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Yoon S, Ploss A, Hutzel M, Webb R, Hatfield A, Lee JY, Munshi A, Radney A, McClellan J. Parenting attitudes and behaviors among parents involved with the child welfare system and affected by substance use disorders. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106657. [PMID: 38262180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-occurring parental substance use and child maltreatment is a serious concern in the U.S child welfare system. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine parenting attitudes and practices among parents who participated in Ohio START (Sobriety, Treatment, And Reducing Trauma), a statewide initiative that provides support to families affected by co-occurring parental substance use and child maltreatment. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Study 1 involved quantitative data collected from 73 enrolled parents through pre-test and post-test telephone surveys. Study 2 (parent interviews) involved qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews with 34 enrolled parents. METHODS The paired-sample t-test and the McNemar test were conducted in Study 1 and thematic analysis was conducted in Study 2. RESULTS Quantitative analysis indicated significant improvements in parental expectations of children (t = -3.42, p = .001, Cohen's d = -0.40), parent-child family roles (t = -5.74, p < .001, Cohen's d = -0.67), and children's power and independence (t = -3.42, p = .001, Cohen's d = -0.40). Qualitative analysis revealed six themes related to changes in parenting after participation in Ohio START: (1) Being present for children, (2) Engaging in activities with children, (3) Enjoyment in providing care to children, (4) Maintaining employment for financial stability, (5) Better emotion regulation and stress management, and (6) a sense of pride. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate positive changes in parenting attitudes and practices among parents who participated in Ohio START and provide further support for the potential merits of this model and its continued expansion throughout Ohio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Social Welfare, College of Social Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Alexa Ploss
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Margaret Hutzel
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Service, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Robin Webb
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Service, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Ally Hatfield
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Service, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Joyce Y Lee
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Additti Munshi
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Angelise Radney
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jen McClellan
- Public Children Services Association of Ohio (PCSAO), Columbus, OH, USA
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Le VT, Bailey JA, Pandika DM, Epstein M, Satchell K. Long-term Effects of the Raising Healthy Children Intervention on Family Functioning in Adulthood: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. J Prev (2022) 2024; 45:17-25. [PMID: 37973659 PMCID: PMC10872592 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-023-00753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Some universal prevention programs, such as Raising Healthy Children (RHC), have shown persisting and wide-ranging benefits in adulthood, long after the intervention has ended. Recent studies suggest that benefits may continue into the next generation as well. This study examines whether the RHC intervention, delivered in childhood, may promote healthy family functioning among participants who now have families of their own. Participants were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP), a nonrandomized controlled trial of the RHC intervention prospectively following youths from 18 elementary schools in Seattle, Washington from 1985 to 2014. Participants who became parents were enrolled in an intergenerational study, along with their oldest biological child and an additional caregiver who shared responsibility for raising the child. Ten waves of data were collected between 2002 and 2018. The present analysis includes 298 SSDP parents, 258 caregivers who identified as a parent or partner of SSDP parent ("co-parent"), and 231 offspring. The SSDP parent sample was composed of 41.6% male, 21.1% Asian or Pacific Islander, 24.2% Black or African American, 6.4% Native American, and 48.3% white individuals. No significant intervention effects were found on adult romantic relationship quality; offspring bonding to co-parent; or co-parent past-month use of cannabis, cigarettes, or binge drinking. Findings highlight the continued need to understand how the benefits of theory-guided universal preventive interventions are sustained across the life course and how they may or may not shape family functioning for those who go on to have families and children of their own.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04075019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi T Le
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Bailey
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danielle M Pandika
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marina Epstein
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karryn Satchell
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Shockley McCarthy K, Price Wolf J, Dellor E. Promoting permanency in families with parental substance misuse: lessons from a process evaluation of a multi-system program. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2261. [PMID: 36463173 PMCID: PMC9719642 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Families affected by substance misuse are at increased risk for child maltreatment and child welfare system involvement. The Enhancing Permanency in Children and Families (EPIC) program uses four evidence-based and informed multi-system practices to promote safety and permanency outcomes for children involved with the child welfare system due to parental substance misuse: 1) Peer Recovery Support (PRS), 2) Family Treatment Drug Court (FTDC), 3) Medications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) and 4) Nurturing Parent Program (NPP) relational skill-building. The purpose of the current study was to identify barriers, facilitators, and lessons learned in the implementation of and client engagement with the main components of EPIC. METHODS Seventeen key EPIC personnel participated in the study. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted. Qualitative analysis involved the thematic coding of the interviews, and program facilitators and barriers were revealed. RESULTS PRS were identified as a primary strength of the EPIC program, providing experiential connection to participating families and a valuable source of information. High turnover and matching PRS to families were barriers to PRS implementation. FTDC contributed to client success as judges developed interpersonal relationships with the clients that balanced support with accountability. Client attitudes toward court presented barriers to FTDC engagement. MOUD provided stabilization and was perceived by caseworkers as an engagement facilitator and a layer of client accountability; however, the lack of availability of MOUD service providers presented a barrier for some clients. Parental relational skill-building was not valued by clients and was perceived as conflicting with sobriety-focused activities. CONCLUSIONS The EPIC program provides comprehensive, coordinated multi-system support and care to families affected by parental substance misuse. Continued efforts to improve recruitment and retention of PRS, reframing client perceptions of FTDC, and increasing access to MOUD may contribute to increased engagement in the program. Findings highlight the utility of tracking process outcomes in community-based interventions to promote participant engagement in programs set in complex systems. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04700696 . Registered January 7, 2021-retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Shockley McCarthy
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, 1947 College Rd N, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Jennifer Price Wolf
- grid.186587.50000 0001 0722 3678School of Social Work, San Jose State University, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95112 USA
| | - Elinam Dellor
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, 1947 College Rd N, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Lowthian E. The Secondary Harms of Parental Substance Use on Children's Educational Outcomes: A Review. J Child Adolesc Trauma 2022; 15:511-522. [PMID: 35958702 PMCID: PMC9360289 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parental substance use, that is alcohol and illicit drugs, can have a deleterious impact on child health and wellbeing. An area that can be affected by parental substance use is the educational outcomes of children. Current reviews of the literature in the field of parental substance use and children's educational outcomes have only identified a small number of studies, and most focus on children's educational attainment. To grasp the available literature, the method from Arksey and O'Malley (2005) was used to identify literature. Studies were included if they were empirical, after 1950, and focused on children's school or educational outcomes. From this, 51 empirical studies were identified which examined the relationship between parental alcohol and illicit drug use on children's educational outcomes. Five main themes emerged which included attainment, behavior and adjustment, attendance, school enjoyment and satisfaction, academic self-concept, along with other miscellaneous outcomes. This paper highlights the main findings of the studies, the gaps in the current literature, and the challenges presented. Recommendations are made for further research and interventions in the areas of parental substance use and child educational outcomes specifically, but also for broader areas of adversity and child wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lowthian
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1–3 Museum Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BD Wales, UK
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK
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Gandhi KD, Romanowicz M, Croarkin PE, Thapa P, Limbeck M, Desai J, Benarroch AJM, Shekunov J. Childhood psychiatric outcomes in the context of suspected neglect and abuse reports related and unrelated to parental substance use. Child Abuse Negl 2021; 122:105344. [PMID: 34600277 PMCID: PMC8612970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment is prevalent in the United States and carries long-term consequences. Parental substance use may have associations with child maltreatment. It is unclear whether co-occurring parental substance use aggravates childhood psychiatric outcomes related to suspected maltreatment. OBJECTIVE To compare psychiatric and healthcare utilization outcomes in children with suspected abuse reports, with and without documented parental substance use. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Retrospective cohort study (n = 2831) of children with suspected abuse/neglect (SANC) reports filed in the electronic health record between January 1, 2000 and January 1, 2016. Children who had SANC reports referencing parental substance use (n = 458) were compared with those who had SANC reports that did not reference substance use (n = 2346). METHODS Outcome data included ICD-10 coded medical and psychiatric diagnoses and healthcare utilization. RESULTS Compared to children who had a SANC report filed without parental substance use, children with parental substance use in a SANC showed significantly lower age-adjusted odds of anxiety disorder, mood disorder and externalizing disorder, and higher odds of a substance use disorder diagnosis. They were also less likely to present to an emergency department visit for any reason in the year prior to the report. CONCLUSIONS Children with exposure to parental substance use in a household where parental abuse or neglect was suspected had lower odds of adverse psychiatric outcomes as compared to children with suspected report of abuse or neglect unrelated to parental substance use. The present findings highlight the complex interplay of psychosocial factors associated with outcomes of childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti D Gandhi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Children's, National Takoma Theatre, 6833 4th Street NW, Washington, DC 20012, USA
| | - Magdalena Romanowicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Prabin Thapa
