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Shepherd AI, James TJ, Gould AAM, Mayes H, Neal R, Shute J, Tipton MJ, Massey H, Saynor ZL, Perissiou M, Montgomery H, Sturgess C, Makaronidis J, Murray AJ, Grocott MPW, Cummings M, Young-Min S, Rennell-Smyth J, McNarry MA, Mackintosh KA, Dent H, Robson SC, Corbett J. Impact of nocturnal hypoxia on glycaemic control, appetite, gut microbiota and inflammation in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A single-blind cross-over trial. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38769692 DOI: 10.1113/jp285322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
High altitude residents have a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, we examined the effect of repeated overnight normobaric hypoxic exposure on glycaemic control, appetite, gut microbiota and inflammation in adults with T2DM. Thirteen adults with T2DM [glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c): 61.1 ± 14.1 mmol mol-1; aged 64.2 ± 9.4 years; four female] completed a single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled, cross-over study for 10 nights, sleeping when exposed to hypoxia (fractional inspired O2 [F I O 2 ${{F}_{{\mathrm{I}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ ] = 0.155; ∼2500 m simulated altitude) or normoxic conditions (F I O 2 ${{F}_{{\mathrm{I}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ = 0.209) in a randomised order. Outcome measures included: fasted plasma [glucose]; [hypoxia inducible factor-1α]; [interleukin-6]; [tumour necrosis factor-α]; [interleukin-10]; [heat shock protein 70]; [butyric acid]; peak plasma [glucose] and insulin sensitivity following a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test; body composition; appetite indices ([leptin], [acyl ghrelin], [peptide YY], [glucagon-like peptide-1]); and gut microbiota diversity and abundance [16S rRNA amplicon sequencing]. During intervention periods, accelerometers measured physical activity, sleep duration and efficiency, whereas continuous glucose monitors were used to assess estimated HbA1c and glucose management indicator and time in target range. Overnight hypoxia was not associated with changes in any outcome measure (P > 0.05 with small effect sizes) except fasting insulin sensitivity and gut microbiota alpha diversity, which exhibited trends (P = 0.10; P = 0.08 respectively) for a medium beneficial effect (d = 0.49; d = 0.59 respectively). Ten nights of overnight moderate hypoxic exposure did not significantly affect glycaemic control, gut microbiome, appetite, or inflammation in adults with T2DM. However, the intervention was well tolerated and a medium effect-size for improved insulin sensitivity and reduced alpha diversity warrants further investigation. KEY POINTS: Living at altitude lowers the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Animal studies suggest that exposure to hypoxia may lead to weight loss and suppressed appetite. In a single-blind, randomised sham-controlled, cross-over trial, we assessed the effects of 10 nights of hypoxia (fractional inspired O2 ∼0.155) on glucose homeostasis, appetite, gut microbiota, inflammatory stress ([interleukin-6]; [tumour necrosis factor-α]; [interleukin-10]) and hypoxic stress ([hypoxia inducible factor 1α]; heat shock protein 70]) in 13 adults with T2DM. Appetite and inflammatory markers were unchanged following hypoxic exposure, but an increased insulin sensitivity and reduced gut microbiota alpha diversity were associated with a medium effect-size and statistical trends, which warrant further investigation using a definitive large randomised controlled trial. Hypoxic exposure may represent a viable therapeutic intervention in people with T2DM and particularly those unable or unwilling to exercise because barriers to uptake and adherence may be lower than for other lifestyle interventions (e.g. diet and exercise).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony I Shepherd
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Clinical Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Thomas J James
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Clinical Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Alex A M Gould
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Harry Mayes
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Rebecca Neal
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Janis Shute
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Michael J Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Heather Massey
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Zoe L Saynor
- Clinical Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Maria Perissiou
- Clinical Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Hugh Montgomery
- Centre for Human Health and Performance, Dept Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Connie Sturgess
- Centre for Human Health and Performance, Dept Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janine Makaronidis
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P W Grocott
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton & University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Michael Cummings
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Steven Young-Min
- Rheumatology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Janet Rennell-Smyth
- Clinical Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Patient and public involvement member
| | - Melitta A McNarry
- School of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- School of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Hannah Dent
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Institute of Life Sciences and Healthcare, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Samuel C Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Institute of Life Sciences and Healthcare, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Jo Corbett
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Tan J, Virtue S, Norris DM, Conway OJ, Yang M, Bidault G, Gribben C, Lugtu F, Kamzolas I, Krycer JR, Mills RJ, Liang L, Pereira C, Dale M, Shun-Shion AS, Baird HJ, Horscroft JA, Sowton AP, Ma M, Carobbio S, Petsalaki E, Murray AJ, Gershlick DC, Nathan JA, Hudson JE, Vallier L, Fisher-Wellman KH, Frezza C, Vidal-Puig A, Fazakerley DJ. Limited oxygen in standard cell culture alters metabolism and function of differentiated cells. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00084-7. [PMID: 38580776 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The in vitro oxygen microenvironment profoundly affects the capacity of cell cultures to model physiological and pathophysiological states. Cell culture is often considered to be hyperoxic, but pericellular oxygen levels, which are affected by oxygen diffusivity and consumption, are rarely reported. Here, we provide evidence that several cell types in culture actually experience local hypoxia, with important implications for cell metabolism and function. We focused initially on adipocytes, as adipose tissue hypoxia is frequently observed in obesity and precedes diminished adipocyte function. Under standard conditions, cultured adipocytes are highly glycolytic and exhibit a transcriptional profile indicative of physiological hypoxia. Increasing pericellular oxygen diverted glucose flux toward mitochondria, lowered HIF1α activity, and resulted in widespread transcriptional rewiring. Functionally, adipocytes increased adipokine secretion and sensitivity to insulin and lipolytic stimuli, recapitulating a healthier adipocyte model. The functional benefits of increasing pericellular oxygen were also observed in macrophages, hPSC-derived hepatocytes and cardiac organoids. Our findings demonstrate that oxygen is limiting in many terminally-differentiated cell types, and that considering pericellular oxygen improves the quality, reproducibility and translatability of culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joycelyn Tan
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sam Virtue
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Dougall M Norris
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Olivia J Conway
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ming Yang
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Guillaume Bidault
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Christopher Gribben
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Fatima Lugtu
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Ioannis Kamzolas
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - James R Krycer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Richard J Mills
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Lu Liang
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Conceição Pereira
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Martin Dale
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Amber S Shun-Shion
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Harry Jm Baird
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James A Horscroft
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EL, UK
| | - Alice P Sowton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EL, UK
| | - Marcella Ma
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefania Carobbio
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, 46012, Spain
| | - Evangelia Petsalaki
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EL, UK
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - James A Nathan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - James E Hudson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, 46012, Spain.
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Lawrence ES, Gu W, Bohlender RJ, Anza-Ramirez C, Cole AM, Yu JJ, Hu H, Heinrich EC, O’Brien KA, Vasquez CA, Cowan QT, Bruck PT, Mercader K, Alotaibi M, Long T, Hall JE, Moya EA, Bauk MA, Reeves JJ, Kong MC, Salem RM, Vizcardo-Galindo G, Macarlupu JL, Figueroa-Mujíca R, Bermudez D, Corante N, Gaio E, Fox KP, Salomaa V, Havulinna AS, Murray AJ, Malhotra A, Powel FL, Jain M, Komor AC, Cavalleri GL, Huff CD, Villafuerte FC, Simonson TS. Functional EPAS1/ HIF2A missense variant is associated with hematocrit in Andean highlanders. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadj5661. [PMID: 38335297 PMCID: PMC10857371 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj5661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor pathway genes are linked to adaptation in both human and nonhuman highland species. EPAS1, a notable target of hypoxia adaptation, is associated with relatively lower hemoglobin concentration in Tibetans. We provide evidence for an association between an adaptive EPAS1 variant (rs570553380) and the same phenotype of relatively low hematocrit in Andean highlanders. This Andean-specific missense variant is present at a modest frequency in Andeans and absent in other human populations and vertebrate species except the coelacanth. CRISPR-base-edited human cells with this variant exhibit shifts in hypoxia-regulated gene expression, while metabolomic analyses reveal both genotype and phenotype associations and validation in a lowland population. Although this genocopy of relatively lower hematocrit in Andean highlanders parallels well-replicated findings in Tibetans, it likely involves distinct pathway responses based on a protein-coding versus noncoding variants, respectively. These findings illuminate how unique variants at EPAS1 contribute to the same phenotype in Tibetans and a subset of Andean highlanders despite distinct evolutionary trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah S. Lawrence
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wanjun Gu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan J. Bohlender
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cecilia Anza-Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada/Fisiología de del Transporte de Oxígeno-LID, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Amy M. Cole
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James J. Yu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erica C. Heinrich
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Katie A. O’Brien
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Carlos A. Vasquez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Quinn T. Cowan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T. Bruck
- Department of Anthropology and Global Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kysha Mercader
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mona Alotaibi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tao Long
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sapient Bioanalytics, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James E. Hall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Esteban A. Moya
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marco A. Bauk
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Reeves
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell C. Kong
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rany M. Salem
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gustavo Vizcardo-Galindo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada/Fisiología de del Transporte de Oxígeno-LID, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Jose-Luis Macarlupu
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada/Fisiología de del Transporte de Oxígeno-LID, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Rómulo Figueroa-Mujíca
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada/Fisiología de del Transporte de Oxígeno-LID, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Daniela Bermudez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada/Fisiología de del Transporte de Oxígeno-LID, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Noemi Corante
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada/Fisiología de del Transporte de Oxígeno-LID, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Eduardo Gaio
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Respiratória, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Keolu P. Fox
- Department of Anthropology and Global Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki S. Havulinna
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM-HiLIFE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Frank L. Powel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sapient Bioanalytics, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexis C. Komor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gianpiero L. Cavalleri
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chad D. Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francisco C. Villafuerte
