCID: PMC4841737 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is a significant public health concern with adverse consequences to the health and well-being of the fetus. There is considerable debate about the best method of assessing SDP, including birth/medical records, timeline follow-back approaches, multiple reporters, and biological verification (e.g., cotinine). This is particularly salient for genetically-informed approaches where it is not always possible or practical to do a prospective study starting during the prenatal period when concurrent biological specimen samples can be collected with ease. In a sample of families (N = 173) specifically selected for sibling pairs discordant for prenatal smoking exposure, we: (1) compare rates of agreement across different types of report-maternal report of SDP, paternal report of maternal SDP, and SDP contained on birth records from the Department of Vital Statistics; (2) examine whether SDP is predictive of birth weight outcomes using our best SDP report as identified via step (1); and (3) use a sibling-comparison approach that controls for genetic and familial influences that siblings share in order to assess the effects of SDP on birth weight. Results show high agreement between reporters and support the utility of retrospective report of SDP. Further, we replicate a causal association between SDP and birth weight, wherein SDP results in reduced birth weight even when accounting for genetic and familial confounding factors via a sibling comparison approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Coro West Suite 204, 1 Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Coro West Suite 204, 1 Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Coro West Suite 204, 1 Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Taylor F Smith
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Coro West Suite 204, 1 Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Kudinova AY, Deak T, Hueston CM, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Palmer RHC, Gibb BE. Cross-species evidence for the role of interleukin-33 in depression risk. J Abnorm Psychol 2016; 125:482-94. [PMID: 27054346 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence highlights the role of inflammatory processes in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, most studies have examined a consistent set of inflammatory cytokines and there is evidence that other immune-derived products may play a role in MDD. In this article, we present data from 3 complimentary studies that support the role of a novel cytokine, interleukin-33 (IL-33), in depression risk. First, we show that a 2-SNP haplotype in the IL-33 gene (rs11792633 and rs7044343) moderated the link between women's history of childhood abuse and their history of recurrent MDD (rMDD), such that the link between childhood abuse and rMDD was stronger among women with fewer copies of the protective IL-33 CT haplotype. Second, linking these findings to differences in circulating cytokine levels, we show in a separate sample that those with a history of rMDD had higher peripheral levels of IL-33 and IL-1β compared with women with a single MDD episode or no history of MDD. Third, providing initial evidence of brain regions underlying these effects using archival rat brain tissue, we show that an acute stressor increased IL-33 expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and, to a lesser extent, the prefrontal cortex, key brain regions underlying stress response and emotion regulation. These findings provide converging support for the potential role of IL-33 in risk for recurrent MDD. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terrence Deak
- Center for Affective Science, Binghamton University (SUNY)
| | - Cara M Hueston
- Center for Affective Science, Binghamton University (SUNY)
| | | | | | | | - Brandon E Gibb
- Center for Affective Science, Binghamton University (SUNY)
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Palmer RHC, Bidwell LC, Heath AC, Brick LA, Madden PAF, Knopik VS. Effects of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy on Offspring Externalizing Problems: Contextual Effects in a Sample of Female Twins. Behav Genet 2016; 46:403-15. [PMID: 26826031 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) suggest increased risk for cognitive impairment and psychiatric outcomes. However, it is uncertain whether these associations are the direct result of MSDP or related to confounding familial variables associated with MSDP. The current study employed propensity score analysis to examine the effects of MSDP on offspring EXT using data from a large sample of 979 unrelated mothers. Logistic regression models were used to determine the propensity that the offspring of these mothers were likely to be exposed to MSDP [i.e., smoked during only the first trimester (MSDP-EARLY[E]) or smoked throughout their pregnancy (MSDP-THROUGHOUT[T])] given known familial confounders. Analyses focused on the effect of MSDP-E/T on the EXT behavior in offspring of these mothers (N = 1616) were conducted across the distribution of liability for MSDP-E/T and at different levels of risk for MSDP-E/T. MSDP-E/T was associated with offspring EXT problems, but the effects were partly confounded by the familial liability for MSDP. Further, the observed effects were not consistent across all levels of the MSDP risk distribution. These findings suggest a direct association between MSDP and offspring EXT behaviors, and that varied associations observed across studies may be the result of differences in the level of familial confounders that also have an effect on offspring EXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. .,Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center Coro West, 1 Hoppin St, Suite 204, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute for Cognitive Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Midwestern Alcohol Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Midwestern Alcohol Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Marceau K, Palmer RHC, Neiderhiser JM, Smith TF, McGeary JE, Knopik VS. Passive rGE or Developmental Gene-Environment Cascade? An