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Lucas-Herald AK, Bryce J, Kyriakou A, Ljubicic ML, Arlt W, Audi L, Balsamo A, Baronio F, Bertelloni S, Bettendorf M, Brooke A, Claahsen van der Grinten HL, Davies JH, Hermann G, de Vries L, Hughes IA, Tadokoro-Cuccaro R, Darendeliler F, Poyrazoglu S, Ellaithi M, Evliyaoglu O, Fica S, Nedelea L, Gawlik A, Globa E, Zelinska N, Guran T, Güven A, Hannema SE, Hiort O, Holterhus PM, Iotova V, Mladenov V, Jain V, Sharma R, Jennane F, Johnston C, Guerra Junior G, Konrad D, Gaisl O, Krone N, Krone R, Lachlan K, Li D, Lichiardopol C, Lisa L, Markosyan R, Mazen I, Mohnike K, Niedziela M, Nordenstrom A, Rey R, Skaeil M, Tack LJW, Tomlinson J, Weintrob N, Cools M, Ahmed SF. Gonadectomy in conditions affecting sex development: a registry-based cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:791-801. [PMID: 33780351 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine trends in clinical practice for individuals with DSD requiring gonadectomy. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Information regarding age at gonadectomy according to diagnosis; reported sex; time of presentation to specialist centre; and location of centre from cases reported to the International DSD Registry and who were over 16 years old in January 2019. RESULTS Data regarding gonadectomy were available in 668 (88%) individuals from 44 centres. Of these, 248 (37%) (median age (range) 24 (17, 75) years) were male and 420 (63%) (median age (range) 26 (16, 86) years) were female. Gonadectomy was reported from 36 centres in 351/668 cases (53%). Females were more likely to undergo gonadectomy (n = 311, P < 0.0001). The indication for gonadectomy was reported in 268 (76%). The most common indication was mitigation of tumour risk in 172 (64%). Variations in the practice of gonadectomy were observed; of the 351 cases from 36 centres, 17 (5%) at 9 centres had undergone gonadectomy before their first presentation to the specialist centre. Median age at gonadectomy of cases from high-income countries and low-/middle-income countries (LMIC) was 13.0 years (0.1, 68) years and 16.5 years (1, 28), respectively (P < 0.0001) with the likelihood of long-term retention of gonads being higher in LMIC countries. CONCLUSIONS The likelihood of gonadectomy depends on the underlying diagnosis, sex of rearing and the geographical setting. Clinical benchmarks, which can be studied across all forms of DSD will allow a better understanding of the variation in the practice of gonadectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jillian Bryce
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andreas Kyriakou
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura Audi
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Balsamo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna Hospital of Bologna Sant Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Baronio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna Hospital of Bologna Sant Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Markus Bettendorf
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonia Brooke
- Macleod Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Justin H Davies
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gloria Hermann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Liat de Vries
- Paediatrics, Tel Aviv Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah Tikvah, Israel
| | - Ieuan A Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Feyza Darendeliler
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sukran Poyrazoglu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mona Ellaithi
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Olcay Evliyaoglu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Fica
- Endocrinologie, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Facultatea de Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lavinia Nedelea
- Endocrinologie, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Carol Davila Facultatea de Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aneta Gawlik
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Evgenia Globa
- Ukrainian Research Center of Endocrine Surgery, Endocrine Organs and Tissue Transplantation, MOH of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliya Zelinska
- Ukrainian Research Center of Endocrine Surgery, Endocrine Organs and Tissue Transplantation, MOH of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tulay Guran
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayla Güven
- Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Zeynep Kamil Women and Children Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabine E Hannema
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paul-Martin Holterhus
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel/Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Violeta Iotova
- UMHAT 'Sveta Marina', Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Vilhelm Mladenov
- UMHAT 'Sveta Marina', Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Vandana Jain
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajni Sharma
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Farida Jennane
- Unité d'Endocrinologie/Diabétologie et Gynécologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital d'Enfants, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Colin Johnston
- Department of Endocrinology, St Albans City Hospital, West Hertfordshire Hospitals Trust, St Albans, UK
| | - Gil Guerra Junior
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Faculdade deo Ciencias Medicas da Universidade de Campinas, Departamento de Pediatria e Departamento de Clinica Medica, Sao Paolo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Odile Gaisl
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Krone
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ruth Krone
- Endocrinology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katherine Lachlan
