Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of intussusception: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the incidence of intussusception.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Literature search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases was conducted for articles published in English until August 5, 2022.

RESULTS

Overall, 127 articles were retrieved, and five studies from South Korea (n=4) and the United States of America (n=1) containing clinical data from single-center medical records to nationwide databases were ultimately included in the systematic review. All the included studies reported that the incidence of intussusception decreased significantly during the pandemic period compared with the pre-pandemic period. The communicable disease incidence tended to decrease even as the incidence of non-communicable diseases did not significantly change. There was no significant difference in the time to diagnosis between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods; however, the time to radiologic reduction was significantly longer or not depending on the study.

CONCLUSIONS

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced the incidence of intussusception in children, supporting the hypothesis that infection plays a major role in the etiology of intussusception. Future studies in the late pandemic or post-pandemic era, which would represent the level of implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions and social distancing as well as additional data from various countries will be needed.

Effect of early hysterectomy on a risk of incident cardiovascular disease in women: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Aim

Women who inevitably underwent surgical hysterectomy before natural menopause may have an earlier increase in hematocrit and storage iron than women who continue menstruation, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) early. We aimed to evaluate the association of women with hysterectomy vs. without hysterectomy before their 50s with the risk of incident CVD.

Methods

This was a retrospective-cohort study, 135,575 women aged 40 to 50 years in 2011–2014 were extracted from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service data and after propensity score matching, 55,539 pairs were included in hysterectomy and non-hysterectomy group respectively. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and coronary artery revascularization.

Results

After adjustment for confounding factors, hysterectomy group had an increased risk of MACCE compared with non-hysterectomy group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–1.44). Regarding individual outcomes, cardiovascular death, MI, and coronary revascularization were comparable between the groups, whereas, the risk of stroke was significantly higher in hysterectomy group than non-hysterectomy group (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.12–1.53). Even after excluding women who underwent oophorectomy, hysterectomy group had a higher risk of MACCE than non-hysterectomy group (HR, 1.24; 95% CI 1.06–1.44).

Conclusions

Early surgical menopause due to hysterectomy, not hormonal menopause, was associated with an increased risk for a composite of CVD, especially stroke. This suggest that the role of “uterus” as well as sex hormones may be important for the sharp increase in the risk of CVD in women after menopause.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Nosocomial outbreak of Achromobacter spp. bacteremia due to germicide contamination: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

Achromobacter spp. are aerobic, non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli that can be widely found in aquatic environments. Nosocomial outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks of Achromobacter spp. bacteremia have been recognized for decades. Notably, commonly used germicides in hospital settings constitute important sources for these outbreaks. This review aims at summarizing the latest studies and presents the characteristics of nosocomial outbreaks of Achromobacter spp. bacteremia caused by germicide contamination.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases was conducted for articles published in English between January 1, 2000, and June 10, 2022.

RESULTS

Overall, 170 articles were retrieved, and 7 studies were finally included in the systematic review. Whether true or pseudo-bacteremia, positive blood culture results were most commonly reported in immunosuppressed patients or those with indwelling catheters. The most commonly reported contaminated germicide was chlorhexidine solution used as both an antiseptic and disinfectant. Atomizers, dispensers, and various product containers were identified as reservoirs. The prognoses of the affected patients were generally favorable.

CONCLUSIONS

Awareness about the high survival ability of Achromobacter spp. in germicides and the possible hospital reservoirs of these microbes will help to improve infection control and prevent nosocomial outbreaks or pseudo-outbreaks caused by Achromobacter spp.

Using the lactate-to-albumin ratio to predict mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate whether the lactate-to-albumin ratio (LAR) can predict mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A systematic search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases was conducted on December 16, 2021, for relevant articles that provided the predictive performance of LAR for mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock.

RESULTS

Eight studies encompassing a total of 4,723 patients were included in this paper. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio of the LAR for predicting mortality were 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54-0.84), 0.68 (95% CI: 0.58-0.76) and 5.23 (95% CI: 2.62-10.45), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.70-0.78).

CONCLUSIONS

The current evidence suggests that LAR is moderately predictive of mortality among patients with sepsis or septic shock and may be beneficial to identify high-risk patients.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for the diagnosis of pediatric acute appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most common surgical emergencies and causes of acute abdominal pain in the pediatric population. However, it can be difficult to diagnose in children. We aimed to provide updated evidence on the diagnostic utility of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for AA, along with other conventional biomarkers, in pediatric patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for eligible articles published up to May 16, 2021.

RESULTS

We included 19 studies comprising a total of 5,974 pediatric cases. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the NLR were 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79-0.85) and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.69-0.81), respectively. The overall diagnostic odds ratio was 14.34 (95% CI: 9.05-22.73). The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83-0.89). The pooled sensitivity and specificity of other biomarkers were as follows: 0.79 (95% CI: 0.71-0.86) and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.54-0.77) for the white blood cell count, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.69-0.77) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.55-0.79) for the C-reactive protein level, 0.75 (95% CI: 0.65-0.82) and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.72-0.83) for the absolute neutrophil count, and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.79-0.87) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.53-0.80) for the neutrophil percentage, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The NLR has moderate predictive power for AA and can be used as a simple, auxiliary tool for diagnosis. NLR can also help clinicians decide whether to perform imaging testing when the clinical symptoms or physical examination findings are vague.

Effects of ultraviolet-filters on Daphnia magna development and endocrine-related gene expression

Ultraviolet (UV) filters are emerging contaminants of concern that are widely spread throughout the aquatic environment. Many organic UV filters are endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in vertebrates. However, few studies have assessed their effects on invertebrates. Molting, or the shedding of the exoskeleton, may be affected by exposure to these compounds in Arthropods (the largest phylum of invertebrates). Molting is necessary for growth and development and is regulated by an arthropod specific endocrine system, the ecdysteroid pathway. Alterations of this process by EDCs can result in improper development, reduced growth, and even death. We investigated the sublethal effects of chronic exposure to three organic UV filters (4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC), octylmethoxycinnamate (OMC), and benzophenone-3 (BP3) in a crustacean, Daphnia magna, with particular emphasis on molting and development. We demonstrate that 4MBC, OMC, and BP3 affect development and long-term health in neonates of exposed parents at concentrations of 130 µg/L, 75 µg/L, and 166 µg/L, respectively. Additionally, the expression of endocrine-related genes (including ultraspiracle protein, usp) are significantly altered by 4MBC and BP3 exposure, which may relate to their developmental toxicity.

Effect of additive-assisted fat transplantation on fat graft survival rate: A preliminary experimental study based on a rabbit animal model

BACKGROUND

Improving the survival rate of fat grafts is yet a difficult problem in the field of autologous fat transplantation. Prevailing methods such as making nanofat and SVF are time-consuming. Hence, the role of additives application in the improvement of fat graft survival during fat transplantation was considered and preliminarily evaluated in a rabbit animal model.

METHODS

A rabbit animal model was established where rabbit ears were injected with a mixture of 1.5mL of adipose tissue and 1mL of saline (group A), 1.5mL of adipose tissue and 1mL of botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) (group B), 1.5mL of adipose tissue and 1mL of prostaglandin E2 (groupC), 1.5mL of adipose tissue and 1mL of PDRN (group D) respectively. Then, the extents of neovascularization and inflammation were evaluated on the 7th, 14th, 28th, 42nd, 56th and 70th day after injection by ELISA assays and H&E and immunofluorescence staining.

