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Kulasekaran NT, Thilakam ML, Gopal D, Lee JK, Marimuthu J. Denovo production of resveratrol by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1a using pretreated Gracilaria corticata extracts. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:19-28. [PMID: 37987932 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assembly and construction of resveratrol production pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for denovo production of resveratrol using seaweed extract as fermentation medium. RESULTS Genes involved in the production of resveratrol from tyrosine pathway, tyrosine ammonia lyase (FTAL) gene from Flavobacterium johnsoniae (FjTAL), the 4-coumarate:CoA ligase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (4CL1) and the stilbene synthase gene from Vitis vinifera (VvSTS) were introduced into low copy, high copy and integrative vector and transformed into S. cerevisiae W303-1a. The resulting strains W303-1a/pARS-res5, W303-1a/2µ-res1 and W303-1a/IntUra-res9 produced a level of 2.39 ± 0.01, 3.33 ± 0.03 and 8.34 ± 0.03 mg resveratrol l-1 respectively. CRISPR mediated integration at the δ locus resulted in 17.13 ± 1.1 mg resveratrol l-1. Gracilaria corticata extract was tested as a substrate for the growth of transformant to produce resveratrol. The strain produced a comparable level, 13.6 ± 0.54 mg resveratrol l-1 when grown in seaweed extract medium. CONCLUSIONS The strain W303-1a/IntδC-res1 utilized Gracillaria hydrolysate and produced 13.6 ± 0.54 mg resveratrol l-1 and further investigations are being carried out focusing on pathway engineering and optimization of process parameters to enhance resveratrol yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Leema Thilakam
- Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, 600100, India
| | - Dharani Gopal
- Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, 600100, India
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143 701, Korea
| | - Jeya Marimuthu
- Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, 600100, India.
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2
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Xiang JX, Saha M, Zhong KL, Zhang QS, Zhang D, Jueterbock A, Krueger-Hadfield SA, Wang GG, Weinberger F, Hu ZM. Genome-scale signatures of adaptive gene expression changes in an invasive seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:613-627. [PMID: 36355347 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive species can successfully and rapidly colonize new niches and expand ranges via founder effects and enhanced tolerance towards environmental stresses. However, the underpinning molecular mechanisms (i.e., gene expression changes) facilitating rapid adaptation to harsh environments are still poorly understood. The red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla, which is native to the northwest Pacific but invaded North American and European coastal habitats over the last 100 years, provides an excellent model to examine whether enhanced tolerance at the level of gene expression contributed to its invasion success. We collected G. vermiculophylla from its native range in Japan and from two non-native regions along the Delmarva Peninsula (Eastern United States) and in Germany. Thalli were reared in a common garden for 4 months at which time we performed comparative transcriptome (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) sequencing. MRNA-expression profiling identified 59 genes that were differently expressed between native and non-native thalli. Of these genes, most were involved in metabolic pathways, including photosynthesis, abiotic stress, and biosynthesis of products and hormones in all four non-native sites. MiRNA-based target-gene correlation analysis in native/non-native pairs revealed that some target genes are positively or negatively regulated via epigenetic mechanisms. Importantly, these genes are mostly associated with metabolism and defence capability (e.g., metal transporter Nramp5, senescence-associated protein, cell wall-associated hydrolase, ycf68 protein and cytochrome P450-like TBP). Thus, our gene expression results indicate that resource reallocation to metabolic processes is most likely a predominant mechanism contributing to the range-wide persistence and adaptation of G. vermiculophylla in the invaded range. This study, therefore, provides molecular insight into the speed and nature of invasion-mediated rapid adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahasweta Saha
- Marine Ecology Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
| | - Kai-Le Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Di Zhang
- Ocean School, YanTai University, Yantai, China
| | - Alexander Jueterbock
- Algal and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Gao-Ge Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Florian Weinberger
- Marine Ecology Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Zi-Min Hu
- Ocean School, YanTai University, Yantai, China
