Investigating seasonal air quality variations consequent to the urban vegetation in the metropolis of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Urban atmospheric pollution is global problem and and have become increasingly critical in big cities around the world. Issue of toxic emissions has gained significant attention in the scientific community as the release of pollutants into the atmosphere rising continuously. Although, the Pakistani government has started the Pakistan Clean Air Program to control ambient air quality however, the desired air quality levels are yet to be reached. Since the process of mapping the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants in urban areas is intricate due to its dependence on multiple factors, such as urban vegetation and weather conditions. Therefore, present research focuses on two essential items: (1) the relationship between urban vegetation and atmospheric variables (temperature, relative humidity (RH), sound intensity (SI), CO, CO2, and particulate matter (PM0.5, PM1.0, and PM2.5) and (2) the effect of seasonal change on concentration and magnitude of atmospheric variables. A geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized to map urban atmospheric variables dispersion in the residential areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Pearson correlation and principal component analyses were performed to establish the relationship between urban atmospheric pollutants, urban vegetation, and seasonal variation. The results showed a positive correlation between urban vegetation, metrological factors, and most of the atmospheric pollutants. Furthermore, PM concentration showed a significant correlation with temperature and urban vegetation cover. GIS distribution maps for PM0.5, PM1.0, PM2.5, and CO2 pollutants showed the highest concentration of pollutants in poorly to the moderated vegetated areas. Therefore, it can be concluded that urban vegetation requires a rigorous design, planning, and cost-benefit analysis to maximize its positive environmental effects.

Neonatal Sepsis: Clinical characteristics, Epidemiology and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of the Bacterial Pathogens in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital

Neonatal sepsis, a major newborn killer worldwide exhibits wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Epidemiology and aetiological organisms vary with geographical area and time. Objective of the study was to study clinical characteristics, epidemiology, bacterial aetiology and drug sensitivity pattern of isolated organisms in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh. This observational cross sectional study was carried out in NICU, DMCH from January 2014 to June 2015. The inclusion criteria were newborns having features of sepsis at admission or developing such features afterwards when admitted for other indications. A blood sample was collected aseptically immediately after clinical diagnosis and was sent for relevant laboratory investigations. Sample for culture sensitivity was inoculated bedside to culture bottle and sent to department of microbiology. The newborns were followed up till hospital discharge or death. All information regarding history, laboratory findings and follow up were recorded in a structured questionnaire. Of the 200 neonates, 59% were diagnosed as having late onset sepsis (LONS). Premature and low birth weight (LBW) babies mostly suffered from LONS. Respiratory distress, tachycardia, lethargy were the predominant symptoms in both early and late sepsis. Blood culture yielded growth in 55% of the septic newborns. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the predominant organism in both early and late sepsis. Most of the Gram negative bacteria were sensitive to colistin, meropenem and imipenem. Case fatality was 24.39% and 34.74% in early and late sepsis respectively.

Roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, attenuates cadmium-induced renal toxicity via modulation of NF-κB activation and induction of NQO1 in rats

Objective:

In the present study, the protective effect of Roflumilast (ROF, a selective phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) inhibitor) was investigated against cadmium (Cd)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Methods:

A total of 24 rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups ( n = 6). Group 1 served as the control; groups 2–4 administered with CdCl2 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days; groups 3 and 4 were co-administered with ROF in doses of 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg, orally for 7 consecutive days. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated by measuring urine volume, urea and creatinine levels in urine and serum. Oxidative stress was confirmed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels in kidney tissue followed by histopathological studies.

Results:

CdCl2 administration results in a significant ( p < 0.01) decrease in urine volume, urea, and creatinine levels in urine, as well as GSH, SOD, and CAT levels in renal tissue. In addition, Cd also produced significantly increased ( p < 0.01) urea and creatinine levels in serum and TBARS levels in renal tissues. Rats treated with ROF significantly ( p < 0.01) restore the altered levels of kidney injury markers, nonenzymatic antioxidant, as well as depleted enzymes in dose-dependent manner. An increased expression of NF-κB p65 and decreased expression of GST and NQO1 in the Cd only treated group were significantly reversed by high dose of ROF (1.5 mg/kg). Histopathological changes were also ameliorated by ROF administration in Cd-treated groups.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, ROF treatment showed protective effect against renal damage and increased oxidative stress induced by Cd administration.

