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Brenner DR, Fehringer G, Zhang ZF, Lee YCA, Meyers T, Matsuo K, Ito H, Vineis P, Stucker I, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Christiani DC, Diao N, Hong YC, Landi MT, Morgenstern H, Schwartz AG, Rennert G, Saliba W, McLaughlin JR, Harris CC, Orlow I, Barros Dios JM, Ruano Raviña A, Siemiatycki J, Koushik A, Cote M, Lazarus P, Fernandez-Tardon G, Tardon A, Le Marchand L, Brenner H, Saum KU, Duell EJ, Andrew AS, Consonni D, Olsson A, Hung RJ, Straif K. Alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk: A pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium and the SYNERGY study. Cancer Epidemiol 2019; 58:25-32. [PMID: 30445228 PMCID: PMC6662590 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is inadequate evidence to determine whether there is an effect of alcohol consumption on lung cancer risk. We conducted a pooled analysis of data from the International Lung Cancer Consortium and the SYNERGY study to investigate this possible association by type of beverage with adjustment for other potential confounders. METHODS Twenty one case-control studies and one cohort study with alcohol-intake data obtained from questionnaires were included in this pooled analysis (19,149 cases and 362,340 controls). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) or hazard ratios (HR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for each measure of alcohol consumption. Effect estimates were combined using random or fixed-effects models where appropriate. Associations were examined for overall lung cancer and by histological type. RESULTS We observed an inverse association between overall risk of lung cancer and consumption of alcoholic beverages compared to non-drinkers, but the association was not monotonic. The lowest risk was observed for persons who consumed 10-19.9 g/day ethanol (OR vs. non-drinkers = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.91), where 1 drink is approximately 12-15 g. This J-shaped association was most prominent for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The association with all lung cancer varied little by type of alcoholic beverage, but there were notable differences for SCC. We observed an association with beer intake (OR for ≥20 g/day vs nondrinker = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.90). CONCLUSIONS Whether the non-monotonic associations we observed or the positive association between beer drinking and squamous cell carcinoma reflect real effects await future analyses and insights about possible biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Brenner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gord Fehringer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yuan-Chin Amy Lee
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Travis Meyers
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division of Cancer Information and Contorl, Aichi Cancer Centre Research Institute, Japan
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Stucker
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, INSERM U170, Villejuif, France
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - David C Christiani
- Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Nancy Diao
- Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Maria T Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH after National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Hal Morgenstern
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Gad Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Walid Saliba
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Juan M Barros Dios
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Ruano Raviña
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiology y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM) and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anita Koushik
- CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM) and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michele Cote
- CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM) and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, USA
| | | | - Adonina Tardon
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, and CIBERESP, Spain
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Saum
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric J Duell
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncoly (ICO-IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angeline S Andrew
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ann Olsson
- Environment and Radiation Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kurt Straif
- IARC Monographs Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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Tam G, Yang H, Meyers T. Mixed methods study on elimination of tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 2018; 24:400-7. [PMID: 30065123 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj177141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) commonly affects developing countries. Several developed regions in Asian still have a stagnant intermediate TB burden. Information to adequately inform TB strategies is lacking. We conducted a mixed methods study to fill this information gap in Hong Kong. METHODS Data from the Hong Kong government were used to analyse trends of TB notification rates compared with World Health Organization (WHO) targets. A review of policy documents and literature was conducted to evaluate TB control and elimination in Hong Kong. RESULTS Extrapolated trends showed that Hong Kong will be unable to meet the WHO target of a 90% drop in incidence rate by 2030. The policy review showed that the Hong Kong government has not set a clear strategy and timeline for specific goals in TB control and elimination. The literature review found that older adults are largely responsible for the stagnant TB prevalence because of reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI), while mortality of hospitalised patients with TB is still high because of delayed diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSION Tuberculosis incidence is currently under control in Hong Kong, but further actions are needed if the elimination targets are to be achieved. Improved diagnostic tools are required, and policies targeting LTBI in older adults should be implemented to achieve the WHO target by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tam
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - H Yang
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - T Meyers
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Meyers T, De Wilde S, Berchem G. Case Report: Primary Spinal Lymphoma. Bull Soc Sci Med Grand Duche Luxemb 2016; 1:91-95. [PMID: 29468864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This is the report on the case of a 74 year old male patient who was admitted to hospital emergency because of a distended bladder, which was detected on an MRI. This MRI was performed because of an acute paralysis of the patient’s left leg. After various examinations we could conclude that the patient’s neurological symptoms were not due to metastases of a solid tumour as we expected, but to a primary spinal diffuse B-cell lymphoma. The central nervous system, and especially the spinal cord, are an extremely rare location for primary B-Cell lymphoma.