- Department of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dejun Li
- Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis, Jilin University First Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Corina Lichiardopol
- Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Lidka Lisa
- Endocrinology, Institute of Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Markosyan
- Endocrinology, Yerevan State Medical University Endocrinology Clinic, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Inas Mazen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Klaus Mohnike
- Department of Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marek Niedziela
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Wielkopolskie, Poland
| | - Anna Nordenstrom
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodolfo Rey
- CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr. César Bergadá' (CEDIE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mars Skaeil
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Lloyd J W Tack
- Pediatric Endocrinology Service, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeremy Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naomi Weintrob
- Paediatrics, Tel Aviv Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Centre, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Martine Cools
- Pediatric Endocrinology Service, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Dabrowski E, Johnson EK, Patel V, Hsu Y, Davis S, Goetsch AL, Habiby R, Brickman WJ, Finlayson C. Turner Syndrome with Y Chromosome: Spontaneous Thelarche, Menarche, and Risk of Malignancy. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2020; 33:10-14. [PMID: 31465855 PMCID: PMC7413626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Girls with Turner syndrome with Y-chromosome material (TS + Y) are assumed to have nonfunctional gonads with increased tumor risk, therefore prophylactic gonadectomy is recommended at diagnosis. In this study we aimed to determine rates of spontaneous thelarche (ST) and spontaneous menarche (SM), and prevalence of gonadal tumor and malignancy in girls with TS + Y, to further inform discussions about gonadectomy. DESIGN Retrospective review of clinical and pathology data. SETTING Multicenter study involving 4 United States children's hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Patients included those with a genetically proven diagnosis of TS + Y and phenotypically female genitourinary exam. INTERVENTIONS Demographic characteristics, pubertal development, and gonadal pathology data were abstracted from clinical records. Data for ST were analyzed for patients aged 13 years and older and SM for patients older than 15 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ST, SM, prevalence of gonadal tumor, and malignancy. RESULTS Forty-four patients met inclusion criteria. Nineteen patients were 13 years or older; 8/19 (42%) had ST and reached Tanner stages 2-4 and 2 (11%) had normal ovarian pathology. Nineteen patients were 15 years or older; 2/19 (11%) had SM. Thirty-seven patients underwent gonadectomy; 35 had available pathology results. Gonadoblastoma was identified in 35/7 patients (19%), 1 in situ germ cell neoplasia, and 1 dysgerminoma (3%). One patient with bilateral gonadoblastoma had ST and SM. CONCLUSION In this multicenter cohort, 42% of girls with TS + Y entered puberty spontaneously and 11% had SM, supportive of gonadal function. Risk of tumor was similar to previous reports. To achieve informed decision-making, discussions about gonadectomy should incorporate potential for gonadal function and tumor risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Dabrowski
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Emilie K Johnson
- Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vrunda Patel
- Division of Adolescent Medicine and Pediatric Gynecology, Children's National Medical Center, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - YeoChing Hsu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
| | - Shanlee Davis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Allison L Goetsch
- Division of Genetics, Birth Defects and Metabolism, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Reema Habiby
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wendy J Brickman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Courtney Finlayson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Cistola AM, Golder FJ, Centonze LA, McKay LW, Levy JK. Anesthetic and physiologic effects of tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine combination (TKX) in feral cats undergoing surgical sterilization. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 6:297-303. [PMID: 15363761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/23/2003] [Accepted: 11/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tiletamine (12.5 mg), zolazepam (12.5 mg), ketamine (20 mg), and xylazine (5 mg) (TKX; 0.25 ml, IM) combination was evaluated as an anesthetic in 22 male and 67 female adult feral cats undergoing sterilization at high-volume sterilization clinics. Cats were not intubated and breathed room air. Oxygen saturation (SpO2), mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and core body temperature were recorded. Yohimbine (0.25 ml, 0.5 mg, IV) was administered at the completion of surgery. TKX produced rapid onset of lateral recumbency (4±1 min) and surgical anesthesia of sufficient duration to complete surgical procedures in 92% of cats. SpO2 measured via a lingual pulse oximeter probe averaged 92±3% in male cats and 90±4% in females. SpO2 fell below 90% at least once in most cats. MBP measured by oscillometry averaged 136±30 mm Hg in males and 113±29 mm Hg in females. MBP increased at the onset of surgical stimulation suggesting incomplete anti-nociceptive properties. HR averaged 156±19 bpm, and RR averaged 18±8 bpm. Neither parameter varied between males and females or over time. Body temperature decreased significantly over time, declining to 38.0±0.8 °C at the time of reversal in males and 36.6±0.8 °C at the time of reversal in females. Time from anesthetic reversal to sternal recumbency was prolonged (72±42 min). Seven cats (8%) required an additional dose of TKX to maintain an adequate plane of anesthesia at the onset of surgery, and this was associated with significantly longer recovery times (108±24 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Cistola
