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Hokkanen M, Mikkelä A, Pasonen P, Tuominen P, Uusitalo L, Erkkola M, Korkalo L, Hirvonen T. Children’s Dietary Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Finland. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1903951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Hokkanen
- Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Mikkelä
- Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petra Pasonen
- Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Tuominen
- Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Uusitalo
- Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maijaliisa Erkkola
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Korkalo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Hirvonen
- Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
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Lindqvist R, Langerholc T, Ranta J, Hirvonen T, Sand S. A common approach for ranking of microbiological and chemical hazards in foods based on risk assessment - useful but is it possible? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3461-3474. [PMID: 31760761 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1693957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article compares and contrasts microbial and chemical risk assessment methodologies in order to evaluate the potential for a common framework for ranking of risk of chemical and microbiological hazards, and developments needed for such a framework. An overview of microbial (MRA) and chemical (CRA) risk assessment is presented and important differences are highlighted. Two microbiological and two chemical hazard-food combinations were ranked based on both a margin of exposure and a risk assessment approach. The comparisons illustrated that it is possible to rank chemical and microbiological hazard-food combinations with traditional approaches from each domain and indicated that the rank order but not the absolute measures is similar using either approach. Including severity in the assessment using DALY reduced differences between hazards and affected the outcome more than which approach was used. Ranking frameworks should include assessment of uncertainty as an integral part of the ranking, and be based on assessment of risk, not safety, and expressed in a common health metric such as disease burden. Necessary simplifications to address data gaps can involve the use of default scenarios. Challenges include comparisons of case-based vs. non-case-based health-endpoints, e.g. biomarker concentration, and integration of the severity of health effects into ranking.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lindqvist
- Department of Risk Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Langerholc
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - J Ranta
- Risk Assessment Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Hirvonen
- Risk Assessment Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Sand
- Department of Risk Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hirvonen T, Hokkanen M, Mikkelä A, Pasonen P, Uusitalo L, Erkkola M, Korkalo L, Tuominen P. Hierarchical Bayesian estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in foods in Finland. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Suila H, Hirvonen T, Kotovuori A, Ritamo I, Kerkelä E, Anderson H, Natunen S, Tuimala J, Laitinen S, Nystedt J, Räbinä J, Valmu L. Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Display a Novel Interaction between P-Selectin and Galectin-1. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:12-21. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Suila
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - T. Hirvonen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - A. Kotovuori
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - I. Ritamo
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - E. Kerkelä
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - H. Anderson
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - S. Natunen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - J. Tuimala
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - S. Laitinen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - J. Nystedt
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - J. Räbinä
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
| | - L. Valmu
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service; Helsinki Finland
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Karjalainen AK, Hirvonen T, Kiviranta H, Sinkko H, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Virtanen SM, Hallikainen A, Leino O, Knip M, Veijola R, Simell O, Tuomisto JT. Long-term daily intake estimates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers from food in Finnish children: risk assessment implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1475-88. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.694373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Karjalainen AK, Hallikainen A, Hirvonen T, Kiviranta H, Knip M, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Leino O, Simell O, Sinkko H, Tuomisto JT, Veijola R, Venäläinen ER, Virtanen SM. Estimated intake levels for Finnish children of methylmercury from fish. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 54:70-7. [PMID: 22425939 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known neurotoxic agent, and consumption of contaminated fish is the principal environmental source of MeHg exposure in humans. Children are more susceptible to adverse effects than adults. No previous specific data exist for intake by Finnish children of methylmercury from fish. We estimated fish consumption and MeHg intakes from species most commonly consumed by Finnish children aged 1-6 years. The total mercury concentrations were determined in fish species consumed, and age-specific methylmercury intakes were derived. We also examined safety margins and the proportion of children exceeding the tolerable daily intakes set by international expert bodies. The daily intake of MeHg ranged from 0 to 0.33 μg/kg bw. The strictest reference value 0.1 μg/kg bw/day for MeHg, proposed by USEPA, was exceeded by 1-15% of the study population, and FAO/WHO JECFA provisional tolerable weekly intake of 1.6 μg/kg bw was exceeded by 1% of boys and 2.5% of girls aged 6 years. Intakes of 1-year old girls were higher than of boys, whereas for 3-year olds they were the opposite. The highest intakes were observed for 6-year-old boys and girls. There was great variation in the estimated MeHg intakes among Finnish children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Karjalainen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Huybrechts I, Sioen I, Boon PE, Ruprich J, Lafay L, Turrini A, Amiano P, Hirvonen T, De Neve M, Arcella D, Moschandreas J, Westerlund A, Ribas-Barba L, Hilbig A, Papoutsou S, Christensen T, Oltarzewski M, Virtanen S, Rehurkova I, Azpiri M, Sette S, Kersting M, Walkiewicz A, Serra-Majem L, Volatier JL, Trolle E, Tornaritis M, Busk L, Kafatos A, Fabiansson S, De Henauw S, Van Klaveren JD. Dietary exposure assessments for children in europe (the EXPOCHI project): rationale, methods and design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 69:4. [PMID: 22958503 PMCID: PMC3436650 DOI: 10.1186/0778-7367-69-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The number of dietary exposure assessment studies focussing on children is very limited. Children are however a vulnerable group due to their higher food consumption level per kg body weight. Therefore, the EXPOCHI project aims 1 to create a relational network of individual food consumption databases in children, covering different geographical areas within Europe, and 2 to use these data to assess the usual intake of lead, chromium, selenium and food colours. METHODS EXPOCHI includes 14 food consumption databases focussed on children (1-14 y old). The data are considered representative at national/regional level: 14 regions covering 13 countries. Since the aim of the study is to perform long-term exposure assessments, only data derived from 24 hr dietary recalls and dietary records recorded on at least two non-consecutive days per individual were included in the dietary exposure assessments. To link consumption data and concentration data of lead, chromium and selenium in a standardised way, categorisation of the food consumption data was based on the food categorisation system described within the SCOOP Task report 3.2.11. For food colours, the food categorisation system specified in the Council Directive 94/36/EC was used. CONCLUSION The EXPOCHI project includes a pan-European long-term exposure assessment of lead, chromium, selenium and food colours among children living in 13 different EU countries. However, the different study methods and designs used to collect the data in the different countries necessitate an in-depth description of these different methods and a discussion about the resulting limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Huybrechts