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada/Fisiología de del Transporte de Oxígeno-LID, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine, and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Pantaleão LC, Loche E, Fernandez-Twinn DS, Dearden L, Córdova-Casanova A, Osmond C, Salonen MK, Kajantie E, Niu Y, de Almeida-Faria J, Thackray BD, Mikkola TM, Giussani DA, Murray AJ, Bushell M, Eriksson JG, Ozanne SE. Programming of cardiac metabolism by miR-15b-5p, a miRNA released in cardiac extracellular vesicles following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101875. [PMID: 38218535 PMCID: PMC10832484 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the potential involvement of miRNAs in the developmental programming of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) by maternal obesity. METHODS Serum miRNAs were measured in individuals from the Helsinki Birth Cohort (with known maternal body mass index), and a mouse model was used to determine causative effects of maternal obesity during pregnancy and ischemia-reperfusion on offspring cardiac miRNA expression and release. RESULTS miR-15b-5p levels were increased in the sera of males born to mothers with higher BMI and in the hearts of adult mice born to obese dams. In an ex-vivo model of perfused mouse hearts, we demonstrated that cardiac tissue releases miR-15b-5p, and that some of the released miR-15b-5p was contained within small extracellular vesicles (EVs). We also demonstrated that release was higher from hearts exposed to maternal obesity following ischaemia/reperfusion. Over-expression of miR-15b-5p in vitro led to loss of outer mitochondrial membrane stability and to repressed fatty acid oxidation in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that miR-15-b could play a mechanistic role in the dysregulation of cardiac metabolism following exposure to an in utero obesogenic environment and that its release in cardiac EVs following ischaemic damage may be a novel factor contributing to inter-organ communication between the programmed heart and peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Pantaleão
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elena Loche
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Denise S Fernandez-Twinn
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Dearden
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adriana Córdova-Casanova
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Minna K Salonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Unit, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Unit, Finland; Clinical Medicine Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Youguo Niu
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juliana de Almeida-Faria
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin D Thackray
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tuija M Mikkola
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Unit, Finland; Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Bushell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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O'Brien KA, Gu W, Houck JA, Holzner LMW, Yung HW, Armstrong JL, Sowton AP, Baxter R, Darwin PM, Toledo-Jaldin L, Lazo-Vega L, Moreno-Aramayo AE, Miranda-Garrido V, Shortt JA, Matarazzo CJ, Yasini H, Burton GJ, Moore LG, Simonson TS, Murray AJ, Julian CG. Genomic Selection Signals in Andean Highlanders Reveal Adaptive Placental Metabolic Phenotypes That Are Disrupted in Preeclampsia. Hypertension 2024; 81:319-329. [PMID: 38018457 PMCID: PMC10841680 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronic hypoxia of high-altitude residence poses challenges for tissue oxygen supply and metabolism. Exposure to high altitude during pregnancy increases the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and fetal growth restriction and alters placental metabolism. High-altitude ancestry protects against altitude-associated fetal growth restriction, indicating hypoxia tolerance that is genetic in nature. Yet, not all babies are protected and placental pathologies associated with fetal growth restriction occur in some Andean highlanders. METHODS We examined placental metabolic function in 79 Andeans (18-45 years; 39 preeclamptic and 40 normotensive) living in La Paz, Bolivia (3600-4100 m) delivered by unlabored Cesarean section. Using a selection-nominated approach, we examined links between putatively adaptive genetic variation and phenotypes related to oxygen delivery or placental metabolism. RESULTS Mitochondrial oxidative capacity was associated with fetal oxygen delivery in normotensive but not preeclamptic placenta and was also suppressed in term preeclamptic pregnancy. Maternal haplotypes in or within 200 kb of selection-nominated genes were associated with lower placental mitochondrial respiratory capacity (PTPRD [protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-δ]), lower maternal plasma erythropoietin (CPT2 [carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2], proopiomelanocortin, and DNMT3 [DNA methyltransferase 3]), and lower VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) in umbilical venous plasma (TBX5 [T-box transcription factor 5]). A fetal haplotype within 200 kb of CPT2 was associated with increased placental mitochondrial complex II capacity, placental nitrotyrosine, and GLUT4 (glucose transporter type 4) protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal novel associations between putatively adaptive gene regions and phenotypes linked to oxygen delivery and placental metabolic function in highland Andeans, suggesting that such effects may be of genetic origin. Our findings also demonstrate maladaptive metabolic mechanisms in the context of preeclampsia, including dysregulation of placental oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.A.O., L.M.W.H., H.W.Y., J.L.A., A.P.S., R.B., P.M.D., G.J.B., A.J.M.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (K.A.O., W.G., T.S.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics (K.A.O., J.A.H., J.A.S., C.J.M., H.Y., C.G.J.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Wanjun Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (K.A.O., W.G., T.S.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Sciences (W.G.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Julie A Houck
- Department of Biomedical Informatics (K.A.O., J.A.H., J.A.S., C.J.M., H.Y., C.G.J.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences (J.A.H., L.G.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Lorenz M W Holzner
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.A.O., L.M.W.H., H.W.Y., J.L.A., A.P.S., R.B., P.M.D., G.J.B., A.J.M.)
| | - Hong Wa Yung
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.A.O., L.M.W.H., H.W.Y., J.L.A., A.P.S., R.B., P.M.D., G.J.B., A.J.M.)
| | - Jenna L Armstrong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.A.O., L.M.W.H., H.W.Y., J.L.A., A.P.S., R.B., P.M.D., G.J.B., A.J.M.)
| | - Alice P Sowton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.A.O., L.M.W.H., H.W.Y., J.L.A., A.P.S., R.B., P.M.D., G.J.B., A.J.M.)
| | - Ruby Baxter
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.A.O., L.M.W.H., H.W.Y., J.L.A., A.P.S., R.B., P.M.D., G.J.B., A.J.M.)
| | - Paula M Darwin
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.A.O., L.M.W.H., H.W.Y., J.L.A., A.P.S., R.B., P.M.D., G.J.B., A.J.M.)
| | - Lilian Toledo-Jaldin
- Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Materno-Infantil, La Paz, Bolivia (L.T.-J., L.L.-V., A.E.M.-M., V.M.-G.)
| | - Litzi Lazo-Vega
- Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Materno-Infantil, La Paz, Bolivia (L.T.-J., L.L.-V., A.E.M.-M., V.M.-G.)
| | - Any Elena Moreno-Aramayo
- Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Materno-Infantil, La Paz, Bolivia (L.T.-J., L.L.-V., A.E.M.-M., V.M.-G.)
| | - Valquiria Miranda-Garrido
- Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Materno-Infantil, La Paz, Bolivia (L.T.-J., L.L.-V., A.E.M.-M., V.M.-G.)
| | - Jonathan A Shortt
- Department of Biomedical Informatics (K.A.O., J.A.H., J.A.S., C.J.M., H.Y., C.G.J.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Christopher J Matarazzo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics (K.A.O., J.A.H., J.A.S., C.J.M., H.Y., C.G.J.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Hussna Yasini
- Department of Biomedical Informatics (K.A.O., J.A.H., J.A.S., C.J.M., H.Y., C.G.J.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Graham J Burton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.A.O., L.M.W.H., H.W.Y., J.L.A., A.P.S., R.B., P.M.D., G.J.B., A.J.M.)
| | - Lorna G Moore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences (J.A.H., L.G.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Tatum S Simonson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (K.A.O., W.G., T.S.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (K.A.O., L.M.W.H., H.W.Y., J.L.A., A.P.S., R.B., P.M.D., G.J.B., A.J.M.)
| | - Colleen G Julian
- Department of Biomedical Informatics (K.A.O., J.A.H., J.A.S., C.J.M., H.Y., C.G.J.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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Tarry-Adkins JL, Robinson IG, Pantaleão LC, Armstrong JL, Thackray BD, Holzner LMW, Knapton AE, Virtue S, Jenkins B, Koulman A, Murray AJ, Ozanne SE, Aiken CE. The metabolic response of human trophoblasts derived from term placentas to metformin. Diabetologia 2023; 66:2320-2331. [PMID: 37670017 PMCID: PMC10627909 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Metformin is increasingly used therapeutically during pregnancy worldwide, particularly in the treatment of gestational diabetes, which affects a substantial proportion of pregnant women globally. However, the impact on placental metabolism remains unclear. In view of the association between metformin use in pregnancy and decreased birthweight, it is essential to understand how metformin modulates the bioenergetic and anabolic functions of the placenta. METHODS A cohort of 55 placentas delivered by elective Caesarean section at term was collected from consenting participants. Trophoblasts were isolated from the placental samples and treated in vitro with clinically relevant doses of metformin (0.01 mmol/l or 0.1 mmol/l) or vehicle. Respiratory function was assayed using high-resolution respirometry to measure oxygen concentration and calculated [Formula: see text]. Glycolytic rate and glycolytic stress assays were performed using Agilent Seahorse XF assays. Fatty acid uptake and oxidation measurements were conducted using radioisotope-labelled assays. Lipidomic analysis was conducted using LC-MS. Gene expression and protein analysis were performed using RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Complex I-supported oxidative phosphorylation was lower in metformin-treated trophoblasts (0.01 mmol/l metformin, 61.7% of control, p<0.05; 0.1 mmol/l metformin, 43.1% of control, p<0.001). The proton efflux rate arising from glycolysis under physiological conditions was increased following metformin treatment, up to 23±5% above control conditions following treatment with 0.1 mmol/l metformin (p<0.01). There was a significant increase in triglyceride concentrations in trophoblasts treated with 0.1 mmol/l metformin (p<0.05), particularly those of esters of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acid oxidation was reduced by ~50% in trophoblasts treated with 0.1 mmol/l metformin compared with controls (p<0.001), with no difference in uptake between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In primary trophoblasts derived from term placentas metformin treatment caused a reduction in oxidative phosphorylation through partial inactivation of complex I and potentially by other mechanisms. Metformin-treated trophoblasts accumulate lipids, particularly long- and very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our findings raise clinically important questions about the balance of risk of metformin use during pregnancy, particularly in situations where the benefits are not clear-cut and alternative therapies are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Tarry-Adkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the Rosie Hospital and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - India G Robinson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the Rosie Hospital and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lucas C Pantaleão
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenna L Armstrong
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Development, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin D Thackray
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Development, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lorenz M W Holzner
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Development, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alice E Knapton
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Development, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sam Virtue
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Development, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Catherine E Aiken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the Rosie Hospital and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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7
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Witts EC, Mathews MA, Murray AJ. The locus coeruleus directs sensory-motor reflex amplitude across environmental contexts. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4679-4688.e3. [PMID: 37741282 PMCID: PMC10957397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Purposeful movement across unpredictable environments requires quick, accurate, and contextually appropriate motor corrections in response to disruptions in balance and posture.1,2,3 These responses must respect both the current position and limitations of the body, as well as the surrounding environment,4,5,6 and involve a combination of segmental reflexes in the spinal cord, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal pathways in the brainstem, and forebrain structures such as the motor cortex.7,8,9,10 These motor plans can be heavily influenced by the animal's surrounding environment, even when that environment has no mechanical influence on the perturbation itself. This environmental influence has been considered as cortical in nature, priming motor responses to a perturbation.8,11 Similarly, postural responses can be influenced by environments that alter threat levels in humans.12,13,14,15,16,17,18 Such studies are generally in agreement with work done in the mouse showing that optogenetic stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) only results in motor responses when the animal is on a balance beam at height and not when walking on the stable surface of a treadmill.10 In general, this ability to flexibly modify postural responses across terrains and environmental conditions is a critically important component of the balance system.19,20 Here we show that LVN-generated motor corrections can be altered by manipulating the surrounding environment. Furthermore, environmental influence on corrections requires noradrenergic signaling from the locus coeruleus, suggesting a potential link between forebrain structures that convey sensory information about the environment and brainstem circuits that generate motor corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Witts
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, W1T 4JG London, UK.
| | - Miranda A Mathews
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, W1T 4JG London, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, W1T 4JG London, UK.