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Fairlie L, Muchiri E, Beylis CN, Meyers T, Moultrie H. Microbiological investigation for tuberculosis among HIV-infected children in Soweto, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 18:676-81. [PMID: 24903938 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.13.0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING A paediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic in an academic hospital in Soweto, South Africa. OBJECTIVES 1) To describe and compare the clinical, immunological and virological characteristics of HIV-infected children co-treated for tuberculosis (TB), and 2) to compare those investigated microbiologically with those who were not, with a description of the results of the microbiological TB investigation. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of TB-HIV-infected children aged <15 years treated for TB between 1 October 2007 and 15 March 2009. RESULTS Anti-tuberculosis treatment was initiated in 616/3358 (18%) children during the study period. Microbiological TB investigation results were available for 399/616 (65%), among whom culture-confirmed TB was diagnosed in 49 (12%). Drug susceptibility testing was performed in 29/49 (59%) children: 5/29 (17%) were isoniazid-resistant, and 3 had multidrug-resistant TB. Children aged >8 years and those between 3 and 8 years were more likely to have culture-confirmed TB than those aged <3 years (aOR 9.4, 95%CI 2.26-39.08 vs. aOR 6.7, 95%CI 1.60-27.69), as were those with CD4 count <200 cells/mm(3) compared to those with >500 cells/mm(3) (aOR 3.95, 95%CI 1.23-12.72). CONCLUSION Our study in HIV-infected children showed a high TB case rate, a low rate of definite TB and a high rate of drug-resistant TB based on World Health Organization case definitions. Increased uptake of available TB tests and availability of new diagnostic tests remains a priority in high TB-HIV burden settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fairlie
- Wits Reproductive Health & HIV Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - E Muchiri
- Wits Reproductive Health & HIV Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C N Beylis
- National Health Laboratory Service, Mycobacteriology Referral Laboratory & Department of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T Meyers
- Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, Department of Paediatrics, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - H Moultrie
- Wits Reproductive Health & HIV Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Cape Town, South Africa
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Martinson NA, Moultrie H, van Niekerk R, Barry G, Coovadia A, Cotton M, Violari A, Gray GE, Chaisson RE, McIntyre JA, Meyers T. HAART and risk of tuberculosis in HIV-infected South African children: a multi-site retrospective cohort. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2009; 13:862-867. [PMID: 19555536 PMCID: PMC6374123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Four human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinics located at South African tertiary hospitals. OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in reducing incident tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-infected children. DESIGN Retrospective cohort. RESULTS A total of 1132 children's records were included in the study. At entry to the cohort, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age, CD4%, CD4 count and viral load of all children was respectively 6.3 years (4.1-8.8), 15% (9.0-22.2), 576 cells/mm(3) (287-960) and 160 000 copies/ml (54 941.5-449 683); 75.9% were started on HAART. The male:female ratio was 1:1, and median follow-up time was 1.7 years. In children whose follow-up included both pre-HAART and on-HAART periods, the incidence of clinically diagnosed TB was respectively 21.1 per 100 person-years (py; 95%CI 18.2-24.4) and 6.4/100 py (95%CI 4.8-8.1), and when restricted to confirmed cases, respectively 3.1/100 py (95%CI 2.2-4.2) and 0.8/100 py (95%CI 0.5-1.4). Only 23% of all cases of TB were microbiologically confirmed. Multivariate analyses showed that HAART reduced incident TB by approximately 70%, both for confirmed and all TB cases. CONCLUSIONS In this high TB burden country, the incidence of diagnosis of TB in HIV-infected children is at least as high as that of adults. HAART reduces incident TB, but further prospective TB preventive and diagnostic studies are urgently needed in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Vesper HW, Bernert JT, Ospina M, Meyers T, Ingham L, Smith A, Myers GL. Assessment of the Relation between Biomarkers for Smoking and Biomarkers for Acrylamide Exposure in Humans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:2471-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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8
