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Shukla K, Phalke V, Gupta PK, Bandawane K, Dixit A, Chandra H. Perceptions and factors associated with COVID Appropriate Behavior ( CAB) obedience among general public in India: A mixed methods research. J Educ Health Promot 2023; 12:355. [PMID: 38144002 PMCID: PMC10743842 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1838_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to analyze the public perception toward COVID Appropriate Behavior (CAB) obedience and to identify the factors associated with declining CAB. MATERIALS AND METHODS It is a mixed methods study conducted from November 2021 to September 2022 in Pune city, India. A set of 15-CAB guidelines published by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (GoI), were used as a base document to design the instruments of qualitative and quantitative study. Using a one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, CAB scores were tested for normality and distribution. Comparisons of various parameters were done using z test for proportion and paired t-test (statistical significance level was 0.05). Thematic content analysis was conducted for qualitative data analysis and verbatims are reported where applicable. RESULTS The main motivation for people to get vaccinated was family and personal safety and a higher proportion of people felt safer post-vaccination which was linked to a reduced likelihood of CAB obedience. Qualitative results showed that people's lack of empathy and concern for others leads to undesirable personal behaviors such as spitting in public places, not wearing masks, etc., The need for socialization is high but discomfort with the use of masks/face shields and habituation with the disease were prominent causes of CAB disobedience. CONCLUSION We conclude that reduced fear and gradual habituation have led to reduced CAB obedience. There is a need to reinforce empathy and concern for others to improve adherence to CAB like maintaining social distancing and wearing masks in public places for personal and social safety from the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Shukla
- Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Vivek Phalke
- School of Business, Dr Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Puneet Kumar Gupta
- ICFAI Business School (IBS), The ICFAI University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ketki Bandawane
- Global Business School and Research Centre, Dr. D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Aparna Dixit
- School of Business, Dr Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hem Chandra
- Vice Chancellor, HN Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Dhankher R, Mukhopadhyay A, Bhowmick S, Thimmappa L, Singh R, Joshi P, Rani J. Perception regarding COVID-19 vaccine and COVID appropriate behavior among adolescents at a tertiary hospital, West Bengal: A longitudinal survey. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 2023; 21:101277. [PMID: 37016630 PMCID: PMC10052873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination against COVID 19 and observing COVID appropriate behavior are effective measures to control, manage and prevent COVID-19 infection. With India starting its adolescent vaccination program, this study aimed to explore the adolescents' perception of vaccination, their COVID-appropriate behavior, compliance with two doses of COVID-19 vaccines and the experienced side effects following vaccination. Methods A longitudinal survey was conducted among 440 adolescents visiting the COVID Vaccination Center (CVC) of a tertiary hospital in West Bengal. In the survey, adolescents were asked about family socio-demographic characteristics, their opinions on COVID-19 vaccines, and COVID-19 Appropriate Behavior (CAB) practices. Voluntary participants were given a questionnaire to fill and a telephonic interview was taken regarding side effects experienced following the vaccination and their compliance to both doses of vaccine. Results The majority of adolescents (99.3%) had taken vaccines by their own wish. The reason for willingness to take the vaccine was the fear of being infected with COVID-19 infection (50.5%). Maximum adolescents got information regarding the COVID vaccination program through the internet (41.8%) followed by family members (30.5%). The majority of adolescents (70.9%) had a good perception of COVID-19 vaccination. A significant number of adolescents (44.8%) strongly disagreed with the statement that they don't need to follow COVID appropriate behavior after vaccination. Conclusion The majority of adolescents had a good perception regarding COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Dhankher
- Nursing Officer, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Mukhopadhyay
- Nursing Officer, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Saswati Bhowmick
- Nursing Officer, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Latha Thimmappa
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritesh Singh
- Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Poonam Joshi
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Jamuna Rani
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