Investigation of the Role of Xenobiotic Metabolism Genes in the Association Between Smoke Exposure During Pregnancy and Child Birth Weight. Behav Genet 2016; 46:365-77. [PMID: 26803317 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that smoke exposure during pregnancy (SDP) environmentally influences birth weight after controlling for genetic influences and maternal characteristics. However, maternal smoking during pregnancy-the behavior that leads to smoke exposure during pregnancy-is also genetically-influenced, indicating the potential role of passive gene-environment correlation. An alternative to passive gene-SDP correlation is a cascading effect whereby maternal and child genetic influences are causally linked to prenatal exposures, which then have an 'environmental' effect on the development of the child's biology and behavior. We describe and demonstrate a conceptual framework for disentangling passive rGE from this cascading GE effect using a systems-based polygenic scoring approach comprised of genes shown to be important in the xenobiotic (substances foreign to the body) metabolism pathway. Data were drawn from 5044 families from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children with information on maternal SDP, birth weight, and genetic polymorphisms in the xenobiotic pathway. Within a k-fold cross-validation approach (k = 5), we created weighted maternal and child polygenic scores using 18 polymorphisms from 10 genes that have been implicated in the xenobiotic metabolism pathway. Mothers and children shared variation in xenobiotic metabolism genes. Amongst mothers who smoked during pregnancy, neither maternal nor child xenobiotic metabolism polygenic scores were associated with a higher likelihood of smoke exposure during pregnancy, or the severity of smoke exposure during pregnancy (and therefore, neither proposed mechanism was supported), or with child birth weight. SDP was consistently associated with lower child birth weight controlling for the polygenic scores, maternal educational attainment, social class, psychiatric problems, and age. Limitations of the study design and the potential of the framework using other designs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Marceau
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Coro West Suite 204, 1 Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. .,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Coro West Suite 204, 1 Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jenae M Neiderhiser
- Psychology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Taylor F Smith
- Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - John E McGeary
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Coro West Suite 204, 1 Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Coro West Suite 204, 1 Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Palmer RHC, McGeary JE, Heath AC, Keller MC, Brick LA, Knopik VS. Shared additive genetic influences on DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence in subjects of European ancestry. Addiction 2015; 110. [PMID: 26211938 PMCID: PMC4644467 DOI: 10.1111/add.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetic studies of alcohol dependence (AD) have identified several candidate loci and genes, but most observed effects are small and difficult to reproduce. A plausible explanation for inconsistent findings may be a violation of the assumption that genetic factors contributing to each of the seven DSM-IV criteria point to a single underlying dimension of risk. Given that recent twin studies suggest that the genetic architecture of AD is complex and probably involves multiple discrete genetic factors, the current study employed common single nucleotide polymorphisms in two multivariate genetic models to examine the assumption that the genetic risk underlying DSM-IV AD is unitary. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, MEASUREMENTS AD symptoms and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 2596 individuals of European descent from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment were analyzed using genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood. DSM-IV AD symptom covariance was described using two multivariate genetic factor models. FINDINGS Common SNPs explained 30% (standard error=0.136, P=0.012) of the variance in AD diagnosis. Additive genetic effects varied across AD symptoms. The common pathway model approach suggested that symptoms could be described by a single latent variable that had a SNP heritability of 31% (0.130, P=0.008). Similarly, the exploratory genetic factor model approach suggested that the genetic variance/covariance across symptoms could be represented by a single genetic factor that accounted for at least 60% of the genetic variance in any one symptom. CONCLUSION Additive genetic effects on DSM-IV alcohol dependence criteria overlap. The assumption of common genetic effects across alcohol dependence symptoms appears to be a valid assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903
| | - John E. McGeary
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew C. Keller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Institute for Behavioral Genetics at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Leslie A. Brick
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903