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Arsan EL, Atkinson SD, Hallett SL, Meyers T, Bartholomew JL. Expanded geographical distribution of Myxobolus cerebralis: first detections from Alaska. J Fish Dis 2007; 30:483-91. [PMID: 17640251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The parasite responsible for salmonid whirling disease, Myxobolus cerebralis, was introduced to the USA in 1958. It has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations, but has never been documented from Alaska. However, while assessing the risk of introduction of M. cerebralis into the state, we detected the parasite using a species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Testing of 180 hatchery rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), by pepsin trypsin digest (PTD) and quantitative PCR (QPCR) revealed 14 positive samples. Infection was confirmed by sequencing the parasite 18S rRNA gene and by a nested PCR assay based on the same gene. Sequence comparison of M. cerebralis from several locations demonstrated the Alaska isolates were genetically distinct and therefore not false-positives arising from contamination during processing. We were unable to visually identify myxospores, indicating that either infection was light or mature spores had not formed. A reference set of fish samples spiked with known numbers of myxospores verified the QPCR and PTD results. This paper presents DNA sequence data from the Alaska M. cerebralis isolates, provides a brief history of the fish and facility of origin, and discusses implications of different testing methods on asymptomatic fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Arsan
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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9
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Lappin G, Garner RC, Meyers T, Powell J, Varley P. Novel use of accelerator mass spectrometry for the quantification of low levels of systemic therapeutic recombinant protein. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1299-302. [PMID: 16554138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although 14C-labelling has been routinely used for small molecules, this technique is not routinely applied to therapeutic proteins due to difficulties of incorporating the label into the protein to a sufficiently high specific activity. An analytical method known as accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) offers an extremely sensitive method of 14C quantification, thereby enabling (14)C-labeling methods to be applied to therapeutic protein detection. The therapeutic protein CAT-192 (metelimumab), a human anti-TGFss1 monocloncal antibody was manufactured in the presence of 14C-precursors resulting in a low specific activity product (1.4% 14C incorporation). [14C]-CAT-192 was administered to rats (1mg/kg and 222, 22 and 2.2 dpm/kg) and serum samples were collected. 14C in serum samples from the 2.2 dpm dosing was not detectable but samples from the 22 and 2220 dpm doses were measured by AMS and by ELISA for comparison. By both ELISA and AMS bioassay, the half-lives approximated 140 h (S.E.M. 15 h). The estimates of clearance were also comparable, 7.3 and 4.6 x 10(-4)ml/h/g (S.E.M. 6.6 and 5.1 x 10(-5)) for ELISA and AMS, respectively. The estimated limit of quantification (LOQ) was approximately 1 ng/ml, about 15 times lower than the ELISA LOQ of 15.6 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lappin
- Xceleron Ltd., The Biocentre, Innovation Way, York YO10 5NY, UK.
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10
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Simmank K, Meyers T, Galpin J, Cumin E, Kaplan A. Clinical features and T-cell subsets in HIV-infected children with and without lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. Ann Trop Paediatr 2001; 21:195-201. [PMID: 11579857 DOI: 10.1080/02724930120077763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) is a non-infective lung condition common in untreated older children with vertically acquired HIV infection. Little is known about the prognosis in children with LIP, and diagnosis remains a problem where lung biopsy is not feasible. Our aim was to determine which clinical features aid the diagnosis of LIP in conjunction with the typical reticulonodular radiological picture, and whether the prognosis in children with LIP is different from that in HIV-infected children of the same age without LIP. We retrospectively compared the clinical features and T-cell subsets of 49 children with LIP with those of 56 children of similar age without LIP. Diagnosis of LIP was made radiologically. All children were apyrexial at the time of X-ray and acute intercurrent infections and tuberculosis had been excluded as far as possible. Ages ranged from 24 to 112 months in the non-LIP group and from 24 to 120 months in the LIP group. Digital clubbing and reticulo-endothelial hyperplasia were significantly more common in children with LIP than in those without. Children with LIP tended to have lower CD4+ counts and CD4% and higher CD8+ counts and CD8%, which resulted in significantly lower CD4/CD8 ratios in children under 5 years with LIP. It is possible in most cases to diagnose LIP using a combination of clinical and X-ray findings, as long as every effort is made to exclude tuberculosis. Lower CD4+ counts and CD4% as well as more frequent hospital admissions suggest that LIP adversely affects prognosis in children with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Simmank
- Department of Paediatrics, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, South Africa.