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mara Limbeck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; University of Minnesota, 105 Peters Hall, 1404 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jinal Desai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, 1919 Elm St N, Fargo, ND 58102-2416, USA
| | - Amanda J M Benarroch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Julia Shekunov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Bosk EA, Anthony WL, Folk JB, Williams-Butler A. All in the family: parental substance misuse, harsh parenting, and youth substance misuse among juvenile justice-involved youth. Addict Behav 2021; 119:106888. [PMID: 33798920 PMCID: PMC10032473 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research consistently connects parental and youth substance misuse, yet less is known about the mechanisms driving this association among justice-involved youth. We examine whether harsh parenting is an explanatory mechanism for the association between parental substance use and parental mental health and youth substance use disorder in a sample of justice-involved youth. METHODS Data were drawn from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a large-scale longitudinal survey of mental health and substance misuse in a representative sample of youth in juvenile detention. Harsh parenting, child maltreatment, youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder, and parental substance misuse and mental health were assessed among 1,825 detained youth (35.95% female) at baseline, three-year follow-up, and four-year follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, over 80% of youth used alcohol and/or cannabis; at the four-year follow-up, 16.35% and 19.69% of the youth were diagnosed with alcohol and cannabis use disorder, respectively. More than 20% of youth reported their parent misused substances and 6.11% reported a parent had a severe mental health need. Black youth experienced significantly fewer types of harsh parenting compared to White youth. Multivariate path analyses revealed harsh parenting mediated the association between parental substance misuse and mental health on youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder. Harsh parenting that does not rise to the level of child maltreatment mediated the association between parental substance misuse and mental health on youth alcohol use disorder; in contrast, child maltreatment did not mediate these associations. Multigroup analyses revealed the effect of harsh parenting on youth alcohol and cannabis use disorder did not vary across sex or race-ethnic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Harsh parenting represents one mechanism for the intergenerational continuity of alcohol and cannabis misuse and should be regularly assessed for and addressed in juvenile justice settings.
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Huebner RA, Willauer T, Hall MT, Smead E, Poole V, Posze L, Hibbeler PG. Comparative outcomes for Black children served by the Sobriety Treatment and Recovery Teams program for families with parental substance abuse and child maltreatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 131:108563. [PMID: 34256968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An urgent need exists for child welfare and substance use disorder (SUD) interventions that safely preserve Black families, engage parents in treatment services, and improve child and parent outcomes. The Title IV-E Prevention Services Clearinghouse rated The Sobriety Treatment and Recovery Teams (START) as a promising practice for families with parental substance use and child maltreatment. This study is the first to test the effects of START on Black families. METHODS This study compared child welfare and parent outcomes for 894 children and their 567 primary parents in three groups: Black children served by START, Black children served in treatment as usual (TAU), and White children served in START. This was a quasi-experimental study using a propensity score matched dataset of START-served children to TAU children. Comparisons included placement in state custody and repeat child abuse or neglect (CA/N) during the intervention period, and at 12 months post-intervention. Generalized linear models accounted for the effects of clustering and unbalanced covariates on outcomes. RESULTS In this study, 51.8% of children were neonates or infants at the CPS report. At 12-months post-intervention, 80.6% of Black children served by START, but only 56.0% of Black children in TAU, remained free of both placement in state custody and CA/N (p < .001, OR = 3.27, 95% CI [2.14, 4.98]); these effects held after controlling for family clusters. Black and White families in START received equal SUD treatment and community-based services. For START-served families, parental use of opioids (p = .005, OR = 3.52, 95% CI [1.46, 8.48]) and mental health issues (p = .002, OR = 1.90, 95% CI [1.27, 2.86]), rather than race, predicted child placement in state custody. Parent mental health issues or opioid use doubled or quadrupled, respectively, the odds of failing to achieve early recovery by case closure. CONCLUSIONS START is a potent intervention, co-implemented with SUD treatment providers, that kept Black children safely with their families through the intervention and 12-months post-intervention periods. Scaling up effective programs, like START, that align with the goals of the Family First Prevention Services Act might reduce racial disparities and improve child welfare and SUD treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Huebner
- Former Child Welfare Researcher for Kentucky Department for Community Based Services, Retired Professor from Eastern Kentucky University, United States of America.
| | - Tina Willauer
- National START Training and Technical Assistance Program, Children and Family Futures, Inc., Lake Forest, CA 92630, United States of America.
| | - Martin T Hall
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America.
| | - Erin Smead
- University of Kentucky, College of Social Work, Department for Community Based Services, United States of America.
| | - Velva Poole
- Department for Community Based Services, Louisville, KY, United States of America.
| | - Lynn Posze
- National START Training and Technical Assistance Program, Children and Family Futures, Inc., Lake Forest, CA 92630, United States of America.
| | - Paul G Hibbeler
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America.