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Knopik VS, Heath AC, Marceau K, Palmer RHC, McGeary JE, Todorov A, Evans AS. Missouri Mothers and Their Children: A Family Study of the Effects of Genetics and the Prenatal Environment. Twin Res Hum Genet 2015; 18:485-96. [PMID: 26220592 PMCID: PMC4631647 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Missouri Mothers and Their Children Study (MO-MATCH) was specifically designed to critically investigate prenatal environmental influences on child attention problems and associated learning and cognitive deficits. The project began as a pilot study in 2004 and was formally launched in 2008. Participants in the study were initially identified via the Department of Vital Statistics birth record (BR) database. Interview and lab-based data were obtained from: (1) mothers of Missouri-born children (born 1998-2005), who smoked during one pregnancy but not during another pregnancy; (2) biological fathers when available; and (3) the children (i.e., full sibling pairs discordant for exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP). This within-mother, between-pregnancy contrast provides the best possible methodological control for many stable maternal and familial confounding factors (e.g., heritable and socio-demographic characteristics of the mother that predict increased probability of SDP). It also controls for differences between mothers who do and do not smoke during pregnancy, and their partners, that might otherwise artifactually create, or alternatively mask, associations between SDP and child outcomes. Such a design will therefore provide opportunities to determine less biased effect sizes while also allowing us to investigate (on a preliminary basis) the possible contribution of paternal or other second-hand smoke exposure during the pre, peri, and postnatal periods to offspring outcome. This protocol has developed a cohort that can be followed longitudinally through periods typically associated with increased externalizing symptoms and substance used initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics,Rhode Island Hospital;Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,Brown University,Providence,Rhode Island,USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center,Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine,St Louis,Missouri,USA
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies,Brown University,Providence,Rhode Island,USA
| | - Rohan H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics,Rhode Island Hospital;Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,Brown University,Providence,Rhode Island,USA
| | - John E McGeary
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center,Providence,Rhode Island,USA
| | - Alexandre Todorov
- Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine,St Louis,Missouri,USA
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Bidwell LC, McGeary JE, Gray JC, Palmer RHC, Knopik VS, MacKillop J. An initial investigation of associations between dopamine-linked genetic variation and smoking motives in African Americans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 138:104-10. [PMID: 26410615 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence (ND) is a heterogeneous phenotype with complex genetic influences that may vary across ethnicities. The use of intermediate phenotypes may clarify genetic influences and reveal specific etiological pathways. Prior work in European Americans has found that the four Primary Dependence Motives (PDM) subscales (Automaticity, Craving, Loss of Control, and Tolerance) of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Motives represent core features of nicotine dependence and are promising intermediate phenotypes for understanding genetic pathways to ND. However, no studies have examined PDM as an intermediate phenotype in African American smokers, an ethnic population that displays unique patterns of smoking and genetic variation. In the current study, 268 African American daily smokers completed a phenotypic assessment and provided a sample of DNA. Associations among haplotypes in the NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene cluster, a dopamine-related gene region associated with ND, PDM intermediate phenotypes, and ND were examined. Dopamine-related genetic variation in the DBH and COMT genes was also considered on an exploratory basis. Mediational analysis was used to test the indirect pathway from genetic variation to smoking motives to nicotine dependence. NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 region variation was significantly associated with the Automaticity subscale and, further, Automaticity significantly mediated associations among NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 cluster variants and ND. DBH was also significantly associated with Automaticity, Craving, and Tolerance; Automaticity and Tolerance also served as mediators of the DBH-ND relationship. These results suggest that PDM, Automaticity in particular, may be a viable intermediate phenotype for understanding dopamine-related genetic influences on ND in African American smokers. Findings support a model in which putatively dopaminergic variants exert influence on ND through an effect on patterns of automatic routinized smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80304, United States; Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin St., Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
| | - J E McGeary
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Building 35, Providence, RI 02908, United States; Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin St., Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - J C Gray
- Department of Psychology, 100 Hooper St., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - R H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin St., Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - V S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin St., Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - J MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th At., Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada