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Ashfield JT, Meyers T, Lowne D, Varley PG, Arnold JR, Tan P, Yang JC, Czaplewski LG, Dudgeon T, Fisher J. Chemical modification of a variant of human MIP-1alpha; implications for dimer structure. Protein Sci 2000; 9:2047-53. [PMID: 11106181 PMCID: PMC2144463 DOI: 10.1110/ps.9.10.2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A sequence variant of human MIP-1alpha, in which Asp26 has been replaced by Al alpha, has been chemically modified by the addition of 13C-labeled methyl groups at each of the lysine residues and the N-terminus. The sites of methylation have been verified by a combination of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric experiments and tryptic digestion followed by N-terminal mapping. The effect of the modification on the structure and activity of the protein have been determined by analytical ultra-centrifugation, 13C NMR spectroscopy and receptor binding studies. The results of these experiments suggest that huMIP-alpha D26A (BB10010), when present as a dimer, adopts a globular structure, like MCP-3, rather than the elongated or cylindrical structure determined for dimers of huMIP-1beta and RANTES.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Ashfield
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
AIM To document the impact that rapid increases in HIV infection in hospitalised children at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital has had on in-hospital mortality. METHODS Hospital discharge summaries from January 1992 to the end of 1996 were reviewed. RESULTS There were 20 733 admissions in the five year period; 7985 (39%) were tested for HIV. In tested admissions above 15 months of age, 4.9% were HIV infected in 1992, increasing to 35% in 1996. Under 15 months of age, 9% of tested admissions were positive in 1992, increasing to 46% in 1996. The proportion of all hospital deaths occurring in children considered HIV infected (ELISA testing together with clinical features if 15 months or younger) increased from 6.7% in 1992 to 46. 1% in 1996 (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality for all children increased by 21% from 4.3% in 1992 to 5.2% in 1996. Mortality rates declined in uninfected children from 5.4% in 1992 to 4.5% in 1996 (chi(2) trend 3.3; p = 0.06). CONCLUSION The mortality rate of children has increased at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital as a result of HIV infection. Almost half the deaths were HIV related in 1996. HIV infection is threatening the advances that have been made on child survival in South Africa over the last few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zwi
- Division of Community Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS 2050, South Africa.