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Karp H, Ekholm P, Kemi V, Hirvonen T, Lamberg-Allardt C. Differences among total and in vitro digestible phosphorus content of meat and milk products. J Ren Nutr 2011; 22:344-9. [PMID: 21978846 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Meat and milk products are important sources of dietary phosphorus (P) and protein. The use of P additives is common both in processed cheese and meat products. Measurement of in vitro digestible phosphorus (DP) content of foods may reflect absorbability of P. The objective of this study was to measure both total phosphorus (TP) and DP contents of selected meat and milk products and to compare amounts of TP and DP and the proportion of DP to TP among different foods. METHODS TP and DP contents of 21 meat and milk products were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In DP analysis, samples were digested enzymatically, in principle, in the same way as in the alimentary canal before the analyses. The most popular national brands of meat and milk products were chosen for analysis. RESULTS The highest TP and DP contents were found in processed and hard cheeses; the lowest, in milk and cottage cheese. TP and DP contents in sausages and cold cuts were lower than those in cheeses. Chicken, pork, beef, and rainbow trout contained similar amounts of TP, but slightly more variation was found in their DP contents. CONCLUSIONS Foods containing P additives have a high content of DP. Our study confirms that cottage cheese and unenhanced meats are better choices than processed or hard cheeses, sausages, and cold cuts for chronic kidney disease patients, based on their lower P-to-protein ratios and sodium contents. The results support previous findings of better P absorbability in foods of animal origin than in, for example, legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Karp
- Calcium Research Unit, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hirvonen T, Jestoi M, Tapanainen H, Valsta L, Virtanen SM, Sinkko H, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Kontto J, Virtamo J, Simell O, Peltonen K. Dietary acrylamide exposure among Finnish adults and children: the potential effect of reduction measures. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1483-91. [PMID: 21762033 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.593559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A deterministic exposure assessment using the Nusser method that adjusts for within-subject variation and for nuisance effects among Finnish children and adults was carried out. The food consumption data covered 2038 adults (25-74 years old) and 1514 children of 1, 3 and 6 years of age, with the data on foods' acrylamide content obtained from published Finnish studies. We found that acrylamide exposure was highest among the 3-year-old children (median = 1.01 µg kg(-1) bw day(-1), 97.5th percentile = 1.95 µg kg(-1) bw day(-1)) and lowest among 65-74-year-old women (median = 0.31 µg kg(-1) bw day(-1), 97.5th percentile = 0.69 µg kg(-1) bw day(-1)). Among adults, the most important source of acrylamide exposure was coffee, followed by casseroles rich in starch, then rye bread. Among children, the most important sources were casseroles rich in starch and then biscuits and, finally, chips and other fried potatoes. Replacing lightly roasted coffee with dark-roasted, swapping sweet wheat buns for biscuits, and decreasing the acrylamide content of starch-based casseroles and rye bread by 50% would result in a 50% decrease in acrylamide exposure in adults. Among children, substituting boiled potatoes for chips and other friend potatoes and replacing biscuits with sweet wheat buns while lowering the acrylamide content of starch-based casseroles by 50% would lead to acrylamide exposure that is only half of the original exposure. In conclusions, dietary modifications could have a large impact in decreasing acrylamide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirvonen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority, Risk Assessment Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
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Karp H, Ekholm P, Kemi V, Itkonen S, Hirvonen T, Närkki S, Lamberg-Allardt C. Differences among total and in vitro digestible phosphorus content of plant foods and beverages. J Ren Nutr 2011; 22:416-22. [PMID: 21741857 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among plant foods, grain products, legumes, and seeds are important sources of phosphorus (P). Current data on P content and absorbability of P from these foods are lacking. Measurement of in vitro digestible P (DP) content of foods may reflect absorbability of P. The objective of this study was to measure both total phosphorus (TP) and DP contents of selected foods and to compare the amounts of TP and DP and the proportion of DP to TP among different foods. METHODS TP and DP content of 21 foods and drinks of plant origin were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. In DP analysis, samples were digested enzymatically in principle in the same way as in the alimentary canal before P analyses. The most popular national brands were chosen for analysis. RESULTS The highest amount of TP (667 mg/100 g) was found in sesame seeds with hull, which also had the lowest percentage of DP (6%) to TP. Instead, in cola drinks and beer, the percentage of DP to TP was 87 to 100% (13 to 22 mg/100 g). In cereal products, the highest TP content (216 mg/100 g) and DP proportion (100%) were present in industrial muffins, which contain sodium phosphate as a leavening agent. Legumes contained an average DP content of 83 mg/100 g (38% of TP). CONCLUSION Absorbability of P may differ substantially among different plant foods. Despite high TP content, legumes may be a relatively poor P source. In foods containing phosphate additives, the proportion of DP is high, which supports previous conclusions of the effective absorbability of P from P additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Karp
- Calcium Research Unit, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Suila H, Pitkanen V, Hirvonen T, Heiskanen A, Anderson H, Laitinen A, Natunen S, Miller-Podraza H, Satomaa T, Natunen J, Laitinen S, Valmu L. Are globoseries glycosphingolipids SSEA-3 and -4 markers for stem cells derived from human umbilical cord blood? J Mol Cell Biol 2010; 3:99-107. [DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjq041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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De Neve M, Sioen I, Boon P, Arganini C, Moschandreas J, Ruprich J, Lafay L, Amiano P, Arcella D, Azpiri M, Busk L, Christensen T, D’addezio L, Fabiansson S, Hilbig A, Hirvonen T, Kersting M, Koulouridaki S, Liukkonen KH, Oltarzewski M, Papoutsou S, Rehurkova I, Ribas-Barba L, Serra-Majem L, Tornaritis M, Trolle E, Van Klaveren J, Verger E, Walkiewicz A, Westerlund A, De Henauw S, Huybrechts I. Harmonisation of food categorisation systems for dietary exposure assessments among European children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1639-51. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.521957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hirvonen T, Sinkko H, Hallikainen A, Kiviranta H, Pietinen P, Valsta L, Tuomisto JT. Modelling the intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: impact of energy under-reporting and number of reporting days in dietary surveys. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1170-6. [PMID: 20432100 DOI: 10.1080/19440041003724863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A probabilistic long-term intake estimation of dioxins was carried out using food consumption data obtained from the National FINDIET 2007 Survey (Paturi et al. 2008). The study population consisted of 606 participants who were first interviewed with a 48-h recall and then filled in a 3-day food record twice. The concentrations of dioxins were obtained from previously published studies. The intake was estimated using a semi-parametric Monte Carlo simulation. The analyses were done separately for the whole study population and for the population excluding energy under-reporters. To diminish the impact of intra-individual variation and nuisance effects, adjustment with software (C-SIDE) was also done after Monte Carlo simulation. It was found that when C-SIDE was used, the 95th percentile of intake and its confidence limit was higher with 2 reporting days than with a higher number of days. However, with a crude intake estimation (no adjustment), the confidence intervals of the 95th percentile were also smaller with a higher number of days, but the 95th percentiles were higher with a higher number of reporting days. When under-reporters were excluded the intakes increased, but the impact of energy under-reporting was smaller with 8 reporting days than with 2 days and smaller using C-SIDE than with a crude estimation. To conclude, adjustment for intra-individual variation and taking energy under-reporting into account are essential for intake estimation of dioxins with food consumption data of a limited number of reporting days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Hirvonen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority, Risk Assessment Unit, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
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Hirvonen T, Kontto J, Jestoi M, Valsta L, Peltonen K, Pietinen P, Virtanen SM, Sinkko H, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of cancer among Finnish male smokers. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:2223-9. [PMID: 20859673 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of cancer among male smokers. METHODS The study consisted of 27,111 male smokers, aged 50-69 years, without history of cancer. They were participants of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study in Finland. The men completed a validated dietary questionnaire and a questionnaire on general background characteristics (including smoking habits) at baseline. Incident cases of cancer were identified through the national Finnish Cancer Registry. RESULTS During an average 10.2 year follow-up, 1,703 lung cancers, 799 prostate cancers, 365 urothelial cancers, 316 colorectal cancers, 224 stomach cancers, 192 pancreatic cancers, 184 renal cell cancers, and 175 lymphomas were diagnosed. Dietary acrylamide intake was positively associated with the risk of lung cancer; relative risk (RR) in the highest versus the lowest quintile in the multivariable-adjusted model was 1.18 ((95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.38, p for trend 0.11). Other cancers were not associated with acrylamide intake. CONCLUSIONS High acrylamide intake is associated with increased risk of lung cancer but not with other cancers in male smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirvonen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority, Risk Assessment Unit, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
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Boon PE, Sioen I, van der Voet H, Huybrechts I, De Neve M, Amiano P, Azpiri M, Busk L, Christensen T, Hilbig A, Hirvonen T, Koulouridaki S, Lafay L, Liukkonen K, Moschandreas J, Papoutsou S, Ribas‐Barba L, Ruprich J, Serra‐Majem L, Tornaritis M, Turrini A, Urtizberea M, Verger E, Westerlund A, Mathilde K, De Henauw S, van Klaveren JD. Long‐term dietary exposure to lead in young children living in different European countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.en-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Polly E. Boon
- RIKILT ‐ Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lionel Lafay
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFFSA) France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiri Ruprich
- National Institute of Public Health Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Aida Turrini
- National Institute for Research on Food and Nutrition (INRAN) Italy
| | | | - Eric Verger
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFFSA) France
| | | | | | | | - Jacob D. van Klaveren
- RIKILT ‐ Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre The Netherlands
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Huybrechts I, Sioen I, Boonb PE, De Neve M, Amiano P, Arganini C, Bower E, Busk L, Christensen T, Hilbig A, Hirvonen T, Kafatos A, Koulouridaki S, Lafay L, Liukkonen K, Papoutsou S, Ribas‐Barba L, Ruprich J, Rehurkova I, Mathilde K, Serra‐Majem L, Turrini A, Verger E, Westerlund A, Tornaritis M, van Klaverenb JD, De Henauw S. Long‐term dietary exposure to different food colours in young children living in different European countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.en-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Polly E. Boonb
- RIKILT ‐ Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research centre The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Claudia Arganini
- National Institute for Research on Food and Nutrition (INRAN) Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lionel Lafay
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA) France
| | | | | | | | - Jiri Ruprich
- National Institute of Public Health Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Aida Turrini
- National Institute for Research on Food and Nutrition (INRAN) Italy
| | - Eric Verger
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA) France
| | | | | | - Jacob D. van Klaverenb
- RIKILT ‐ Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research centre The Netherlands
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Sioen I, Boon PE, Huybrechts I, De Neve M, Amiano P, Arganini C, Busk L, Chadjigeorgiou C, Christensen T, Hilbig A, Hirvonen T, Koulouridaki S, Lafay L, Liukkonen K, Moschandreas J, Papoutsou S, Ribas‐Barba L, Ruprich J, Serra‐Majem L, Turrini A, Urtizberea M, Mathilde K, Verger E, Westerlund A, van Klaveren JD, De Henauw S. Long‐term dietary exposure to selenium in young children living in different European countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.en-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Polly E. Boon
- RIKILT ‐ Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research centre The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Arganini
- National Institute for Research on Food and Nutrition (INRAN) Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lionel Lafay
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA) France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiri Ruprich
- National Institute of Public Health Czech Republic
| | | | - Aida Turrini
- National Institute for Research on Food and Nutrition (INRAN) Italy
| | | | | | - Eric Verger
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA) France
| | | | - Jacob D. van Klaveren
- RIKILT ‐ Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research centre The Netherlands
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Boon PE, te Biesebeek JD, Sioen I, Huybrechts I, De Neve M, Amiano P, Arganini C, Azpiri M, Busk L, Christensen T, Hilbig A, Hirvonen T, Koulouridaki S, Lafay L, Liukkonen K, Moschandreas J, Papoutsouk S, Ribas‐Barba L, Ruprich J, Serra‐Majem L, Tornaritis M, Turrini A, Urtizberea M, Verger E, Westerlund A, Mathilde K, De Henauw S, van Klaveren JD. Long‐term dietary exposure to chromium in young children living in different European countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.en-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Polly E. Boon
- RIKILT ‐ Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research centre The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dirk te Biesebeek
- RIKILT ‐ Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research centre The Netherlands