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8
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Stevens JL, McKenna HT, Filipe H, Lau L, Fernandez BO, Murray AJ, Feelisch M, Martin DS. Perioperative redox changes in patients undergoing hepato-pancreatico-biliary cancer surgery. Perioper Med (Lond) 2023; 12:35. [PMID: 37430377 DOI: 10.1186/s13741-023-00325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue injury induces inflammation and the surgical stress response, which are thought to be central to the orchestration of recovery or deterioration after surgery. Enhanced formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species accompanies the inflammatory response and triggers separate but integrated reduction/oxidation (redox) pathways that lead to oxidative and/or nitrosative stress (ONS). Quantitative information on ONS in the perioperative period is scarce. This single-centre exploratory study investigated the effects of major surgery on ONS and systemic redox status and their potential associations with postoperative morbidity. METHODS Blood was collected from 56 patients at baseline, end of surgery (EoS) and the first postoperative day (day-1). Postoperative morbidity was recorded using the Clavien-Dindo classification and further categorised into minor, moderate and severe. Plasma/serum measures included markers of lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; TBARS, 4-hydroxynonenal; 4-HNE, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2⍺; 8-isoprostanes). Total reducing capacity was measured using total free thiols (TFTs) and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). Nitric oxide (NO) formation/metabolism was measured using cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), nitrite, nitrate and total nitroso-species (RxNO). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-⍺) were measured to evaluate inflammation. RESULTS Both oxidative stress (TBARS) and nitrosative stress (total nitroso-species) increased from baseline to EoS (+14%, P = 0.003 and +138%, P < 0.001, respectively), along with an increase in overall reducing capacity (+9%, P = 0.03) at EoS and protein-adjusted total free thiols (+12%, P = 0.001) at day-1 after surgery. Nitrite, nitrate and cGMP concentrations declined concomitantly from baseline to day-1. Baseline nitrate was 60% higher in the minor morbidity group compared to severe (P = 0.003). The increase in intraoperative TBARS was greater in severe compared to minor morbidity (P = 0.01). The decline in intraoperative nitrate was more marked in the minor morbidity group compared to severe (P < 0.001), whereas the cGMP decline was greatest in the severe morbidity group (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION In patients undergoing major HPB surgery, intraoperative oxidative and nitrosative stress increased, with a concomitant increase in reductive capacity. Baseline nitrate was inversely associated with postoperative morbidity, and the hallmarks of poor postoperative outcome include changes in both oxidative stress and NO metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia L Stevens
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
- Royal Free Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
| | - Helen T McKenna
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, John Bull Building, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, Devon, UK
| | - Helder Filipe
- Royal Free Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Laurie Lau
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences and Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences and Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences and Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel S Martin
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, NW3 2QG, UK
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, John Bull Building, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, Devon, UK
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9
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Lindsay RT, Ambery P, Jermutus L, Murray AJ. Glucagon and exenatide improve contractile recovery following ischaemia/reperfusion in the isolated perfused rat heart. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15597. [PMID: 36946315 PMCID: PMC10031586 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The inotropic effects of glucagon have been recognized for many years, but it has remained unclear whether glucagon signaling is beneficial to cardiac function. We evaluated the effects of glucagon alone and in combination with the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist exenatide in the isolated perfused rat heart. The isolated perfused rat heart was used to investigate the initial inotropic and chronotropic effects of glucagon and exenatide during aerobic perfusion, and recovery of contractile function following ischaemia/reperfusion. Glucagon, but not exenatide, elicited an acute chronotropic and inotropic response during aerobic perfusion of the rat heart. Compared with control, glucagon improved recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) by 33% (p < 0.05) and rate-pressure product (RPP) by 66% (p < 0.001) following ischaemia/reperfusion and amplified the mild recovery enhancement elicited by exenatide in a dose-dependent manner. Glucagon shows inotropic properties in the isolated perfused rat heart and improves contractile recovery following ischaemia/reperfusion, both alone and when co-administered with a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Glucagon and exenatide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, combine to stimulate greater recovery of postischaemic contractile function in the Langendorff heart. Glucagon was inotropic and chronotropic, yet this initial effect decreased over time and did not account for the increased contractility observed postischaemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross T. Lindsay
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Philip Ambery
- Late‐stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Verma N, Velmurugan GV, Winford E, Coburn H, Kotiya D, Leibold N, Radulescu L, Despa S, Chen KC, Van Eldik LJ, Nelson PT, Wilcock DM, Jicha GA, Stowe AM, Goldstein LB, Powel DK, Walton JH, Navedo MF, Nystoriak MA, Murray AJ, Biessels GJ, Troakes C, Zetterberg H, Hardy J, Lashley T, Despa F. Aβ efflux impairment and inflammation linked to cerebrovascular accumulation of amyloid-forming amylin secreted from pancreas. Commun Biol 2023; 6:2. [PMID: 36596993 PMCID: PMC9810597 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of vascular pathways of cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) elimination contributes to Alzheimer disease (AD). Vascular damage is commonly associated with diabetes. Here we show in human tissues and AD-model rats that bloodborne islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) secreted from the pancreas perturbs cerebral Aβ clearance. Blood amylin concentrations are higher in AD than in cognitively unaffected persons. Amyloid-forming amylin accumulates in circulating monocytes and co-deposits with Aβ within the brain microvasculature, possibly involving inflammation. In rats, pancreatic expression of amyloid-forming human amylin indeed induces cerebrovascular inflammation and amylin-Aβ co-deposits. LRP1-mediated Aβ transport across the blood-brain barrier and Aβ clearance through interstitial fluid drainage along vascular walls are impaired, as indicated by Aβ deposition in perivascular spaces. At the molecular level, cerebrovascular amylin deposits alter immune and hypoxia-related brain gene expression. These converging data from humans and laboratory animals suggest that altering bloodborne amylin could potentially reduce cerebrovascular amylin deposits and Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Verma
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Edric Winford
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Han Coburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Deepak Kotiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Noah Leibold
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Laura Radulescu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sanda Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kuey C Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- UKHC Genomics Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - David K Powel
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Manuel F Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Troakes
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Florin Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- The Research Center for Healthy Metabolism, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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11
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Ronzano R, Skarlatou S, Barriga BK, Bannatyne BA, Bhumbra GS, Foster JD, Moore JD, Lancelin C, Pocratsky AM, Özyurt MG, Smith CC, Todd AJ, Maxwell DJ, Murray AJ, Pfaff SL, Brownstone RM, Zampieri N, Beato M. Spinal premotor interneurons controlling antagonistic muscles are spatially intermingled. eLife 2022; 11:81976. [PMID: 36512397 PMCID: PMC9844990 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Elaborate behaviours are produced by tightly controlled flexor-extensor motor neuron activation patterns. Motor neurons are regulated by a network of interneurons within the spinal cord, but the computational processes involved in motor control are not fully understood. The neuroanatomical arrangement of motor and premotor neurons into topographic patterns related to their controlled muscles is thought to facilitate how information is processed by spinal circuits. Rabies retrograde monosynaptic tracing has been used to label premotor interneurons innervating specific motor neuron pools, with previous studies reporting topographic mediolateral positional biases in flexor and extensor premotor interneurons. To more precisely define how premotor interneurons contacting specific motor pools are organized, we used multiple complementary viral-tracing approaches in mice to minimize systematic biases associated with each method. Contrary to expectations, we found that premotor interneurons contacting motor pools controlling flexion and extension of the ankle are highly intermingled rather than segregated into specific domains like motor neurons. Thus, premotor spinal neurons controlling different muscles process motor instructions in the absence of clear spatial patterns among the flexor-extensor circuit components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Ronzano
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bianca K Barriga
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - B Anne Bannatyne
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gardave Singh Bhumbra
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D Foster
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey D Moore
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Camille Lancelin
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda M Pocratsky
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Görkem Özyurt
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Calvin Chad Smith
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Todd
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David J Maxwell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel L Pfaff
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Robert M Brownstone
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marco Beato
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Moore LG, Wesolowski SR, Lorca RA, Murray AJ, Julian CG. Why is human uterine artery blood flow during pregnancy so high? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R694-R699. [PMID: 36094446 PMCID: PMC9602899 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00167.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In healthy near-term women, blood flow to the uteroplacental circulation is estimated as 841 mL/min, which is greater than in other mammalian species. We argue that as uterine venous Po2 sets the upper limit for O2 diffusion to the fetus, high uterine artery blood flow serves to narrow the maternal arterial-to-uterine venous Po2 gradient and thereby raise uterine vein Po2. In support, we show that the reported levels for uterine artery blood flow agree with what is required to maintain normal fetal growth. Although residence at high altitudes (>2,500 m) depresses fetal growth, not all populations are equally affected; Tibetans and Andeans have higher levels of uterine artery blood flow than newcomers and exhibit normal fetal growth. Estimates of uterine venous Po2 from the umbilical blood-gas data available from healthy Andean pregnancies indicate that their high levels of uterine artery blood flow are consistent with their reported, normal birth weights. Unknown, however, are the effects on placental gas exchange of the lower levels of uterine artery blood flow seen in high-altitude newcomers or hypoxia-associated pregnancy complications. We speculate that, by widening the maternal artery to uterine vein Po2 gradient, lower levels of uterine artery blood flow prompt metabolic changes that slow fetal growth to match O2 supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna G Moore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Ramón A Lorca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colleen G Julian
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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13
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Davies KL, Smith DJ, El-Bacha T, Wooding PFP, Forhead AJ, Murray AJ, Fowden AL, Camm EJ. Cortisol Regulates Cerebral Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation and Morphology of the Brain in a Region-Specific Manner in the Ovine Fetus. Biomolecules 2022; 12:768. [PMID: 35740893 PMCID: PMC9220895 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In adults, glucocorticoids are stress hormones that act, partly, through actions on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to increase energy availability. Before birth, glucocorticoids are primarily maturational signals that prepare the fetus for new postnatal challenges. However, the role of the normal prepartum glucocorticoid rise in preparing mitochondria for the increased postnatal energy demands remains largely unknown. This study examined the effect of physiological increases in the fetal cortisol concentration on cerebral mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity near term (~130 days gestation, term ~145 days gestation). Fetal sheep were infused with saline or cortisol for 5 days at ~0.8 of gestation before the mitochondrial content, respiratory rates, abundance of the electron transfer system proteins and OXPHOS efficiency were measured in their cortex and cerebellum. Cerebral morphology was assessed by immunohistochemistry and stereology. Cortisol treatment increased the mitochondrial content, while decreasing Complex I-linked respiration in the cerebellum. There was no effect on the cortical mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity. Cortisol infusion had regional effects on cerebral morphology, with increased myelination in the cerebrum. The findings demonstrate the importance of cortisol in regulating the cerebral mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity prenatally and have implications for infants born preterm or after glucocorticoid overexposure due to pregnancy complications or clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Davies
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (K.L.D.); (D.J.S.); (T.E.-B.); (P.F.P.W.); (A.J.F.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Danielle J. Smith
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (K.L.D.); (D.J.S.); (T.E.-B.); (P.F.P.W.); (A.J.F.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Tatiana El-Bacha
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (K.L.D.); (D.J.S.); (T.E.-B.); (P.F.P.W.); (A.J.F.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Peter F. P. Wooding
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (K.L.D.); (D.J.S.); (T.E.-B.); (P.F.P.W.); (A.J.F.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Alison J. Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (K.L.D.); (D.J.S.); (T.E.-B.); (P.F.P.W.); (A.J.F.); (A.J.M.)
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (K.L.D.); (D.J.S.); (T.E.-B.); (P.F.P.W.); (A.J.F.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Abigail L. Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (K.L.D.); (D.J.S.); (T.E.-B.); (P.F.P.W.); (A.J.F.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Emily J. Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (K.L.D.); (D.J.S.); (T.E.-B.); (P.F.P.W.); (A.J.F.); (A.J.M.)