RESULTS

The results showed that pre-treatment with BoNTA, prostaglandin E2 and PDRN improved graft volume and weight. The H&E and immunofluorescence staining revealed that BoNTA, prostaglandin E2 and PDRN improved the graft angiogenesis. Simultaneously, TNF-α expression level detected by ELISA was the lowest in the PDRN group.

CONCLUSION

Henceforth, the present preliminary study suggests that pre-transplantation treatment with BoNTA, prostaglandin E2 and PDRN can improve the fat graft angiogenesis and graft integrity, whereby the effect of adding PDRN may be significant.

Point-of-care testing for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization (FDA-EUA) authorized point-of-care tests (POCTs) for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for articles published till August 10, 2020. We included studies providing information regarding diagnostic test accuracy of FDA-EUA POCTs for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The methodologic quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. The review protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (protocol number CRD42020202248).

RESULTS

We included 26 studies describing a total of 3242 samples. The summary sensitivity and specificity were 0.94 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88-0.97] and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99-1.00), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99-1.00). A pooled analysis based on the index test revealed a summary sensitivity and specificity of Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 [0.99 (95% CI: 0.97-1.00) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.94-1.00, respectively)] and ID NOW COVID-19 [0.78 (95% CI: 0.74-0.82) and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.98-1.00), respectively].

CONCLUSIONS

FDA-EUA POCTs, especially molecular assays, have high sensitivity, specificity, and overall diagnostic accuracy for detecting SARS-CoV-2. If approved, FDA-EUA POCTs can provide a rapid and practical way to identify infected individuals early on and help to limit the strain on the healthcare system. However, more high-quality clinical data are required to support our results.

Bronchovascular bundle thickening on CT as a predictor of survival and brain metastasis in patients with stage IA peripheral small cell lung cancer

AIM

To determine if bronchovascular bundle (BVB) thickening on pretreatment computed tomography (CT) images helps predict survival in patients with peripheral small cell lung cancer (pSCLC) ≤3 cm.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The pretreatment CT examinations of 79 histopathologically proven pSCLC ≤3 cm (TNM stage I, 21; II, 13; III, 22; IV, 23) were reviewed retrospectively. The CT characteristics of the nodule and associated findings, including BVB thickening, were evaluated. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and brain metastasis-free survival were compared with the presence of BVB thickening using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis.

RESULTS

Among the 79 patients, 34 (43%) had BVB thickening. BVB thickening was prevalent in patients with mediastinal lymph node metastasis (50.9% versus 22.7%; p=0.024) and distant metastasis (60.9% versus 35.7%; p=0.049). Out of the 21 patients with TNM stage IA disease, the 16 patients (76.2%) without BVB thickening showed better PFS, OS, and brain metastasis-free survival (mean, 1,762 versus 483 days; p=0.019: 2,243 versus 1,328 days; p=0.038: 2,274 versus 1,287 days; p=0.038, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the absence of BVB thickening (hazard ratio [HR], 7.806; 95% CI, 1.241-49.091; p=0.029) and surgery (HR, 0.075; 95% CI, 0.008-0.746; p=0.027) were independent and useful prognostic factors for PFS.

CONCLUSIONS

BVB thickening was found more frequently in patients with advanced-stage pSCLC ≤3 cm, and the PFS was more favourable in patients without BVB thickening, with a similar tendency to that of OS and brain metastasis-free survival, in stage IA pSCLC.

Clinical outcomes of 201 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical manifestations and outcomes of neonates born to women who had Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) during pregnancy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed and Embase till April 15, 2020, by combining the terms (COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, Novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCov, Wuhan pneumonia) and (pregnancy, pregnant women, mother, fetus, neonate, newborn, infant).

RESULTS

We included 16 case series and 12 case reports describing a total of 223 pregnant women and 201 infants. Four newborns born to mothers affected by COVID-19 were reported to have laboratory-confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection within 48 hours after birth. However, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction tests of the breast milk, placenta, amniotic fluids, and cord blood and maternal vaginal secretions were all negative for SARS-CoV-2 in the reported cases. Fetal death was reported in two cases, and 48 of 185 newborns (25.9%) were born prematurely. Infants born small for gestational age and low birth weight (< 2,500 g) accounted for 8.3% and 15.6% of reported cases, respectively. Birth asphyxia and respiratory distress syndrome were observed in 1.8% and 6.4% of neonates, respectively. There was one neonatal death due to intractable gastric bleeding among the SARS-CoV-2-negative infants.

CONCLUSIONS

Current evidence suggests that COVID-19 during pregnancy rarely affects fetal and neonatal mortality, but can be associated with adverse neonatal morbidities. Vertical transmission has not been observed in the majority of the reported cases. The infants born to mothers with COVID-19 are carefully monitored for accompanying complication, and quarantine of infected mothers is warranted.

Radiological features and progression of incipient active pulmonary tuberculosis according to risk factors

<sec> <title>OBJECTIVES</title> To examine the radiological features of incipient active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in humans and evaluate radiological progression according to risk factors. </sec> <sec> <title>DESIGN</title> We retrospectively included 66 non-human immunodeficiency virus patients with bacteriologically proven PTB who had diagnostic and incidental pre-diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scans. CT scans were reviewed using a scoring system that included typical and atypical abnormalities associated with PTB. Risk factors for progression were assessed and, based on these, the CT features and progression of TB were compared using regression analyses. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> The most prevalent CT finding in incipient PTB was a well-defined solid nodule in upper lobes and lower lobe superior segments. The non-risk and at-risk groups did not differ in terms of the proportion of individuals with nodules and segmental location. The at-risk group had a higher incidence of progression (adjusted odds ratio 8.59), greater increment in the CT score (adjusted regression coefficient [aRC] 9.19) and a higher proportion of atypical CT abnormalities on diagnostic CT scans (aRC 13.15). </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSION</title> Incipient active PTB primarily manifested as a small nodule in humans regardless of risk factors. With risk factors, it progressed more frequently and rapidly into active disease, with a higher prevalence of atypical radiological manifestations. </sec>.

Ion-Enhanced Conversion of CO2 into Formate on Porous Dendritic Bismuth Electrodes with High Efficiency and Durability

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Prof. Hyunwoong Park at the Kyungpook National University. The image shows the high-efficiency CO₂ conversion to formate using multilayered porous dendrite Bi electrocatalysts. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201902581.

Ion-Enhanced Conversion of CO2 into Formate on Porous Dendritic Bismuth Electrodes with High Efficiency and Durability

Facile synthesis of efficient electrocatalysts that can selectively convert CO₂ to value-added chemicals remains a challenge. Herein, the electrochemical synthesis of porous Bi dendrite electrodes and details of their activity toward CO₂ conversion to formate in aqueous solutions of bicarbonate are presented. The as-synthesized multilayered, porous, dendritic Bi electrodes exhibit a faradaic efficiency (FE) of approximately 100 % for formate production. Added halides and cations significantly influence the steady-state partial current density for formate production J_FM (Cl^- >Br^- ≈I^- ; Cs⁺ >K⁺ >Li⁺ ). DFT calculations revealed that the reaction pathway involving the species *OCOH occurs predominantly and the presence of both Cs⁺ and Cl^- makes the overall reaction more spontaneous. Photovoltaic-cell-assisted electrocatalysis produced formate with an FE of approximately 95 % (J_FM ≈10 mA cm^-2 ) at an overall solar conversion efficiency of approximately 8.5 %. The Bi electrodes maintain their activity for 360 h without a change in the surface states.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions Associated With Low-Osmolar Iodinated Contrast Media: A Longitudinal Study Based on a Real-Time Monitoring System

OBJECTIVES

We investigated the incidence of immediate hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) caused by different types of low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM) and cumulative exposure to LOCM.