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Dietrich JJ, Munoz J, Tshabalala G, Makhale LM, Hornschuh S, Rentas F, Mulaudzi M, Laher F, Andrasik MP. A qualitative study of stakeholder and researcher perspectives of community engagement practices for HIV vaccine clinical trials in South Africa. J Community Psychol 2023; 51:998-1015. [PMID: 36342974 PMCID: PMC10613584 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Community engagement increases community trust of research and improves trial participation. However, there is limited documented appraisal of community engagement practices. Several HIV vaccine efficacy trials have been conducted in South Africa, the country most affected by HIV, predominantly in collaboration with the HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN). We explored stakeholder and researcher perspectives of the HVTN community engagement practices used in the Gauteng province of South Africa. In 2017, we conducted a qualitative study. Using semi-structured interview guides, we facilitated two group discussions with Community Advisory Board (CAB) members (n = 13), and 14 in-depth interviews with HVTN-affiliated employees (n = 8 in South Africa and n = 6 in the USA). Group discussions and in-depth interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and coded using NVIVO 12 Plus software for thematic data analysis. Overall, median age of study participants was 22 (interquartile range 32-54) years, and 74% (n = 20) were female. Three main themes about community engagement emerged: (i) community engagement as an ongoing iterative relationship between researchers and community; (ii) methods of community engagement, encompassing community education by linking with external stakeholders and through awareness campaigns by pamphlet distribution and mass events, working with communities to develop recruitment messages, and working with CAB as a link to communities; and (iii) strategies to improve community engagement, for example, using simple language, linking with religious leaders and traditional healers, and communicating via conventional (newspapers, television, and radio) and social (videos and listicles) media. Our data indicate ways for researchers to improve relationships with community by understanding local needs, strengthening collaborations, and tailoring communication strategies. In this regard, CABs signify critical linkages between researchers and communities. CABs can relay relevant health research needs, advise on the creation of suitable materials, and link researchers more effectively with community leaders and media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janan J. Dietrich
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
- Health Systems Research UnitSouth African Medical Research CouncilCape TownSouth Africa
- African Social Sciences Unit of Research and Evaluation (ASSURE), Division of the Wits Health ConsortiumUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Jessica Munoz
- Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
- Department of Emergency MedicineLoma Linda University Medical CenterLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gugulethu Tshabalala
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Lerato M. Makhale
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (Wits RHI), Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Stefanie Hornschuh
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Francisco Rentas
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Mamakiri Mulaudzi
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Michele P. Andrasik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Taoda Y, Sato A, Toba S, Unoh Y, Kawai M, Sasaki M, Orba Y, Sawa H. Structure-activity relationship studies of anti-bunyaviral cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 83:129175. [PMID: 36758821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Bunyaviruses, including the Lassa virus (LASV), are known to cause hemorrhagic fever and have a high fatality rate among hospitalized patients, as there are few effective treatments. We focused on the fact that bunyaviruses use cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) for viral replication, which is similar to influenza viruses. This led us to screen carbamoyl pyridone bicycle (CAB) compounds, which compose a series of baloxavir acid (BXA) derivatives, against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Junin virus (JUNV) among the bunyaviruses. This led to the discovery of 1c, which has potent anti-bunyaviral activities. In SAR studies, we found that a large lipophilic side chain is preferred for the 1-position of the CAB scaffold, similar to the influenza CEN inhibitor, and that a small alkyl group for the 3-position shows high activity. Moreover, the 7‑carboxyl group of the scaffold is essential for anti-bunyaviral activities, and the antiviral activity is reduced by conversion to various carboxylic acid bioisosteres. The SAR results are discussed using a binding model of 9d in the active center of the known LCMV CEN crystal structure. These compounds show promise as broad-spectrum anti-bunyavirus therapeutics, given their relatively favorable metabolic stability and PK profiles.