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14
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Fowden AL, Vaughan OR, Murray AJ, Forhead AJ. Metabolic Consequences of Glucocorticoid Exposure before Birth. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112304. [PMID: 35684104 PMCID: PMC9182938 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have an important role in development of the metabolic phenotype in utero. They act as environmental and maturational signals in adapting feto-placental metabolism to maximize the chances of survival both before and at birth. They influence placental nutrient handling and fetal metabolic processes to support fetal growth, fuel storage and energy production with respect to nutrient availability. More specifically, they regulate the transport, utilization and production of a range of nutrients by the feto-placental tissues that enables greater metabolic flexibility in utero while minimizing any further drain on maternal resources during periods of stress. Near term, the natural rise in fetal glucocorticoid concentrations also stimulates key metabolic adaptations that prepare tissues for the new energy demanding functions after birth. Glucocorticoids, therefore, have a central role in the metabolic communication between the mother, placenta and fetus that optimizes offspring metabolic phenotype for survival to reproductive age. This review discusses the effects of maternal and fetal glucocorticoids on the supply and utilization of nutrients by the feto-placental tissues with particular emphasis on studies using quantitative methods to assess metabolism in rodents and sheep in vivo during late pregnancy. It considers the routes of glucocorticoid overexposure in utero, including experimental administration of synthetic glucocorticoids, and the mechanisms by which these hormones control feto-placental metabolism at the molecular, cellular and systems levels. It also briefly examines the consequences of intrauterine glucocorticoid overexposure for postnatal metabolic health and the generational inheritance of metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L. Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.J.M.); (A.J.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Owen R. Vaughan
- EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HX, UK;
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.J.M.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Alison J. Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; (A.J.M.); (A.J.F.)
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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15
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Soares MN, Eggelbusch M, Naddaf E, Gerrits KHL, van der Schaaf M, van den Borst B, Wiersinga WJ, van Vugt M, Weijs PJM, Murray AJ, Wüst RCI. Skeletal muscle alterations in patients with acute Covid-19 and post-acute sequelae of Covid-19. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:11-22. [PMID: 34997689 PMCID: PMC8818659 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle-related symptoms are common in both acute coronavirus disease (Covid)-19 and post-acute sequelae of Covid-19 (PASC). In this narrative review, we discuss cellular and molecular pathways that are affected and consider these in regard to skeletal muscle involvement in other conditions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, critical illness myopathy, and post-viral fatigue syndrome. Patients with severe Covid-19 and PASC suffer from skeletal muscle weakness and exercise intolerance. Histological sections present muscle fibre atrophy, metabolic alterations, and immune cell infiltration. Contributing factors to weakness and fatigue in patients with severe Covid-19 include systemic inflammation, disuse, hypoxaemia, and malnutrition. These factors also contribute to post-intensive care unit (ICU) syndrome and ICU-acquired weakness and likely explain a substantial part of Covid-19-acquired weakness. The skeletal muscle weakness and exercise intolerance associated with PASC are more obscure. Direct severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 viral infiltration into skeletal muscle or an aberrant immune system likely contribute. Similarities between skeletal muscle alterations in PASC and chronic fatigue syndrome deserve further study. Both SARS-CoV-2-specific factors and generic consequences of acute disease likely underlie the observed skeletal muscle alterations in both acute Covid-19 and PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madu N Soares
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moritz Eggelbusch
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elie Naddaf
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karin H L Gerrits
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Merem Medical Rehabilitation, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Marike van der Schaaf
- Department of Rehabilitation, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Health, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram van den Borst
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michele van Vugt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Weijs
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rob C I Wüst
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Chalif JI, de Lourdes Martínez-Silva M, Pagiazitis JG, Murray AJ, Mentis GZ. Control of mammalian locomotion by ventral spinocerebellar tract neurons. Cell 2022; 185:328-344.e26. [PMID: 35063074 PMCID: PMC8852337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Locomotion is a complex behavior required for animal survival. Vertebrate locomotion depends on spinal interneurons termed the central pattern generator (CPG), which generates activity responsible for the alternation of flexor and extensor muscles and the left and right side of the body. It is unknown whether multiple or a single neuronal type is responsible for the control of mammalian locomotion. Here, we show that ventral spinocerebellar tract neurons (VSCTs) drive generation and maintenance of locomotor behavior in neonatal and adult mice. Using mouse genetics, physiological, anatomical, and behavioral assays, we demonstrate that VSCTs exhibit rhythmogenic properties and neuronal circuit connectivity consistent with their essential role in the locomotor CPG. Importantly, optogenetic activation and chemogenetic silencing reveals that VSCTs are necessary and sufficient for locomotion. These findings identify VSCTs as critical components for mammalian locomotion and provide a paradigm shift in our understanding of neural control of complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I. Chalif
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Dept. of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - María de Lourdes Martínez-Silva
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Dept. of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John G. Pagiazitis
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Dept. of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - George Z. Mentis
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Dept. of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Dept. of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Corresponding author & Lead contact: Tel: +1-212-305-9846,
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17
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O'Brien KA, McNally BD, Sowton AP, Murgia A, Armitage J, Thomas LW, Krause FN, Maddalena LA, Francis I, Kavanagh S, Williams DP, Ashcroft M, Griffin JL, Lyon JJ, Murray AJ. Enhanced hepatic respiratory capacity and altered lipid metabolism support metabolic homeostasis during short-term hypoxic stress. BMC Biol 2021; 19:265. [PMID: 34911556 PMCID: PMC8675474 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue hypoxia is a key feature of several endemic hepatic diseases, including alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and organ failure. Hypoxia imposes a severe metabolic challenge on the liver, potentially disrupting its capacity to carry out essential functions including fuel storage and the integration of lipid metabolism at the whole-body level. Mitochondrial respiratory function is understood to be critical in mediating the hepatic hypoxic response, yet the time-dependent nature of this response and the role of the respiratory chain in this remain unclear. RESULTS Here, we report that hepatic respiratory capacity is enhanced following short-term exposure to hypoxia (2 days, 10% O2) and is associated with increased abundance of the respiratory chain supercomplex III2+IV and increased cardiolipin levels. Suppression of this enhanced respiratory capacity, achieved via mild inhibition of mitochondrial complex III, disrupted metabolic homeostasis. Hypoxic exposure for 2 days led to accumulation of plasma and hepatic long chain acyl-carnitines. This was observed alongside depletion of hepatic triacylglycerol species with total chain lengths of 39-53 carbons, containing palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, and oleic acids, which are associated with de novo lipogenesis. The changes to hepatic respiratory capacity and lipid metabolism following 2 days hypoxic exposure were transient, becoming resolved after 14 days in line with systemic acclimation to hypoxia and elevated circulating haemoglobin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The liver maintains metabolic homeostasis in response to shorter term hypoxic exposure through transient enhancement of respiratory chain capacity and alterations to lipid metabolism. These findings may have implications in understanding and treating hepatic pathologies associated with hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Ben D McNally
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Alice P Sowton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Antonio Murgia
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - James Armitage
- Global Investigative Safety, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Luke W Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fynn N Krause
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Lucas A Maddalena
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Francis
- Ultrastructure and Cellular Bioimaging, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Stefan Kavanagh
- Oncology Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, CB2 OAA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominic P Williams
- Functional and Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, CB2 OAA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Margaret Ashcroft
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jonathan J Lyon
- Global Investigative Safety, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
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18
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Sharma A, De Blasio MJ, Tate M, Ritchie RH, Murray AJ. Editorial: Translational Approaches for Targeting Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:799020. [PMID: 34867431 PMCID: PMC8635766 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.799020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arpeeta Sharma
- Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Miles J De Blasio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitchel Tate
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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19
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Holzner LMW, Murray AJ. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors as Key Players in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:753268. [PMID: 34692739 PMCID: PMC8526542 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.753268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its more severe form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are a major public health concern with high and increasing global prevalence, and a significant disease burden owing to its progression to more severe forms of liver disease and the associated risk of cardiovascular disease. Treatment options, however, remain scarce, and a better understanding of the pathological and physiological processes involved could enable the development of new therapeutic strategies. One process implicated in the pathology of NAFLD and NASH is cellular oxygen sensing, coordinated largely by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors. Activation of HIFs has been demonstrated in patients and mouse models of NAFLD and NASH and studies of activation and inhibition of HIFs using pharmacological and genetic tools point toward important roles for these transcription factors in modulating central aspects of the disease. HIFs appear to act in several cell types in the liver to worsen steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, but may nevertheless improve insulin sensitivity. Moreover, in liver and other tissues, HIF activation alters mitochondrial respiratory function and metabolism, having an impact on energetic and redox homeostasis. This article aims to provide an overview of current understanding of the roles of HIFs in NAFLD, highlighting areas where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz M W Holzner
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Lindsay RT, Dieckmann S, Krzyzanska D, Manetta-Jones D, West JA, Castro C, Griffin JL, Murray AJ. β-hydroxybutyrate accumulates in the rat heart during low-flow ischaemia with implications for functional recovery. eLife 2021; 10:e71270. [PMID: 34491199 PMCID: PMC8423437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrahepatic tissues which oxidise ketone bodies also have the capacity to accumulate them under particular conditions. We hypothesised that acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) accumulation and altered redox status during low-flow ischaemia would support ketone body production in the heart. Combining a Langendorff heart model of low-flow ischaemia/reperfusion with liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we show that β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) accumulated in the ischaemic heart to 23.9 nmol/gww and was secreted into the coronary effluent. Sodium oxamate, a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibitor, increased ischaemic β-OHB levels 5.3-fold and slowed contractile recovery. Inhibition of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA synthase (HMGCS2) with hymeglusin lowered ischaemic β-OHB accumulation by 40%, despite increased flux through succinyl-CoA-3-oxaloacid CoA transferase (SCOT), resulting in greater contractile recovery. Hymeglusin also protected cardiac mitochondrial respiratory capacity during ischaemia/reperfusion. In conclusion, net ketone generation occurs in the heart under conditions of low-flow ischaemia. The process is driven by flux through both HMGCS2 and SCOT, and impacts on cardiac functional recovery from ischaemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross T Lindsay
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sophie Dieckmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Dominika Krzyzanska
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Dominic Manetta-Jones
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - James A West
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
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21
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Davies KL, Camm EJ, Smith DJ, Vaughan OR, Forhead AJ, Murray AJ, Fowden AL. Glucocorticoid maturation of mitochondrial respiratory capacity in skeletal muscle before birth. J Endocrinol 2021; 251:53-68. [PMID: 34321363 PMCID: PMC8428072 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In adults, glucocorticoids act to match the supply and demand for energy during physiological challenges, partly through actions on tissue mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity. However, little is known about the role of the natural prepartum rise in fetal glucocorticoid concentrations in preparing tissues for the increased postnatal energy demands. This study examined the effect of manipulating cortisol concentrations in fetal sheep during late gestation on mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity of two skeletal muscles with different postnatal locomotive functions. Mitochondrial content, biogenesis markers, respiratory rates and expression of proteins and genes involved in the electron transfer system (ETS) and OXPHOS efficiency were measured in the biceps femoris (BF) and superficial digital flexor (SDF) of fetuses either infused with cortisol before the prepartum rise or adrenalectomised to prevent this increment. Cortisol infusion increased mitochondrial content, biogenesis markers, substrate-specific respiration rates and abundance of ETS complex I and adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT1) in a muscle-specific manner that was more pronounced in the SDF than BF. Adrenalectomy reduced mitochondrial content and expression of PGC1α and ANT1 in both muscles, and ETS complex IV abundance in the SDF near term. Uncoupling protein gene expression was unaffected by cortisol manipulations in both muscles. Gene expression of the myosin heavy chain isoform, MHCIIx, was increased by cortisol infusion and reduced by adrenalectomy in the BF alone. These findings show that cortisol has a muscle-specific role in prepartum maturation of mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity with important implications for the health of neonates born pre-term or after intrauterine glucocorticoid overexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Davies