METHODS

This cohort study included all consecutive patients who underwent LOCM-enhanced computed tomography from 2012 through 2014. We assessed 5 LOCM (iobitridol, iohexol, iomeprol, iopamidol, and iopromide). All patients were monitored for adverse events, and new symptoms and signs were recorded in real time using the Contrast Safety Monitoring and Management System (CoSM2oS).

RESULTS

The overall incidence of immediate HSR to LOCM was 0.97% (2004 events resulting from 205 726 exposures). Incidence differed significantly depending on whether the patient had a previous history of HSR to LOCM (0.80% in patients with no history and 16.99% in patients with a positive history of HSR to LOCM, P=.001). The incidence of HSR to individual LOCM ranged from 0.72% (iohexol) to 1.34% (iomeprol), although there were no significant differences across the 5 LOCM. A longitudinal analysis demonstrated that the incidence of HSR increased gradually with more frequent previous exposure to LOCM (HR=2.006 [95%CI, 1.517-2.653], P<.001). However, this cumulative increase in risk was observed in patients who had experienced HSR to LOCM, but not in those who had not.

CONCLUSION

The incidence of HSR did not differ significantly across the 5 LOCM assessed in the study. Repeated exposure to LOCM did not increase the risk of HSR among patients who had never experienced HSR to LOCM.

Extracorporeal Life Support as a Bridge to Lung Transplantation in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure

BACKGROUND

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is being used more often as a bridge to transplantation (BTT) in patients with acutely decompensated end-stage lung disease in Korea. ECMO as a BTT may be the only rescue strategy for severe acute respiratory failure, but many centers still consider it to be a relative contraindication to lung transplantation because of its poor outcome. Because there are not enough lung donors, it is important to determine their optimal use. We reviewed and analyzed our experiences with the use of ECMO as a BTT in patients with acute respiratory failure.

METHODS

This was a retrospective analysis of all patients with acutely decompensated end-stage lung disease treated with ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation between March 2012 and February 2016.

RESULTS

Of the 194 patients who underwent respiratory ECMO over a 4-year period, a BTT strategy was used for 19 patients (median age, 58 years) on our institution's lung transplantation waiting list (15 veno-venous, 3 veno-veno-arterial, 1 veno-arterial). Fourteen patients (73.7%) were successfully bridged to transplantation; however, 3 died while on the waiting list and 2 returned to their baseline functions without transplantation. The overall in-hospital survival rate was 57.9% (11 of 19), including the 9 (64.3%) patients who underwent transplantation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings support the view that well-selected candidates with acutely decompensated end-stage lung disease may be safely bridged until a suitable donor is identified. ECMO is not able to reverse the course of patients; however, it could be a life-saving option for patients with acute respiratory failure requiring lung transplantation.

Sunlight-charged heterojunction TiO2and WO3particle-embedded inorganic membranes for night-time environmental applications

A metal oxide-heterojunction photocatalyst is developed to harvest sunlight, store the energy in electrons, and apply the stored energy in water treatment.

Relationship between sputum clusterin levels and childhood asthma

BACKGROUND

Clusterin is a sensitive cellular biosensor of oxidative stress and has been studied as a biomarker for inflammation-associated diseases. Clusterin levels in childhood asthma have not been evaluated.

OBJECTIVES

(1) To evaluate sputum clusterin levels in children with asthma compared to a control group. (2) To assess the relationships between sputum clusterin levels and airway inflammation, pulmonary function, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

METHODS

This study included 170 children aged 5-18 years with stable asthma (n = 91), asthma exacerbation (n = 29), or no asthma (healthy controls; n = 50). Induced sputum, pulmonary function, and methacholine challenge tests were performed. Stable asthma was classified into two groups according to the severity. Clusterin levels in sputum were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

Children with stable asthma had a higher clusterin level than healthy controls [4540 (3872-5651) pg/mL vs. 3857 (1054-4369) pg/mL, P < 0.001]. The clusterin level was also more elevated in eosinophil-dominant sputum than in non-eosinophilic sputum in stable asthma [5094 (4243-6257) pg/mL vs. 4110 (1871-4839) pg/mL, P = 0.0017]. Clusterin levels were associated with asthma severity. Paradoxically, clusterin levels were lower during asthma exacerbation than in stable asthma [1838 (350-4790] pg/mL vs. 4540 (3872-5651) pg/mL, P < 0.001]. Clusterin levels were strongly correlated with the methacholine concentration that caused a 20% decrease in the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = -0.617, P < 0.001); there was no significant correlation between clusterin levels and other pulmonary function parameters.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Clusterin levels were altered in children with stable asthma and asthma exacerbation because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Clusterin may be a marker that reflects airway inflammation and severity of symptoms, and it can be used in the assessment and management of childhood asthma.

Deficiency of aminopeptidase P1 causes behavioral hyperactivity, cognitive deficits, and hippocampal neurodegeneration

Metabolic diseases affect various organs including the brain. Accumulation or depletion of substrates frequently leads to brain injury and dysfunction. Deficiency of aminopeptidase P1, a cytosolic proline-specific peptidase encoded by the Xpnpep1 gene, causes an inborn error of metabolism (IEM) characterized by peptiduria in humans. We previously reported that knockout of aminopeptidase P1 in mice causes neurodevelopmental disorders and peptiduria. However, little is known about the pathophysiological role of aminopeptidase P1 in the brain. Here, we show that loss of aminopeptidase P1 causes behavioral and neurological deficits in mice. Mice deficient in aminopeptidase P1 (Xpnpep1^-/- ) display abnormally enhanced locomotor activities in both the home cage and open-field box. The aminopeptidase P1 deficiency in mice also resulted in severe impairments in novel-object recognition, the Morris water maze task, and contextual, but not cued, fear memory. These behavioral dysfunctions were accompanied by epileptiform electroencephalogram activity and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. However, mice with a heterozygous mutation for aminopeptidase P1 (Xpnpep1^+/- ) exhibited normal behaviors and brain structure. These results suggest that loss of aminopeptidase P1 leads to behavioral, cognitive and neurological deficits. This study may provide insight into new pathogenic mechanisms for brain dysfunction related to IEMs.

A novel K+ competitive acid blocker, YH4808, sustains inhibition of gastric acid secretion with a faster onset than esomeprazole: randomised clinical study in healthy volunteers

BACKGROUND

YH4808, a K⁺ -competitive acid blocker, is under clinical development for the treatment of acid-related disorders, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease.

AIMS

To determine the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of YH4808, compared to placebo and esomeprazole.