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Czaplewski LG, McKeating J, Craven CJ, Higgins LD, Appay V, Brown A, Dudgeon T, Howard LA, Meyers T, Owen J, Palan SR, Tan P, Wilson G, Woods NR, Heyworth CM, Lord BI, Brotherton D, Christison R, Craig S, Cribbes S, Edwards RM, Evans SJ, Gilbert R, Morgan P, Randle E, Schofield N, Varley PG, Fisher J, Waltho JP, Hunter MG. Identification of amino acid residues critical for aggregation of human CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES. Characterization of active disaggregated chemokine variants. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:16077-84. [PMID: 10347159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.23.16077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed) self-associate to form high-molecular mass aggregates. To explore the biological significance of chemokine aggregation, nonaggregating variants were sought. The phenotypes of 105 hMIP-1alpha variants generated by systematic mutagenesis and expression in yeast were determined. hMIP-1alpha residues Asp26 and Glu66 were critical to the self-association process. Substitution at either residue resulted in the formation of essentially homogenous tetramers at 0.5 mg/ml. Substitution of identical or analogous residues in homologous positions in both hMIP-1beta and RANTES demonstrated that they were also critical to aggregation. Our analysis suggests that a single charged residue at either position 26 or 66 is insufficient to support extensive aggregation and that two charged residues must be present. Solution of the three-dimensional NMR structure of hMIP-1alpha has enabled comparison of these residues in hMIP-1beta and RANTES. Aggregated and disaggregated forms of hMIP-1alpha, hMIP-1beta, and RANTES generally have equivalent G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated biological potencies. We have therefore generated novel reagents to evaluate the role of hMIP-1alpha, hMIP-1beta, and RANTES aggregation in vitro and in vivo. The disaggregated chemokines retained their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) inhibitory activities. Surprisingly, high concentrations of RANTES, but not disaggregated RANTES variants, enhanced infection of cells by both M- and T-tropic HIV isolates/strains. This observation has important implications for potential therapeutic uses of chemokines implying that disaggregated forms may be necessary for safe clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Czaplewski
- British Biotech Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Watlington Road, Oxford OX4 5LY, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Burnett
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Abstract
Drug-induced efflux of substrates was characterized in C6 rat glioma cells stably expressing a recombinant human dopamine (DA) or serotonin (5-HT) transporter (C6-hDAT and C6-hSERT, respectively). In the absence of Ca2+, these cells spontaneously and rapidly released preloaded [3H]DA or [3H]5-HT, respectively, but maintained constant levels of [3H]N-methy-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) for up to 90 minutes. In C6-hSERT cells, transporter substrates such as methamphetamine, amphetamine, and dopamine induced relatively rapid release of [3H]MPP+, with t1/2 values of approximately 15 minutes, while the t1/2 value for serotonin was about 30 minutes. Similar results were obtained with C6-hDAT cells. Uptake blockers that are not substrates at the transporters had considerably greater t1/2 values, as compared to substrates, suggesting different mechanisms for altering transporter function. Dose-response curves for each drug, conducted at each drug's t1/2, indicated considerable differences in potency (EC50) at stimulating [3H]MPP+ release from C6-hSERT cells [3beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane-2beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester (RTI-55) > imipramine > 1-[2-diphenylmethoxy]ethyl-4-(3-phenylpropyl)-piperazine (GBR-12935) threo-(+/-)-methylphenidate > cocaine > mazindol > 2-beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (CFT) > (+)methamphetamine > amphetamine > DA > fenfluramine > norepinephrine (NE) > 5-HT]. A different rank order of potency was observed for the effects of drugs on [3H]MPP+ release from C6-hDAT cells [imipramine > RTI-55 > cocaine > mazindol > CFT > GBR-12935 > threo-(+/-)-methylphenidate > amphetamine > (+)methamphetamine > fenfluramine > DA > NE > 5-HT]. Based on efficacies for stimulating [3H]MPP+ release from C6-hDAT cells, drugs could be grouped into three categories, with substrates causing release of approximately 75% of loaded [3H]MPP+, cocaine analogues causing approximately 50% release, and other drugs causing an average release of approximately 25% of loaded [3H]MPP+. The results, taken together with results from previous reports, suggest that the transfected cell type contributes to the characteristics of transporter-mediated release, that drugs interact with different sites on the transporters in the uptake and release process, and that the mechanism of transporter-mediated release may not be a simple reversal of substrate uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Johnson
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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16
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Abstract