Role of pRIFLE Criteria in Early Diagnosis of Severity Staging of Neonatal AKI and its Impact on Management

Mortality is high among sick neonates who have concomitant acute kidney injury (AKI). This observational study was done at Special Care Baby Unit (SCABU) of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Bangladesh from October 2013 to March 2014 to find out the role of pRIFLE criteria in prediction of severity stages of AKI in neonate and early intervention to see the immediate outcome. A total of 44 neonates with AKI were included, all were treated conservatively and with intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) as needed. The neonate of ≤7 days old comprised the main bulk (n=28) and M: F = 21: 23. The diagnosis was based on eCCL criteria of pRIFLE showed that 40.9% neonates were at risk of AKI, 20.5% have had already injured. Higher proportions of neonates were classified as failure (38.6%). The distribution of biochemical parameters among three stages of AKI showed serum potassium was significantly higher in failure group (p<0.001). The serum creatinine both at baseline and at next evaluations were significantly raised in the failure group (p<0.001). However, failure group had a significantly longer hospital stay compared to risk and injury group (p<0.001). Multiorgan failure was found to be lower in the risk group compared to other two groups (p=0.026). Majority of the failure group needed dialysis as compared to the risk and injury group (p<0.001). The mortality was progressively higher from risk to failure groups (p=0.106). Overall 27% of the neonates diagnosed AKI by pRIFLE were died of the disease. The study concluded that pRIFLE staging in AKI is useful and sensitive in the diagnosis and management of AKI in neonates.

In vitro screening for drought tolerance of some chickpea varieties in Bangladesh

The aim of the present study was to study physiological response of seven chickpea varieties viz. Binachola-2, Binachola-3, Binachola-4, Binachola-5, Binachola-6, Binachola-7 and Binachola-8 at different levels of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG).  Five different concentrations (0, 20, 35, 50, 60 g/L) of PEG 6000 was added in MS medium to create five different levels of drought stress for  in vitro screening of drought tolerant chick pea varieties. Data were recorded on germination percentage, fresh weight, shoot length, root length, dry weight, turgid weight, relative water content (RWC) and proline content. The seven chickpea varieties differed significantly for different parameters in response to the drought stress. Binachola-2 and Binachola-7 showed the best performance for all the parameters studied. At the highest dose of PEG (60 g/l), in the most water deficient condition, fresh weight was recorded 0.59 g and 0.84 g, Shoot lengths of 2.10 cm and 3.75 cm, root lengths of 1.15 cm and 1.00 cm, turgid weight of 0.960 g and 0.970 g, dry weight of 0.13 g and 0.21 g, relative water contents (RWC) of 85.71% and 83.33% were recorded in Binachola-2 and Binachola-7, respectively. Increased proline content was recorded with the increasing level of PEG concentration. Proline content 0.533g/100g FW and 0.598g/100g FW were observed in Binachola-2 and Binachola-7, respectively under the influence of PEG at 60 g/l. Data recorded for Binachola-3, Binachola-4, Binachola-5, Binachola-6 and Binachola-8 for the studied parameters revealed that they showed susceptible response against higher drought stress level gen­erated by PEG. The data of this experiment revealed that, the accumulation of proline was significantly greater under drought stress. Thus, it is evident that Binachola-2 and Binachola-7 performed better against drought stress condition. These results of physiological and biochemical parameters may be utilized as a selection indicator for breeding program and used as a baseline for improvement of chickpea varieties in Bangladesh.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 110-118, 2016