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Cascarano GL, Giacovazzo C. Towards the automatic crystal structure solution of nucleic acids: automated model building using the new CAB program. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1602-1613. [PMID: 34866615 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321010937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
CAB, a recently described automated model-building (AMB) program, has been modified to work effectively with nucleic acids. To this end, several new algorithms have been introduced and the libraries have been updated. To reduce the input average phase error, ligand heavy atoms are now located before starting the CAB interpretation of the electron-density maps. Furthermore, alternative approaches are used depending on whether the ligands belong to the target or to the model chain used in the molecular-replacement step. Robust criteria are then applied to decide whether the AMB model is acceptable or whether it must be modified to fit prior information on the target structure. In the latter case, the model chains are rearranged to fit prior information on the target chains. Here, the performance of the new AMB program CAB applied to various nucleic acid structures is discussed. Other well documented programs such as Nautilus, ARP/wARP and phenix.autobuild were also applied and the experimental results are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmelo Giacovazzo
- Istituto di Cristallografia, CNR, Via G. Amendola 122/o, I-70126 Bari, Italy
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Abstract
As people progressively resort to twitter to express their opinions or to disambiguate their sentiment, it's feasible to analyze the mass opinion to conclude the polarity of the subject at hand using sentiment analysis. Sentiment Analysis (SA) has revolutionized the way information is perceived today. Inspired by this, the work in this paper investigates the much-debated act- the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) by analyzing opinionated geo-tagged tweets, manually annotated and cross verified by six annotators. This is the first paper to the best of our knowledge to analyse CAA using SA and to provide a clear statistics of the mass opinion across the states of the nation. In this paper, machine learning approach is used for sentiment analysis of tweets. Support vector machine classifier is used to classify the tweets into three classes viz. positive, negative and neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Vashisht
- Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Yash Naveen Sinha
- Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Landovitz RJ, Zangeneh SZ, Chau G, Grinsztejn B, Eron JJ, Dawood H, Magnus M, Liu AY, Panchia R, Hosseinipour MC, Kofron R, Margolis DA, Rinehart A, Adeyeye A, Burns D, McCauley M, Cohen MS, Currier JS. Cabotegravir Is Not Associated With Weight Gain in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-uninfected Individuals in HPTN 077. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:319-322. [PMID: 31125395 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals suggest excess weight gain with integrase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy. The HIV Prevention Trials Network Study 077 evaluated changes in weight and fasting metabolic parameters in HIV-uninfected individuals randomized to cabotegravir or a placebo. No differences between arms were found for change in weight or fasting metabolic parameters overall or for subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael J Landovitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Research and Education & Center for HIV Prevention, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Sahar Z Zangeneh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gordon Chau
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Laboratório de HIV, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Halima Dawood
- Department of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Durban, South Africa
| | - Manya Magnus
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Albert Y Liu
- Bridge HIV, Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Public Health, California
| | - Ravindre Panchia
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Mina C Hosseinipour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Ryan Kofron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Research and Education & Center for HIV Prevention, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Alex Rinehart
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adeola Adeyeye
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - David Burns
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Myron S Cohen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Judith S Currier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Research and Education & Center for HIV Prevention, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
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Mlambo CK, Vernooij E, Geut R, Vrolings E, Shongwe B, Jiwan S, Fleming Y, Khumalo G. Experiences from a community advisory Board in the Implementation of early access to ART for all in Eswatini: a qualitative study. BMC Med Ethics 2019; 20:50. [PMID: 31311526 PMCID: PMC6636129 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-019-0384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Engaging communities in community-based health research is increasingly being adopted in low- and middle-income countries. The use of community advisory boards (CABs) is one method of practicing community involvement in health research. To date, few studies provide in-depth accounts of the strategies that CAB members use to practice community engagement. We assessed the perspectives, experiences and practices of the first local CAB in Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland), which was implemented as part of the MaxART Early Access to ART for All study. Methods Trained Swazi research assistants conducted two focus group discussions and 13 semi-structured interviews with CAB members who had been part of the MaxART study for at least 2.5 years. Interviews explored CAB composition and recruitment, the activities of CAB members, the mechanisms used to engage with communities and the challenges they faced in their role. Results The MaxART CAB played an active role in the implementation of the Early Access to Art for All study, and activities mainly focused on: (1) promoting ethical conduct, in particular privacy, consent and confidentiality; (2) communication and education, communicating about the study and educating the community on the benefits of HIV testing and early access to HIV treatment; and (3) liaising between the community and the research team. Strategies for interacting with communities were varied and included attending general community meetings, visiting health facilities and visiting public places such as cattle dipping tanks, buses, bars and churches. Differences in the approach to community engagement between CAB members living in the study areas and those residing outside were identified. Conclusion The experiences of the first CAB in Eswatini demonstrate that community engagement using CABs is a valuable mechanism for engaging communities in implementation studies. Considerations that could impact CAB functioning include clearly defining the scope of the CAB, addressing issues of CAB independence, the CAB budget, providing emotional support for CAB members, and providing continuous training and capacity building. These issues should be addressed during the early stages of CAB formation in order to optimize functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Vernooij