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Nakamura-Gouvea N, Alves-Lima C, Benites LF, Iha C, Maracaja-Coutinho V, Aliaga-Tobar V, Araujo Amaral Carneiro M, Yokoya NS, Marinho-Soriano E, Graminha MAS, Collén J, Oliveira MC, Setubal JC, Colepicolo P. Insights into agar and secondary metabolite pathways from the genome of the red alga Gracilaria domingensis (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales). J Phycol 2022; 58:406-423. [PMID: 35090189 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gracilariales is a clade of florideophycean red macroalgae known for being the main source of agar. We present a de novo genome assembly and annotation of Gracilaria domingensis, an agarophyte alga with flattened thallus widely distributed along Central and South American Atlantic intertidal zones. In addition to structural analysis, an organizational comparison was done with other Rhodophyta genomes. The nuclear genome has 78 Mbp, with 11,437 predicted coding genes, 4,075 of which did not have hits in sequence databases. We also predicted 1,567 noncoding RNAs, distributed in 14 classes. The plastid and mitochondrion genome structures were also obtained. Genes related to agar synthesis were identified. Genes for type II galactose sulfurylases could not be found. Genes related to ascorbate synthesis were found. These results suggest an intricate connection of cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and the redox systems through the use of L-galactose in Rhodophyta. The genome of G. domingensis should be valuable to phycological and aquacultural research, as it is the first tropical and Western Atlantic red macroalgal genome to be sequenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nakamura-Gouvea
- Laboratory of Algal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu, Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cicero Alves-Lima
- Laboratory of Algal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu, Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Benites
- CNRS, UMR 7232 Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Sorbonne Université, Observatoire Océanologique - F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Cintia Iha
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, R Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Maracaja-Coutinho
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile - Independencia, Santiago, 8380492, Chile
| | - Victor Aliaga-Tobar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile - Independencia, Santiago, 8380492, Chile
| | - Marcella Araujo Amaral Carneiro
- Department of Oceanography and Limnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - Via Costeira, Praia de Mãe Luiza, s/n, Natal, RN, 59014-002, Brazil
| | - Nair S Yokoya
- Phycology Research Center, Institute of Botany, Secretary of Infrastructure and Environment of São Paulo State, Brazil - Av. Miguel Estefano, 3687, Água Funda, São Paulo, SP, 04301-012, Brazil
| | - Eliane Marinho-Soriano
- Department of Oceanography and Limnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - Via Costeira, Praia de Mãe Luiza, s/n, Natal, RN, 59014-002, Brazil
| | - Marcia A S Graminha
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Campus Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Jonas Collén
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models - CS 90074, Roscoff cedex, 29688, France
| | - Mariana C Oliveira
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, R Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Joao C Setubal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pio Colepicolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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Kumar A, Kumar AA, Nayak AP, Mishra P, Panigrahy M, Sahoo PK, Panigrahi KCS. Carbohydrates and polyphenolics of extracts from genetically altered plant acts as catalysts for in vitro synthesis of silver nanoparticle. J Biosci 2019; 44:6. [PMID: 30837357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eco-friendly biosynthetic approach for silver nanoparticles production using plant extracts is an exciting advancement in bio-nanotechnology and has been successfully attempted in nearly 41 plant species. However, an established model plant system for systematically unraveling the biochemical components required for silver nanoparticles production is lacking. Here we used Arabidopsis thaliana as the model plant for silver nanoparticles biosynthesis in vitro. Employing biochemical, spectroscopic methods, selected mutants and over-expressor plants of Arabidopsis involved in pleotropic functions and sugar homeostasis, we show that carbohydrates, polyphenolics and glyco-proteins are essential components which stimulated silver nanoparticles synthesis. Using molecular genetics as a tool, our data enforces the requirement of sugar conjugated proteins as essentials for AgNPs synthesis over protein alone. Additionally, a comparative analysis of AgNPs synthesis using the aqueous extracts of some of the plant species found in a brackish water ecosystem (Gracilaria, Potamogeton, Enteromorpha and Scendesmus) were explored. Plant extract of Potamogeton showed the highest potential of nanoparticles production comparable to that of Arabidopsis among the species tested. Silver nanoparticles production in the model plant Arabidopsis not only opens up a possibility of using molecular genetics tool to understand the biochemical pathways and components in detail for its synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (Homi Bhabha National Institute), Jatni 752 050, India