Oral dose of citrus peel extracts promotes wound repair in diabetic rats

Diabetic patients wound healing is slower than the healthy individuals. Three citrus peel extracts; Lemon (Citrus limon), Grapes fruits (Citrus paradise) and Orange (Citrus sinensis) promote wound healing in experimental animals. This study investigated the effect of oral treatment with citrus peel extracts on wound repair of the skin of diabetic rats. The extracts were estimated for vitamin C and total carotenoid contents prior to animal study. Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 75 mg kg(-1) b.wt.). One week after diabetes induction, full thickness excision wounds were made in hyperglycemic rats and were divided groups, each containing 6 rats. The different test group animals were treated with different citrus peel extract orally at the dose of 400 mg kg(-1) body weight daily for 12 days. The blood glucose, body weight and rate of wound closure of each rat were measured every 3rd day during the experimental period. At the end of experiment, granular tissues of wounds were removed and estimated for hydroxylproline and total protein content. The results showed significant reduction in blood glucose and time to wound closure. Tissue growth and collagen synthesis were significantly higher as determined by total protein and hydroxyl proline content. From our experimental data, we propose that oral administration of citrus peel extracts has a therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic wounds in diabetes.

Maternal smokeless tobacco use and adverse pregnancy outcome

This study was conducted to determine the association between prolonged smokeless tobacco (ST) use for more than 5 years by mothers and pregnancy outcome. It was a retrospective cohort study done on department of paediatrics and department of gynecology & obstetrics, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from January 2009 to December 2010. A total of 340 mother-neonate pairs were included in the study. A total of 170 mothers using smokeless tobacco for more than 5 years and their recently delivered newborn infants (mother-neonate pair) were enrolled as cases and 170 mother-neonate pairs without history of taking ST as controls. Frequency of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, preterm delivery and LBW baby in case & control groups was assessed. Smokeless tobacco used by mothers for >5 years had significant association with spontaneous abortion (p<0.01), stillbirth (p<0.01), preterm delivery (p<0.001) & LBW baby (p<0.001) and carries a risk of having spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, preterm delivery & LBW 2.2 times, 2.1 times, 2.9 times & 3.3 times respectively more than non users of smokeless tobacco. It can be concluded that prolonged use of smokeless tobacco for more than 5 years is significantly associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, preterm delivery and LBW baby.

Effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) for the treatment of neonates in presumed sepsis with neutropenia

Bacterial sepsis continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. In newborn with presumed sepsis, short-term treatment with rhG-CSF increased the neutrophil count and more importantly improved survival. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of rhG-CSF for the treatment of neonates in presumed sepsis with neutropenia. This interventional study was conducted in the Department of Neonatology, BSMMU, Dhaka during July 2009 to May 2010. Total 30 neonates of presumed sepsis with absolute neutrophil count ≤5000/cumm, age<28 days and birth weight 1000-2000g were included in the study. A subcutaneous injection of rhG-CSF (10μgm/kg/day) was administered to 15 neonates for 5 consecutive days (study group) and 15 neonates did not receive it (control group) in addition to standard antibiotic protocol for neonatal sepsis. Baseline characteristics of 30 neonates shows male/female ratio, weight on admission, gestational age were similar in both groups. Among 30 neonates of clinically presumed sepsis 7(23%) were culture proven. E. coli was the most common organism. After 24 hours of treatment mean ANC was increased more in study group (p<0.05) compared to control group. Mean ANC after 72 hours of treatment was increased significantly in study group than control group: 5940.00 versus 5706.00 (p=0.01). At the end of treatment, the mean ANC was higher than that of control (p=0.001). Twelve neonates in study group and ten neonates in control group survived to hospital discharge. The mortality rate in the study group 3/15(20%) and in control group 5/15(33%) were not significant. Duration of hospital stay was less in study group but not significant. The study concluded that before routine use of rhG-CSF in neonatal sepsis with neutropenia further large scale, multi-centre, randomized, placebo controlled trial are needed to validate the beneficial effect.