The authors evaluated the novel chemotherapeutic regimen of paclitaxel (Taxol, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A.) plus doxorubicin plus filgrastim--a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)--in advanced or metastatic sarcoma. Eligible patients must have had histologically confirmed advanced previously untreated soft-tissue sarcoma. All patients must have had bidimensionally measurable metastases. Treatment consisted of doxorubicin, 50 mg/m2 by intravenous push, followed 4 hours later by paclitaxel, 150 mg/m2 by continuous infusion over 24 hours every 3 weeks, plus G-CSF, 5 microg/kg, on days 3 through 12 of each cycle. Cycles were repeated every 21 days. A one-time dose escalation for doxorubicin only (60 mg/m2) was allowed in all patients who experienced no significant toxicity after their first cycle of paclitaxel plus doxorubicin. From November 1993 through May 1996, 29 patients were entered in this study. Grade 3 anemia occurred in three patients. Grade 3--4 neutropenia occurred in 20 patients. Seven patients experienced at least one episode of neutropenic fever, including one death. Grade 3 thrombocytopenia occurred in four patients. There were six partial responses in 27 eligible patients, for a response rate of 22.2% (95% confidence interval, 7%-38%). Median time to progression was 4.5 months, and median overall survival was 10.2 months. The regimen of paclitaxel plus doxorubicin plus filgrastim as used in this study appears to have no more activity than single-agent doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sandler
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center and the Indiana University Cancer Center, Indianapolis 46202-5289, USA
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17
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Sandler A, Fox S, Meyers T, Christou A, Weber G, Gonin R, Loehrer PJ, Einhorn LH, Dreicer R. Paclitaxel plus gallium nitrate and filgrastim in patients with refractory malignancies: a phase I trial. Am J Clin Oncol 1998; 21:180-4. [PMID: 9537208 DOI: 10.1097/00000421-199804000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To determine the maximally tolerated dose of paclitaxel with and without filgrastim (G-CSF) when administered as a 24-hour intravenous infusion after a 120-hour infusion of gallium nitrate at a fixed dose of 300 mg/m2/24 hours, 40 patients were entered onto a trial lasting from September 1994 to September 1996. Eligibility included a diagnosis of an advanced malignancy not amenable to curative therapy and up to one previous chemotherapy regimen for metastatic disease. Gallium was administered at a fixed dose of 300 mg/m2/day as a continuous intravenous infusion for 120 hours. Paclitaxel starting at 90 mg/m2 was given concurrently with the last 24 hours of the gallium as a 24-hour intravenous infusion. Cycles were repeated every 21 days. Once the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of paclitaxel was reached, G-CSF (5 microg/kg/day days 7-16) was added and paclitaxel dose escalation continued. The MTD for paclitaxel without G-CSF was 110 mg/m2 and 225 mg/m2 with G-CSF, with neutropenia being the dose-limiting toxicity. A partial response was noted in a patient who had thymoma and a complete response was achieved in a patient who had colon cancer. The recommended phase II dosage is gallium nitrate at 300 mg/m2/day over 120 hours, with paclitaxel at 110 mg/m2 over 24 hours without G-CSF or 225 mg/m2 over 24 hours with G-CSF and 0.5 mg calcitriol on days 1 through 7. Further trials of this modified regimen for outpatient administration are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sandler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
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18
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Sandler A, Raghavan D, Meropol N, Meyers T, Kindler H, Fox S, Perez R, Einhorn L. A phase I trial of gemcitabine plus paclitaxel combination therapy in patients with refractory solid tumors. Eur J Cancer 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(97)86030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tsapin AI, Nealson KH, Meyers T, Cusanovich MA, Van Beuumen J, Crosby LD, Feinberg BA, Zhang C. Purification and properties of a low-redox-potential tetraheme cytochrome c3 from Shewanella putrefaciens. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:6386-8. [PMID: 8892848 PMCID: PMC178519 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.21.6386-6388.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shewanella putrefaciens is a facultatively anaerobic bacterium in the gamma group of the proteobacteria, capable of utilizing a wide variety of anaerobic electron acceptors. An examination of its cytochrome content revealed the presence of a tetraheme, low-redox-potential (E'o = -233 mV), cytochrome c-type cytochrome with a molecular mass of 12,120 Da and a pI of 5.8. The electron spin resonance data indicate a bis-histidine coordination of heme groups. Reduction of ferric citrate was accompanied by oxidation of the cytochrome. The biochemical properties suggested that this protein was in the cytochrome c3 group, which is supported by N-terminal sequence data up to the first heme binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Tsapin
- Center for Great Lakes Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
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20