- Department of Anthropology, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roos Geut
- Department of Anthropology, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Buyisile Shongwe
- Swaziland National Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS, Mbabane, Swaziland
| | - Saima Jiwan
- Global Network of People Living with HIV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gavin Khumalo
- Swaziland National Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS, Mbabane, Swaziland
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Burla MC, Carrozzini B, Cascarano GL, Polidori G, Giacovazzo C. CAB: a cyclic automatic model-building procedure. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2018; 74:1096-1104. [PMID: 30387768 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318013438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The program Buccaneer, a well known fast and efficient automatic model-building program, is also a tool for phase refinement: indeed, input phases are used to calculate electron-density maps that are interpreted in terms of a molecular model, from which new phase estimates may be obtained. This specific property is shared by all other automatic model-building programs and allows their cyclic use, as is usually performed in other phase-refinement methods (for example electron-density modification techniques). Buccaneer has been included in a cyclic procedure, called CAB, aimed at increasing the rate of success of Buccaneer and the quality of the molecular models provided. CAB has been tested on 81 protein structures that were solved via molecular-replacement, anomalous dispersion and ab initio methods. The corresponding phases were submitted to a phase-refinement process that synergically combines current phase-refinement techniques and out-of-mainstream refinement methods [Burla et al. (2017), Acta Cryst. D73, 877-888]. The phases thus obtained were used as input for CAB. The experimental results were compared with those obtained by the sole use of Buccaneer: it is shown that CAB improves the Buccaneer results, both in completeness and in accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Burla
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Via Pascoli, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Carrozzini
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Cascarano
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giampiero Polidori
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmelo Giacovazzo
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, I-70126 Bari, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Community involvement in research has been advocated by researchers, communities, regulatory agencies, and funders with the aim of reinforcing subjects' protection and improving research efficiency. Community involvement also has the potential to improve dissemination, uptake, and implementation of research findings. The fields of community based participatory research conducted with indigenous populations and of participatory action research offer a large base of experience in community involvement in research. Rules on involving the population affected when conducting research have been established in these fields. But what is the role of community engagement in clinical research and observational studies conducted in biomedical research outside of these specific areas? More than 20 years ago, in the field of HIV medicine, regulatory bodies and funding agencies (such as the US National Institutes of Health) recommended the constitution of a formal organism, the Community Advisory Board (CAB), as part of the study requirements for HIV trials. More recently, CABs have been adopted and used in other fields of medical research, such as malaria. CABs are not without limitations, however, and there is little research on the effectiveness of their use in achieving community protection and participation. Nevertheless, CABs could be a model to import into clinical trials and observational research where no alternative model of community representation is currently being used. CONCLUSIONS Allocating more resources to training and shifting more power to community representatives could be part of the solution to current CAB limitations. However, for researchers to be able to apply these recommendations on community involvement, certain conditions need to be met. In particular, funding agencies need to recognize the human and financial resources required for serious community involvement, and the academic environment needs to take community involvement into account when appraising, mentoring, and training researchers.
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Whitacre S, Basta N, Stevens B, Hanley V, Anderson R, Scheckel K. Modification of an existing in vitro method to predict relative bioavailable arsenic in soils. Chemosphere 2017; 180:545-552. [PMID: 28432891 PMCID: PMC6121222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The soil matrix can sequester arsenic (As) and reduces its exposure by soil ingestion. In vivo dosing studies and in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) methods have been used to predict relative bioavailable (RBA) As. Originally, the Ohio State University (OSU-IVG) method predicted RBA As for soils exclusively from mining and smelting sites with a median of 5,636 mg As kg-1. The objectives of the current study were to (i) evaluate the ability of the OSU-IVG method to predict RBA As for As contaminated soils with a wider range of As content and As contaminant sources, and (ii) evaluate a modified extraction procedure's ability to improve prediction of RBA As. In vitro bioaccessible (IVBA) by OSU-IVG and California Bioaccessibility Method (CAB) methods, RBA As, speciation, and properties of 33 As contaminated soils were determined. Total As ranged from 162 to 12,483 mg kg-1 with a median of 73 mg kg-1. RBA As ranged from 1.30 to 60.0% and OSU-IVG IVBA As ranged from 0.80 to 52.3%. Arsenic speciation was predominantly As(V) adsorbed to hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) or iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and aluminum (Al) oxides. The OSU-IVG often extracted significantly less As in vitro than in vivo RBA As, in particularly for soils from historical gold mining. The CAB method, which is a modified OSU-IVG method extracted more As than OSU-IVG for most soils, resulting in a more accurate predictor than OSU-IVG, especially for low to moderately contaminated soils (<1,500 mg As kg-1) with RBA As = 0.81 IVBA As + 3.2, r2 = 0.91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Whitacre
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nicholas Basta
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Brooke Stevens
- Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, United States
| | - Valerie Hanley
- Department of Toxic Substances Control, California EPA, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Richard Anderson
- U.S. Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment, Lackland AFB, TX, United States
| | - Kirk Scheckel
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Abstract
The clinical efficacy of combined therapy (CAB) has been clearly recognized by the results of the STRIVE trial. Although enzalutamide has shown a stronger effect on CRPC, bicultamide, a classical anti-androgen, has shown a significant effect. In addition, it can be deduced that CAB is a strong tool for hormone naïve advanced prostate cancer. Cost-effective evaluation for CAB with bicultamide or enzalutamide is warranted, especially for the resource-limited cohort.