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - D J Smith
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - O R Vaughan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - A J Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - A J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to A L Fowden:
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22
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Davies KL, Smith DJ, El-Bacha T, Stewart ME, Easwaran A, Wooding PFP, Forhead AJ, Murray AJ, Fowden AL, Camm EJ. Development of cerebral mitochondrial respiratory function is impaired by thyroid hormone deficiency before birth in a region-specific manner. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21591. [PMID: 33891344 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100075r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones regulate adult metabolism partly through actions on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). They also affect neurological development of the brain, but their role in cerebral OXPHOS before birth remains largely unknown, despite the increase in cerebral energy demand during the neonatal period. Thus, this study examined prepartum development of cerebral OXPHOS in hypothyroid fetal sheep. Using respirometry, Complex I (CI), Complex II (CII), and combined CI&CII OXPHOS capacity were measured in the fetal cerebellum and cortex at 128 and 142 days of gestational age (dGA) after surgical thyroidectomy or sham operation at 105 dGA (term ~145 dGA). Mitochondrial electron transfer system (ETS) complexes, mRNA transcripts related to mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP production, and mitochondrial density were quantified using molecular techniques. Cerebral morphology was assessed by immunohistochemistry and stereology. In the cortex, hypothyroidism reduced CI-linked respiration and CI abundance at 128 dGA and 142 dGA, respectively, and caused upregulation of PGC1α (regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis) and thyroid hormone receptor β at 128 dGA and 142 dGA, respectively. In contrast, in the cerebellum, hypothyroidism reduced CI&II- and CII-linked respiration at 128 dGA, with no significant effect on the ETS complexes. In addition, cerebellar glucocorticoid hormone receptor and adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT1) were downregulated at 128 dGA and 142 dGA, respectively. These alterations in mitochondrial function were accompanied by reduced myelination. The findings demonstrate the importance of thyroid hormones in the prepartum maturation of cerebral mitochondria and have implications for the etiology and treatment of the neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with human prematurity and congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Davies
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Danielle J Smith
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tatiana El-Bacha
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Max E Stewart
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Akshay Easwaran
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter F P Wooding
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison J Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abigail L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Whitehead A, Krause FN, Moran A, MacCannell ADV, Scragg JL, McNally BD, Boateng E, Murfitt SA, Virtue S, Wright J, Garnham J, Davies GR, Dodgson J, Schneider JE, Murray AJ, Church C, Vidal-Puig A, Witte KK, Griffin JL, Roberts LD. Brown and beige adipose tissue regulate systemic metabolism through a metabolite interorgan signaling axis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1905. [PMID: 33772024 PMCID: PMC7998027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissue are emerging as distinct endocrine organs. These tissues are functionally associated with skeletal muscle, adipose tissue metabolism and systemic energy expenditure, suggesting an interorgan signaling network. Using metabolomics, we identify 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 5-oxoproline, and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid as small molecule metabokines synthesized in browning adipocytes and secreted via monocarboxylate transporters. 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 5-oxoproline and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid induce a brown adipocyte-specific phenotype in white adipocytes and mitochondrial oxidative energy metabolism in skeletal myocytes both in vitro and in vivo. 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid and 5-oxoproline signal through cAMP-PKA-p38 MAPK and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid via mTOR. In humans, plasma and adipose tissue 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 5-oxoproline and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid concentrations correlate with markers of adipose browning and inversely associate with body mass index. These metabolites reduce adiposity, increase energy expenditure and improve glucose and insulin homeostasis in mouse models of obesity and diabetes. Our findings identify beige adipose-brown adipose-muscle physiological metabokine crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fynn N Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Moran
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Ben D McNally
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Steven A Murfitt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Wright
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jack Garnham
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Graeme R Davies
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Dodgson
- Phenotypic Screening and High Content Imaging, Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher Church
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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24
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McKenna HT, O'Brien KA, Fernandez BO, Minnion M, Tod A, McNally BD, West JA, Griffin JL, Grocott MP, Mythen MG, Feelisch M, Murray AJ, Martin DS. Divergent trajectories of cellular bioenergetics, intermediary metabolism and systemic redox status in survivors and non-survivors of critical illness. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101907. [PMID: 33667994 PMCID: PMC7937570 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous pathologies result in multiple-organ failure, which is thought to be a direct consequence of compromised cellular bioenergetic status. Neither the nature of this phenotype nor its relevance to survival are well understood, limiting the efficacy of modern life-support. Methods To explore the hypothesis that survival from critical illness relates to changes in cellular bioenergetics, we combined assessment of mitochondrial respiration with metabolomic, lipidomic and redox profiling in skeletal muscle and blood, at multiple timepoints, in 21 critically ill patients and 12 reference patients. Results We demonstrate an end-organ cellular phenotype in critical illness, characterized by preserved total energetic capacity, greater coupling efficiency and selectively lower capacity for complex I and fatty acid oxidation (FAO)-supported respiration in skeletal muscle, compared to health. In survivors, complex I capacity at 48 h was 27% lower than in non-survivors (p = 0.01), but tended to increase by day 7, with no such recovery observed in non-survivors. By day 7, survivors’ FAO enzyme activity was double that of non-survivors (p = 0.048), in whom plasma triacylglycerol accumulated. Increases in both cellular oxidative stress and reductive drive were evident in early critical illness compared to health. Initially, non-survivors demonstrated greater plasma total antioxidant capacity but ultimately higher lipid peroxidation compared to survivors. These alterations were mirrored by greater levels of circulating total free thiol and nitrosated species, consistent with greater reductive stress and vascular inflammation, in non-survivors compared to survivors. In contrast, no clear differences in systemic inflammatory markers were observed between the two groups. Conclusion Critical illness is associated with rapid, specific and coordinated alterations in the cellular respiratory machinery, intermediary metabolism and redox response, with different trajectories in survivors and non-survivors. Unravelling the cellular and molecular foundation of human resilience may enable the development of more effective life-support strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen T McKenna
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK; Intensive Care Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK; Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, John Bull Building, Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Katie A O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Magdalena Minnion
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Adam Tod
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ben D McNally
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - James A West
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK; Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael P Grocott
- Anaesthesia Perioperative and Critical Care Research Group, Southampton National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Michael G Mythen
- University College London Hospitals and Great Ormond Street, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centres, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK; Anaesthesia Perioperative and Critical Care Research Group, Southampton National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Daniel S Martin
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK; Intensive Care Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK; Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, John Bull Building, Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, UK
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25
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Akay T, Murray AJ. Relative Contribution of Proprioceptive and Vestibular Sensory Systems to Locomotion: Opportunities for Discovery in the Age of Molecular Science. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1467. [PMID: 33540567 PMCID: PMC7867206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion is a fundamental animal behavior required for survival and has been the subject of neuroscience research for centuries. In terrestrial mammals, the rhythmic and coordinated leg movements during locomotion are controlled by a combination of interconnected neurons in the spinal cord, referred as to the central pattern generator, and sensory feedback from the segmental somatosensory system and supraspinal centers such as the vestibular system. How segmental somatosensory and the vestibular systems work in parallel to enable terrestrial mammals to locomote in a natural environment is still relatively obscure. In this review, we first briefly describe what is known about how the two sensory systems control locomotion and use this information to formulate a hypothesis that the weight of the role of segmental feedback is less important at slower speeds but increases at higher speeds, whereas the weight of the role of vestibular system has the opposite relation. The new avenues presented by the latest developments in molecular sciences using the mouse as the model system allow the direct testing of the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Akay
- Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Centre, Department of Medical Neuroscience, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London W1T 4JG, UK
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26
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Ly H, Verma N, Sharma S, Kotiya D, Despa S, Abner EL, Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Wilcock DM, Goldstein LB, Guerreiro R, Brás J, Hanson AJ, Craft S, Murray AJ, Biessels GJ, Troakes C, Zetterberg H, Hardy J, Lashley T, AESG, Despa F. The association of circulating amylin with β-amyloid in familial Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2021; 7:e12130. [PMID: 33521236 PMCID: PMC7816817 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assessed the hypothesis that circulating human amylin (amyloid-forming) cross-seeds with amyloid beta (Aβ) in early Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Evidence of amylin-AD pathology interaction was tested in brains of 31 familial AD mutation carriers and 20 cognitively unaffected individuals, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (98 diseased and 117 control samples) and in genetic databases. For functional testing, we genetically manipulated amylin secretion in APP/PS1 and non-APP/PS1 rats. RESULTS Amylin-Aβ cross-seeding was identified in AD brains. High CSF amylin levels were associated with decreased CSF Aβ42 concentrations. AD risk and amylin gene are not correlated. Suppressed amylin secretion protected APP/PS1 rats against AD-associated effects. In contrast, hypersecretion or intravenous injection of human amylin in APP/PS1 rats exacerbated AD-like pathology through disruption of CSF-brain Aβ exchange and amylin-Aβ cross-seeding. DISCUSSION These findings strengthened the hypothesis of circulating amylin-AD interaction and suggest that modulation of blood amylin levels may alter Aβ-related pathology/symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ly
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA,The Research Center for Healthy MetabolismUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Nirmal Verma
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA,The Research Center for Healthy MetabolismUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Savita Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Deepak Kotiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA,The Research Center for Healthy MetabolismUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Sanda Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA,The Research Center for Healthy MetabolismUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Erin L. Abner
- Department of EpidemiologyCollege of Public HealthUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA,Sanders‐Brown Center on AgingUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- Sanders‐Brown Center on AgingUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Gregory A. Jicha
- Sanders‐Brown Center on AgingUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA,Department of NeurologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Donna M. Wilcock
- Sanders‐Brown Center on AgingUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA,Department of PhysiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | | | - Rita Guerreiro
- Center for Neurodegenerative ScienceVan Andel Research InstituteGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - José Brás
- Center for Neurodegenerative ScienceVan Andel Research InstituteGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Angela J. Hanson
- Memory & Brain Wellness CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Claire Troakes
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience DepartmentKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgMölndalSweden,Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden,Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyQueen Square, LondonUK,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyQueen Square, LondonUK,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Reta Lila Weston InstituteUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK,UCL Movement Disorders CentreUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Institute for Advanced StudyThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong SARChina
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyQueen Square, LondonUK,Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological DisordersDepartment of Clinical and Movement NeuroscienceUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - AESG
- Alzheimer's disease Exome Sequencing Group: Guerreiro R, Brás J, Sassi C, Gibbs JR, Hernandez D, Lupton MK, Brown K, Morgan K, Powell J, Singleton A, Hardy J.