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- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFFSA) France
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- National Institute of Public Health Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Aida Turrini
- National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition (INRAN) Italy
| | | | - Eric Verger
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFFSA) France
| | | | | | | | - Jacob D. van Klaveren
- RIKILT ‐ Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research centre The Netherlands
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Flynn A, Hirvonen T, Mensink GBM, Ocké MC, Serra-Majem L, Stos K, Szponar L, Tetens I, Turrini A, Fletcher R, Wildemann T. Intake of selected nutrients from foods, from fortification and from supplements in various European countries. Food Nutr Res 2009; 53:2038. [PMID: 20011225 PMCID: PMC2791664 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v53i0.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent European Union regulation requires setting of maximum amount of micronutrients in dietary supplements or foods taking into account the tolerable upper intake level (ULs) established by scientific risk assessment and population reference intakes. OBJECTIVE To collect and evaluate recently available data on intakes of selected vitamins and minerals from conventional foods, food supplements and fortified foods in adults and children. Intake of calcium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, folic acid, niacin and total vitamin A/retinol, B(6), D and E was derived from nationally representative surveys in Denmark, Germany, Finland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom. Intake of high consumers, defined as the 95th percentile of each nutrient, was compared to the UL. RESULTS For most nutrients, adults and children generally consume considerably less than the UL with exceptions being retinol, zinc, iodine, copper and magnesium. The major contributor to intakes for all nutrients and in all countries is from foods in the base diet. The patterns of food supplements and voluntary fortification vary widely among countries with food supplements being responsible for the largest differences in total intakes. In the present study, for those countries with data on fortified foods, fortified foods do not significantly contribute to higher intakes for any nutrient. Total nutrient intake expressed as percentage of the UL is generally higher in children than in adults. CONCLUSION The risk of excessive intakes is relatively low for the majority of nutrients with a few exceptions. Children are the most vulnerable group as they are more likely to exhibit high intakes relative to the UL. There is a need to develop improved methods for estimating intakes of micronutrients from fortified foods and food supplements in future dietary surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Flynn
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College of Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tero Hirvonen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marga C. Ocké
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Parc Científic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Inge Tetens
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Aida Turrini
- National Institute for Research on Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Tanja Wildemann
- International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI Europe), Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the impact of choosing food products labelled either as low or high in salt on salt intake in the Finnish adult population.Setting and subjectsThe National FINDIET 2002 survey with 48-hour recalls from 2007 subjects aged 25–64 years. Sodium intake was calculated based on the Fineli® food composition database including the sodium content of natural and processed foods as well as the salt content of recipes. The distribution of salt intake was calculated in different ways: the present situation; assuming that all breads, cheeses, processed meat and fish, breakfast cereals and fat spreads consumed would be either ‘lightly salted’ or ‘heavily salted’ based on the current labelling practice; and, in addition, assuming that all foods would be prepared with 50% less or more salt.ResultsExcluding underreporters, the mean salt intake would be reduced by 1.8 g in men and by 1.0 g in women if the entire population were to choose lightly salted products and further by 2.5 and 1.8 g, respectively, if also salt used in cooking were halved. Choosing heavily salted products would increase salt intake by 2.1 g in men and by 1.4 g in women. In the worst scenarios, salt intake would be further increased by 2.3 g in men and by 1.6 g in women.ConclusionsThese calculations show that the potential impact of labelling and giving consumers the possibility to choose products with less salt is of public health importance. In addition, strategies to reduce the salt content of all food groups are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Pietinen
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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Bobe G, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, Hirvonen T, Ashby J, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Stolzenberg RZ. Flavonoid intake and risk of pancreatic cancer in male smokers (Finland). FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.299.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Bobe
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch
- Office of Preventive Oncology
| | | | | | - Tero Hirvonen
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease PreventionNational Public Health InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Phil R. Taylor
- Genetic Epidemiology BranchNational Cancer InstituteRockvilleMD
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease PreventionNational Public Health InstituteHelsinkiFinland
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Hirvonen T, Sinkko H, Kiviranta H, Tuomisto J. Comparison of methods to estimate contaminant intake based on national food consumption surveys. Toxicol Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hirvonen T, Sinkko H, Valsta L, Hannila ML, Pietinen P. Development of a model for optimal food fortification: vitamin D among adults in Finland. Eur J Nutr 2007; 46:264-70. [PMID: 17514377 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-007-0660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Average vitamin D intake is low in Finland. Even though almost all retail milk and margarine are fortified with vitamin D, the vitamin D intake is inadequate for a significant proportion of the population. Consequently, expanded food fortification with vitamin D would be motivated. However, there is a risk of unacceptably high intakes due to the rather narrow range of the adequate and safe intake. Therefore, a safe and efficient food fortification practice should be found for vitamin D. AIM OF THE STUDY To develop a model for optimal food fortification and apply it to vitamin D. METHOD The FINDIET 2002 Study (48-h recall and data on supplement use (n = 2007), and 3 + 3 days' food records, n = 247) was used as the test data. The proportion of the population whose vitamin D intake is between the recommended intake (RI) and the upper tolerable intake level (UL) was plotted against the fortification level per energy for selected foods. The fortification level that maximized the proportion of the population falling between RI and UL was considered the optimal fortification level. RESULTS If only milk, butter milk, yoghurt and margarine were fortified, it would be impossible to find a fortification level by which the intake of the whole population would lie within the RI-UL range. However, if all potentially fortifiable foods were fortified with vitamin D at level 1.2-1.5 microg/100 kcal, the intake of the whole adult population would be between the currently recommended intake of 7.5 microg/d and the current tolerable upper intake level of 50 microg/day (model 1). If the RI was set to 40 microg/day and UL to 250 microg/day, the optimal fortification level would be 9.2 microg/100 kcal in the scenario where all potentially fortifiable foods were fortified (model 2). Also in this model the whole population would fall between the RI-UL range. CONCLUSIONS Our model of adding a specific level of vitamin D/100 kcal to all potentially fortifiable foods (1.2-1.5 microg/100 kcal in model 1 and 9.2 microg/100 kcal in model 2) seems to be an efficient and safe food fortification practise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Hirvonen