Abrogation of DEN/Fe-NTA induced carcinogenic response, oxidative damage and subsequent cell proliferation response by Terminalia chebula in kidney of Wistar rats

In an effort to identify a new chemopreventive agent, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of T. chebula in the prevention of ferric nitrilotriacetic acid (Fe- NTA) induced oxidative stress and renal tumorigenesis in Wistar rats. A single application of Fe-NTA (9 mg Fe/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) significantly induced oxidative stress and elevated the marker parameters of tumor promotion. However, the pretreatment of animals with different doses of T. chebula extract (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) restored the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and cellular protective enzymes (p < 0.05). Concomitantly, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and hydrogen peroxide content were also reduced significantly (p < 0.05) at both the doses. The promotion parameters tested (ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis) were also significantly suppressed (p < 0.05). T. chebula also inhibited N-diethyl nitrosamine initiated renal carcinogenesis by showing reduction in the number of animals with renal cell tumors and percentage incidence of tumor as compared to the DEN initiated and Fe-NTA promoted rats. The study was further histologically confirmed. These results suggest a potential role of T. chebula in protection from Fe-NTA-induced renal carcinogenesis and oxidative damage.

The effects of GnRH analogue (buserelin) or hCG (Chorulon) on Day 12 of pregnancy on ovarian function, plasma hormone concentrations, conceptus growth and placentation in ewes and ewe lambs

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of GnRH analogue (buserelin) or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG, Chorulon) treatment on Day 12 of pregnancy on ovarian function, plasma hormone concentrations, conceptus growth and placentation in ewes and ewe lambs. After oestrus synchronization with progestagen sponges and eCG, all the animals were mated with fertile rams. Both ewes and ewe lambs (20 per treatment group) were given either normal saline or 4 microg GnRH or 200 IU hCG on Day 12 post-mating. Pre- and post-treatment plasma hormone concentrations were determined in seven pregnant animals per treatment group in samples collected 1h before and 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment. Overall mean progesterone concentrations were higher (P<0.001) in ewes as compared with ewe lambs in saline-treated controls. GnRH or hCG treatment increased (P<0.001) mean plasma progesterone concentrations in both age groups, however, post-treatment concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) higher in ewes than in ewe lambs. Oestradiol concentrations were similar in the two control groups. In ewes, but not in ewe lambs, both GnRH and hCG treatments significantly (P<0.05) increased the mean oestradiol concentrations above pre-treatment levels. Moreover, post-treatment oestradiol concentrations in GnRH- and hCG-treated animals were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in the saline-treated controls. LH release in response to GnRH treatment was greater (P<0.05) in ewes than in ewe lambs, whereas FSH release in ewes was less (P<0.05) than that of ewe lambs. The effects of GnRH or hCG on conceptus growth and placentation was determined at slaughter on Day 25. In ewes, GnRH treatment increased (P<0.05) luteal weight, amniotic sac width and length, and crown-rump length compared with controls, but had no effect on these parameters in ewe lambs. In ewes, hCG treatment also enhanced (P<0.05) luteal weight, amniotic sac width and length, crown-rump length, embryo weight and number of placentomes as compared with controls. In ewe lambs, there was no difference (P<0.05) between hCG and control groups in luteal weight, embryo weight and amniotic sac width but crown-rump length, amniotic sac length and the number of placentomes forming the placenta were greater (P<0.05). In conclusion, GnRH or hCG treatment on Day 12 of pregnancy can increase ovarian function, conceptus growth and placental attachment in ewes. However, these treatments were less effective in ewe lambs.

Butea monosperma and chemomodulation: protective role against thioacetamide-mediated hepatic alterations in Wistar rats

The present study was carried out to study the effect of Butea monosperma, a known liver acting drug on the tumor promotion related events of carcinogenesis in rat liver. Thioacetamide (TAA) was used to induce tumor promotion response and oxidative stress and caused significant depletion in the detoxification and antioxidant enzyme armory with concomitant elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) generation, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and unscheduled DNA synthesis. However, B. monosperma pretreatment at two different doses restored the levels of the above-said parameters (p < 0.001) in a dose-dependent manner. The alcoholic extract of B. monosperma used in the present study seems to offer dose-dependent protection and maintain the structural integrity of hepatic cells. This was evident from the significant reduction in TAA-induced serum GOT, GPT, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity (GGT) activities (p < 0.001). These investigations validate the use of B. monosperma in liver disorders by Ayurvedic physicians. Overall results indicate that the methanolic extract of B. monosperma possesses hepatoprotective effects and also it might suppress the promotion stage via inhibition of oxidative stress and polyamine biosynthetic pathway.