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Vieira VMNCS, Engelen AH, Huanel OR, Guillemin ML. Differentiation of haploid and diploid fertilities in Gracilaria chilensis affect ploidy ratio. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:183. [PMID: 30518318 PMCID: PMC6280411 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Algal isomorphic biphasic life cycles alternate between free-living diploid (tetrasporophytes) and haploid (dioicious gametophytes) phases and the hypotheses explaining their maintenance are still debated. Classic models state that conditional differentiation between phases is required for the evolutionary stability of biphasic life cycles while other authors proposed that the uneven ploidy abundances observed in the field are explained by their cytological differences in spore production. RESULTS We monitored the state and fate of individuals of the red seaweed Gracilaria chilensis periodically for 3 years in five intertidal pools from two sites with distinct conditions. We tested for differentiation in fecundity and spore survival among the gametophyte males and females (haploids) and the tetrasporophytes (diploids). We tested for the influence of fecundity and spore survival on the observed uneven ploidy abundances in recruits. The probability of a frond becoming fecund was size-dependent, highest for the haploid males and lowest for the haploid females, with the diploids displaying intermediate probabilities. Fecund diploids released more tetraspores than carpospores released by the haploid females. Spore survival depended on ploidy and on the local density of co-habiting adult fronds. An advantage of diploid over haploid germlings was observed at very low and very high adult fronds densities. CONCLUSIONS Neither spore production nor spore survival determined the highly variable ploidy ratio within G. chilensis recruits. This result invalidates the hypothesis of natural cytological differences in spore production as the only driver of uneven field ploidy abundances in this species. Diploid spores (carpospores) survived better than haploid spores (tetraspores), especially in locations and time periods that were associated with the occurrence of strong biotic and abiotic stressors. We hypothesise that carpospore survival is higher due to support by their haploid female progenitors passing-on nutrients and chemical compounds improving survival under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco M. N. C. S. Vieira
- MARETEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Aschwin H. Engelen
- CCMAR, Center of Marine Science, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Oscar R. Huanel
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114, -D Santiago, Chile
| | - Marie-Laure Guillemin
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris VI, UMI 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Place G. Tessier, 296888, Roscoff, France
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Usandizaga S, Camus C, Kappes JL, Guillemin ML, Buschmann AH. Nutrients, but not genetic diversity, affect Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta) farming productivity and physiological responses. J Phycol 2018; 54:860-869. [PMID: 30222862 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In terrestrial plants, it is well known that genetic diversity can affect responses to abiotic and biotic stress and have important consequences on farming. However, very little is known about the interactive effects of genetic and environmental factors on seaweed crops. We conducted a field experiment on Gracilaria chilensis to determine the effect of heterozygosity and nutrient addition on two southern Chilean farms: Ancud and Chaica. In addition to growth rate and productivity, we measured photosynthetic responses, photosynthetic pigment concentration (chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins), C:N ratio (C:N), and epiphytic load. Nutrient addition affected the growth rate, productivity, phycobilin, and C:N content, but not the epiphytic load. These results were independent of the heterozygosity of the strains used in the experiments. Interestingly, depending on the sampled sites, distinct photosynthetic responses (i.e., maximal quantum yield, Fv /Fm , and maximal electron transport rate, ETRmax ) to nutrient addition were observed. We propose that thallus selection over the past few decades may have led to ecological differentiation between G. chilensis from Chaica and Ancud. The lack of effect of heterozygosity on growth and physiological responses could be related to the species domestication history in which there is a limited range of genetic variation in farms. We suggest that the existing levels of heterozygosity among our thalli is not sufficient to detect any significant effect of genetic diversity on growth or productivity in Metri bay, our experimental site located close to the city of Puerto Montt, during summer under nitrogen limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Usandizaga
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Centro i˜mar and CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Carolina Camus
- Centro i˜mar and CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - José Luis Kappes
- Centro i˜mar and CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Marie Laure Guillemin