| | - Florin Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA,The Research Center for Healthy MetabolismUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA,Department of NeurologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
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27
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Liu KD, Acharjee A, Hinz C, Liggi S, Murgia A, Denes J, Gulston MK, Wang X, Chu Y, West JA, Glen RC, Roberts LD, Murray AJ, Griffin JL. Consequences of Lipid Remodeling of Adipocyte Membranes Being Functionally Distinct from Lipid Storage in Obesity. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3919-3935. [PMID: 32646215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disorder where the genome interacts with diet and environmental factors to ultimately influence body mass, composition, and shape. Numerous studies have investigated how bulk lipid metabolism of adipose tissue changes with obesity and, in particular, how the composition of triglycerides (TGs) changes with increased adipocyte expansion. However, reflecting the analytical challenge posed by examining non-TG lipids in extracts dominated by TGs, the glycerophospholipid composition of cell membranes has been seldom investigated. Phospholipids (PLs) contribute to a variety of cellular processes including maintaining organelle functionality, providing an optimized environment for membrane-associated proteins, and acting as pools for metabolites (e.g. choline for one-carbon metabolism and for methylation of DNA). We have conducted a comprehensive lipidomic study of white adipose tissue in mice which become obese either through genetic modification (ob/ob), diet (high fat diet), or a combination of the two, using both solid phase extraction and ion mobility to increase coverage of the lipidome. Composition changes in seven classes of lipids (free fatty acids, diglycerides, TGs, phosphatidylcholines, lyso-phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidylserines) correlated with perturbations in one-carbon metabolism and transcriptional changes in adipose tissue. We demonstrate that changes in TGs that dominate the overall lipid composition of white adipose tissue are distinct from diet-induced alterations of PLs, the predominant components of the cell membranes. PLs correlate better with transcriptional and one-carbon metabolism changes within the cell, suggesting that the compositional changes that occur in cell membranes during adipocyte expansion have far-reaching functional consequences. Data are available at MetaboLights under the submission number: MTBLS1775.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-di Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
| | - Animesh Acharjee
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS, Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, U.K
| | - Christine Hinz
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Sonia Liggi
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Antonio Murgia
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Julia Denes
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Melanie K Gulston
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Xinzhu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
| | - Yajing Chu
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
| | - James A West
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
| | - Robert C Glen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EL, U.K
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Thisted L, Østergaard MV, Pedersen AA, Pedersen PJ, Lindsay RT, Murray AJ, Fink LN, Pedersen TX, Secher T, Johansen TT, Thrane ST, Skarsfeldt T, Jelsing J, Thomsen MB, Zois NE. Rat pancreatectomy combined with isoprenaline or uninephrectomy as models of diabetic cardiomyopathy or nephropathy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16130. [PMID: 32999377 PMCID: PMC7527487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and renal complications are the predominant causes of morbidity and mortality amongst patients with diabetes. Development of novel treatments have been hampered by the lack of available animal models recapitulating the human disease. We hypothesized that experimental diabetes in rats combined with a cardiac or renal stressor, would mimic diabetic cardiomyopathy and nephropathy, respectively. Diabetes was surgically induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by 90% pancreatectomy (Px). Isoprenaline (Iso, 1 mg/kg, sc., 10 days) was administered 5 weeks after Px with the aim of inducing cardiomyopathy, and cardiac function and remodeling was assessed by echocardiography 10 weeks after surgery. Left ventricular (LV) fibrosis was quantified by Picro Sirius Red and gene expression analysis. Nephropathy was induced by Px combined with uninephrectomy (Px-UNx). Kidney function was assessed by measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine albumin excretion, and kidney injury was evaluated by histopathology and gene expression analysis. Px resulted in stable hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, decreased C-peptide, and increased glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) compared with sham-operated controls. Moreover, Px increased heart and LV weights and dimensions and caused a shift from α-myosin heavy chain (MHC) to β-MHC gene expression. Isoprenaline treatment, but not Px, decreased ejection fraction and induced LV fibrosis. There was no apparent interaction between Px and Iso treatment. The superimposition of Px and UNx increased GFR, indicating hyperfiltration. Compared with sham-operated controls, Px-UNx induced albuminuria and increased urine markers of kidney injury, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and podocalyxin, concomitant with upregulated renal gene expression of NGAL and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1). Whereas Px and isoprenaline separately produced clinical endpoints related to diabetic cardiomyopathy, the combination of the two did not accentuate disease development. Conversely, Px in combination with UNx resulted in several clinical hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy indicative of early disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Thisted
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Gubra Aps, Kongevej 11b, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Philip J Pedersen
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Gubra Aps, Kongevej 11b, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Ross T Lindsay
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Gubra Aps, Kongevej 11b, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- CVRM, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisbeth N Fink
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Gubra Aps, Kongevej 11b, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Tanja X Pedersen
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Gubra Aps, Kongevej 11b, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- CVD Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Thomas Secher
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Gubra Aps, Kongevej 11b, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Thea T Johansen
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Gubra Aps, Kongevej 11b, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jacob Jelsing
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Gubra Aps, Kongevej 11b, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Morten B Thomsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nora E Zois
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Gubra Aps, Kongevej 11b, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
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Abstract
The syndrome of critical illness is a complex physiological stressor that can be triggered by diverse pathologies. It is widely believed that organ dysfunction and death result from bioenergetic failure caused by inadequate cellular oxygen supply. Teleologically, life has evolved to survive in the face of stressors by undergoing a suite of adaptive changes. Adaptation not only comprises alterations in systemic physiology but also involves molecular reprogramming within cells. The concept of cellular adaptation in critically ill patients is a matter of contention in part because medical interventions mask underlying physiology, creating the artificial construct of "chronic critical illness," without which death would be imminent. Thus far, the intensive care armamentarium has not targeted cellular metabolism to preserve a temporary equilibrium but instead attempts to normalize global oxygen and substrate delivery. Here, we review adaptations to hypoxia that have been demonstrated in cellular models and in human conditions associated with hypoxia, including the hypobaric hypoxia of high altitude, the intrauterine low-oxygen environment, and adult myocardial hibernation. Common features include upregulation of glycolytic ATP production, enhancement of respiratory efficiency, downregulation of mitochondrial density, and suppression of energy-consuming processes. We argue that these innate cellular adaptations to hypoxia represent potential avenues for intervention that have thus far remained untapped by intensive care medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen T McKenna
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Royal Free Intensive Care Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel S Martin
- Royal Free Intensive Care Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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30
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Sowton AP, Padmanabhan N, Tunster SJ, McNally BD, Murgia A, Yusuf A, Griffin JL, Murray AJ, Watson ED. Mtrr hypomorphic mutation alters liver morphology, metabolism and fuel storage in mice. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 23:100580. [PMID: 32257815 PMCID: PMC7109458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with dietary folate deficiency and mutations in genes required for one‑carbon metabolism. However, the mechanism through which this occurs is unclear. To improve our understanding of this link, we investigated liver morphology, metabolism and fuel storage in adult mice with a hypomorphic mutation in the gene methionine synthase reductase (Mtrr gt ). MTRR enzyme is a key regulator of the methionine and folate cycles. The Mtrr gt mutation in mice was previously shown to disrupt one‑carbon metabolism and cause a wide-spectrum of developmental phenotypes and late adult-onset macrocytic anaemia. Here, we showed that livers of Mtrr gt/gt female mice were enlarged compared to control C57Bl/6J livers. Histological analysis of these livers revealed eosinophilic hepatocytes with decreased glycogen content, which was associated with down-regulation of genes involved in glycogen synthesis (e.g., Ugp2 and Gsk3a genes). While female Mtrr gt/gt livers showed evidence of reduced β-oxidation of fatty acids, there were no other associated changes in the lipidome in female or male Mtrr gt/gt livers compared with controls. Defects in glycogen storage and lipid metabolism often associate with disruption of mitochondrial electron transfer system activity. However, defects in mitochondrial function were not detected in Mtrr gt/gt livers as determined by high-resolution respirometry analysis. Overall, we demonstrated that adult Mtrr gt/gt female mice showed abnormal liver morphology that differed from the NAFLD phenotype and that was accompanied by subtle changes in their hepatic metabolism and fuel storage.
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Key Words
- 5-methyl-THF, 5-methyltetrahydofolate
- Agl, amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase,4-alpha-glucanotransferase gene
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- Bhmt, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase gene
- CE, cholesteryl-ester
- Cebpa, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alpha gene
- Cer, ceramide
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- Ddit3, DNA damage inducible transcript 3 gene
- ETS, electron transport system
- FCCP, p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazine
- FFA, free fatty acid
- G6pc, glucose 6-phophastase gene
- Gbe1, glycogen branching enzyme 1 gene
- Glycogen
- Gsk3, glycogen synthase kinase gene
- Gyg, glycogenin gene
- Gys2, glycogen synthase 2 gene
- HOAD, 3-hydoxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- Hepatic fuel storage
- Isca1, iron‑sulfur cluster assembly 1 gene
- JO2, oxygen flux
- LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- Lipidomics
- Liver metabolism
- Mitochondrial function
- Mthfr, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene
- Mtr, methionine synthase gene (also MS)
- Mtrr, methionine synthase reductase gene (also MSR)
- Myc, myelocytomatosis oncogene
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Ndufs, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit (ETS complex I) gene
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- One‑carbon metabolism
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PAS, periodic acid Schiff
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PIP, phosphatidylinositol phosphate(s)
- PL, phospholipid
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- RIPA, Radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine
- SM, sphingomyelin
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Ugp2, UDP-glucose pyrophophorylase 2 gene
- gt, gene-trap
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice P. Sowton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Nisha Padmanabhan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Simon J. Tunster
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ben D. McNally
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Antonio Murgia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Aisha Yusuf
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Julian L. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Erica D. Watson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
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Harris SE, De Blasio MJ, Zhao X, Ma M, Davies K, Wooding FBP, Hamilton RS, Blache D, Meredith D, Murray AJ, Fowden AL, Forhead AJ. Thyroid Deficiency Before Birth Alters the Adipose Transcriptome to Promote Overgrowth of White Adipose Tissue and Impair Thermogenic Capacity. Thyroid 2020; 30:794-805. [PMID: 32070265 PMCID: PMC7286741 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: Development of adipose tissue before birth is essential for energy storage and thermoregulation in the neonate and for cardiometabolic health in later life. Thyroid hormones are important regulators of growth and maturation in fetal tissues. Offspring hypothyroid in utero are poorly adapted to regulate body temperature at birth and are at risk of becoming obese and insulin resistant in childhood. The mechanisms by which thyroid hormones regulate the growth and development of adipose tissue in the fetus, however, are unclear. Methods: This study examined the structure, transcriptome, and protein expression of perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) in a fetal sheep model of thyroid hormone deficiency during late gestation. Proportions of unilocular (UL) (white) and multilocular (ML) (brown) adipocytes, and UL adipocyte size, were assessed by histological and stereological techniques. Changes to the adipose transcriptome were investigated by RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, and proteins of interest were quantified by Western blotting. Results: Hypothyroidism in utero resulted in elevated plasma insulin and leptin concentrations and overgrowth of PAT in the fetus, specifically due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of UL adipocytes with no change in ML adipocyte mass. RNA sequencing and genomic analyses showed that thyroid deficiency affected 34% of the genes identified in fetal adipose tissue. Enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) pathways were associated with adipogenic, metabolic, and thermoregulatory processes, insulin resistance, and a range of endocrine and adipocytokine signaling pathways. Adipose protein levels of signaling molecules, including phosphorylated S6-kinase (pS6K), glucose transporter isoform 4 (GLUT4), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), were increased by fetal hypothyroidism. Fetal thyroid deficiency decreased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) protein and mRNA content, and UCP1 thermogenic capacity without any change in ML adipocyte mass. Conclusions: Growth and development of adipose tissue before birth is sensitive to thyroid hormone status in utero. Changes to the adipose transcriptome and phenotype observed in the hypothyroid fetus may have consequences for neonatal survival and the risk of obesity and metabolic dysfunction in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley E Harris
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Miles J De Blasio
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Marcella Ma
- Genomics-Transcriptomics Core, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katie Davies
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - FB Peter Wooding
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Russell S Hamilton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Dominique Blache
- Genomics-Transcriptomics Core, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David Meredith
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Abigail L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Alison J Forhead
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Corresponding author: Dr Alison J Forhead, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK; +44 1223 333853;
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32
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McNally BD, Moran A, Watt NT, Ashmore T, Whitehead A, Murfitt SA, Kearney MT, Cubbon RM, Murray AJ, Griffin JL, Roberts LD. Inorganic Nitrate Promotes Glucose Uptake and Oxidative Catabolism in White Adipose Tissue Through the XOR-Catalyzed Nitric Oxide Pathway. Diabetes 2020; 69:893-901. [PMID: 32086288 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An aging global population combined with sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets has contributed to an increasing incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. These metabolic disorders are associated with perturbations to nitric oxide (NO) signaling and impaired glucose metabolism. Dietary inorganic nitrate, found in high concentration in green leafy vegetables, can be converted to NO in vivo and demonstrates antidiabetic and antiobesity properties in rodents. Alongside tissues including skeletal muscle and liver, white adipose tissue is also an important physiological site of glucose disposal. However, the distinct molecular mechanisms governing the effect of nitrate on adipose tissue glucose metabolism and the contribution of this tissue to the glucose-tolerant phenotype remain to be determined. Using a metabolomic and stable-isotope labeling approach, combined with transcriptional analysis, we found that nitrate increases glucose uptake and oxidative catabolism in primary adipocytes and white adipose tissue of nitrate-treated rats. Mechanistically, we determined that nitrate induces these phenotypic changes in primary adipocytes through the xanthine oxidoreductase-catalyzed reduction of nitrate to NO and independently of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. The nitrate-mediated enhancement of glucose uptake and catabolism in white adipose tissue may be a key contributor to the antidiabetic effects of this anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D McNally
- Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Amy Moran
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Nicole T Watt
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Tom Ashmore
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Anna Whitehead
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Steven A Murfitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Richard M Cubbon
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K.