Effect of post-mating GnRH analogue (buserelin) treatment on PGF2alpha release in ewes and ewe lambs

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of buserelin or saline treatment on ovarian function (Experiment 1), plasma PGFM concentrations and oxytocin stimulated prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) release (Experiment 2) in ewe lambs and ewes. Welsh Halfbred ewes (n=26) and ewe lambs (n=24) were mated to vasectomised rams at synchronised oestrus and on Day 12 post-mating each animal was injected intramuscularly either normal saline or 4 microg buserelin. In Experiment 1, plasma progesterone and oestradiol concentrations were determined in samples collected by jugular venepuncture 1h before and at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment (n=7 per treatment group). Progesterone concentrations increased (P<0.05) from 2 to 8h after buserelin treatment and returned to basal levels after 72 h, whereas oestradiol concentrations were maximal at 2h post-treatment and returned to basal levels after 24h (P<0.05). Oestradiol concentrations were lower (P<0.05) in buserelin-treated animals than controls at 72 h post-treatment. Basal and post-treatment progesterone concentrations were greater (P<0.05) in ewes than in ewe lambs but oestradiol levels were similar for both age groups. Ovulation rate, determined by laparoscopy on Day 14, was similar for both age groups (ewes 1.1; ewe lambs 1.0). Buserelin treatment induced accessory corpora lutea in ewes (4/7; 57%) but not in ewe lambs (0/7; 0%). In the Experiment 2, plasma PGFM concentrations were determined in samples collected at 20-min intervals for 6h on Day 14 and at 20-min intervals for 1h before and at 10-min intervals for 1h and then at 20-min intervals for a further 3h period after an intravenous injection of oxytocin (1IU/kg body weight) on Day 15 post-oestrus. In this experiment there were five ewe lambs and six ewes per treatment group. There was no effect of buserelin treatment or age on basal PGFM concentrations on either Day 14 or 15. Although peak PGFM concentrations tended to be lower in buserelin-treated animals, the difference was not significant (P>0.05). However, peak duration following oxytocin challenge on Day 15 post-mating was shorter (P<0.05) in control ewes compared with control ewe lambs. In conclusion, buserelin treatment given on Day 12 post-oestrus enhances luteal function more in ewes than ewe lambs and after a transitory increase, reduces oestradiol concentrations in both ewes and ewe lambs. However, buserelin treatment does not significantly attenuate the luteolytic signal.

Analgesic, antiinflammatory and CNS depressant activities of sesquiterpenes and a flavonoid glycoside from Polygonum viscosum

Analgesic, antiinflammatory and CNS depressant activities of four sesquiterpenes, viscosumic acid, viscozulenic acid, viscoazucine and viscoazulone, and a flavonoid glycoside, quercetin-3-O-(6''-feruloyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside isolated form the aerial parts of Polygonum viscosum (Polygonaceae) have been assessed. All test compounds exhibited CNS depressant activity in open field test, all but viscoazulone showed analgesic activity in Eddy's hot plate test, all sesquiterpenes inhibited acetic acid induced abdominal writhing in mice, and all but viscoazucine and the flavonoid glycoside exhibited mild to moderate antiinflammatory effect on carrageenan induced rat paw edema.

hCG treatment on day of mating improves embryo viability and fertility in ewe lambs