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, UMI Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Alejandro H Buschmann
- Centro i˜mar and CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile
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Du H, Liang H, Jiang Y, Qu X, Yan H, Liu X. Proteome responses of Gracilaria lemaneiformis exposed to lead stress. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 135:311-317. [PMID: 30301043 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteome response of plants is an important process that enables them to cope with environmental stress including metal stress. In this study, the proteome of Gracilaria lemaneiformis exposed to lead was investigated. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis revealed 123 protein spots, among which 14 proteins were significantly differentially expressed and identified using MALDI-TOF MS. Two of the up-regulated proteins were identified and predicted to be involved in photosynthesis and signal transduction, while eleven down-regulated proteins were functionally grouped into five classes including photosynthesis, energy metabolism, protein metabolism, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, and antioxidation proteins. There was also an up-regulation in superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione s-transferase, and heat-shock protein 70 upon Pb exposure. Proteomic studies provide a better picture of protein networks and metabolic pathways primarily involved in intracellular detoxification and defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Honghao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibo Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China.
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Ng PK, Lin SM, Lim PE, Hurtado AQ, Phang SM, Yow YY, Sun Z. Genetic and morphological analyses of Gracilaria firma and G. changii (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta), the commercially important agarophytes in western Pacific. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182176. [PMID: 28759629 PMCID: PMC5536327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies classifying Gracilaria species for the exploitation of agarophytes and the development of the agar industry were conducted before the prevalence of molecular tools, resulting in the description of many species based solely on their morphology. Gracilaria firma and G. changii are among the commercially important agarophytes from the western Pacific; both feature branches with basal constrictions that taper toward acute apices. In this study, we contrasted the morpho-anatomical circumscriptions of the two traditionally described species with molecular data from samples that included representatives of G. changii collected from its type locality. Concerted molecular analyses using the rbcL and cox1 gene sequences, coupled with morphological observations of the collections from the western Pacific, revealed no inherent differences to support the treatment of the two entities as distinct taxa. We propose merging G. changii (a later synonym) into G. firma and recognize G. firma based on thallus branches with abrupt basal constrictions that gradually taper toward acute (or sometimes broken) apices, cystocarps consisting of small gonimoblast cells and inconspicuous multinucleate tubular nutritive cells issuing from gonimoblasts extending into the inner pericarp at the cystocarp floor, as well as deep spermatangial conceptacles of the verrucosa-type. The validation of specimens under different names as a single genetic species is useful to allow communication and knowledge transfer among groups from different fields. This study also revealed considerably low number of haplotypes and nucleotide diversity with apparent phylogeographic patterns for G. firma in the region. Populations from the Philippines and Taiwan were divergent from each other as well as from the populations from Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam. Establishment of baseline data on the genetic diversity of this commercially important agarophyte is relevant in the context of cultivation, as limited genetic diversity may jeopardize the potential for its genetic improvement over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh-Kheng Ng
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Showe-Mei Lin
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Phaik-Eem Lim
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anicia Q. Hurtado
- Integrated Services for the Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries (ISDA) Inc., Tabuc Suba, Iloilo City, Philippines
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoon-Yen Yow
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zhongmin Sun
- Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Dagnino-Leone J, Figueroa M, Mella C, Vorphal MA, Kerff F, Vásquez AJ, Bunster M, Martínez-Oyanedel J. Structural models of the different trimers present in the core of phycobilisomes from Gracilaria chilensis based on crystal structures and sequences. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177540. [PMID: 28542288 PMCID: PMC5436742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobilisomes (PBS) are accessory light harvesting protein complexes that directionally transfer energy towards photosystems. Phycobilisomes are organized in a central core and rods radiating from it. Components of phycobilisomes in Gracilaria chilensis (Gch) are Phycobiliproteins (PBPs), Phycoerythrin (PE), and Phycocyanin (PC) in the rods, while Allophycocyanin (APC) is found in the core, and linker proteins (L). The function of such complexes depends on the structure of each component and their interaction. The core of PBS from cyanobacteria is mainly composed by cylinders of trimers of α and β subunits forming heterodimers of Allophycocyanin, and other components of the core including subunits αII and β18. As for the linkers, Linker core (LC) and Linker core membrane (LCM) are essential for the final emission towards photoreaction centers. Since we have previously focused our studies on the rods of the PBS, in the present article we investigated the components of the core in the phycobilisome from the eukaryotic algae, Gracilaria chilensis and their organization into trimers. Transmission electron microscopy provided the information for a three cylinders core, while the three dimensional structure of Allophycocyanin purified from Gch was determined by X-ray diffraction method and the biological unit was determined as a trimer by size exclusion chromatography. The protein sequences of all the components of the core were obtained by sequencing the corresponding genes and their expression confirmed by transcriptomic analysis. These subunits have seldom been reported in red algae, but not in Gracilaria chilensis. The subunits not present in the crystallographic structure were modeled to build the different composition of trimers. This article proposes structural models for the different types of trimers present in the core of phycobilisomes of Gch as a first step towards the final model for energy transfer in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Dagnino-Leone
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Figueroa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia Mella
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Alejandra Vorphal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Frédéric Kerff
- Centre d'Ingéniérie des Protéines, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aleikar José Vásquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marta Bunster
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Martínez-Oyanedel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Ng PK, Lin SM, Lim PE, Liu LC, Chen CM, Pai TW. Complete chloroplast genome of Gracilaria firma (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta), with discussion on the use of chloroplast phylogenomics in the subclass Rhodymeniophycidae. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:40. [PMID: 28061748 PMCID: PMC5217408 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chloroplast genome of Gracilaria firma was sequenced in view of its role as an economically important marine crop with wide industrial applications. To date, there are only 15 chloroplast genomes published for the Florideophyceae. Apart from presenting the complete chloroplast genome of G. firma, this study also assessed the utility of genome-scale data to address the phylogenetic relationships within the subclass Rhodymeniophycidae. The synteny and genome structure of the chloroplast genomes across the taxa of Eurhodophytina was also examined. RESULTS The chloroplast genome of Gracilaria firma maps as a circular molecule of 187,001 bp and contains 252 genes, which are distributed on both strands and consist of 35 RNA genes (3 rRNAs, 30 tRNAs, tmRNA and a ribonuclease P RNA component) and 217 protein-coding genes, including the unidentified open reading frames. The chloroplast genome of G. firma is by far the largest reported for Gracilariaceae, featuring a unique intergenic region of about 7000 bp with discontinuous vestiges of red algal plasmid DNA sequences interspersed between the nblA and cpeB genes. This chloroplast genome shows similar gene content and order to other Florideophycean taxa. Phylogenomic analyses based on the concatenated amino acid sequences of 146 protein-coding genes confirmed the monophyly of the classes Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae with full nodal support. Relationships within the subclass Rhodymeniophycidae in Florideophyceae received moderate to strong nodal support, and the monotypic family of Gracilariales were resolved with maximum support. CONCLUSIONS Chloroplast genomes hold substantial information that can be tapped for resolving the phylogenetic relationships of difficult regions in the Rhodymeniophycidae, which are perceived to have experienced rapid radiation and thus received low nodal support, as exemplified in this study. The present study shows that chloroplast genome of G. firma could serve as a key link to the full resolution of Gracilaria sensu lato complex and recognition of Hydropuntia as a genus distinct from Gracilaria sensu stricto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh-Kheng Ng
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20244 Taiwan
| | - Showe-Mei Lin
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20244 Taiwan
| | - Phaik-Eem Lim
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia
| | - Li-Chia Liu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20244 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20244 Taiwan