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Zhang X, Huang Z, Xie Y, Chen X, Zhang J, Qiu Z, Ma N, Xu G, Liu X. Lower levels of plasma adiponectin and endothelial progenitor cells are associated with large artery atherosclerotic stroke. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:121-6. [PMID: 25469454 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.994624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both adiponectin and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been proposed recently with anti-atherosclerosis effects. However, their impacts on vascular outcomes in patients with large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between adiponectin, EPCs and stroke with a case-control design. METHODS The study cohort included 127 patients (61.3 ± 11.0 years; 73.2% men) with LAA stroke and 58 control subjects (60.9 ± 9.2 years; 70.7% men) referred for adiponectin and EPCs levels testing. We collected demographic, clinical, angiographical features, and laboratory data. Influence of adiponectin and EPCs levels on cerebral atherosclerosis and LAA stroke was analyzed with regression models. RESULTS The levels of adiponectin and EPCs in atherosclerotic stroke patients were significantly lower compared with matched controls (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified that reduced levels of adiponectin and EPCs were closely correlated with cerebral atherosclerosis and LAA stroke. The associations remained significant after adjustment for age, sex and other confounders. Additionally, partial correlation analysis revealed a significant positive association between adiponectin and three subpopulations of EPCs levels (CD34(+)CD133(+)CD309(+)cells: r = 0.510, p = 0.001; CD34(+) CD133(-)CD309(+)cells: r = 0.262, p = 0.004; CD34(-)CD133(+)CD309(+)cells: r = 0.348, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin is positively correlated with EPCs levels, and both of them are independently associated with LAA stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohao Zhang
- a Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixin Huang
- c Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Sixth People's Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Xie
- a Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangliang Chen
- a Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- a Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongming Qiu
- b Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Ma
- a Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Gelin Xu
- a Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,b Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- a Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,b Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Trehan K, Kemp CD, Yang SC. Simulation in cardiothoracic surgical training: where do we stand? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 147:18-24.e2. [PMID: 24331908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Simulation may reduce the risks associated with the complex operations of cardiothoracic surgery and help create a more efficient, thorough, and uniform curriculum for cardiothoracic surgery fellowship. Here, we review the current status of simulation in cardiothoracic surgical training and provide an overview of all simulation models applicable to cardiothoracic surgery that have been published to date. METHODS We completed a comprehensive search of all publications pertaining to simulation of cardiothoracic surgical procedures by using PubMed. RESULTS Numerous cardiothoracic surgical simulators at various stages of development, assessment, and commercial manufacturing have been published to date. There is currently a predominance of models simulating coronary artery bypass grafting and bronchoscopy and a relative paucity of simulators of open pulmonary and esophageal procedures. Despite the wide range of simulators available, few models have been formally assessed for validity and educational value. CONCLUSIONS Surgical simulation is becoming an increasingly important educational tool in training cardiothoracic surgeons. Our next steps forward will be to develop an objective, standardized way to assess surgical simulation training compared with the current apprenticeship model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Trehan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md
| | - Clinton D Kemp
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md
| | - Stephen C Yang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md.