- Dept. of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE A number of potential health effects have lately been accorded to tea consumption. It is, however, not clear whether an increase in tea consumption increases the risk of iron depletion in a normal apparently healthy adult population. We have therefore evaluated this. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS A total of 954 men (aged 52-68 years) and 1639 women (aged 42-68 years), who were participants of SU.VI.MAX Study, completed a detailed questionnaire on tea consumption. To determine the iron status of the participants, a venous blood sample was drawn and serum-ferritin was measured. Iron depletion was defined as a serum ferritin concentration <16 microg/l. Three 1-day food records were used to estimate the intake of other dietary enhancing or inhibiting factors of iron absorption, which were included in the logistic regression models. RESULTS The mean serum-ferritin concentration was not related to black, green and herbal tea consumption in men, pre- or postmenopausal women. Also the risk of iron depletion was in the multivariate model not related to any kind of tea drinking or to the strength of tea, the infusion time or the time of tea drinking. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that normal apparently healthy adults are not at risk of iron depletion owing to any kind of tea drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mennen
- UMR INSERM, unit 557/INRA, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Paris, France
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Hirvonen T, Tapanainen H, Valsta L, Hannila ML, Aro A, Pietinen P. Efficacy and safety of food fortification with calcium among adults in Finland. Public Health Nutr 2007; 9:792-7. [PMID: 16925886 DOI: 10.1079/phn2005889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy and safety of foods fortified with calcium in the adult population in Finland. DESIGN A simulation study based on the FINDIET 2002 Survey, which estimated habitual food consumption, dietary supplement use and nutrient intakes using 48-hour recall and two 3-day food records, and an Internet survey of the consumption of fortified foods and dietary supplements. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Participants of FINDIET 2002 were 25-64 years old from five areas (n = 2007). Participants of the Internet-based survey (n = 1537) were over 15 years of age from all over the country. RESULTS If all potentially fortifiable foods were to be fortified with calcium, the proportion of participants with calcium intake below the recommended level (< 800 mg day(-1)) would decrease from 20.3% to 3.0% in men and from 27.8% to 5.6% in women compared with the situation where no foods were fortified. At the same time, the proportion of participants with calcium intake above the tolerable upper intake level (UL, > 2500 mg day(-1)) would increase from 0.6% to 12.7% in men and from 0.1% to 3.8% in women. However, in a probability-based model (11% of all fortifiable foods to be fortified with calcium) the proportion of participants with calcium intake below the recommended level would be 15.7% in men and 23.2% in women. The proportion with intake above the UL in this model would be 1.2% in men and 0.7% in women. CONCLUSIONS Food fortification would be a relatively effective and safe way to increase the calcium intake of the Finnish adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Hirvonen
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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Hirvonen T, Mennen LI, de Bree A, Castetbon K, Galan P, Bertrais S, Arnault N, Hercberg S. Consumption of Antioxidant-Rich Beverages and Risk for Breast Cancer in French Women. Ann Epidemiol 2006; 16:503-8. [PMID: 16406814 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the study is to evaluate the relation between antioxidant-rich beverages and the incidence of breast cancer. METHODS This prospective study consisted of 4396 women without a history of cancer who were participants in the French Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants Study. Beverage consumption was estimated by using three nonconsecutive 24-hour recalls. Incident cancer cases were identified through clinical examinations performed every other year, including, e.g., a screening mammogram, and through a monthly health questionnaire. RESULTS During the median 6.6 years of follow-up, 95 breast cancers were diagnosed. In a multivariate model, an inverse association between herbal tea consumption and risk for breast cancer was observed (compared with nondrinkers, drinking 1 to 149 mL/d; relative risk [RR], 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-1.80, and for > or =150 mL/d; RR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.20-0.94; p for trend = 0.04). Consumption of coffee, tea, fruit juices, or wine was not associated with risk for breast cancer. CONCLUSION Results of this study suggest that consumption of herbal tea may have a role in the prevention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Hirvonen
- UMR Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 557/INRA Unit 1125, L'Institut Scientifique et Technique de la Nutrition et de l' Alimentation/Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France.
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Nieminen J, Sahlman J, Hirvonen T, Jämsä T, Tuukkanen J, Kovanen V, Kröger H, Jurvelin J, Arita M, Li SW, Prockop DJ, Hyttinen MM, Helminen HJ, Lapveteläinen T, Puustjärvi K. Abnormal response to physical activity in femurs after heterozygous inactivation of one allele of the Col2a1 gene for type II collagen in mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2005; 77:104-12. [PMID: 15920676 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-004-0069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of heterozygous inactivation of one allele of the type II collagen gene (Col2a1) on biomechanical properties and mineral density of bone under physical loading conditions. C57BL/6-TGN mice with heterozygous knockout (HZK) inactivation of Col2a1 gene and their nontransgenic littermate controls were housed in individual cages with running wheels for 9 and 15 months. The running activity of each mouse was monitored continuously throughout the experiment. Bone mineral density (BMD) of mice femora was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT). Biomechanical properties were determined using three-point bending tests. Vertebral bone samples were prepared for quantitative polarized light microscopy and digital densitometry of proteoglycans. The concentration of total collagen and collagen cross-links were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC). The average daily running distance was shorter for the HZK mice between the age of 4 and 15 months as compared with normal runners (P < 0.05). The ultimate breaking force was 14.8% and 23.6% (9 vs. 15 months) lower in HZK-runners than in wild-type runners. BMD of the femur was 6.1% lower in HZK-runners at the age of 9 months (P < 0.05). Physical activity increased cortical BMD in wild-type runners but not in the HZK runners at the age of 9 months. The collagen network of the HZK mice was less organized. There were only minor changes in BMD and mechanical and structural properties between sedentary HZK mice and their wild-type controls. Increased physical activity induced significantly lower bone density, mechanical properties, and organization of collagen fibers in male HZK mice. However, there were no major differences in biomechanical parameters between sedentary HZK and wild-type male mice. This suggests an important guiding role of collagen type II in bone remodelling and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nieminen
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Tampere and Coxa Hospital for Joint Replacement, P.O.B. 652, FIN-33101, Tampere, Finland.