| | - Tun-Wen Pai
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20244 Taiwan
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11
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Lyra GDM, Gurgel CFD, Costa EDS, de Jesus PB, Oliveira MC, Oliveira EC, Davis CC, Nunes JMDC. Delimitating cryptic species in the Gracilaria domingensis complex (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) using molecular and morphological data. J Phycol 2016; 52:997-1017. [PMID: 27485203 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Species in the genus Gracilaria that display conspicuously flattened vegetative morphologies are a taxonomically challenging group of marine benthic red algae. This is a result of their species richness, morphological similarity, and broad phenotypic plasticity. Within this group, the Gracilaria domingensis complex is one of the most common, conspicuous, and morphologically variable species along the tropical western Atlantic Ocean. Previous research has identified that members of this complex belong to two distantly related clades. However, despite this increased phylogentic resolution, species delimitations within each of these clades remain unclear. Our study assessed the species diversity within this difficult complex using morphological and molecular data from three genetic markers (cox1, UPA, and rbcL). We additionally applied six single-marker species delimitation methods (SDM: ABGD, GMYCs, GMYCm, SPN, bPTP, and PTP) to rbcL, which were largely in agreement regarding species delimitation. These results, combined with our analysis of morphology, indicate that the G. domingensis complex includes seven distinct species, each of which are not all most closely related: G. cervicornis; a ressurected G. ferox; G. apiculata subsp. apiculata; a new species, Gracilaria baiana sp. nov.; G. intermedia subsp. intermedia; G. venezuelensis; and G. domingensis sensu stricto, which includes the later heterotypic synonym, G. yoneshigueana. Our study demonstrates the value of multipronged strategies, including the use of both molecular and morphological approaches, to decipher cryptic species of red algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goia de M Lyra
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Feira de Santana, Bahia, 44031-460, Brazil
| | - C Frederico D Gurgel
- The Environment Institute, Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, DX 650-418, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, State Herbarium of South Austrália, PO Box 2732, Kent Town, South Australia, 5071, Austrália
- Departamento de Botânica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Emmanuelle da S Costa
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Priscila B de Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Feira de Santana, Bahia, 44031-460, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Eurico C Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - José Marcos de Castro Nunes
- Laboratório de Algas Marinhas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
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12
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Lim EL, Siow RS, Abdul Rahim R, Ho CL. Global Transcriptome Analysis of Gracilaria changii (Rhodophyta) in Response to Agarolytic Enzyme and Bacterium. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2016; 18:189-200. [PMID: 26631182 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many bacterial epiphytes of agar-producing seaweeds secrete agarase that degrade algal cell wall matrix into oligoagars which elicit defense-related responses in the hosts. The molecular defense responses of red seaweeds are largely unknown. In this study, we surveyed the defense-related transcripts of an agarophyte, Gracilaria changii, treated with β-agarase through next generation sequencing (NGS). We also compared the defense responses of seaweed elicited by agarase with those elicited by an agarolytic bacterium isolated from seaweed, by profiling the expression of defense-related genes using quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). NGS detected a total of 391 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a higher abundance (>2-fold change with a p value <0.001) in the agarase-treated transcriptome compared to that of the non-treated G. changii. Among these DEGs were genes related to signaling, bromoperoxidation, heme peroxidation, production of aromatic amino acids, chorismate, and jasmonic acid. On the other hand, the genes encoding a superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase and related to photosynthesis were downregulated. The expression of these DEGs was further corroborated by qRT-PCR results which showed more than 90 % accuracy. A comprehensive analysis of their gene expression profiles between 1 and 24 h post treatments (hpt) revealed that most of the genes analyzed were consistently upregulated or downregulated by both agarase and agarolytic bacterial treatments, indicating that the defense responses induced by both treatments are highly similar except for genes encoding vanadium bromoperoxidase and animal heme peroxidase. Our study has provided the first glimpse of the molecular defense responses of G. changii to agarase and agarolytic bacterial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee-Leen Lim