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34
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Davies KL, Camm EJ, Atkinson EV, Lopez T, Forhead AJ, Murray AJ, Fowden AL. Development and thyroid hormone dependence of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function towards birth. J Physiol 2020; 598:2453-2468. [PMID: 32087026 PMCID: PMC7317365 DOI: 10.1113/jp279194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Skeletal muscle energy requirements increase at birth but little is known regarding the development of mitochondria that provide most of the cellular energy as ATP. Thyroid hormones are known regulators of adult metabolism and are important in driving several aspects of fetal development, including muscle fibre differentiation. Mitochondrial density and the abundance of mitochondrial membrane proteins in skeletal muscle increased during late gestation. However, mitochondrial functional capacity, measured as oxygen consumption rate, increased primarily after birth. Fetal hypothyroidism resulted in significant reductions in mitochondrial function and density in skeletal muscle before birth. Mitochondrial function matures towards birth and is dependent on the presence of thyroid hormones, with potential implications for the health of pre‐term and hypothyroid infants.
Abstract Birth is a significant metabolic challenge with exposure to a pro‐oxidant environment and the increased energy demands for neonatal survival. This study investigated the development of mitochondrial density and activity in ovine biceps femoris skeletal muscle during the perinatal period and examined the role of thyroid hormones in these processes. Muscle capacity for oxidative phosphorylation increased primarily after birth but was accompanied by prepartum increases in mitochondrial density and the abundance of electron transfer system (ETS) complexes I–IV and ATP‐synthase as well as by neonatal upregulation of uncoupling proteins. This temporal disparity between prepartum maturation and neonatal upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative capacity may protect against oxidative stress associated with birth while ensuring energy availability to the neonate. Fetal thyroid hormone deficiency reduced oxidative phosphorylation and prevented the prepartum upregulation of mitochondrial density and ETS proteins in fetal skeletal muscle. Overall, the data show that mitochondrial function matures over the perinatal period and is dependent on thyroid hormones, with potential consequences for neonatal viability and adult metabolic health. Skeletal muscle energy requirements increase at birth but little is known regarding the development of mitochondria that provide most of the cellular energy as ATP. Thyroid hormones are known regulators of adult metabolism and are important in driving several aspects of fetal development, including muscle fibre differentiation. Mitochondrial density and the abundance of mitochondrial membrane proteins in skeletal muscle increased during late gestation. However, mitochondrial functional capacity, measured as oxygen consumption rate, increased primarily after birth. Fetal hypothyroidism resulted in significant reductions in mitochondrial function and density in skeletal muscle before birth. Mitochondrial function matures towards birth and is dependent on the presence of thyroid hormones, with potential implications for the health of pre‐term and hypothyroid infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Davies
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - E J Camm
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - E V Atkinson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - T Lopez
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - A J Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.,Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - A J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - A L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
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35
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Makrecka‐Kuka M, Liepinsh E, Murray AJ, Lemieux H, Dambrova M, Tepp K, Puurand M, Käämbre T, Han WH, Goede P, O'Brien KA, Turan B, Tuncay E, Olgar Y, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM, Boardman NT, Wüst RCI, Larsen TS. Altered mitochondrial metabolism in the insulin-resistant heart. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13430. [PMID: 31840389 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus can ultimately result in various complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this case, cardiac dysfunction is characterized by metabolic disturbances such as impaired glucose oxidation and an increased reliance on fatty acid (FA) oxidation. Mitochondrial dysfunction has often been associated with the altered metabolic function in the diabetic heart, and may result from FA-induced lipotoxicity and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. In this review, we address the metabolic changes in the diabetic heart, focusing on the loss of metabolic flexibility and cardiac mitochondrial function. We consider the alterations observed in mitochondrial substrate utilization, bioenergetics and dynamics, and highlight new areas of research which may improve our understanding of the cause and effect of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes. Finally, we explore how lifestyle (nutrition and exercise) and pharmacological interventions can prevent and treat metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Hélène Lemieux
- Department of Medicine Faculty Saint‐Jean, Women and Children's Health Research Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | | | - Kersti Tepp
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia
| | - Marju Puurand
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia
| | - Tuuli Käämbre
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia
| | - Woo H. Han
- Faculty Saint‐Jean University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Paul Goede
- Laboratory of Endocrinology Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Katie A. O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Belma Turan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Erkan Tuncay
- Department of Biophysics Faculty of Medicine Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Yusuf Olgar
- Department of Biophysics Faculty of Medicine Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Anabela P. Rolo
- Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Palmeira
- Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Neoma T. Boardman
- Cardiovascular Research Group Department of Medical Biology UiT the Arctic University of Norway Tromso Norway
| | - Rob C. I. Wüst
- Laboratory for Myology Department of Human Movement Sciences Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences Amsterdam Movement Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Terje S. Larsen
- Cardiovascular Research Group Department of Medical Biology UiT the Arctic University of Norway Tromso Norway
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36
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Perrotta S, Roberti D, Bencivenga D, Corsetto P, O'Brien KA, Caiazza M, Stampone E, Allison L, Fleck RA, Scianguetta S, Tartaglione I, Robbins PA, Casale M, West JA, Franzini-Armstrong C, Griffin JL, Rizzo AM, Sinisi AA, Murray AJ, Borriello A, Formenti F, Della Ragione F. Effects of Germline VHL Deficiency on Growth, Metabolism, and Mitochondria. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:835-844. [PMID: 32101665 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1907362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in VHL, which encodes von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL), are associated with divergent diseases. We describe a patient with marked erythrocytosis and prominent mitochondrial alterations associated with a severe germline VHL deficiency due to homozygosity for a novel synonymous mutation (c.222C→A, p.V74V). The condition is characterized by early systemic onset and differs from Chuvash polycythemia (c.598C→T) in that it is associated with a strongly reduced growth rate, persistent hypoglycemia, and limited exercise capacity. We report changes in gene expression that reprogram carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, impair muscle mitochondrial respiratory function, and uncouple oxygen consumption from ATP production. Moreover, we identified unusual intermitochondrial connecting ducts. Our findings add unexpected information on the importance of the VHL-hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) axis to human phenotypes. (Funded by Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silverio Perrotta
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Domenico Roberti
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Debora Bencivenga
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Paola Corsetto
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Katie A O'Brien
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Martina Caiazza
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Emanuela Stampone
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Leanne Allison
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Roland A Fleck
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Saverio Scianguetta
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Immacolata Tartaglione
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Peter A Robbins
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Maddalena Casale
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - James A West
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Clara Franzini-Armstrong
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Julian L Griffin
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Angela M Rizzo
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Antonio A Sinisi
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Andrew J Murray
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Adriana Borriello
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Federico Formenti
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Fulvio Della Ragione
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
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Obata Y, Castaño Á, Boeing S, Bon-Frauches AC, Fung C, Fallesen T, de Agüero MG, Yilmaz B, Lopes R, Huseynova A, Horswell S, Maradana MR, Boesmans W, Vanden Berghe P, Murray AJ, Stockinger B, Macpherson AJ, Pachnis V. Neuronal programming by microbiota regulates intestinal physiology. Nature 2020; 578:284-289. [PMID: 32025031 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural control of the function of visceral organs is essential for homeostasis and health. Intestinal peristalsis is critical for digestive physiology and host defence, and is often dysregulated in gastrointestinal disorders1. Luminal factors, such as diet and microbiota, regulate neurogenic programs of gut motility2-5, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) functions as a biosensor in intestinal neural circuits, linking their functional output to the microbial environment of the gut lumen. Using nuclear RNA sequencing of mouse enteric neurons that represent distinct intestinal segments and microbiota states, we demonstrate that the intrinsic neural networks of the colon exhibit unique transcriptional profiles that are controlled by the combined effects of host genetic programs and microbial colonization. Microbiota-induced expression of AHR in neurons of the distal gastrointestinal tract enables these neurons to respond to the luminal environment and to induce expression of neuron-specific effector mechanisms. Neuron-specific deletion of Ahr, or constitutive overexpression of its negative feedback regulator CYP1A1, results in reduced peristaltic activity of the colon, similar to that observed in microbiota-depleted mice. Finally, expression of Ahr in the enteric neurons of mice treated with antibiotics partially restores intestinal motility. Together, our experiments identify AHR signalling in enteric neurons as a regulatory node that integrates the luminal environment with the physiological output of intestinal neural circuits to maintain gut homeostasis and health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Candice Fung
- Laboratory of Enteric Neuroscience (LENS), Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Maurice Muller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik fur Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Maurice Muller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik fur Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Werend Boesmans
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Enteric Neuroscience (LENS), Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Muller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik fur Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Verma N, Liu M, Ly H, Loria A, Campbell KS, Bush H, Kern PA, Jose PA, Taegtmeyer H, Bers DM, Despa S, Goldstein LB, Murray AJ, Despa F. Diabetic microcirculatory disturbances and pathologic erythropoiesis are provoked by deposition of amyloid-forming amylin in red blood cells and capillaries. Kidney Int 2020; 97:143-155. [PMID: 31739987 PMCID: PMC6943180 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the setting of type-2 diabetes, there are declines of structural stability and functionality of blood capillaries and red blood cells (RBCs), increasing the risk for microcirculatory disturbances. Correcting hyperglycemia is not entirely effective at reestablishing normal cellular metabolism and function. Therefore, identification of pathological changes occurring before the development of overt hyperglycemia may lead to novel therapeutic targets for reducing the risk of microvascular dysfunction. Here we determine whether RBC-capillary interactions are altered by prediabetic hypersecretion of amylin, an amyloid forming hormone co-synthesized with insulin, and is reversed by endothelial cell-secreted epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. In patients, we found amylin deposition in RBCs in association with type-2 diabetes, heart failure, cancer and stroke. Amylin-coated RBCs have altered shape and reduced functional (non-glycated) hemoglobin. Amylin-coated RBCs administered intravenously in control rats upregulated erythropoietin and renal arginase expression and activity. We also found that diabetic rats expressing amyloid-forming human amylin in the pancreas (the HIP rat model) have increased tissue levels of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, compared to diabetic rats that express non-amyloid forming rat amylin (the UCD rat model). Upregulation of erythropoietin correlated with lower hematocrit in the HIP model indicating pathologic erythropoiesis. In the HIP model, pharmacological upregulation of endogenous epoxyeicosatrienoic acids protected the renal microvasculature against amylin deposition and also reduced renal accumulation of HIFs. Thus, prediabetes induces dysregulation of amylin homeostasis and promotes amylin deposition in RBCs and the microvasculature altering RBC-capillary interaction leading to activation of hypoxia signaling pathways and pathologic erythropoiesis. Hence, dysregulation of amylin homeostasis could be a therapeutic target for ameliorating diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Verma