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15
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Bielinski SJ, Olson JE, Pathak J, Weinshilboum RM, Wang L, Lyke KJ, Ryu E, Targonski PV, Van Norstrand MD, Hathcock MA, Takahashi PY, McCormick JB, Johnson KJ, Maschke KJ, Rohrer Vitek CR, Ellingson MS, Wieben ED, Farrugia G, Morrisette JA, Kruckeberg KJ, Bruflat JK, Peterson LM, Blommel JH, Skierka JM, Ferber MJ, Black JL, Baudhuin LM, Klee EW, Ross JL, Veldhuizen TL, Schultz CG, Caraballo PJ, Freimuth RR, Chute CG, Kullo IJ. Preemptive genotyping for personalized medicine: design of the right drug, right dose, right time-using genomic data to individualize treatment protocol. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89:25-33. [PMID: 24388019 PMCID: PMC3932754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the design and implementation of the Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Time-Using Genomic Data to Individualize Treatment protocol that was developed to test the concept that prescribers can deliver genome-guided therapy at the point of care by using preemptive pharmacogenomics (PGx) data and clinical decision support (CDS) integrated into the electronic medical record (EMR). PATIENTS AND METHODS We used a multivariate prediction model to identify patients with a high risk of initiating statin therapy within 3 years. The model was used to target a study cohort most likely to benefit from preemptive PGx testing among the Mayo Clinic Biobank participants, with a recruitment goal of 1000 patients. We used a Cox proportional hazards model with variables selected through the Lasso shrinkage method. An operational CDS model was adapted to implement PGx rules within the EMR. RESULTS The prediction model included age, sex, race, and 6 chronic diseases categorized by the Clinical Classifications Software for International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes (dyslipidemia, diabetes, peripheral atherosclerosis, disease of the blood-forming organs, coronary atherosclerosis and other heart diseases, and hypertension). Of the 2000 Biobank participants invited, 1013 (51%) provided blood samples, 256 (13%) declined participation, 555 (28%) did not respond, and 176 (9%) consented but did not provide a blood sample within the recruitment window (October 4, 2012, through March 20, 2013). Preemptive PGx testing included CYP2D6 genotyping and targeted sequencing of 84 PGx genes. Synchronous real-time CDS was integrated into the EMR and flagged potential patient-specific drug-gene interactions and provided therapeutic guidance. CONCLUSION This translational project provides an opportunity to begin to evaluate the impact of preemptive sequencing and EMR-driven genome-guided therapy. These interventions will improve understanding and implementation of genomic data in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet E Olson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Richard M Weinshilboum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kelly J Lyke
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Euijung Ryu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Paul V Targonski
- Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Paul Y Takahashi
- Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jennifer B McCormick
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kiley J Johnson
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - Eric D Wieben
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Keri J Kruckeberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jamie K Bruflat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lisa M Peterson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Joseph H Blommel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jennifer M Skierka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Matthew J Ferber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - John L Black
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Linnea M Baudhuin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Eric W Klee
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jason L Ross
- Department of Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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16
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Kponee KZ, Siegel M, Jernigan DH. The use of caffeinated alcoholic beverages among underage drinkers: results of a national survey. Addict Behav 2014; 39:253-8. [PMID: 24161375 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mixing of alcoholic beverages with caffeine has been identified as a public health problem among college students; however, little is known about the consumption of such drinks among younger adolescents. We estimated the prevalence of caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) use among a wide age range of underage drinkers, examined differences in traditional (i.e. self-mixed alcoholic beverages with soda, coffee and tea) and non-traditional CAB use (pre-mixed caffeinated alcoholic beverages or self-mixed alcoholic beverages with energy drinks or energy shots) among underage drinkers by age and other demographic characteristics, and examined differences in hazardous drinking behavior between CAB and non-CAB users. METHODS We used an existing Internet panel maintained by Knowledge Networks, Inc. to assess the use of pre-mixed and self-mixed CABs in the past 30 days among a national sample of 1031 youth drinkers age 13-20. We conducted logistic regression analyses to estimate the relationship between traditional and non-traditional CAB use and risky drinking behavior as well as adverse outcomes of drinking, while controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and general risk-taking (seat belt use). RESULTS The overall prevalence of CAB use in the sample of underage drinkers was 52.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.4%-57.4%). CAB prevalence was 48.4% among 13-15 year-old drinkers, 45.3% among 16-18 year-old drinkers, and 58.4% among 19-20 year-old drinkers. After controlling for other variables, we found a continuum of risk with non-traditional CAB use most significantly associated with binge drinking (odds ratio [OR]=6.3), fighting (OR=4.4), and alcohol-related injuries (OR=5.6). CONCLUSIONS The problem of caffeinated alcoholic beverage use is not restricted to college-aged youth. The prevalence of CAB use among underage drinkers is higher than previously thought and begins in early adolescence. Adolescents who consume CABs, and particularly non-traditional CABs, are at increased risk of adverse outcomes.