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Harno H, Hirvonen T, Kaunisto MA, Aalto H, Levo H, Isotalo E, Kallela M, Kaprio J, Palotie A, Wessman M, Färkkilä M. Subclinical vestibulocerebellar dysfunction in migraine with and without aura. Neurology 2003; 61:1748-52. [PMID: 14694041 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000098882.82690.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In patients with migraine, neurotologic symptoms and signs occur commonly. The authors' aim was to determine whether neurotologic findings are in accordance with the type of migraine and whether test findings differ from those of healthy controls. METHODS The authors examined 36 patients with various types of migraine classified by International Headache Society criteria. Comprehensive neurotologic tests were performed between attacks: video-oculography (VOG), electronystagmography, static posturography, and audiometry on 12 patients with migraine with aura (MA) and 24 patients with migraine without aura (MO). Results were compared to those of test-specific nonmigrainous control groups. Only eight migraineurs (six with MA and two with MO) had vertigo or dizziness. RESULTS Despite the absence of clinical neurotologic symptoms, most of the patients with migraine (83%) showed abnormalities in at least one of these tests. Both migraine types differed significantly from the control group (in VOG, in saccadic accuracy, and in static posturography). Vestibular findings tended to be more severe in MA than in MO. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that interictal neurotologic dysfunction in MA and MO share similar features and that the defective oculomotor function is mostly of vestibulocerebellar origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Harno
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
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Hirvonen T, Törnwall ME, Pietinen P, Korhonen P, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Flavonol and Flavone Intake and the Risk of Intermittent Claudication in Male Smokers. Eur J Epidemiol 2003; 19:305-11. [PMID: 15180100 DOI: 10.1023/b:ejep.0000024699.81170.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the association between flavonol and flavone intake and the risk of intermittent claudication in male smokers. The study population consisted of participants of the Finnish alpha-Tocopherol, beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, who were free of intermittent claudication at study entry. These 25,041 male smokers were 50-69 years old at baseline. Participants completed a validated dietary questionnaire at baseline. The occurrence of intermittent claudication was assessed by annual administration of the Rose questionnaire. During the median follow-up of 4.1 years, 2412 new cases of intermittent claudication were observed. Dietary intake of flavonols and flavones was inversely associated with the risk of intermittent claudication when adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors (relative risk, RR in the highest vs. lowest quintile of intake 0.86, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.75-0.98, p for trend 0.007). However, after further adjustment for intakes of vitamins C and E and total carotenoids, the association was attenuated (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.81-1.08, p for trend 0.12). The risk of intermittent claudication was lower among men in the highest quintile of vegetable consumption (RR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.69-0.89, p for trend 0.0001) and among wine drinkers (RR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41-0.98). Adjustment for flavonol and flavone intake only marginally changed these associations. In conclusion, flavonol and flavone intake was not independently associated with the risk of intermittent claudication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Hirvonen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
Influence of two filtering modes were researched with electro-oculographically recorded impulse-like eye movements. Linear finite impulse response (FIR) and non-linear hybrid median filters were explored by considering gain and latency parameters that yield the most important information in the case of these eye movements. It is stated that carefully selected lowpass filtering can securely be run without considerable changes in parameter values in order to discard noise stemming from physiological or other reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Juhola
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
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Abstract
The objective of the current study was to develop a computer-controlled mechanical system for the generation of impulsive head rotations to measure eye movements induced by angular horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex. This is a clinical eye movement test recently introduced for the usage of otoneurological balance laboratories. We built the system and modified our prior computer software developed for other types of eye movement tests. Motor controlled stimulation has fulfilled the requirement of more uniform and constant acceleration stimulation than obtained with manually administrated impulses. After having executed preliminary experiments at our balance laboratory we found the system to be efficient, reliable and secure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aalto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University, Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Carey JP, Hirvonen T, Peng GCY, Della Santina CC, Cremer PD, Haslwanter T, Minor LB. Changes in the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex after a single dose of intratympanic gentamicin for Ménière's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 956:581-4. [PMID: 11960873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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Hirvonen T, Virtamo J, Korhonen P, Albanes D, Pietinen P. Flavonol and flavone intake and the risk of cancer in male smokers (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 2002. [PMID: 11714106 DOI: 10.1023/a: 1012232008016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the associations between the intake of flavonols and flavones and the risk of cancer. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 27,110 male smokers, aged 50-69 years, without history of cancer. They were participants of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study in Finland. The men completed a validated dietary questionnaire at baseline. Incident cases of cancers were identified through national registers. During an average 6.1-year follow-up, 791 lung cancers, 226 prostate cancers, 156 urothelial cancers, 133 colorectal cancers, 111 stomach cancers, and 92 renal cell cancers were diagnosed. RESULTS Intake of flavonols and flavones was inversely associated with the risk of lung cancer; multivariate relative risk in the highest vs. the lowest quartile 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.45-0.69, p for trend 0.0001. The risk was similar in all histological types of lung cancer. No association was found between flavonol and flavone intake and the risk of other cancers. CONCLUSIONS Intake of flavonols and flavones seemed to be inversely associated with the risk of lung cancer, but not with that of other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirvonen
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Helsinki, Finland.
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Sahlman J, Inkinen R, Hirvonen T, Lammi MJ, Lammi PE, Nieminen J, Lapveteläinen T, Prockop DJ, Arita M, Li SW, Hyttinen MM, Helminen HJ, Puustjärvi K. Premature vertebral endplate ossification and mild disc degeneration in mice after inactivation of one allele belonging to the Col2a1 gene for Type II collagen. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001; 26:2558-65. [PMID: 11725236 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-200112010-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Skeletal tissues of mice with an inactivated allele of the Col2a1 gene for Type II collagen ("heterozygous knockout") were studied. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a heterozygous inactivation of the Col2a1 gene has a role in the etiology of spine disorders such as disc degeneration. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Mutations in the COL2A1, COL11A1, COL11A2, and COL9A2 genes have been linked to spine disorders. However, the mechanism by which genetic factors lead to disc degeneration still are largely unknown. METHODS Spine tissues were studied using radiograph analyses; conventional, quantitative, and polarized light microscopy; immunohistochemistry for the major extracellular components, and in situ hybridization for procollagens alpha1(I) and alpha1(II). Voluntary running activity also was monitored in half of the mice. RESULTS As the findings showed, 1-month-old heterozygous knockout mice had shorter limb bones, skulls, and spines, as well as thicker and more irregular vertebral endplates, which calcified earlier than in the control mice. They also had a lower concentration of glycosaminoglycans in the anulus fibrosus, in the endplates, and in the vertebral bone than the controls. These features in the heterozygous knockout mice were compensated by the age of 15 months. However, the long bones and skulls of the mature heterozygous mice remained shorter than those of the controls. Gene-deficient mice used the running wheel less. However, physical exercise did not induce any marked structural changes in the skeleton. CONCLUSION Mice with heterozygous knockout of Col2a1 show subtle early skeletal manifestations that bear some resemblance to those of human spine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sahlman
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the associations between the intake of flavonols and flavones and the risk of cancer. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 27,110 male smokers, aged 50-69 years, without history of cancer. They were participants of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study in Finland. The men completed a validated dietary questionnaire at baseline. Incident cases of cancers were identified through national registers. During an average 6.1-year follow-up, 791 lung cancers, 226 prostate cancers, 156 urothelial cancers, 133 colorectal cancers, 111 stomach cancers, and 92 renal cell cancers were diagnosed. RESULTS Intake of flavonols and flavones was inversely associated with the risk of lung cancer; multivariate relative risk in the highest vs. the lowest quartile 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.45-0.69, p for trend 0.0001. The risk was similar in all histological types of lung cancer. No association was found between flavonol and flavone intake and the risk of other cancers. CONCLUSIONS Intake of flavonols and flavones seemed to be inversely associated with the risk of lung cancer, but not with that of other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirvonen
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Helsinki, Finland.