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Lane B, Sullivan EV, Lim KO, Beal DM, Harvey RL, Meyers T, Faustman WO, Pfefferbaum A. White matter MR hyperintensities in adult patients with congenital rubella. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17:99-103. [PMID: 8770257 PMCID: PMC8337970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To observe and quantify white matter hyperintensities on MR images in adults with schizophrenialike symptoms who had had congenital rubella, in order to elucidate the neuropathologic sequelae of this perinatal viral infection and to explore the potential relationship of these lesions to schizophrenia. METHODS Eleven deaf adult patients with documented prenatal rubella virus infection and schizophrenialike symptoms were compared with 19 age-matched patients with early-onset schizophrenia who did not have congenital rubella and with 18 age-matched control subjects. All MR images (obtained at 1.5 T) were evaluated by a neuroradiologist who was blinded to diagnosis and were rated for white matter lesions on a five-point scale: 0 = no lesions; 1 = 1 lesion less than 1 mm in diameter; 2 = 1 to 4 lesions 1 mm or greater; 3 = 5 to 10 lesions; 4 = more than 10 lesions or a single lesion more than 1 cm in diameter. In addition, the white matter hyperintensities were volumed objectively with a manual threshold technique. RESULTS Ratings of white matter lesions were significantly higher in the rubella patients than in the control subjects: 6 of the 11 patients had ratings greater than 1 compared with 1 of the 18 control subjects and none of the 19 schizophrenic patients. Also, MR images in five rubella patients received ratings at the highest end of the scale of abnormality (3 or 4). The white matter hyperintensities were characterized as bilateral T2 signal hyperintensities in periventricular and subcortical regions, punctate or linear in shape; they were observed predominantly in parietal lobes. CONCLUSION This quantitative MR study of adult rubella patients disclosed abnormal white matter lesions that may correspond to neurovascular lesions known neuropathologically. They do not appear to be directly related to schizophrenialike symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lane
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305, USA
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21
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Simmons FB, Lusted HS, Meyers T, Shelton C. Electrically induced auditory brainstem response as a clinical tool in estimating nerve survival. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1984; 112:97-100. [PMID: 6431890 DOI: 10.1177/00034894840930s417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nerve survival estimates in totally deaf ears of cats and humans can be easily obtained by auditory brainstem responses to electrical stimulation at the round window. In humans, electrically induced auditory brainstem responses require considerably more current than concurrently observed perceptual thresholds and "maximum loudnesses," and there is much variability from patient to patient. In cats, in which we also compared efficacy of stimulation sites, preliminary data analysis suggests that the scala tympani is clearly much more efficient than the round window, and the round window better than the promontory in ears with large populations of ganglion cells. In ears with no or nearly no ganglion cells, scala tympani and round window stimulations are about equal.
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22
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Hardaway RM, Dumke R, Gee T, Meyers T, Joyner J, Graf J, Lee D, Revels J. Influence of fibrinogen levels in dogs on mortality from hemorrhagic and traumatic shock. J Trauma 1980; 20:417-9. [PMID: 7365857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
1) Fibrinogen levels appear related to the outcome of hemorrhagic shock in dogs. 2) Fibrinogen levels can vary with different animals based on location, disease, stress, nutrition, or other factors. 3) Any experiments in hemorrhagic shock (or anything else) should utilize simultaneous and paired controls of animals from the same source or they may be subject to major error.
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23
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Abstract
Intravascular hemolysis is sometimes harmful and often fatal. Other times it is harmless. Dogs were paired and subjected to hemorrhagic shock. One of the pair was given 2 ml/kg of autologous hemolyzed blood before bleeding. The other of the pair was given 2 ml/kg of heparinized autologous blood. All of the animals given heparinized blood survived, whereas, all of the animals given hemolyzed blood died. The animals given hemolyzed blood developed coagulation changes indicative of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), whereas, the dogs given nonhemolyzed blood did not. It is concluded that hemolysis in the presence of shock (slow capillary flow) causes DIC and death. Hemorrhagic shock alone or hemolysis alone was harmless.
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24
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Abstract
Experiments tend to confirm the hypothesis that a thromboplastic substance in the blood stream causes little DIC if blood flow is normal. However, if the same quantity of thromboplastic material is present in a slow capillary flow, it will produce DIC and possible death, with a marked clotting defect.
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