METHODS

This double-blind, randomised, placebo- and active comparator (esomeprazole)-controlled study was conducted with 123 healthy male volunteers. We evaluated YH4808 (30-800 mg) properties, administered in single (N=55) and multiple (N=24) oral doses, and recorded the effects on 24-hour intragastric acidity. Results were compared to placebo (N=20) and esomeprazole 40 mg (N=24).

RESULTS

Plasma YH4808 exposure increased dose-proportionally and declined in a multi-phasic manner. YH4808 ≥200 mg/d maintained intragastric acidity at pH >4 for longer times than esomeprazole during both day and night (%Time at pH >4: >70% vs 58% of a 24-hour period, respectively; and >50% vs 33% of a 9-hour night respectively). A twice-daily regimen of YH4808 more effectively controlled intragastric pH at night than a once-daily regimen. In evaluating the mean areas under the intragastric pH-time curves in 15-minute intervals for 2 hours after dosing, we found that YH4808 had a faster onset than esomeprazole. Moreover, unlike esomeprazole, YH4808 PK and PD were not significantly affected by the CYP2C19 genotype of the subjects. YH4808 was well-tolerated at all doses administered.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that YH4808 produced a rapid, sustained suppression of gastric secretion with good tolerability. The results at YH4808 ≥200 mg/d provide a rationale for further clinical investigations in populations with acid-related diseases.

Brain Transplantation of Neural Stem Cells Cotransduced with Tyrosine Hydroxylase and GTP Cyclohydrolase 1 in Parkinsonian Rats

Neural stem cells (NSCs) of the central nervous system (CNS) recently have attracted a great deal of interest not only because of their importance in basic research on neural development, but also in terms of their therapeutic potential in neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). To examine if genetically modified NSCs are a suitable source for the cell and gene therapy of PD, an immortalized mouse NSC line, C17.2, was transduced with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene and with GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH1) gene, which are important enzymes in dopamine biosynthesis. The expression of TH in transduced C17.2-THGC cells was confirmed by RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry, and expression of GTPCH1 by RT-PCR. The level of L-DOPA released by C17.2-THGC cells, as determined by HPLC assay, was 3793 pmol/106 cells, which is 760-fold higher than that produced by C17.2-TH cells, indicating that GTPCH1 expression is important for L-DOPA production by transduced C17.2 cells. Following the implantation of C17.2-THGcC NSCs into the striata of parkinsonian rats, a marked improvement in amphetamine-induced turning behavior was observed in parkinsonian rats grafted with C17.2-THGC cells but not in the control rats grafted with C17.2 cells. These results indicate that genetically modified NSCs grafted into the brain of the parkinsonian rats are capable of survival, migration, and neuronal differentiation. Collectively, these results suggest that NSCs have great potential as a source of cells for cell therapy and an effective vehicle for therapeutic gene transfer in Parkinson's disease.

Vertebral bone attenuation on low-dose chest CT: quantitative volumetric analysis for bone fragility assessment

This study evaluated the use of low-dose chest computed tomography (LDCT) for detecting bone fragility. LDCT-measured vertebral bone attenuation by volumetric methods showed good correlation with bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA, and good diagnostic performance for identifying osteoporosis and compression fractures. The results of this study suggest the feasibility of obtaining comprehensive information on bone health in subjects undergoing LDCT.

INTRODUCTION

Osteoporosis is a prevalent but underdiagnosed disease that increases fracture risk. This study evaluated the utility of vertebral attenuation derived from low-dose chest computed tomography (LDCT) compared to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for detecting bone fragility.

METHODS

A total of 232 subjects (78 men and 154 women) aged above 50 years who underwent both LDCT and DXA within 30 days were evaluated. LDCT-measured bone attenuation in Hounsfield units (HU) of four vertebrae (T4, T7, T10, and L1) was evaluated using volumetric methods for correlation with DXA-measured bone mineral density (BMD) and for the diagnosis of compression fractures, osteoporosis, and low BMD (osteoporosis or osteopenia) in men and women, with DXA measurements as the reference standard.

RESULTS

The average attenuation of the four vertebrae showed strong correlation with DXA-measured BMD of the lumbar spine (r = 0.726, p < 0.05). In receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, the area under the curve (AUC) across LDCT-measured thresholds of the average attenuation to distinguish compression fractures was 0.827, and a threshold of 129.5 HU yielded 90.9 % sensitivity and 64.4 % specificity. Similarly, average attenuation showed high AUCs and good diagnostic performance for detecting osteoporosis and low BMD in both men and women. Among 44 subjects with compression fractures, the average bone attenuation showed strong negative correlation with both the worst fracture grade (r = -0.525, p < 0.05) and cumulative fracture grade score (r = -0.633, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

LDCT-measured bone attenuation by volumetric methods showed good correlation with BMD measured by DXA and good diagnostic performance for identifying bone fragility.

Exploration of Biomarkers for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate-Induced Liver Injury: Multi-Omics Approaches

To explore potential biomarkers for amoxicillin/clavulanate‐induced liver injury (AC‐DILI), we conducted a clinical trial in 32 healthy subjects based on multi‐omics approaches. Every subject was administered amoxicillin/clavulanate for 14 days. The liver‐specific microRNA‐122 (miR‐122) level increased prior to and correlated well with the observed alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level increase. This result indicates its potential as a sensitive early marker for AC‐DILI. We also identified urinary metabolites, such as azelaic acid and 7‐methylxanthine, with levels that significantly differed among the groups classified by ALT elevation level on day 8 after drug administration (P < 0.05). Lymphocyte proliferation in response to the drug was also observed. These findings demonstrate sequential changes in the process of AC‐DILI, including metabolic changes, increased miR‐122 level, increased liver enzyme activity, and enhanced lymphocyte proliferation after drug administration. In conclusion, this study provides potential biomarkers for AC‐DILI based on currently known mechanisms using comprehensive multi‐omics approaches.

Inhibition of the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporter by pyrimethamine increases the plasma concentration of metformin but does not increase antihyperglycaemic activity in humans

We hypothesized that the pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of metformin would change with inhibition of the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporter, which mediates renal elimination of metformin. Twenty healthy male subjects received two doses (750/500 mg) of metformin, with and without 50 mg of pyrimethamine (a potent MATE inhibitor), with 1 week of washout in between each dose. The PD characteristics of metformin were assessed using oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) before and after the metformin dose. Metformin concentrations in plasma and urine were determined using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. When metformin was co-administered with pyrimethamine, its area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h was 2.58-fold greater (p < 0.05), whereas the antihyperglycaemic effects of metformin were decreased. The mean differences (90% confidence interval) in mean and maximum serum glucose concentrations and in 2-h-post-OGTT serum glucose concentration were -0.6 (-1, -0.2), -0.9 (-1.6, -0.3) and -0.5 (-1.1, 0.1) mmol/l, respectively. These findings indicate that the response to metformin is not only related to the plasma exposure of metformin but is also related to other factors, such as inhibition of uptake transporters and the gastrointestinal-based pharmacology of metformin.