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 100126, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Volunteer vets complete 100th charitable equine castration. Vet Rec 2016; 178:434. [PMID: 27127084 DOI: 10.1136/vr.i2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Miller PS, Boone JD, Briggs JR, Lawler DF, Levy JK, Nutter FB, Slater M, Zawistowski S. Simulating free-roaming cat population management options in open demographic environments. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113553. [PMID: 25426960 PMCID: PMC4245120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large populations of free-roaming cats (FRCs) generate ongoing concerns for welfare of both individual animals and populations, for human public health, for viability of native wildlife populations, and for local ecological damage. Managing FRC populations is a complex task, without universal agreement on best practices. Previous analyses that use simulation modeling tools to evaluate alternative management methods have focused on relative efficacy of removal (or trap-return, TR), typically involving euthanasia, and sterilization (or trap-neuter-return, TNR) in demographically isolated populations. We used a stochastic demographic simulation approach to evaluate removal, permanent sterilization, and two postulated methods of temporary contraception for FRC population management. Our models include demographic connectivity to neighboring untreated cat populations through natural dispersal in a metapopulation context across urban and rural landscapes, and also feature abandonment of owned animals. Within population type, a given implementation rate of the TR strategy results in the most rapid rate of population decline and (when populations are isolated) the highest probability of population elimination, followed in order of decreasing efficacy by equivalent rates of implementation of TNR and temporary contraception. Even low levels of demographic connectivity significantly reduce the effectiveness of any management intervention, and continued abandonment is similarly problematic. This is the first demographic simulation analysis to consider the use of temporary contraception and account for the realities of FRC dispersal and owned cat abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S. Miller
- Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Apple Valley, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John D. Boone
- Great Basin Bird Observatory, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Joyce R. Briggs
- Alliance for Contraception in Cats and Dogs, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Dennis F. Lawler
- Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Julie K. Levy
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Felicia B. Nutter
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret Slater
- Shelter Research and Development, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Florence, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen Zawistowski
- American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, New York, New York, United States of America
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Acosta-Jamett G, Cleaveland S, Cunningham AA, Bronsvoort BMD. Demography of domestic dogs in rural and urban areas of the Coquimbo region of Chile and implications for disease transmission. Prev Vet Med 2010; 94:272-81. [PMID: 20096943 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional household questionnaire survey was conducted along two transects (80 and 45km long) from Coquimbo and Ovalle cities to the Fray Jorge National Park (FJNP) in the Coquimbo region of Chile in 2005-2007 to investigate the demography of dogs in the context of a study of canine infectious diseases. Data were collected on the number of dogs per household, fecundity, mortality, and sex and age distribution. The results from 1021 households indicated that dog ownership was common, with a higher proportion of households owning dogs in rural areas (89%), than in towns (63%) or cities (49%). Dog density ranged from 1380+/-183 to 1509+/-972 dogs km(-2) in cities, from 119+/-18 to 1544+/-172 dogs km(-2) in towns, and from 1.0+/-0.4 to 15.9+/-0.4 dogs km(-2) in rural sites. The dog population was estimated to be growing at 20% in cities, 19% in towns and 9% in rural areas. The human:dog ratio ranged from 5.2 to 6.2 in cities, from 2.3 to 5.3 in towns, and from 1.1 to 2.1 in rural areas. A high percentage of owned dogs was always allowed to roam freely in the different areas (27%, 50% and 67% in cities, towns and rural areas, respectively). Observations of free-roaming dogs of unknown owner were reported from a greater proportion of respondents in cities (74%), followed by towns (51%) and finally by rural areas (21%). Overall only 3% of dogs had been castrated. In addition, only 29% of dogs were reported to have been vaccinated against canine distemper virus (CDV) and 30% against canine parvovirus (CPV). The higher population size and density, higher growth rate and a higher turnover of domestic dogs in urban than in rural areas and the poorly supervised and inadequately vaccinated dog populations in urban areas suggest that urban areas are more likely to provide suitable conditions for dogs to acts as reservoirs of pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Acosta-Jamett
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PS, UK.