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Palmer RHC, Brick L, Nugent NR, Bidwell LC, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Keller MC. Examining the role of common genetic variants on alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and illicit drug dependence: genetics of vulnerability to drug dependence. Addiction 2015; 110:530-7. [PMID: 25424661 PMCID: PMC4329043 DOI: 10.1111/add.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Twin and family studies suggest that genetic influences are shared across substances of abuse. However, despite evidence of heritability, genome-wide association and candidate gene studies have indicated numerous markers of limited effects, suggesting that much of the heritability remains missing. We estimated (1) the aggregate effect of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on multiple indicators of comorbid drug problems that are typically employed across community and population-based samples, and (2) the genetic covariance across these measures. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2596 unrelated subjects from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment provided information on alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, cannabis and other illicit substance dependence. Phenotypic measures included: (1) a factor score based on DSM-IV drug dependence diagnoses (DD), (2) a factor score based on problem use (PU; i.e. 1+ DSM-IV symptoms) and (3) dependence vulnerability (DV; a ratio of DSM-IV symptoms to the number of substances used). FINDINGS Univariate and bivariate genome-wide complex trait analyses of this selected sample indicated that common SNPs explained 25-36% of the variance across measures, with DD and DV having the largest effects [h(2) SNP (standard error) = 0.36 (0.13) and 0.33 (0.13), respectively; PU = 0.25 (0.13)]. Genetic effects were shared across the three phenotypic measures of comorbid drug problems [rDD-PU = 0.92 (0.08), rDD-DV = 0.97 (0.08) and rPU-DV = 0.96 (0.07)]. CONCLUSION At least 20% of the variance in the generalized vulnerability to substance dependence is attributable to common single nucleotide polymorphisms. The additive effect of common single nucleotide polymorphisms is shared across important indicators of comorbid drug problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- RHC Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - L Brick
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI
| | - NR Nugent
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - LC Bidwell
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Science, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - JE McGeary
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI,Department of Veterans Affairs, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI
| | - VS Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence RI,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - MC Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder CO,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder CO
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Woody ML, Kudinova AY, McGeary JE, Knopik VS, Palmer RHC, Gibb BE. Influence of maternal depression on children's brooding rumination: Moderation by CRHR1 TAT haplotype. Cogn Emot 2015; 30:302-14. [PMID: 25648046 PMCID: PMC4523466 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.998631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that brooding rumination plays a key role in the intergenerational transmission of major depressive disorder (MDD) and may be an endophenotype for depression risk. However, less is known about the mechanisms underlying this role. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine levels of brooding in children of mothers with a history of MDD (n = 129) compared to children of never depressed mothers (n = 126) and to determine whether the variation in a gene known to influence hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning--corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1)--would moderate the link between maternal MDD and children's levels of brooding. We predicted children of mothers with a history of MDD would exhibit higher levels of brooding than children of mothers with no lifetime depression history but that this link would be stronger among children carrying no copies of the protective CRHR1 TAT haplotype. Our results supported these hypotheses and suggest that the development of brooding among children of depressed mothers, particularly children without the protective CRHR1 haplotype, may serve as an important mechanism of risk for the intergenerational transmission of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John E. McGeary
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
| | - Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
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Bidwell LC, Metrik J, McGeary J, Palmer RHC, Francazio S, Knopik VS. Impulsivity, variation in the cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) genes, and marijuana-related problems. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2014; 74:867-78. [PMID: 24172113 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2013.74.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impulsivity is associated with increased marijuana use and subsequent marijuana-related problems among marijuana users. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) genes have been associated with cannabis-related phenotypes. This exploratory study tested whether the association between different aspects of impulsivity and the number of marijuana-related problems among users is explicated by variation in these putative cannabinoid-related genes. METHOD A total of 151 young adult regular marijuana users (used on M= 41.4% of the prior 60 days, SD = 24.3%) provided DNA and completed measures of trait (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) and behavioral impulsivity (Stop Signal Task and Delay Discounting Questionnaire), as well as a self-report of marijuana-related problems. Three CNR1 and five FAAH SNPs were genotyped, tested for haplotype blocks, and subsequently examined for association with phenotypes described above. RESULTS CNR1 variation significantly moderated the association between trait-level, but not behavioral, impulsivity and marijuana-related problems, such that the combination of higher trait impulsivity and CNR1 variation was associated with a greater number of marijuana-related problems. In contrast, there were no significant FAAH by impulsivity interactions; however, there was a main effect of FAAH on marijuana-related problems. CONCLUSIONS These findings support an association with CNR1 and FAAH genes and marijuana-related problems among regular marijuana users. CNR1 variation emerged as a moderator of the relationship between trait impulsivity and marijuana problems, thus suggesting that marijuana users with CNR1 risk variants and a higher trait impulsivity are at greater risk for developing marijuana-related problems and