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rouh-San Siow
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai-Ling Ho
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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13
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Wang W, Li H, Lin X, Yang S, Wang Z, Fang B. Transcriptome analysis identifies genes involved in adventitious branches formation of Gracilaria lichenoides in vitro. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17099. [PMID: 26657019 PMCID: PMC4675990 DOI: 10.1038/srep17099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue culture could solve the problems associated with Gracilaria cultivation, including the consistent supply of high-quality seed stock, strain improvement, and efficient mass culture of high-yielding commercial strains. However, STC lags behind that of higher plants because of the paucity of genomic information. Transcriptome analysis and the identification of potential unigenes involved in the formation and regeneration of callus or direct induction of ABs are essential. Herein, the CK, EWAB and NPA G. lichenoides transcriptomes were analyzed using the Illumina sequencing platform in first time. A total of 17,922,453,300 nucleotide clean bases were generated and assembled into 21,294 unigenes, providing a total gene space of 400,912,038 nucleotides with an average length of 1,883 and N 50 of 5,055 nucleotides and a G + C content of 52.02%. BLAST analysis resulted in the assignment of 13,724 (97.5%), 3,740 (26.6%), 9,934 (70.6%), 10,611 (75.4%), 9,490 (67.4%), and 7,773 (55.2%) unigenes were annotated to the NR, NT, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG, and GO databases, respectively, and the total of annotated unigenes was 14,070. A total of 17,099 transcripts were predicted to possess open reading frames, including 3,238 predicted and 13,861 blasted based on protein databases. In addition, 3,287 SSRs were detected in G.lichenoides, providing further support for genetic variation and marker-assisted selection in the future. Our results suggest that auxin polar transport, auxin signal transduction, crosstalk with other endogenous plant hormones and antioxidant systems, play important roles for ABs formation in G. lichenoides explants in vitro. The present findings will facilitate further studies on gene discovery and on the molecular mechanisms underlying the tissue culture of seaweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Wang
- College of Biochemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Huanqin Li
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiangzhi Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shanjun Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhaokai Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Baishan Fang
- College of Biochemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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14
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Suttisrisung S, Senapin S, Withyachumnarnkul B, Wongprasert K. Identification and characterization of a novel legume-like lectin cDNA sequence from the red marine algae Gracilaria fisheri. J Biosci 2012; 36:833-43. [PMID: 22116281 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A legume-type lectin (L-Lectin) gene of the red algae Gracilaria fisheri (GFL) was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of GFL was 1714 bp and contained a 1542 bp open reading frame encoding 513 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 56.5 kDa. Analysis of the putative amino acid sequence with NCBI-BLAST revealed a high homology (30-68%) with legume-type lectins (L-lectin) from Griffithsia japonica, Clavispora lusitaniae, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Tetraodon nigroviridis and Xenopus tropicalis. Phylogenetic relationship analysis showed the highest sequence identity to a glycoprotein of the red algae Griffithsia japonica (68%) (GenBank number AAM93989). Conserved Domain Database analysis detected an N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), the characteristic of L-lectins, which contained two sugar binding sites and a metal binding site. The secondary structure prediction of GFL showed a beta-sheet structure, connected with turn and coil. The most abundant structural element of GFL was the random coil, while the alpha-helixes were distributed at the N- and C-termini, and 21 beta-sheets were distributed in the CRD. Computer analysis of three-dimensional structure showed a common feature of L-lectins of GFL, which included an overall globular shape that was composed of a beta-sandwich of two anti-parallel beta-sheets, monosaccharide binding sites, were on the top of the structure and in proximity with a metal binding site. Northern blot analysis using a DIG-labelled probe derived from a partial GFL sequence revealed a hybridization signal of (approx.) 1.7 kb consistent with the length of the full-length GFL cDNA identified by RACE. No detectable band was observed from control total RNA extracted from filamentous green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Suttisrisung