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Reupert A, Maybery D, Bartholomew C, Cuff R, Foster K, Matar J, Pettenuzzo L. The Acceptability and Effectiveness of an Online Intervention for Youth With Parents With a Mental Illness and/or Substance Use Issue. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:551-558. [PMID: 32001142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.11.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a paucity of interventions for young adults who have parents with a mental health or substance use issue. The 6-week mi.spot (supportive, preventive, online, and targeted) professionally moderated, online intervention fills this gap. The purpose of this study was to present evidence of the acceptability, safety, and preliminary effectiveness of this intervention. METHODS In response to social media advertising, 31 young people aged 18-25 years participated in mi.spot. Intervention effectiveness was examined via a single-group pre, post, and 6-week follow-up study design, measuring primary changes in depression, anxiety, stress, and psychological well-being and secondary changes in coping, self-efficacy, social connectedness, attribution of responsibility, help-seeking, and mental health literacy. Acceptability and safety were determined by system use and participants' self-reports. RESULTS Over the 6 weeks of the intervention, 28 (90.3%) of 31 participants used one or more components of the mi.spot intervention. Significant improvements were reported in depression and stress from preintervention to 6-week postintervention. Trend improvements were evident in well-being, social connection, and coping. No change was reported in general help-seeking, social connectedness, mental health literacy, self-efficacy, or attribution. No safety violations were reported. Participants reported mi.spot to be safe and acceptable. CONCLUSIONS mi.spot appears to be safe and acceptable and shows promise as an effective online intervention to improve the mental health and well-being of young adults with parents with mental health and/or substance use issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Reupert
- Krongold Clinic, Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | - Rose Cuff
- The Bouverie Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Foster
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University, and Northwestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jodie Matar
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Pettenuzzo
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Vázquez AL, Domenech Rodríguez MM, Amador Buenabad NG, Bustos Gamiño MN, Gutierrez López MDL, Villatoro Velázquez JA. The influence of perceived parenting on substance initiation among Mexican children. Addict Behav 2019; 97:97-103. [PMID: 31174169 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parents shape their children's behaviors and impact their developmental trajectories. Despite this, few studies have examined the potential relationship between child reported parenting factors and lifetime substance use and use intentions. The current study examined the potential impact of parenting factors (i.e., positive parenting, supervision, parental illicit substance use, substance-specific communication) on early substance use and intentions among Latinx children. Data for the present study utilized a representative sample of Mexican children (n = 52,171; 5th and 6th grades) who participated in a national survey on substance use. Children reported their demographics, lifetime substance use/intentions, and perceived parenting characteristic and practices. Child reported parental (i.e., individual or both parents) illicit substance use was associated with the largest increases in risk for reporting lifetime use of all substances examined. Higher levels of positive parenting were consistently associated with reductions in risk for reporting intentions for and use of all substances examined. Parent-child substance specific communication was not significantly related to child reported lifetime use or use intentions, with the exception of a minor decrease in the odds of reporting lifetime inhalant use. Supervision was associated with small to modest increase in risk. Substance use prevention efforts targeting Latinx populations may benefit from promoting positive parenting and direct supervision during childhood. Targeted prevention efforts may be needed for Latinx children exposed to parental illicit substance use, as they may be especially at risk for early substance initiation.
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Gifford EJ, Eldred LM, Vernerey A, Sloan FA. How does family drug treatment court participation affect child welfare outcomes? Child Abuse Negl 2014; 38:1659-70. [PMID: 24736039 PMCID: PMC4194264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Parental substance use is a risk factor for child maltreatment. Family drug treatment courts (FDTCs) have emerged in the United States as a policy option to treat the underlying condition and promote family preservation. This study examines the effectiveness of FDTCs in North Carolina on child welfare outcomes. Data come from North Carolina records from child protection services, court system, and birth records. Three types of parental participation in a FDTC are considered: referral, enrolling, and completing an FDTC. The sample includes 566 children who were placed into foster care and whose parents participated in a FDTC program. Findings indicate that children of parents who were referred but did not enroll or who enrolled but did not complete had longer stays in foster care than children of completers. Reunification rates for children of completers were also higher. Outcomes for children in the referred and enrolled groups did not differ in the multivariate analyses. While effective substance use treatment services for parents may help preserve families, future research should examine factors for improving participation and completion rates as well as factors involved in scaling programs so that more families are served.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Joanne Gifford
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University Box 90545 214 Rubenstein Hall 302 Towerview Rd. Durham, NC 27708
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