An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing hCG at mating time on luteal function, conceptus growth, placentation and reproductive performance in TexelxClun Forest ewe lambs. After oestrus synchronisation with progestagen sponges and PMSG ewe lambs were treated either with normal saline (n=102) or 150 IU of hCG (n=105) at mating time. At 25 days after mating 24 animals were slaughtered from each group to determine embryo viability and placental development. hCG significantly (P<0.05) increased crown-rump length (saline: 11.9+/-0.2 mm; hCG: 12.7+/-0.2 mm), amniotic sac width (saline: 11.4+/-0.4 mm; hCG: 12.0+/-0.3 mm) and the number of placentomes (saline: 90.8+/-7.3; hCG=122.4+/-6.3). Among the pregnant animals that were slaughtered on 25 days post-mating, ovulation rate tended to be higher in the hCG group compared to controls (saline: 1.16; hCG: 1.54). However, no difference was observed either in mean plasma progesterone concentrations (saline: 4.6 ng/ml; hCG: 4.9 ng/ml; sed 0.56) or in progesterone production from luteal slices when cultured in vitro (saline: 239.6+/-11.8 ng/mg; hCG: 263.2+/-13.6 ng/mg) between controls and hCG treated animals. Reproductive performance was also recorded in ewe lambs that were either treated with saline (n=78) or hCG (n=81). The total number of lambs born (saline: 38; hCG: 58) was significantly (P<0.05) greater in hCG group compared to saline-treated controls. Both lambing percentage (saline: 36%; hCG: 48%) and litter size (saline: 1.35; hCG: 1.48) tended to be greater (P<0.10) in hCG-treated animals compared to the controls. In conclusion, these data suggest that treatment of ewe lambs with hCG at the time of mating improves conceptus growth, placentation and number of lambs born.

The relationship of family income, family size, age and circumferences with blood pressure in the female students of the Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

In a randomly selected sample of 600 female students of the Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, belonging to different socioeconomic groups, age, family income and family size were recorded and measurements were made of arm, waist, neck and total circumferences, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). The correlation coefficients between different independent (age, family income, family size, arm, waist, neck and total circumference) and dependent variables (SBP, DBP and MAP) showed that age had a strong association (p < 0.001) with all types of blood pressure, whereas the correlation coefficient of family income and family size was significant with SBP (p < 0.05) and non-significant with DBP and MAP. Moreover, all the circumferences had strong relationship (p 0.05 at least) with blood pressure. The regression coefficients of age were highly significant for SBP, DBP and MAP, whereas these were non-significant (p > 0.05) for family income and family size. The regression coefficients for arm and waist were significant (p < 0.05), whereas these were highly significant (p < 0.01 at least) for neck and total circumferences. The neck had a 0.46 mm Hg/cm with SBP, 0.41 mm Hg/cm for DBP and 0.44 Hg/cm for MAP, and these were highest among the circumferences.

Melanocyte-Directed enzyme prodrug therapy (MDEPT): development of second generation prodrugs for targeted treatment of malignant melanoma

Evaluation of second generation prodrugs for MDEPT, by oximetry, has highlighted structural properties that are advantageous and disadvantageous for efficient oxidation using mushroom tyrosinase. In particular, a sterically undemanding prodrug bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino-4-hydroxyphenylaminomethanone 28 was synthesised and found to be oxidised by mushroom tyrosinase at a superior rate to tyrosine methyl ester, the carboxylic acid of which is the natural substrate for tyrosinase. The more sterically demanding phenyl mustard prodrugs 9 and 10 were oxidised by mushroom tyrosinase at a similar rate to tyrosine methyl ester. In contrast, tyramine chain elongation via heteroatom insertion was detrimental and the rate of mushroom tyrosinase oxidation of phenyl mustard prodrugs 21 and 22 decreased by 10 nanomol/min.

Melanocyte-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (MDEPT): development of a targeted treatment for malignant melanoma

A novel prodrug rationally designed to function as a tyrosinase substrate has been synthesised to allow targeted treatment of malignant melanoma. This agent has been evaluated for tyrosinase-mediated drug release, and has been shown to act in the desired manner. Furthermore, differential cytotoxicity has been demonstrated in cell lines which express tyrosinase and those which do not.

Novel inhibitors of carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2): potential use in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy

The design and synthesis of potent thiocarbamate inhibitors for carboxypeptidase G2 are described. The best thiocarbamate inhibitor N-(p-methoxybenzenethiocarbonyl)amino-L-glutamic acid 6d, chosen for preliminary investigations of in vitro antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), abrogated the cytotoxicity of a combination of A5B7-carboxypeptidase G2 conjugate and prodrug PGP (N-p-{N,N-bis (2-chloroethyl)amino}phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamate) toward LS174T cells. This is the first report of a small-molecule enzyme inhibitor proposed for use in conjunction with the ADEPT approach.