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Levo H, Blomstedt G, Hirvonen T, Pyykkö I. Causes of persistent postoperative headache after surgery for vestibular schwannoma. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2001; 26:401-6. [PMID: 11678948 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2273.2001.00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to elucidate the aetiology of persistent postoperative headache, a common sequel for several years after vestibular schwannoma surgery through the retrosigmoid approach. Twenty-seven patients with reported major postoperative headache were tested for vestibular responses and cervico-collic reflexes. The role of local anaesthesia injected into the neck muscle insertions or around the occipital nerves was evaluated. Sixteen patients operated on for vestibular schwannoma, but without headache, and 12 healthy volunteers served as control groups. Vestibular responses and cervico-collic reflexes deteriorated equally in the patients regardless of whether or not they had a postoperative headache. Local anaesthesia did not alter the results. The posturography results were increased among both patient groups. Sumatriptan alleviated pain in nine patients and abolished it completely in one out of these nine patients. Vestibular imbalance or abnormal activation of neck muscles do not explain postoperative headache. Occipital nerve entrapment or neuralgia explains the headache in a few patients. The relatively pronounced sumatriptan effect may, however, suggest a trigeminal nerve mediated cause for postoperative headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Levo
- Department of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Helsinki, Finland.
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Roos EB, Hirvonen T, Mikkilä V, Karvonen S, Rimpelä M. Household educational level as a determinant of consumption of raw vegetables among male and female adolescents. Prev Med 2001; 33:282-91. [PMID: 11570832 DOI: 10.1006/pmed.2001.0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine the association between household educational level and consumption of raw vegetables among adolescents and to assess the influence of other determinants on the association, such as family factors, school achievement, health behavior, meal pattern, and weight-related factors. A further aim was to investigate whether the associations were the same for male and female adolescents. METHODS The study is based on data from the School Health Promotion Survey 1997-1998. Data were collected by a classroom-administered questionnaire, which was completed by 76,201 secondary school pupils. The study recorded the consumption of raw vegetables, but not the consumption of cooked vegetables. Multivariate logistic regressions were used in the analyses. RESULTS A clear positive association between educational level of the household and daily consumption of raw vegetables was found among adolescents. The adolescent's own school achievement explained part of the association between household educational level and consumption of raw vegetables. Other factors explained the association to a small degree, with meal pattern and weight factors having no effect. The associations were similar for both genders. CONCLUSIONS Educational level in the household is an important determinant of consumption of raw vegetables. A household with a high educational level will also presumably contain adolescents who have good school achievement, another strong predictor of frequent consumption of raw vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Roos
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Hirvonen T, Pietinen P, Virtanen M, Ovaskainen ML, Häkkinen S, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Intake of flavonols and flavones and risk of coronary heart disease in male smokers. Epidemiology 2001; 12:62-7. [PMID: 11138821 DOI: 10.1097/00001648-200101000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flavonols and flavones are antioxidant polyphenolic compounds found in tea, vegetables, fruits, and wine. In experimental studies they have been effective free radical scavengers, metal chelators, and antithrombotic agents. In the few epidemiologic studies of these agents, some have suggested an inverse association between intake of flavonols and flavones and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Our study population comprised 25,372 male smokers, 50-69 years of age, with no previous myocardial infarction. They were participants of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, which was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with daily supplementation of alpha-tocopherol (50 mg per day) and/or beta-carotene (20 mg per day). The men completed a validated dietary questionnaire at baseline. After 6.1 years of follow-up, there were 1,122 nonfatal myocardial infarctions and 815 coronary deaths. In the multivariate model, the relative risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction was 0.77 (95% confidence interval = 0.64-0.93) among men in the highest (median 18 mg per day) compared with the lowest (median 4 mg per day) quintile of flavonol and flavone intake. The respective relative risk for coronary death was 0.89 (95% confidence interval = 0.71-1.11). Thus, intake of flavonols and flavones was inversely associated with nonfatal myocardial infarction, whereas there was a weaker association with coronary death.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirvonen
- Department of Nutrition, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Antioxidants may protect against atherosclerosis and thus prevent cerebrovascular disease. We studied the association between dietary antioxidants and subtypes of stroke. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 26 593 male smokers, aged 50 to 69 years, without a history of stroke. They were participants of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study in Finland. The men completed a validated dietary questionnaire at baseline. Incident cases were identified through national registers. RESULTS During a 6.1-year follow-up, 736 cerebral infarctions, 83 subarachnoid hemorrhages, and 95 intracerebral hemorrhages occurred. Neither dietary flavonols and flavones nor vitamin E were associated with risk for stroke. The dietary intake of beta-carotene was inversely associated with the risk for cerebral infarction (relative risk [RR] of highest versus lowest quartile 0.74, 95% CI 0.60 to 0. 91), lutein plus zeaxanthin with risk for subarachnoid hemorrhage (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.93), and lycopene with risks of cerebral infarction (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.92) and intracerebral hemorrhage (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.86). Vitamin C intake was inversely associated with the risk for intracerebral hemorrhage (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.74). After simultaneous modeling of the antioxidants, a significant association remained only between beta-carotene intake and risk for cerebral infarction (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.99). CONCLUSIONS Dietary intake of beta-carotene was inversely associated with the risk for cerebral infarction. No association was detected between other dietary antioxidants and risk for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirvonen
- Department of Nutrition, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Koponen S, Keinänen R, Roivainen R, Hirvonen T, Närhi M, Chan PH, Koistinaho J. Spreading depression induces expression of calcium-independent protein kinase C subspecies in ischaemia-sensitive cortical layers: regulation by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and glucocorticoids. Neuroscience 1999; 93:985-93. [PMID: 10473263 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depression is a wave of sustained depolarization challenging the energy metabolism of the cells without causing irreversible damage. In the ischaemic brain, sreading depression-like depolarization contributes to the evolution of ischaemia to infarction. The depolarization is propagated by activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, but changes in signal transduction downstream of the receptors are not known. Because protein phosphorylation is a general mechanism whereby most cellular processes are regulated, and inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors or protein kinase C is neuroprotective, the expression of protein kinase C subspecies in spreading depression was examined. Cortical treatment with KCl induced an upregulation of protein kinase Cdelta and zeta messenger RNA at 4 and 8 h, whereas protein kinase Calpha, beta, gamma and epsilon did not show significant changes. The gene induction was the strongest in layers 2 and 3, and was followed by an increased number of protein kinase Cdelta-immunoreactive neurons. Protein kinase Cdelta and zeta inductions were inhibited by pretreatment with an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, dizocilpine maleate, which also blocked spreading depression propagation, and with dexamethasone, which acted without blocking the propagation. Quinacrine, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, reduced only protein kinase C5 induction. In addition, N(G)(-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, did not influence protein kinase Cdelta or zeta induction, whereas 6-nitro-7-sulphamoylbenzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione, an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate/kainate receptor antagonist, and the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and diclophenac tended to increase gene expression. The data show that cortical spreading depression induces Ca2(+)-independent protein kinase C subspecies delta and zeta, but not Ca(2+)-dependent subspecies, through activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and phospholipase A2. Even though the signal pathway is similar to the induction described previously in ischaemia for genes implicated in delayed neuronal death, the gene inductions observed here are not necessarily pathogenetic, but may represent a general reaction to metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koponen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
High intakes of calcium, potassium, and fluids have been shown to be associated with lowered risk of kidney stones. The authors studied the associations between diet and risk of kidney stones in a cohort of 27,001 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years who were initially free of kidney stones. All men participated in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Lung Cancer Prevention Study and completed a validated dietary questionnaire at baseline. After 5 years of follow-up (1985-1988), 329 men had been diagnosed with kidney stones. After data were controlled for possible confounders, the relative risk of kidney stones for men in the highest quartile of magnesium intake was 0.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32-0.85) as compared with men in the lowest quartile. Intake of fiber was directly associated with risk (relative risk (RR) = 2.06, 95% CI 1.39-3.03). Calcium intake was not associated with the risk of kidney stones. Beer consumption was inversely associated with risk of kidney stones; each bottle of beer consumed per day was estimated to reduce risk by 40% (RR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.47-0.76). In conclusion, the authors observed that magnesium intake and beer consumption were inversely associated and fiber intake was directly associated with risk of kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirvonen
- Department of Nutrition, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Juhola M, Aalto H, Hirvonen T. A signal analysis method for impulse-like eye movements. Stud Health Technol Inform 1999; 68:365-8. [PMID: 10724907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Eye movement investigations are performed in several fields of medicine. We have developed signal analysis methods of eye movements studied in otoneurology for several years. Previously, we have designed methods for eye movement types of saccades, nystagmus, smooth pursuit, and vestibulo-ocular reflex. In this paper we extend and develop further our method to concern also impulse-like eye movements, i.e. a new type of eye movement tests for investigations of vertiginous patients. According to our preliminary results the use of our method is efficient to differentiate patients with inner ear diseases from normals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Juhola
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tampere, Finland
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Ngassapa D, Narhi M, Hirvonen T, Markkula I. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) intradental nerves in the dog. East Afr Med J 1998; 75:151-5. [PMID: 9640812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is the most frequently occurring peptide in sensory neurons in the rat. Most of the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Immunoreactive (CGRP-IP) nerves have been found to be Capsaicin-sensitive suggesting an involvement in certain types of pain. In the dental pulp CGRP-IR nerve fibres have been studied in the rat, guinea pig, cat, sheep, pig, cow and horse but not in the dog. Extensive sprouting of CGRP-IP intradental nerves has been demonstrated in the teeth with pulpal inflammation in rat molars. In the present investigation the occurrence and distribution of CGRP-IR intradental nerves both in the normal and the injured and inflamed teeth of the dog was studied. Immunolabelling was done by the Avidin-Biotin Complex (ABC) immunoperoxidase technique. CGRP-IR intradental nerves were demonstrated in the dog. The pattern of distribution was found to be similar to that in other animal species. However, the tip one third of the coronal pulp was sparsely innervated compared to that in the rat. Also much fewer fibres were seen to penetrate predentine and dentine, and this appears characteristic of the dog teeth. Sprouting phenomenon seen in the rat was not found in the dog teeth. It is suggested that there might be a species difference in the innervation pattern of CGRP-IR intradental nerves between the rat molar and the dog canine and incisor teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ngassapa
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Miettinen S, Fusco FR, Yrjänheikki J, Keinänen R, Hirvonen T, Roivainen R, Närhi M, Hökfelt T, Koistinaho J. Spreading depression and focal brain ischemia induce cyclooxygenase-2 in cortical neurons through N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-receptors and phospholipase A2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:6500-5. [PMID: 9177247 PMCID: PMC21079 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.12.6500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive spreading depression (SD) waves, involving depolarization of neurons and astrocytes and up-regulation of glucose consumption, is thought to lower the threshold of neuronal death during and immediately after ischemia. Using rat models for SD and focal ischemia we investigated the expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), the constitutive form, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the inducible form of a key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis and the target enzymes for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Whereas COX-1 mRNA levels were undetectable and uninducible, COX-2 mRNA and protein levels were rapidly increased in the cortex, especially in layers 2 and 3 after SD and transient focal ischemia. The cortical induction was reduced by MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-receptor antagonist, and by dexamethasone and quinacrine, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibiting compounds. MK-801 acted by blocking SD whereas treatment with PLA2 inhibitors preserved the wave propagation. NBQX, an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainate-receptor antagonist, did not affect the SD-induced COX-2 expression, whereas COX-inhibitors indomethacin and diclofenac, as well as a NO synthase-inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, tended to enhance the COX-2 mRNA expression. In addition, ischemia induced COX-2 expression in the hippocampal and perifocal striatal neurons and in endothelial cells. Thus, COX-2 is transiently induced after SD and focal ischemia by activation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-receptors and PLA2, most prominently in cortical neurons that are at a high risk to die after focal brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miettinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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