Aspirin decreases systemic exposure to clopidogrel through modulation of P-glycoprotein but does not alter its antithrombotic activity

Decreased oral clopidogrel absorption caused by induction of intestinal permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) expression after aspirin administration was observed in rats. This study evaluated the effect of aspirin coadministration on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in humans. A single 75-mg dose of clopidogrel was orally administered before and after 2 and 4 weeks of once-daily 100-mg aspirin administration in 18 healthy volunteers who were recruited based on CYP2C19 and PON1 genotypes. Plasma concentrations of clopidogrel and its active metabolite, H4, and relative platelet inhibition (RPI) were determined. The P-gp microRNA miR-27a increased by up to 7.67-fold (P = 0.004) and the clopidogrel area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) decreased by 14% (P > 0.05), but the AUC of H4 remained unchanged and RPI increased by up to 15% (P = 0.002) after aspirin administration. These findings indicate low-dose aspirin coadministration may decrease clopidogrel bioavailability but does not decrease its efficacy.

Multifocal microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma with extensive spread of squamous cell carcinoma in situ (CIS) into the uterine corpus, vagina, and left salpinx diagnosed five years after conization of cervical CIS

BACKGROUND

Multifocal microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with extensive spread of squamous cell carcinoma in situ (CIS) into the uterine corpus, salpinx, and vagina is extremely unusual.

CASE

The authors present a case of 69-year-old woman with hydrometra who was found to have multifocal microinvasive SCC in the endometrium. The CIS had spread superficially throughout the entire endometrium up to the fundus, completely replacing the epithelium. The uterine cervix, vaginal surface and left salpingeal mucosa were involved. She had previously undergone conization due to cervical CIS five years prior. The pathologic reports showed clear resection margins at that time.

CONCLUSION

The present case suggests that CIS in the endometrium spread back to the cervix and vagina, although the definite origin of the first CIS was not determined.

A decision tree-based approach for identifying urban-rural differences in metabolic syndrome risk factors in the adult Korean population

AIM

The purpose of this study was to explore the difference in the pattern of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in urban and rural populations in Korea using data mining techniques.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

In total, 1013 adults >30 yr of age from urban (184 males and 313 females) and rural districts (211 males and 305 females) were recruited from Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to identify individuals with MetS. We applied a decision tree analysis to elucidate the differences in the clustering of MetS components between the urban and rural populations.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MetS was 33.2% and 35.2% in urban and rural districts, respectively (p=0.598). The decision-tree approach revealed that the combination of high serum triglycerides (TG) + high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high TG + low HDL cholesterol, and high waist circumference (WC) + high SBP + high fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were strong predictors of MetS in the urban population, whereas the combination of TG + SBP + WC and SBP + WC + FPG showed high positive predictive value for the presence of MetS in the rural population.

CONCLUSIONS

Although no significant difference was found for the prevalence of MetS between the two populations, the differences in the clustering pattern of MetS components in urban and rural districts in Korea were identified by decision tree analysis. Our findings may serve as a basis to design necessary population-based intervention programs for prevention and progression of MetS and its complications in Korea.

Association of the interferon-γ gene (CA)n repeat polymorphism with endometriosis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) gene (CA)(n) repeat polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to endometriosis.

DESIGN

Case-control study.

SETTING

University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.

POPULATION

Women with (n = 622) and without (n = 442) endometriosis.

METHODS

Genotyping was performed by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene-scan analysis.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Genotype distribution and allele frequency of the dinucleotide (CA)(n) repeat polymorphism in the IFN-γ gene.

RESULTS

Seven alleles (12-18 repeats) of the IFN-γ gene (CA)(n) repeat polymorphism were found. In both patients with endometriosis and controls the most common allele was composed of 13 repeats, followed by an allele of 15 repeats, and then by an allele of 12 repeats. Patients with endometriosis had a significantly higher incidence of genotypes with alleles composed of fewer repeats (12-13 repeats), compared with the controls (92.0 versus 84.4%, respectively, P < 001).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that the (CA)(n) repeat polymorphism in the IFN-γ gene may be associated with a risk of endometriosis in the South Korean population.

Anti alpha-gal immune response following porcine bioprosthesis implantation in children

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY

Porcine bioprostheses have been widely used in cardiac surgery in the treatment of valvular heart disease. However, in younger patients, their use has been limited by early failures known to be associated with an immune response and subsequent degeneration. The natural antibodies directed at Galalpha1, 3-Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R(alpha-Gal), have been thought to initiate an immune response in humans transplanted with porcine organ xenografts. The study aim was to determine the anti alpha-Gal immune response following commercial porcine bioprosthesis implantation in children.

METHODS

Between January 2008 and April 2008, 19 consecutive patients underwent pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) with a commercially available porcine bioprosthesis for an incompetent pulmonary valve with congenital heart diseases. The median age at surgery was 132 months (range: 14-330 months). Previous PVR with a porcine bioprosthesis had been performed in seven patients at a median of 44 months (range: 26-117 months) before surgery (re-PVR group). Sera were obtained sequentially five times: immediately before surgery, and at one day, one week, three weeks, and two months postoperatively. All serum samples were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to investigate the alpha-Gal immune response.

RESULTS

There were no operative deaths or complications. There was no statistically significant difference between the titers of anti alpha-Gal antibodies of the PVR and re-PVR groups. The titer of anti alpha-Gal antibodies (IgM and IgG) was decreased on the first postoperative day, but increased in the first postoperative week, regardless of the isotype. Whilst the titer of the anti alpha-Gal IgM antibody began to decrease after three weeks postoperatively, the titer of anti alpha-Gal IgG antibody remained increased after two months.

CONCLUSION

The implantation of a porcine bioprosthesis elicits the increased formation of anti alpha-Gal antibodies during the early postoperative period in children, with different patterns between the two isotypes. The IgM antibody response was rapid and transient, while the IgG antibody response was longer and more delayed.

p31comet Induces cellular senescence through p21 accumulation and Mad2 disruption

Functional suppression of spindle checkpoint protein activity results in apoptotic cell death arising from mitotic failure, including defective spindle formation, chromosome missegregation, and premature mitotic exit. The recently identified p31(comet) protein acts as a spindle checkpoint silencer via communication with the transient Mad2 complex. In the present study, we found that p31(comet) overexpression led to two distinct phenotypic changes, cellular apoptosis and senescence. Because of a paucity of direct molecular link of spindle checkpoint to cellular senescence, however, the present report focuses on the relationship between abnormal spindle checkpoint formation and p31(comet)-induced senescence by using susceptible tumor cell lines. p31(comet)-induced senescence was accompanied by mitotic catastrophe with massive nuclear and chromosomal abnormalities. The progression of the senescence was completely inhibited by the depletion of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and partly inhibited by the depletion of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Notably, p21(Waf1/Cip1) depletion caused a dramatic phenotypic conversion of p31(comet)-induced senescence into cell death through mitotic catastrophe, indicating that p21(Waf1/Cip1) is a major mediator of p31(comet)-induced cellular senescence. In contrast to wild-type p31(comet), overexpression of a p31 mutant lacking the Mad2 binding region did not cause senescence. Moreover, depletion of Mad2 by small interfering RNA induced senescence. Here, we show that p31(comet) induces tumor cell senescence by mediating p21(Waf1/Cip1) accumulation and Mad2 disruption and that these effects are dependent on a direct interaction of p31(comet) with Mad2. Our results could be used to control tumor growth.