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Ho CL, Teoh S, Teo SS, Rahim RA, Phang SM. Profiling the transcriptome of Gracilaria changii (Rhodophyta) in response to light deprivation. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2009; 11:513-9. [PMID: 19043658 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Light regulates photosynthesis, growth and reproduction, yield and properties of phycocolloids, and starch contents in seaweeds. Despite its importance as an environmental cue that regulates many developmental, physiological, and biochemical processes, the network of genes involved during light deprivation are obscure. In this study, we profiled the transcriptome of Gracilaria changii at two different irradiance levels using a cDNA microarray containing more than 3,000 cDNA probes. Microarray analysis revealed that 93 and 105 genes were up- and down-regulated more than 3-fold under light deprivation, respectively. However, only 50% of the transcripts have significant matches to the nonredundant peptide sequences in the database. The transcripts that accumulated under light deprivation include vanadium chloroperoxidase, thioredoxin, ferredoxin component, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase. Among the genes that were down-regulated under light deprivation were genes encoding light harvesting protein, light harvesting complex I, phycobilisome 7.8 kDa linker polypeptide, low molecular weight early light-inducible protein, and vanadium bromoperoxidase. Our findings also provided important clues to the functions of many unknown sequences that could not be annotated using sequence comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai-Ling Ho
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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16
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Hagopian JC, Reis M, Kitajima JP, Bhattacharya D, de Oliveira MC. Comparative Analysis of the Complete Plastid Genome Sequence of the Red Alga Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui Provides Insights into the Evolution of Rhodoplasts and Their Relationship to Other Plastids. J Mol Evol 2004; 59:464-77. [PMID: 15638458 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-2638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We sequenced to completion the circular plastid genome of the red alga Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui. This is the first plastid genome sequence from the subclass Florideophycidae (Rhodophyta). The genome is composed of 183,883 bp and contains 238 predicted genes, including a single copy of the ribosomal RNA operon. Comparisons with the plastid genome of Porphyra pupurea reveal strong conservation of gene content and order, but we found major genomic rearrangements and the presence of coding regions that are specific to Gracilaria. Phylogenetic analysis of a data set of 41 concatenated proteins from 23 plastid and two cyanobacterial genomes support red algal plastid monophyly and a specific evolutionary relationship between the Florideophycidae and the Bangiales. Gracilaria maintains a surprisingly ancient gene content in its plastid genome and, together with other Rhodophyta, contains the most complete repertoire of plastid genes known in photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Hagopian
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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Engel CR, Destombe C, Valero M. Mating system and gene flow in the red seaweed Gracilaria gracilis: effect of haploid–diploid life history and intertidal rocky shore landscape on fine-scale genetic structure. Heredity (Edinb) 2003; 92:289-98. [PMID: 14679395 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of haploid-diploidy and the intertidal landscape on a fine-scale genetic structure was explored in a red seaweed Gracilaria gracilis. The pattern of genetic structure was compared in haploid and diploid stages at a microgeographic scale (< 5 km): a total of 280 haploid and 296 diploid individuals located in six discrete, scattered rock pools were genotyped using seven microsatellite loci. Contrary to the theoretical expectation of predominantly endogamous mating systems in haploid-diploid organisms, G. gracilis showed a clearly allogamous mating system. Although within-population allele frequencies were similar between haploids and diploids, genetic differentiation among haploids was more than twice that of diploids, suggesting that there may be a lag between migration and (local) breeding due to the long generation times in G. gracilis. Weak, but significant, population differentiation was detected in both haploids and diploids and varied with landscape features, and not with geographic distance. Using an assignment test, we establish that effective migration rates varied according to height on the shore. In this intertidal species, biased spore dispersal may occur during the transport of spores and gametes at low tide when small streams flow from high- to lower-shore pools. The longevity of both haploid and diploid free-living stages and the long generation times typical of G. gracilis populations may promote the observed pattern of high genetic diversity within populations relative to that among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Engel
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, CNRS UPRESA 8016, Bât. SN2, Université de Lille I, Villeneuve d'Ascq 59655, France
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