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Perrin T. The Business Of Urban Animals Survey: the facts and statistics on companion animals in Canada. Can Vet J 2009; 50:48-52. [PMID: 19337613 PMCID: PMC2603652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
At the first Banff Summit for Urban Animal Strategies (BSUAS) in 2006, delegates clearly indicated that a lack of reliable Canadian statistics hampers municipal leaders and legislators in their efforts to develop urban animal strategies that create and sustain a healthy community for pets and people. To gain a better understanding of the situation, BSUAS municipal delegates and other industry stakeholders partnered with Ipsos Reid, one of the world's leading polling firms, to conduct a national survey on the "Business of Urban Animals." The results of the survey, summarized in this article, were presented at the BSUAS meeting in October 2008. In addition, each participating community will receive a comprehensive written analysis, as well as a customized report. The online survey was conducted from September 22 to October 1, 2008. There were 7208 participants, including 3973 pet and 3235 non-pet owners from the Ipsos-Reid's proprietary Canadian online panel. The national results were weighted to reflect the true population distribution across Canada and the panel was balanced on all major demographics to mirror Statistics Canada census information. The margin for error for the national results is 1/- 1.15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Lord
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Wallace JL, Levy JK. Population characteristics of feral cats admitted to seven trap-neuter-return programs in the United States. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8:279-84. [PMID: 16603400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Internationally, large populations of feral cats constitute an important and controversial issue due to their impact on cat overpopulation, animal welfare, public health, and the environment, and to disagreement about what are the best methods for their control. Trap-neuter-return (TNR) programs are an increasingly popular alternative to mass euthanasia. The objective of this study was to determine the population characteristics of feral cats admitted to large-scale TNR programs from geographically diverse locations in the United States. Data from 103,643 feral cats admitted to TNR programs from 1993 to 2004 were evaluated. All groups reported more intact females (53.4%) than intact males (44.3%); only 2.3% of the cats were found to be previously sterilized. Overall, 15.9% of female cats were pregnant at the time of surgery. Pregnancy was highly seasonal and peaked between March and April for all of the groups. The average prenatal litter size was 4.1+/-0.1 fetuses per litter. Cryptorchidism was observed in 1.3% of male cats admitted for sterilization. A total of 0.4% of cats was euthanased because of the presence of debilitating conditions, and 0.4% died during the TNR clinics. Remarkably similar populations of cats with comparable seasonal variability were seen at each program, despite their wide geographical distribution. These results suggest that it is feasible to safely sterilize large numbers of feral cats and that the experiences of existing programs are a consistent source of information upon which to model new TNR programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Wallace
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sex is an important determinant of the pathophysiology of several disorders that influence and/or impair sleep-wake regulation. To date, few studies have examined either the role of sex or the gonadal hormones on sleep and wakefulness. The difficulty in performing well-controlled clinical experiments on sex and sleep underscores the need for effective animal models to investigate the influence of the gonadal hormones on sleep-wake states. This study describes the influence of sex on sleep and wakefulness in mice, the primary mammalian genetic model for sleep analysis, and tests the hypothesis that gonadal function drives sex differences in sleep-wake states. DESIGN Electroencephalogram/electromyogram sleep-wake patterns were recorded in intact and gonadectomized male and female C57BL/6J mice maintained on a 14-hour light:10-hour dark schedule. Following a 24-hour baseline recording, mice were sleep deprived during the light phase by gentle handling and given a 10-hour recovery opportunity during the immediate dark phase. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Intact female mice spent more time awake than intact males during 24 hours of baseline recording at the expense of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Though the recovery response of NREM sleep was similar between males and females, when examined in reference to baseline levels, females exhibited a more robust recovery response. Gonadectomy in males and females reduced or eliminated the majority of sex differences in sleep architecture and homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the gonadal hormones influence the amount, distribution, and intensity of sleep but do not account for all sex differences in the sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketema N Paul
- Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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Lord LK, Wittum TE, Ferketich AK, Funk JA, Rajala-Schultz P, Kauffman RM. Demographic trends for animal care and control agencies in Ohio from 1996 to 2004. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229:48-54. [PMID: 16817714 DOI: 10.2460/javma.229.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine changes between 1996 and 2004 in regard to numbers of animals handled, medical care provided, expenses, numbers of employees, and agency policies for animal care and control agencies in Ohio. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SAMPLE POPULATION 223 animal care and control agencies. PROCEDURES A questionnaire was mailed to animal care and control agencies in Ohio to collect information for 2004; results were compared with published results of a similar survey. RESULTS 165 of the 223 (74%) agencies responded. Estimated total number of animals handled in 2004 was 315,519, which represented a decrease of 7% compared with 1996. However, although number of dogs taken in decreased 17%, number of cats taken in increased 20%. Between 1996 and 2004, the euthanasia rate decreased from 65.3% to 56.8%, and the adoption rate increased from 24.5% to 33.6%. Number of dogs euthanatized decreased 39%, but number of cats euthanatized increased 14%. The proportion of agencies with a spay-neuter policy increased from 56% to 71%, and the proportion that maintained an association with a veterinarian increased from 39% to 80%. For dogs handled by county dog warden agencies, the odds of euthanasia were higher if the agency did not have a spay-neuter policy (odds ratio, 1.36). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the status of dogs handled by animal care and control agencies in Ohio improved between 1996 and 2004, but that the status of cats deteriorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Lord
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Winter
- Cats Indoors! Campaign, American Bird Conservancy, 1834 Jefferson Pl NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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Abstract
Dog Registration data from three Cantons, patient data of 13 veterinary practices and registrations in the Swiss Dog Pedigree Book were collected, analysed and compared to results of a commercial household survey, to assess demographic characteristics of dog population in Switzerland. The proportion of "pure-bred" dogs was different depending on how the term was used, varying from 24% regarding registrations in the Swiss Dog Pedigree Book, to 75% regarding dogs with only one breed recorded in Veterinarian's patient-history-management systems. Most popular breeds were dogs called "German Shepherd/Shepherd", followed by the Labrador and Golden Retriever. Comparison of different data sources suggested regional differences in popularity of breeds. The average life expectancy was estimated on 10.5 and 11 years. Sex distribution was equal. One third of all male dogs and half of the female dogs were neutered. Regardless sex, neutering was more common in cross-bred dogs than in "pure-bred" dogs (OR = 1.9). Some bias in all sources had to be considered and there was a major concern regarding definition of breeds. However, the study was able to add different parameters out of different sources to a homogenous picture of demographic data of dog population in Switzerland.
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Levy JK, Woods JE, Turick SL, Etheridge DL. Number of unowned free-roaming cats in a college community in the southern United States and characteristics of community residents who feed them. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223:202-5. [PMID: 12875446 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the number of unowned free-roaming cats in a college community in the southern United States and identify the characteristics of community residents who feed these cats. DESIGN Cross-sectional, random-digit telephone survey. SAMPLE POPULATION 587 households in Alachua County, Florida, surveyed between March 1 and May 10, 1999. PROCEDURE Telephone surveys were conducted, and respondents were asked questions about feeding of unowned free-roaming cats. RESULTS 70 (12%) households fed free-roaming cats; mean +/- SD number of free-roaming cats fed per household was 3.6 +/- 1.9. Households that fed free-roaming cats were more likely to own pet cats than were households that did not feed free-roaming cats; however, 30 of 70 (43%) households feeding free-roaming cats did not own cats or dogs. Although the percentage of pet cats that were neutered was high (90%), only 8 (11%) households that fed free-roaming cats attempted to have such cats neutered. The free-roaming cat population was estimated to represent approximately 44% of the population of cats in the county. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that unowned free-roaming cats may represent a substantial portion of the total cat population in a region. Public policies and education programs aimed at reducing cat overpopulation should include provisions for neutering unowned free-roaming cats, and efforts should target the general public, not only pet owners, because not all households that feed unowned free-roaming cats own pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Levy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Caramori Junior JG, Lubas MADS, Kawatake MS, Sales KG, Guedes JC, Schmitt AC. [Epidemiologic investigation into characteristics of canine and feline population in a district close to a rural area in Cuiabá-MT, with a view to control of animal rabies]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003; 36:419-20. [PMID: 12908046 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822003000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Questionnaires answered by 476 students (age 15-20 yrs) attending a local school in the neighborhood of Pedra 90 in Cuiabá -MT were analyzed in order to study the characteristics of feline and canine populations in the region. The results showed that 371 (78%) of the 476 families kept 513 dogs and 307 cats. Of 573 dogs, 289 (56.3%) were male and 224 (43.7%) were female. Of 307 cats, 182 (59.28%) were male and 125 (40.72%) were female. The owners of 474 (92.4%) dogs and 267 (86.9%) cats reported that their pets had been vaccinated against rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Garcia Caramori Junior
- Disciplina de Epidemiologia Geral e Aplicada à Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil.