Blood pressure and its correlates in the population of Multan, Pakistan

In a randomly selected sample of 1579 individuals (male = 1334 and female = 245), aging from 14 to 65 years and representing all the socioeconomic groups of Multan, age (Yr), height (cm), weight (kg), BMI (kg/ml) and blood pressure (mmHg) were recorded. Height was measured on a Holtain portable stadiometer, weight on beam scale and blood pressure was recorded with sphygmomanometer as per auscultatory method. The correlation coefficient between different independent (age, height, weight and BMI) and dependent (SBP, DBP and MAP) parameters in male, female and total population were calculated and strong association between different parameters was observed (p < 0.001 or p < 0.05). The regression equations (simple and multiple) were worked out. The regression coefficient of different independent parameters with dependent parameters are higher in female except for height and age-weight and age-BMI had higher contribution in female as compared with that of male.

Blood pressure distribution in a school age population of Quetta, Pakistan

Standardized measurements of blood pressure, height and weight were obtained in 8-11 years old children, attending school in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 427 individuals (219 boys and 208 girls). The blood pressure was measured by auscultatory method. To calculate the body mass index (BMI), the weight (kg) of each subject was divided by the square of the subject's height. Association between various variables and blood pressure was judged through correlation coefficient. The net and joint effect of selected variables on blood pressure variability was calculated using simple/multiple regression. The correlation coefficients with that of systolic blood pressure were 0.365, 0.427 and 0.341 whereas these were 0.397, 0.430 and 0.320 for diastolic blood pressure. Height had a regression coefficient of 0.475 mmHg/cm with systolic pressure and 0.419 mmHg/cm with diastolic blood pressure. Weight had a regression coefficient of 0.878 mmHg/kg and 0.717 mmHg/kg with systolic and diastolic pressure respectively whereas BMI had a regression coefficient of 2.35 mmHg/BMI unit with systolic pressure and 1.79 mmHg/BMI unit with diastolic blood pressure.

Kinetics of Bacillus cereus phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C with thiophosphate and fluorescent analogs of phosphatidylinositol

Thiophosphate analogs (C-S-P bond) of phosphatidylinositol (Cn-thio-PI: racemic hexadecyl-, dodecyl-, and octylthiophosphoryl-1-myo-inositol) and a fluorescent analog (pyrene-PI: rac-4-(1-pyreno)-butylphosphoryl-1-myo-inositol) were all substrates for phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. Hydrolysis of thio-PI was followed by coupling the production of alkylthiol to a disulfide interchange reaction with dithiobispyridine. Hydrolysis of pyrene-PI was followed using a HPLC-based assay with fluorescence detection. The activity of PI-PLC with thio-PI analogs showed an interfacial effect. C16-Thio-PI, which had a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 7 microM, gave a hyperbolic activity versus concentration curve between 0 and 2 mM, while C8-thio-PI, which had a CMC above 10 mM, showed very low activity which increased greatly upon introduction of an interface in mixed micelles with hexadecylphosphocholine (HDPC). Pyrene-PI, which aggregates above 0.3 mM, gave a sigmoidal activity curve with much higher activity above the CMC. All three thio-PI homologs as mixed micelles with HDPC gave hyperbolic activity curves with PI-PLC that were a function of bulk concentration of substrate at constant surface concentration and surface concentration of substrate at constant bulk concentration. The maximal activity of PI-PLC with pure C16-thio-PI micelles was 6.25 mumol min-1 mg-1, while that with pyrene-PI was estimated to be 68 mumol min-1 mg-1. With pure C16-thio-PI micelles, 0.022 mM substrate gave half Vmax, similar to that in mixed micelles with HDPC.

Arthroscopic resection of chondroblastoma of the knee

We present a case of chondroblastoma of the upper tibia treated by complete arthroscopic excision. The diagnostic difficulties raised by the case are discussed. This method of treatment has not, to our knowledge, been reported in the literature.