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17
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Kumar H, Kumar S. A functional (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase exhibits diurnal regulation of expression in Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). Gene X 2013; 527:332-8. [PMID: 23800667 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaves of stevia [Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)] are a rich source of steviol glycosides that are used as non-calorific sweetener in many countries around the world. Steviol moiety of steviol glycosides is synthesized via plastidial 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway, where (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (HDR) is the key enzyme. HDR catalyzes the simultaneous conversion of (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate into five carbon isoprenoid units, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Stevia HDR (SrHDR) successfully rescued HDR lethal mutant strain MG1655 ara<>ispH upon genetic complementation, suggesting SrHDR to encode a functional protein. The gene exhibited diurnal variation in expression. To identify the possible regulatory elements, upstream region of the gene was cloned and putative cis-acting elements were detected by in silico analysis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, using a putative light responsive element GATA showed the binding of nuclear proteins (NP) isolated from leaves during light period of the day, but not with the NP from leaves during the dark period. Data suggested the involvement of GATA box in light mediated gene regulation of SrHDR in stevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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18
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Olson JE, Ryu E, Johnson KJ, Koenig BA, Maschke KJ, Morrisette JA, Liebow M, Takahashi PY, Fredericksen ZS, Sharma RG, Anderson KS, Hathcock MA, Carnahan JA, Pathak J, Lindor NM, Beebe TJ, Thibodeau SN, Cerhan JR. The Mayo Clinic Biobank: a building block for individualized medicine. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88:952-62. [PMID: 24001487 PMCID: PMC4258707 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the design and implementation of the first 3 years of enrollment of the Mayo Clinic Biobank. PATIENTS AND METHODS Preparations for this biobank began with a 4-day Deliberative Community Engagement with local residents to obtain community input into the design and governance of the biobank. Recruitment, which began in April 2009, is ongoing, with a target goal of 50,000. Any Mayo Clinic patient who is 18 years or older, able to consent, and a US resident is eligible to participate. Each participant completes a health history questionnaire, provides a blood sample, and allows access to existing tissue specimens and all data from their Mayo Clinic electronic medical record. A community advisory board provides ongoing advice and guidance on complex decisions. RESULTS After 3 years of recruitment, 21,736 individuals have enrolled. Fifty-eight percent (12,498) of participants are female and 95% (20,541) of European ancestry. Median participant age is 62 years. Seventy-four percent (16,171) live in Minnesota, with 42% (9157) from Olmsted County, where the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, is located. The 5 most commonly self-reported conditions are hyperlipidemia (8979, 41%), hypertension (8174, 38%), osteoarthritis (6448, 30%), any cancer (6224, 29%), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (5669, 26%). Among patients with self-reported cancer, the 5 most common types are nonmelanoma skin cancer (2950, 14%), prostate cancer (1107, 12% in men), breast cancer (941, 4%), melanoma (692, 3%), and cervical cancer (240, 2% in women). Fifty-six percent (12,115) of participants have at least 15 years of electronic medical record history. To date, more than 60 projects and more than 69,000 samples have been approved for use. CONCLUSION The Mayo Clinic Biobank has quickly been established as a valuable resource for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Olson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Abstract
In the United States, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer in males and the second leading cause of cancer-related death for men. The prostate is an androgen-dependent organ and PCa is an androgen-dependent disease. Androgen action is mediated by the androgen receptor (AR), a hormone activated transcription factor. The primary treatment for metastatic PCa is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). For the most part, tumors respond to ADT, but most become resistant to therapy within two years. There is persuasive evidence that castration resistant (also termed castration recurrent) PCa (CRPC) remains AR dependent. Recent studies have shown that there are numerous factors that contribute to AR reactivation despite castrate serum levels of androgens. These include changes in AR expression and structure through gene amplification, mutation, and alternative splicing. Changes in steroid metabolism, cell signaling, and coregulator proteins are also important contributors to AR reactivation in CRPC. Most AR targeted therapies have been directed at the hormone binding domain. The finding that constitutively active AR splice variants that lack the hormone binding domain are frequently expressed in CRPC highlights the need to develop therapies that target other portions of AR. In this review, the role of AR in normal prostate, in PCa, and particularly the mechanisms for its reactivation subsequent to ADT are summarized. In addition, recent clinical trials and novel approaches to target AR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha A Shafi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, M515, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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