supporting a role for CNR1 in a broader impulsivity phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Stone LB, McGeary JE, Palmer RHC, Gibb BE. Identifying genetic predictors of depression risk: 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms are associated with rumination and co-rumination in adolescents. Front Genet 2013; 4:246. [PMID: 24312122 PMCID: PMC3826084 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite research supporting moderate heritability of depression, efforts to replicate candidate gene associations to depression have yielded inconsistent results. We tested whether Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR exhibit utility as genetic markers of depression risk, testing for replicable associations to cognitive and interpersonal endophenotypes of depression (rumination and co-rumination), and further exploring developmental and sex moderation. METHOD In Study I, 228 youth (ages 8-14) of mothers with or without a history of MDD during the child's lifetime were recruited from the community. Replication tests were carried out in Study II, a sample of 87 youth with similar recruitment. RESULTS In Study I, the Val66Met single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was associated with rumination in adolescents, but not children, such that adolescents homozygous for the Val allele reported higher rumination levels. Further, a cumulative genetic score (CGS) (Val66Val and 5-HTTLPR) predicted higher levels of co-rumination, specifically among adolescent girls. Both genetic associations maintained significance after covarying for current depressive symptomology, and the other endophenotype. Finally, both genetic associations exhibited similar effect sizes in Study II, although results did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS RESULTS replicate a previously reported association between the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val allele and rumination in adolescents, and provide preliminary support for a CGS predictive of co-rumination in adolescent girls. The current study indicates that candidate genes may demonstrate utility as consistent genetic markers of depression risk when focused on specific phenotypes, and supports the need to explore potential differential effects of developmental stage and sex. However, given the small sample sizes and possibility of chance findings, these results should be interpreted with caution pending replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey B Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Brown University Alpert Medical School Providence, RI, USA ; Department of Psychology, Binghamton University Binghamton, NY, USA
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Palmer RHC, Young SE, Corley RP, Hopfer CJ, Stallings MC, Hewitt JK. Stability and change of genetic and environmental effects on the common liability to alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis DSM-IV dependence symptoms. Behav Genet 2013; 43:374-85. [PMID: 23760788 PMCID: PMC3794456 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-013-9599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the stability of genetic and environmental effects on the common liability to alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis dependence across adolescence and young adulthood. DSM-IV symptom counts from 2,361 adolescents were obtained using a structured diagnostic interview. Several sex-limited longitudinal common pathway models were used to examine gender differences in the magnitude of additive genetic (A), shared environment, and non-shared environmental effects over time. Model fitting indicated limited gender differences. Among older adolescents (i.e., age > 14), the heritability of the latent trait was estimated at 0.43 (0.05, 0.94) during the first wave and 0.63 (0.21, 0.83) during the second wave of assessment. A common genetic factor could account for genetic influences at both assessments, as well as the majority of the stability of SAV over time [rA = 1.00 (0.55, 1.00)]. These results suggest that early genetic factors continue to play a key role at later developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Palmer RHC, Knopik VS, Rhee SH, Hopfer CJ, Corley RC, Young SE, Stallings MC, Hewitt JK. Prospective effects of adolescent indicators of behavioral disinhibition on DSM-IV alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug dependence in young adulthood. Addict Behav 2013; 38:2415-21. [PMID: 23685327 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify robust predictors of drug dependence. METHODS This longitudinal study included 2361 male and female twins from an ongoing longitudinal study at the Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD) at the University of Colorado Boulder and Denver campuses. Twins were recruited for the CADD project while they were between the ages of 12 and 18. Participants in the current study were on average approximately 15years of age during the first wave of assessment and approximately 20years of age at the second wave of assessment. The average time between assessments was five years. A structured interview was administered at each assessment to determine patterns of substance use and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; Fourth Edition) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), and drug dependence symptoms. Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire was also used to assess novelty seeking tendencies (NS). At the second wave of assessment, DSM-IV dependence symptoms were reassessed using the same interview. Path analyses were used to examine direct and indirect mechanisms linking psychopathology and drug outcomes. RESULTS Adolescent substance use, CD, and NS predicted young adult substance dependence, whereas the predictive effects of ADHD were few and inconsistent. Furthermore, CD and NS effects were partially mediated by adolescent substance use. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent conduct problems, novelty seeking, and drug use are important indices of future drug problems. The strongest predictor was novelty seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital, RI, USA.