Adoptive immunotherapy using human peripheral blood lymphocytes transferred with RNA encoding Her-2/neu-specific chimeric immune receptor in ovarian cancer xenograft model

The current gene transfer technology for single chain (scFv)-based chimeric immune receptor (CIR) has relied on retrovirus and lentivirus vectors which require a long time to obtain sufficient number of transduced cells and stably incorporate into genome. To ameliorate these limitations, we applied RNA electroporation to human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) activated with anti-CD3 antibody and interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 3 days and assessed that PBL transiently expressing anti-Her-2/neu CIR (CIR-PBL) containing signaling portion of CD28 and CD3zeta could elicit strong cytotoxicity in vitro and antitumor responses in vivo. The CIR-PBL expressed high level of CIR in CD4+, CD8+ and CD56+ cells. Her-2/neu-specific stimulation induced secretion of type-I cytokines including interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IFN-gamma secretion was mainly mediated by CD8+ T cells. CIR-PBL specifically killed SKOV3 cell line expressing Her-2/neu. Adoptive transfer of CIR-PBL in SKOV3 xenograft model led to significant inhibition of tumor growth compared with transfer of mock-transduced PBL and showed higher inhibition than those with Herceptin, humanized monoclonal antibody specific for Her-2/neu. These results provided evidence that electroporation of CIR RNA to human PBLs could be used for rapid generation and high number of therapeutic antigen-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy.

Characterization and quantification of anthocyanins in grape juices obtained from the grapes cultivated in Korea by HPLC/DAD, HPLC/MS, and HPLC/MS/MS

The characterization and quantification of anthocyanins in grape cultivars of Oll-Meoru (Vitis coignetiaexVitis labrusca), Neut-Meoru (Vitis coignetiaexVitis labrusca), Muscal Bailey A. (Vitis labruscana), and Campbell Early (Vitis labruscaxV. vinifera) cultivated in Korea were carried out by partial purification through XAD-7 column chromatography followed by C-18 HPLC/diode array detector (DAD), HPLC/MS, and HPLC/MS/MS analyses. The column oven temperature during the reverse phase C-18 HPLC greatly affected the separation of individual anthocyanins. The result showed that the optimum column oven temperature was 35 degrees C. Sixteen different anthocyanins (11 nonacylated and 5 acylated anthocyanins) were identified in the grape juices. Oll-Meoru, Neut-Meoru, and Muscat Bailey A (MBA) grape juices contained only nonacylated anthocyanins. Oll-Meoru and Neut-Meoru grape juices had same anthocyanins, but their proportions were considerably different. Peonidin 3,5-diglucoside and malvidin 3,5-diglucoside were the major anthocyanins in Oll-Meoru grape juice. Delphinidin 3-glucoside was, however, the major anthocyanin in Neut-Meoru grape juice. Peonidin 3-glucoside and malvidin 3-glucoside were the most abundant anthocyanins in Muscal Bailey A grape juice. Campbell Early grape juice contained both nonacylated and acylated anthocyanins. Cyanidin 3-(p-coumaroyl)glucoside-5-glucoside and peonidin 3-(p-coumaroyl)glucoside-5-glucoside were the most abundant anthocyanins in Campbell Early grape juice. Total anthocyanin contents were greatly different in different grape jucies, with the highest in Neut-Meoru juice (1043.5 microg/mL), followed by Oll-Meoru (997.7 microg/mL), MBA (390.2 microg/mL), and Campbell Early (183.9 microg/mL) juices. The total anthocyanin content in Neut-Meoru grape juice was 5.67 times higher than that in Campbell Early grape juice. This represents the 1st report on the systematic characterization and quantification of anthocyanins in the juices of these grapes cultivated in Korea.

Characteristics of early colorectal carcinoma with lymph node metastatic disease

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Endoscopic resection may safely and effectively remove early colorectal cancers. However, additional surgical treatment is needed in cases with metastatic lymph nodes for curative treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between lymph node metastasis and various pathological parameters in early colorectal cancers.

METHODOLOGY

The clinicopathological records of 3,557 colorectal adenocarcinoma patients who underwent surgical resection at the Samsung Medical Center from August 1995 to June 2005 were reviewed. One hundred forty seven tissue samples with early colorectal cancer were used in this study. Various parameters were studied including gender, location, macroscopic appearance, differentiation, lymphatic tumor emboli, and the depth of tumor invasion.

RESULTS

Twenty five patients (17.0%) had lymph node metastasis. Male gender, left colon, macroscopically depressed lesions, moderately or poorly differentiated carcinoma, depth of tumor invasion (Sm2 or Sm3), and presence of lymphatic tumor emboli were the risk factors for lymph node metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Early colorectal cancers with male gender, location in the left colon, macroscopically depressed lesion, moderate or poor differentiation, depth in Sm2 or Sm3, and the presence of lymphatic tumor emboli have higher risk of lymph node metastasis than those without. The early colorectal cancers with these risk factors should have surgical resection.

Association of the -2510A/G chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 polymorphism with knee osteoarthritis in a Korean population

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the possible association between polymorphisms [the -2510A/G promoter polymorphism (rs1024611) and the Cys35Cys coding polymorphism (rs4586) in exon 2] of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) gene and knee osteoarthritis (OA) in a Korean population.

METHODS

DNA was obtained from 153 Korean primary knee OA patients and 270 healthy controls. CCL2 genomic variants (-2510A/G and Cys35Cys polymorphisms) were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). In additional, the effect of -2510A/G on CCL2 transcription was examined, using a luciferase reporter gene construct transfected into HMC-1 cells.

RESULTS

The -2510A/G promoter polymorphism was associated with OA [genotype frequency, p = 0.041; allele frequency, p = 0.017, odds ratio (OR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-1.96]. Significant association was observed between the G carrier of the -2510A/G promoter polymorphism and primary knee OA patients (p = 0.021, OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.12-4.52). The G carrier of the -2510A/G promoter polymorphism was also associated with both clinically subtyped OA patients (OA patients with functionally poor index and radiographically severe OA patients). However, no significant difference was found in the Cys35Cys polymorphism. Haplotype frequency analysis revealed a significant difference (chi(2) = 8.98, p = 0.030). The CCL2 serum level of subjects with the G carrier (290.0+/-87.5 pg/mL) of the -2510A/G promoter polymorphism was statistically higher than that of subjects with the non-G carrier (161.5+/-48.3 pg/mL). The luciferase activity was significantly greater from interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced cells transfected with constructs containing G at position -2510.

CONCLUSIONS

The G carrier of the -2510A/G promoter polymorphism was found to be associated with primary knee OA, and could be a susceptibility factor in the development of primary knee OA in the Korean population.

Waste polyvinylchloride derived pitch as a precursor to develop carbon fibers and activated carbon fibers

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) was successfully recycled through the solvent extraction from waste pipe with an extraction yield of ca. 86%. The extracted PVC was pyrolyzed by a two-stage process (260 and 410 degrees C) to obtain free-chlorine PVC based pitch through an effective removal of chlorine from PVC during the heat-treatment. As-prepared pitch (softening point: 220 degrees C) was spun, stabilized, carbonized into carbon fibers (CFs), and further activated into activated carbon fibers (ACFs) in a flow of CO2. As-prepared CFs show comparable mechanical properties to commercial CFs, whose maximum tensile strength and modulus are 862 MPa and 62 GPa, respectively. The resultant ACFs exhibit a high surface area of 1200 m2/g, narrow pore size distribution and a low oxygen content of 3%. The study provides an effective insight to recycle PVC from waste PVC and develop a carbon precursor for high performance carbon materials such as CFs and ACFs.