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Clevenger J, Kass PH. Determinants of adoption and euthanasia of shelter dogs spayed or neutered in the university of california veterinary student surgery program compared to other shelter dogs. J Vet Med Educ 2003; 30:372-378. [PMID: 14976625 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.30.4.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Limited economic resources and pet overpopulation force animals shelters to consider euthanasia of adoptable animals every day. Veterinary medical schools can play a positive role in increasing pet adoption and combating overpopulation by providing free neutering for shelter animals. This retrospective cohort study illustrated that the cooperative efforts of a veterinary medicine surgical teaching program and local animal shelters decreases euthanasia of adoptable pets. At the University of California, Davis (UCD), shelter dogs are neutered by veterinary students and then returned to the shelter for adoption. The rates of adoption and euthanasia of the dogs neutered at UCD were contrasted with a comparison shelter group to determine the effect of pre-adoption neutering. The UCD-neutered dogs had a lower rate of euthanasia than the comparison shelter group at the shelters investigated. At Sacramento County Animal Care and Regulation, 73% of the UCD group but only 36% of the comparison group were adopted. At Yolo County Animal Services, 71% of the UCD group and 45% of the comparison group were adopted. The sex of an animal did not significantly affect the rate of euthanasia. Dogs that were predominantly pit bull, rottweiler, or chow chow breeds had higher rates of euthanasia than other breeds, independent of neuter status. Also, juveniles (less than one year old) had lower rates of euthanasia than adults, independent of neuter status. UCD adult dogs had lower rates of euthanasia than comparison adults. Post-surgical UCD dogs spent a longer average time in the shelter before adoption (15 days at Sacramento; 16 days at Yolo) than the comparison dogs (11 and 12 days, respectively). UCD dogs also spent a longer average time in the shelter before euthanasia (18 and 25 days, respectively) than the comparison dogs (13 days at both shelters). Lower probabilities of euthanasia for behavioral or medical reasons were found for UCD dogs than for the comparison dogs. The probability of euthanasia for reasons of space limitations increased with time in shelter for both groups. In this study, pre-adoption neutering increased adoptions without increasing the probability of medical or behavioral euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Clevenger
- Public Health Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Structured interviews were used to obtain information from 258 respondents from among 625 people who were selected by stratified random sampling from villages in five of seven local government areas of Nsukka area. Information included gender and literacy status of the respondents, whether the respondents had (between 1990 and 1995) presented any of their dogs for castration, the comparative market value of the dogs, and dog use and owner preference for castrates in performance of such duties. Information on bathing, vaccinations, confinements, use of veterinarians and cultural and religious uses of dogs also were sought. Also, 208 (80%) of the respondents had their dogs castrated. Of the respondents, 23% were literate, 37% semiliterate and 40% illiterate. Of the 367 non-respondents, 63% were not available during the time of contact and 37% resented dog keeping and therefore refused to talk. About 958 dogs were owned by respondents, of these dogs, 56%, 27% and 17% were females, intact males and castrates, respectively. There was no association between the respondent's literacy status and dog-sex preference in performance of such uses as security, hunting, and "economic reasons". The three most-important reasons for dog keeping were security, pet and hunting. However, the use of castrates for security was favoured by most keepers irrespective of literacy status. Most of the respondents agreed that dogs are used as gifts and 72% of the respondents agree that dog meat is a protein source. Castration should be encouraged because of its market value. Usage was low of veterinary services, confinement, and bathing of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Eze
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Surgery/Obstetrics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
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Abstract
In 1995, a county animal control service implemented a feral cat sterilization program with the goal of reducing the number of healthy cats euthanized, complaints, and the county's costs. The service collected data from a 6-year period both before and after the program's implementation. The service totaled the numbers of both cat and dog impoundments, surgeries, adoptions, euthanasias, and complaints for each year; standardized both sets of numbers on a per- 10,000-person basis to compare trends between dogs and cats; and calculated estimated costs for neutering versus impounding and euthanizing the feral cats. Changing from a policy of euthanasia of feral cats to support for trap-neuter-return did not result in an increase in the number of complaints or cat impoundments. The percentage of impounded cats euthanized decreased between the periods before and after the program began, and the percentage adopted increased. The ratio of complaints to impounds decreased between the 2 periods, and the ratio of surgeries to impounds increased. Impoundments of cats were relatively steady in spite of the continually increasing human population. Euthanasias decreased for both cats and dogs since 1997. Since 1996, complaints decreased for both. Surgeries for both cats and dogs increased over the 12 years. Adoptions for cats and dogs increased greatly in fiscal year 1998/1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L Hughes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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Abstract