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Palmer RHC, McGeary JE, Francazio S, Raphael BJ, Lander AD, Heath AC, Knopik VS. The genetics of alcohol dependence: advancing towards systems-based approaches. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 125:179-91. [PMID: 22854292 PMCID: PMC3470479 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personalized treatment for psychopathologies, in particular alcoholism, is highly dependent upon our ability to identify patterns of genetic and environmental effects that influence a person's risk. Unfortunately, array-based whole genome investigations into heritable factors that explain why one person becomes dependent upon alcohol and another does not, have indicated that alcohol's genetic architecture is highly complex. That said, uncovering and interpreting the missing heritability in alcohol genetics research has become all the more important, especially since the problem may extend to our inability to model the cumulative and combinatorial relationships between common and rare genetic variants. As numerous studies begin to illustrate the dependency of alcohol pharmacotherapies on an individual's genotype, the field is further challenged to identify new ways to transcend agnostic genomewide association approaches. We discuss insights from genetic studies of alcohol related diseases, as well as issues surrounding alcohol's genetic complexity and etiological heterogeneity. Finally, we describe the need for innovative systems-based approaches (systems genetics) that can provide additional statistical power that can enhance future gene-finding strategies and help to identify heretofore-unrealized mechanisms that may provide new targets for prevention/treatments efforts. Emerging evidence from early studies suggest that systems genetics has the potential to organize our neurological, pharmacological, and genetic understanding of alcohol dependence into a biologically plausible framework that represents how perturbations across evolutionarily robust biological systems determine susceptibility to alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry at Rhode Island Hospital, USA.
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Palmer RHC, Button TM, Rhee SH, Corley RP, Young SE, Stallings MC, Hopfer CJ, Hewitt JK. Genetic etiology of the common liability to drug dependence: evidence of common and specific mechanisms for DSM-IV dependence symptoms. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 123 Suppl 1:S24-32. [PMID: 22243758 PMCID: PMC3342475 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the etiological nature of comorbid alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis DSM-IV dependence symptoms in late adolescence and young adulthood while accounting for gender differences in the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences. METHODS Univariate and multivariate twin modeling was used to determine the heritability of each substance and the etiology of multiple drug problems in a sample of 2484 registrants of the Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence who provided data at the second wave of an ongoing longitudinal study. We report on mean and prevalence levels of whole-life DSM-IV dependence symptoms that were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module. Biometrical analyses were limited to age-adjusted DSM-IV dependence symptom counts from a subset of twins that reported using alcohol, tobacco, or cannabis in their lifetime. RESULTS Male and female alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis DSM-IV symptoms are indicators of a heritable unidimensional latent continuous trait. Additive genetic factors explain more than 60% of the common liability to drug dependence. A larger proportion of the variation in each substance is attributable to substance-specific genetic and environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that both common and substance-specific genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual differences in the levels of DSM-IV alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis dependence symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Tanya M. Button
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Soo H. Rhee
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Susan E. Young
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Michael C. Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | | | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
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Palmer RHC, Young SE, Hopfer CJ, Corley RP, Stallings MC, Crowley TJ, Hewitt JK. Developmental epidemiology of drug use and abuse in adolescence and young adulthood: Evidence of generalized risk. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 102:78-87. [PMID: 19250776 PMCID: PMC2746112 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Past studies highlight a narrowing gender gap and the existence of a shared etiology across substances of abuse; however, few have tested developmental models using longitudinal data. We present data on developmental trends of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use, abuse and dependence assessed during adolescence and young adulthood in a community-based Colorado twin sample of 1733 respondents through self-report questionnaires and structured psychiatric interviews. Additionally, we report on the rates of multiple substance use and disorders at each developmental stage, and the likelihood of a substance use disorder (SUD; i.e., abuse or dependence) diagnosis in young adulthood based on adolescent drug involvement. Most notably, we evaluate whether the pattern of multiple substance use and disorders and likelihood ratios across substances support a model of generalized risk. Lastly, we evaluate whether the ranked magnitudes of substance-specific risk match the addiction liability ranking. Substance use and SUDs are developmental phenomena, which increase from adolescence to young adulthood with few and inconsistent gender differences. Adolescents and young adults are not specialized users, but rather tend to use or abuse multiple substances increasingly with age. Risk analyses indicated that progression toward a SUD for any substance was increased with prior involvement with any of the three substances during adolescence. Despite the high prevalence of alcohol use, tobacco posed the greatest substance-specific risk for developing subsequent problems. Our data also confirm either a generalized risk or correlated risk factors for early onset substance use and subsequent development of SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H C Palmer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, UCB 447 Boulder, CO 80309-0447, USA.
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