An endoscopically proven ventriculitis-type, cyst-like intraventricular primary lymphoma of the central nervous system

Primary ventriculitis form of primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is very rare and difficult to diagnose from radiological findings. A 55-year-woman presented with a cystic mass in the lateral ventricle without evidence of demonstrable malignant cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The endoscopic biopsy showed a ventriculitis-like thin web on the surface of the ventricular wall around the foramen of Monro, resulting in obstruction. Pathological diagnosis was non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, B cell type. This case suggests that PCNSL should be considered as a differential diagnosis for a cystic ventricular lesion even with no malignant cells in the CSF.

Exendin-4 induction of cyclin D1 expression in INS-1 beta-cells: involvement of cAMP-responsive element

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its analog exendin-4 (EX) have been considered as a growth factor implicated in pancreatic islet mass increase and beta-cell proliferation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of EX on cyclin D1 expression, a key regulator of the cell cycle, in the pancreatic beta-cell line INS-1. We demonstrated that EX significantly increased cyclin D1 mRNA and subsequently its protein levels. Although EX induced phosphorylation of Raf-1 and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), both PD98059 and exogenous ERK1 had no effect on the cyclin D1 induction by EX. Instead, the cAMP-elevating agent forskolin induced cyclin D1 expression remarkably and this response was inhibited by pretreatment with H-89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. Promoter analyses revealed that the cAMP-responsive element (CRE) site (at position -48; 5'-TAACGTCA-3') of cyclin D1 gene was required for both basal and EX-induced activation of the cyclin D1 promoter, which was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis study. For EX to activate the cyclin D1 promoter effectively, CRE-binding protein (CREB) should be phosphorylated and bound to the putative CRE site, according to the results of electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Lastly, a transfection assay employing constitutively active or dominant-negative CREB expression plasmids clearly demonstrated that CREB was largely involved in both basal and EX-induced cyclin D1 promoter activities. Taken together, EX-induced cyclin D1 expression is largely dependent on the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, and EX increases the level of phosphorylated CREB and more potently trans-activates cyclin D1 gene through binding of the CREB to the putative CRE site, implicating a potential mechanism underlying beta-cell proliferation by EX.

Topiramate stimulates glucose transport through AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated pathway in L6 skeletal muscle cells

The use of topiramate (TPM) in the treatment of binge-eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and antipsychotic-induced weight gain has recently increased, however, the exact molecular basis for its effects on body weight reduction and improved glucose homeostasis, is yet to be elucidated. Here we investigated the effect and signaling pathway of TPM on glucose uptake in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells, which account for >70% of glucose disposal in the body. Intriguingly, we found that TPM (10 microM) stimulated the rate of glucose uptake up to twofold increase. And TPM-stimulated glucose transport was inhibited with the overexpression of dominant-negative form of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important mediator in glucose transport, implicating that AMPK-mediated pathway is involved. The TPM-stimulated glucose transport was blocked by SB203580, a specific inhibitor of AMPK downstream mediator, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein. LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, which is another crucial mediator in independent glucose transport pathway, did not inhibit TPM-stimulated glucose transport. We also found that TPM increased the phosphorylation level of AMPK and p38 MAPK, whereas no effect on the activity of PI 3-kinase of TPM, when assessed by PI 3-kinase assay, was observed. These results together suggest that TPM stimulates glucose transport, not via PI 3-kinase mediated, but via AMPK-mediated pathway in skeletal muscle cells, thereby contributing to the body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis.

Oh8dG induces G1 arrest in a human acute leukemia cell line by upregulating P21 and blocking the RAS to ERK signaling pathway

We reported previously that KG-1, a human acute leukemia cell line, has mutational loss of 8-oxoguanine (8-hydroxyguanine; oh8Gua) glycosylase 1 (OGG1) activity and undergoes apoptotic death after treatment with 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodeoxyguanosine, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; oh8dG). In our present study, we further characterized the effects of oh8dG in KG-1 cells and found that, in addition to apoptosis, oh8dG induced the arrest of KG-1 at the G1 phase. Simultaneously, oh8dG-treated KG-1 showed an increase in the oh8Gua content of DNA, upregulation of p21 (an inhibitor of cdk), and Ras inactivation. Moreover, the upregulation of p21 was followed by the inactivations of cdk4 and cdk2, the hypophosphorylation of Rb, and a marked decline in the expression of c-myc (a gene regulated by E2F that is a transcription factor whose activity is suppressed when it is bound to hypophosphorylated Rb). Ras inactivation was also followed by the inactivation of ERK kinase (MEK) and the inactivation of AP-1, a downstream target of the Ras signaling pathway. The specific MEK inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126, also induced G1 arrest. These findings suggest that p21 upregulation and Ras inactivation contribute to G1 arrest. An increase of oh8Gua content in DNA does not seem to be a principal contributor to G1 arrest, however, because the kinetics of increases of oh8Gua content in DNA and of G1 cell number did not coincide. We report that oh8dG induces the arrest of KG-1 growth at the G1 phase mainly by upregulating p21 and inactivating Ras.

Quantitation of niflumic acid in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection and its application to a bioequivalence study of talniflumate tablets

A rapid and simple HPLC method with UV detection (288 nm) was developed and validated for quantitation of niflumic acid in human plasma, the active metabolite of talniflumate. After precipitation with 100% methanol containing the internal standard, indomethacin, the analysis of the niflumic acid level in the plasma samples was carried out using a reverse phase C18 CAPCELL PAK (5 microm, 4.6 mm x 250 mm) column. The chromatographic separation was accomplished with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 0.1M sodium acetate in water and acetonitrile (37:63, v/v), adjusted to pH 6.4. This HPLC method was validated by examining its precision and accuracy for inter- and intra-day runs in a linear concentration range of 0.02-5.00 microg/mL. Stability of niflumic acid in plasma was excellent, with no evidence of degradation during sample processing (autosampler) and 30 days storage in a freezer. This validated method was successfully applied to the bioequivalence study of talniflunate in healthy volunteers.

Impact of IL-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

OBJECTIVES

Variable levels of cytokines were observed in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and an especially high level of interleukin-1 (IL-1) was detected in schizophrenia patients. It is known that IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) binds to IL-1 receptors and inhibits the receptor binding of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta.

METHODS

In this study, the association between the variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism of the IL-1RA gene and schizophrenia (n=269) and bipolar disorder (n=83) was investigated.

RESULTS

The genotype distribution and allele frequency were significantly different between schizophrenic patients and the control group (P<0.05); however, there were no prominent differences between bipolar patients and the control group. The carriage rate for the IL1RN*2 allele was associated with higher risk of schizophrenia (odds ratio=2.24).

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates that IL-1RA could be a candidate gene for susceptibility to schizophrenia.

Effects of flux enhancing polymer on the characteristics of sludge in membrane bioreactor process

A newly developed membrane performance enhancer (MPE) was used to prevent membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process. It transpired that 1,000 mg/l of MPE reduced polysaccharide levels from 41 mg/I to 21 mg/I on average under the experimental condition. Repeated experiments also confirmed that 50-1,000 mg/l of MPE could reduce membrane fouling significantly and increase the intervals between membrane cleanings. Depending on MPE dosages and experimental conditions, trans-membrane pressure (TMP) increase was suppressed for 20-30 days, while baseline TMP surged within a few days. In addition, MPE allowed MBR operation even at 50,000 mg/l of total solid and reduced permeate COD. However, no evidence of toxicity for sludge was found from respiratory works.