Practicing veterinarians in small-animal or mixed-animal practice in New York state were surveyed about their beliefs and practices regarding the age at which dogs and cats should be neutered and their attitudes toward early neutering (at 4 months of age or younger). The majority of veterinarians routinely recommended neutering for all client animals (70.6%) and supported the routine neutering of shelter animals before adoption (90.3%). More veterinarians in this study reported at least one perceived benefit (91.3%) for early neutering than reported at least one perceived risk (84.4%). Veterinarians with experience neutering early were less likely to believe that the procedure was associated with one or more risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Victor Spain
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Katsuno M, Adachi H, Kume A, Li M, Nakagomi Y, Niwa H, Sang C, Kobayashi Y, Doyu M, Sobue G. Testosterone reduction prevents phenotypic expression in a transgenic mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Neuron 2002; 35:843-54. [PMID: 12372280 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a polyglutamine disease caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. We generated a transgenic mouse model carrying a full-length AR containing 97 CAGs. Three of the five lines showed progressive muscular atrophy and weakness as well as diffuse nuclear staining and nuclear inclusions consisting of the mutant AR. These phenotypes were markedly pronounced in male transgenic mice, and dramatically rescued by castration. Female transgenic mice showed only a few manifestations that markedly deteriorated with testosterone administration. Nuclear translocation of the mutant AR by testosterone contributed to the phenotypic difference with gender and the effects of hormonal interventions. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of hormonal intervention for SBMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the social and behavior contexts of decisions about contraceptive sterilization and to analyze factors associated with sterilization choices. DESIGN Multinomial logit regression of sterilization. PATIENT(S) Various subsamples as appropriate to specific analyses drawn from the 10,847 women interviewed in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, and the 5,227 men interviewed in the National Survey of Families and Households. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Tubal sterilization and vasectomy. RESULT(S) Surprisingly high proportions of recent tubal sterilizations were performed on unmarried women: 1 in 3 overall, 1 in 5 among white non-Hispanic women, and 2 in 3 among black women. Sterilization choice among continuously married couples also revealed large differences by race and ethnicity. Parity at the time of the last wanted birth is a major factor affecting sterilization choices, although significant effects were found as well as for a number of other variables, including age differences between spouses, education, and religion. Compared with other regions, the ratio of tubal sterilizations to vasectomies is extremely low in the Western region of the United States. CONCLUSION(S) Analysis of sterilization decisions must be based on time since the completion of childbearing. The findings call attention to the need for measuring variables that mediate observed associations with sterilization outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Bumpass
- Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Hazard HE, Freeman JI. Spay Day USA: controversy eclipses mutual pursuit. Interview by Susan C. Kahler. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 211:1495-7. [PMID: 9412670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Patronek GJ, Beck AM, Glickman LT. Dynamics of dog and cat populations in a community. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 210:637-42. [PMID: 9054991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe dynamics of the pet dog and cat populations in a single community in terms of reproductive patterns and turnover. DESIGN Cross-sectional, random-digit dial telephone survey. SAMPLE POPULATION Information gathered from 1,272 households in St Joseph County, Ind that owned a dog or cat between Dec 1, 1993 and Nov 30, 1994 was compared with data on 9,571 dogs and cats received by the Humane Society of St Joseph County during the same period. RESULTS Prevalence of pet ownership was lower than expected, compared with consumer panel surveys. Eight hundred forty-three of 1,335 (63.1%) dogs were neutered, compared with 816 of 1,023 (79.8%) cats. Cost was cited as a reason that 35 of 441 (7.9%) dogs and 34 of 132 (25.8%) cats were not neutered. Only 33 of 968 (3.4%) dog-owning households reported that their dog had had a litter during the past year, whereas 52 of 662 (7.9%) cat-owning households reported their cat had had a litter of kittens. Most cat litters were unplanned, whereas two thirds of dog litters were planned. Annual turnover in owned pets was 191 of 1,354 (14.1%) dogs and 194 of 1,056 (18.4%) cats. Pet owners underreported relinquishing pets to a shelter in the telephone survey. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS A combination of animal shelter- and human population-based data are needed to describe pet population dynamics in a community. Information about species-specific reproductive patterns is essential in designing population control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Patronek
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Abstract