Specific immunoglobulin E for staphylococcal enterotoxins in nasal polyps from patients with aspirin-intolerant asthma

BACKGROUND

Nasal polyps infiltrated with eosinophils are commonly found in chronic asthmatic patients, more frequently in those with aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA) than aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA). Some studies have suggested a contribution of superantigens derived from Staphylococcus sp to nasal polyposis and eosinophilia, but their relative importance in AIA and ATA subjects is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated whether local production of specific IgE to staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA and SEB) and relationships with markers of eosinophilic inflammation differ in the nasal polyps of AIA and ATA subjects.

METHODS

Fifteen AIA subjects with positive responses to lysine-aspirin bronchoprovocation and 15 ATA subjects underwent polypectomy. Immunoassays were used to quantify eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), IL-5, mast cell tryptase, soluble IL-2 receptors (sIL-2R), total IgE, and specific IgE for SEA and SEB.

RESULTS

ECP levels in nasal polyp homogenates were higher in AIA subjects than in ATA subjects (P < 0.02), with no significant differences in tryptase, IL-5 or sIL-2R. Total IgE, and specific IgE to both SEA and SEB, were detectable in some nasal polyps from both subject groups, but median levels were markedly higher in AIA subjects than in ATA subjects (P = 0.04, 0.01, 0.05, respectively). Levels of specific IgE to SEA and SEB correlated significantly with levels of ECP and IL-5, but not those of tryptase or sIL-2R.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that staphylococcal superantigens may drive local eosinophilic inflammation in nasal polyp tissue, and that this is exacerbated in subjects with AIA.

Induction of the differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells by L-ascorbic acid

The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of L-ascorbic acid (LAA) on the growth of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, besides induction of apoptosis. LAA (> or = 10(-4) M) was found to markedly inhibit the proliferation of HL-60 in liquid culture and clonogenicity in semisolid culture. Moreover, LAA-treated HL-60 showed activity to produce chemiluminescence and expressed CD 66b cell surface antigens, indicating that LAA induces the differentiation of HL-60 mainly into granulocytes. The results are supported by morphological changes of LAA-treated HL-60 into segmented neutrophils. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of LAA on the growth of HL-60 cells seems to arise from the induction of differentiation. To assess the potential role of LAA, cells were exposed to oxygen radical scavengers in the absence or presence of LAA. Catalase abolished and superoxide dismutase promoted LAA-induced differentiation of HL-60. Thus, H2O2 produced as a result of LAA treatment seems to play a major role in induction of HL-60 differentiation.

Site-specific localization of protein kinase C isoforms in rat pancreas

BACKGROUND

Protein kinase C (PKC), a major signal-transducing enzyme, is recognized to play an important role in the regulation of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine secretion, and yet the distribution of PKC isoforms in rat pancreas has remained unclarified.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We examined the precise localization of PKC isoforms to elucidate the role of PKC in the normal rat pancreas.

METHODS

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used throughout the experiment. For Western blot analysis, the islet of Langerhans and the acinar tissue were separated by the collagenase digestion method. Also, the whole pancreas was taken out and immunohistochemistry performed.

RESULTS

According to Western blot analysis, PKC-alpha, -gamma, -delta, -epsilon, -zeta, and -lambda were detected in both acinar and islet cells while PKC-beta II were observed exclusively in the islet. PKC-beta I was not observed. On immunohistochemistry, the immunoreactivities of PKC isoforms were observed as follows: PKC-alpha, weakly in some endocrine cells and ductal epithelium; PKC-beta II, mainly in the islet center; PKC-gamma, in the islet, intrapancreatic ganglia and ductal epithelium; PKC-delta, in the islet periphery, weakly in some acinar cells and ductal epithelium; PKC-epsilon, strongly in the islet, acinar cell and ductal epithelium; PKC-zeta, in the islet, acinar cell and ductal epithelium; PKC-lambda in some endocrine cells and ductal epithelium.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that the intrapancreatic site-specific existence of PKC isoforms may regulate pancreatic exocrine and endocrine functions via a PKC-mediated signal transduction.

Effect of ethanol on spontaneous phasic contractions of cat gastric smooth muscle

BACKGROUND

Ethanol is generally believed to inhibit extracellular Ca2+ influx, thereby inhibiting gastric muscle contraction. Recently, we observed that verapamil inhibited only the amplitude of spontaneous phasic contractions, whereas ethanol inhibited both amplitude and frequency. In our objective to investigate the mechanism of ethanol's inhibition of gastric motility, the involvement of various protein kinases in ethanol-inhibited spontaneous phasic contractions of the stomach muscle strips was tested.

METHODS

Circular muscle strips (2.0 x 0.2 cm) were prepared from the corpus of cat stomach in order to measure isometric contraction in a chamber filled with Krebs-Ringer solution (pH 7.4, temperature 36 degrees C) bubbled with 5% CO2 in O2.

RESULTS

Spontaneous phasic contraction was not affected by various receptor antagonists (I microM atropine, 1 microM hexamethonium, 1 microM phentolamine and 1 microM propranolol) or 1 microM tetrodotoxin. EGTA and verapamil dose-dependently inhibited only the amplitude of spontaneous phasic contractions and not the frequency. Ethanol dose-dependently inhibited both the amplitude and frequency of phasic contractions. The amplitude and frequency of spontaneous phasic contractions were significantly inhibited by protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, neither protein kinase C activator nor various phosphatase inhibitors blocked the inhibitory effect of ethanol.

CONCLUSIONS

Ethanol appears to inhibit spontaneous phasic contractions by a mechanism other than the inhibition of protein kinase C or tyrosine kinase or the inhibition of extracellular Ca2+ influx.

Flux enhancement with gas injection in crossflow ultrafiltration of oily wastewater

The gas injection technique was introduced to achieve flux improvement in cross-flow ultrafiltration of oil emulsion. By the nitrogen gas injection, homogeneous liquid phase oil/water emulsion was changed to heterogeneous gas- liquid phase. The injected gas causes positive effect of promoting turbulence, but it also has negative effect of decreasing the effective membrane area due to the partial occupation of membrane pores by bubbles. The efficiency of the gas injection was found out to be dependent on bubble fractions in the mixture: at sufficient bubble fractions the higher flux was observed. but at lower bubble fractions the flux rather decreased compared with that without gas injection. An attempt was made to explain the mechanisms for the dual aspects of gas injection. Turbulence dampening effect was also observed when the dependence of mass transfer coefficient on cross-flow rate was investigated with gas injection.

Improvement of tagatose conversion rate by genetic evolution of thermostable galactose isomerase

To enhance the isomerization rate of galactose into tagatose, a thermostable galactose isomerase, which was isolated from bacteria growing in a hot spring, was genetically improved using the error-prone PCR method. From 500 mutant clones, a clone showing improved conversion activity was selected. The sequence of the selected clone had five amino acid changes: His(228)-->Asp, Gly(384)-->Asp, Ser(393)-->Thr, Lys(428)-->Asn and Asp(475)-->Lys. The improved galactose isomerase had an 11-fold higher reaction rate than the original.