A personal interview survey was conducted to determine the type and characteristics of the animals kept by 200 households in a traditional Balinese community in Denpasar, Indonesia. Fifty-seven per cent of the households owned an animal. One or more birds were kept by 45.2 per cent of households, dogs were owned by 39 per cent, cats by 18.5 per cent and some other sort of animal was owned by 4.5 per cent of households. Chickens were the most commonly kept bird (29.5 per cent of households) followed by cuckoos (10.5 per cent) and doves (8.5 per cent). More cats were kept in households with cats (average of 1.5) than dogs in the households with dogs (1.32. More male dogs and cats (85 per cent and 73 per cent, respectively) were kept than females. Only 11 per cent of the female dogs were neutered compared with 44 per cent of males and no female cats were neutered compared with 9.5 per cent of males. This low level of neutering accounted for the finding that 69 and 78 per cent of the entire bitches and queens had had litters in the 12 months preceding the survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Margawani
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
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Westin P, Stattin P, Damber JE, Bergh A. Castration therapy rapidly induces apoptosis in a minority and decreases cell proliferation in a majority of human prostatic tumors. Am J Pathol 1995; 146:1368-75. [PMID: 7778676 PMCID: PMC1870920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Major differences in the long-term clinical response to castration therapy of prostatic carcinoma suggests intertumoral differences in cellular response and defines a need for identification of patients with an eventually positive outcome as well as those in need of additional treatment. Using morphometry, monoclonal antibodies against Bcl-2, c-myc, Ki-67, and p53 proteins, and an in situ method to visualize apoptotic cells, we examined the short-term response of prostatic tumors to castration in core biopsies from 18 prostatic cancer patients taken the day before and 7 days after castration. At the histological level, 3 tumors seemed practically unaffected by castration. In 15 tumors, castration induced vacuolization of tumor cell cytoplasm and decreases in nuclear area and Ki-67 index. In these 15 tumors, apoptotic index was significantly increased in 6, principally unaffected in 6, and decreased in 3. The 6 tumors responding with an increase in apoptotic index were WHO grade 1 or 2 and negative for p53, c-myc, and Bcl-2 or contained only few Bcl-2- or c-myc-positive tumor cells before therapy. The 12 tumors in which apoptotic index was unaffected or decreased were WHO grade 2 or 3 and immunopositive for one or more of p53, Bcl-2, and c-myc proteins before therapy. The Bcl-2 index was significantly increased in 10 patients. Prostatic tumors may respond in a variety of possibly predictable ways to castration therapy including a decrease in apoptotic index. The magnitude of these responses are not correlated in individual tumors, suggesting that the common classification of prostatic tumors as either androgen dependent (dying after castration) or independent (not responding at all to castration) may be an oversimplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Westin
- Department of Pathology, University of Umeå, Sweden
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Imrey HH. Interpreting trends in vital statistics. Am J Public Health 1984; 74:1169. [PMID: 6476177 PMCID: PMC1651868 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.74.10.1169-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
A sample survey was conducted in 1982 to determine the prevalence of hysterectomy and oophorectomy among upstate New York women, ages 25-74. The effects of this surgery on age-specific estimates of the risk for cancer of the uterus, cervix, and ovary were calculated. Overall, 16.9 per cent of the women reported having had a hysterectomy and 9.9 per cent reported a bilateral oophorectomy. The adjustment for age-specific hysterectomy increased the 1977-1979 average annual incidence rate of cervical and uterine cancer by 21 per cent. In several five-year age categories, the increase reached 54 per cent. The 1977-1979 average annual incidence rate of ovarian cancer increased by 12 per cent after adjusting for age-specific bilateral oophorectomy. The increase reached 29 per cent in one five-year age group. The sample results show a lower prevalence of hysterectomy among women 25 to 40 years old and among women 70 to 74 than estimates based on the application of mathematical models to data on surgical incidence.
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Dicker RC, Scally MJ, Greenspan JR, Layde PM, Ory HW, Maze JM, Smith JC. Hysterectomy among women of reproductive age. Trends in the United States, 1970-1978. JAMA 1982; 248:323-7. [PMID: 7087126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 3.5 million women aged 15 to 44 years in the United States underwent hysterectomy (excluding radical procedures) between 1970 and 1978. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics were used to study the influence of age, race, and geographic region on hysterectomy rates, surgical approach, and concurrent oophorectomy. The number and rate of hysterectomies increased between 1970 and 1972 but remained stable thereafter. Hysterectomy rates increased with age, and rates for black women slightly exceeded the rates for whites. Rates were consistently highest for women in the South and lowest for women in the Northeast. Women undergoing hysterectomy in the Northeast had the lowest percentage performed by a vaginal approach and the highest percentage performed in conjunction with bilateral oophorectomy. Women having a hysterectomy in the West had the highest percentage performed by a vaginal approach.
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DOWSETT JW. Conservation of ovaries. Trans Pac Coast Obstet Gynecol Soc 1954; 22:54-8. [PMID: 13360962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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