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Han Ly
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Analia Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kenneth S Campbell
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Heather Bush
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Heinrich Taegtmeyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donald M Bers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sanda Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Larry B Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Florin Despa
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen T McKenna
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Intensive Care Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Lindsay RT, Demetriou D, Manetta-Jones D, West JA, Murray AJ, Griffin JL. A model for determining cardiac mitochondrial substrate utilisation using stable 13C-labelled metabolites. Metabolomics 2019; 15:154. [PMID: 31773381 PMCID: PMC6892366 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Relative oxidation of different metabolic substrates in the heart varies both physiologically and pathologically, in order to meet metabolic demands under different circumstances. 13C labelled substrates have become a key tool for studying substrate use-yet an accurate model is required to analyse the complex data produced as these substrates become incorporated into the Krebs cycle. OBJECTIVES We aimed to generate a network model for the quantitative analysis of Krebs cycle intermediate isotopologue distributions measured by mass spectrometry, to determine the 13C labelled proportion of acetyl-CoA entering the Krebs cycle. METHODS A model was generated, and validated ex vivo using isotopic distributions measured from isolated hearts perfused with buffer containing 11 mM glucose in total, with varying fractions of universally labelled with 13C. The model was then employed to determine the relative oxidation of glucose and triacylglycerol by hearts perfused with 11 mM glucose and 0.4 mM equivalent Intralipid (a triacylglycerol mixture). RESULTS The contribution of glucose to Krebs cycle oxidation was measured to be 79.1 ± 0.9%, independent of the fraction of buffer glucose which was U-13C labelled, or of which Krebs cycle intermediate was assessed. In the presence of Intralipid, glucose and triglyceride were determined to contribute 58 ± 3.6% and 35.6 ± 0.8% of acetyl-CoA entering the Krebs cycle, respectively. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the accuracy of a functional model of Krebs cycle metabolism, which can allow quantitative determination of the effects of therapeutics and pathology on cardiac substrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross T Lindsay
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Dominic Manetta-Jones
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James A West
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
The increasing global prevalence of diabetes has been accompanied by a rise in diabetes-related conditions. This includes diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM), a progressive form of heart disease that occurs with both insulin-dependent (type-1) and insulin-independent (type-2) diabetes and arises in the absence of hypertension or coronary artery disease. Over time, DbCM can develop into overt heart failure. Like other forms of cardiomyopathy, DbCM is accompanied by alterations in metabolism which could lead to further progression of the pathology, with metabolic derangement postulated to precede functional changes in the diabetic heart. Moreover in the case of type-2 diabetes, underlying insulin resistance is likely to prevent the canonical substrate switch of the failing heart away from fatty acid oxidation toward increased use of glycolysis. Analytical chemistry techniques, collectively known as metabolomics, are useful tools for investigating the condition. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of those studies that have employed metabolomic techniques, namely chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to profile metabolic remodeling in the diabetic heart of human patients and animal models. These studies collectively demonstrate that glycolysis and glucose oxidation are suppressed in the diabetic myocardium and highlight a complex picture regarding lipid metabolism. The diabetic heart typically shows an increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation, yet triacylglycerols and other lipids accumulate in the diabetic myocardium indicating probable lipotoxicity. The application of lipidomic techniques to the diabetic heart has identified specific lipid species that become enriched and which may in turn act as plasma-borne biomarkers for the condition. Metabolomics is proving to be a powerful approach, allowing a much richer analysis of the metabolic alterations that occur in the diabetic heart. Careful physiological interpretation of metabolomic results will now be key in order to establish which aspects of the metabolic derangement are causal to the progression of DbCM and might form the basis for novel therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice P Sowton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Murray AJ, Croce K, Belton T, Akay T, Jessell TM. Balance Control Mediated by Vestibular Circuits Directing Limb Extension or Antagonist Muscle Co-activation. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1325-1338. [PMID: 29386118 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining balance after an external perturbation requires modification of ongoing motor plans and the selection of contextually appropriate muscle activation patterns that respect body and limb position. We have used the vestibular system to generate sensory-evoked transitions in motor programming. In the face of a rapid balance perturbation, the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) generates exclusive extensor muscle activation and selective early extension of the hindlimb, followed by the co-activation of extensor and flexor muscle groups. The temporal separation in EMG response to balance perturbation reflects two distinct cell types within the LVN that generate different phases of this motor program. Initially, an LVNextensor population directs an extension movement that reflects connections with extensor, but not flexor, motor neurons. A distinct LVNco-activation population initiates muscle co-activation via the pontine reticular nucleus. Thus, distinct circuits within the LVN generate different elements of a motor program involved in the maintenance of balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Murray
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Kavli Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Katherine Croce
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Kavli Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy Belton
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Kavli Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Turgay Akay
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Thomas M Jessell
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Kavli Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Horscroft JA, O'Brien KA, Clark AD, Lindsay RT, Steel AS, Procter NEK, Devaux J, Frenneaux M, Harridge SDR, Murray AJ. Inorganic nitrate, hypoxia, and the regulation of cardiac mitochondrial respiration-probing the role of PPARα. FASEB J 2019; 33:7563-7577. [PMID: 30870003 PMCID: PMC6529343 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900067r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary inorganic nitrate prevents aspects of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction induced by hypoxia, although the mechanism is not completely understood. In both heart and skeletal muscle, nitrate increases fatty acid oxidation capacity, and in the latter case, this involves up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α expression. Here, we investigated whether dietary nitrate modifies mitochondrial function in the hypoxic heart in a PPARα-dependent manner. Wild-type (WT) mice and mice without PPARα (Ppara−/−) were given water containing 0.7 mM NaCl (control) or 0.7 mM NaNO3 for 35 d. After 7 d, mice were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (10% O2) for the remainder of the study. Mitochondrial respiratory function and metabolism were assessed in saponin-permeabilized cardiac muscle fibers. Environmental hypoxia suppressed mass-specific mitochondrial respiration and additionally lowered the proportion of respiration supported by fatty acid oxidation by 18% (P < 0.001). This switch away from fatty acid oxidation was reversed by nitrate treatment in hypoxic WT but not Ppara−/− mice, indicating a PPARα-dependent effect. Hypoxia increased hexokinase activity by 33% in all mice, whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity increased by 71% in hypoxic WT but not Ppara−/− mice. Our findings indicate that PPARα plays a key role in mediating cardiac metabolic remodeling in response to both hypoxia and dietary nitrate supplementation.—Horscroft, J. A., O’Brien, K. A., Clark, A. D., Lindsay, R. T., Steel, A. S., Procter, N. E. K., Devaux, J., Frenneaux, M., Harridge, S. D. R., Murray, A. J. Inorganic nitrate, hypoxia, and the regulation of cardiac mitochondrial respiration—probing the role of PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Horscroft
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katie A O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anna D Clark
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ross T Lindsay
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Strang Steel
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan E K Procter
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jules Devaux
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Frenneaux
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D R Harridge
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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O'Brien KA, Atkinson RA, Richardson L, Koulman A, Murray AJ, Harridge SDR, Martin DS, Levett DZH, Mitchell K, Mythen MG, Montgomery HE, Grocott MPW, Griffin JL, Edwards LM. Metabolomic and lipidomic plasma profile changes in human participants ascending to Everest Base Camp. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2297. [PMID: 30783167 PMCID: PMC6381113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At high altitude oxygen delivery to the tissues is impaired leading to oxygen insufficiency (hypoxia). Acclimatisation requires adjustment to tissue metabolism, the details of which remain incompletely understood. Here, metabolic responses to progressive environmental hypoxia were assessed through metabolomic and lipidomic profiling of human plasma taken from 198 human participants before and during an ascent to Everest Base Camp (5,300 m). Aqueous and lipid fractions of plasma were separated and analysed using proton (1H)-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and direct infusion mass spectrometry, respectively. Bayesian robust hierarchical regression revealed decreasing isoleucine with ascent alongside increasing lactate and decreasing glucose, which may point towards increased glycolytic rate. Changes in the lipid profile with ascent included a decrease in triglycerides (48-50 carbons) associated with de novo lipogenesis, alongside increases in circulating levels of the most abundant free fatty acids (palmitic, linoleic and oleic acids). Together, this may be indicative of fat store mobilisation. This study provides the first broad metabolomic account of progressive exposure to environmental hypobaric hypoxia in healthy humans. Decreased isoleucine is of particular interest as a potential contributor to muscle catabolism observed with exposure to hypoxia at altitude. Substantial changes in lipid metabolism may represent important metabolic responses to sub-acute exposure to environmental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A O'Brien
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK.
| | - R Andrew Atkinson
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics King's College London Guy's Campus London, London, UK
| | - Larissa Richardson
- NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Pathology building level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Pathology building level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen D R Harridge
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel S Martin
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, First Floor, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7HA, UK
- Critical Care Unit, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Denny Z H Levett
- Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Integrative Physiological and Critical Illness Group, Division of Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kay Mitchell
- Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Integrative Physiological and Critical Illness Group, Division of Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Monty G Mythen
- University College London Hospitals National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Hugh E Montgomery
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, First Floor, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7HA, UK
- Centre for Human Health and Performance, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael P W Grocott
- Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Integrative Physiological and Critical Illness Group, Division of Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lindsay M Edwards
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Respiratory Data Sciences Group, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research, Stevenage, UK.
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45
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Millet GP, Debevec T, Brocherie F, Girard O, Pialoux V, Wüst RCI, Degens H, Zuo L, He F, Chaillou T, Cheng A, Kayser B, Favier FB, Begue G, Murray AJ, Horscroft JA. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Human skeletal muscle wasting in hypoxia: a matter of hypoxic dose? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 122:409-411. [PMID: 28202533 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01084.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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46
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Sowton AP, Millington-Burgess SL, Murray AJ, Harper MT. Rapid kinetics of changes in oxygen consumption rate in thrombin-stimulated platelets measured by high-resolution respirometry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2721-2727. [PMID: 30093113 PMCID: PMC6142173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation plays a key role in normal haemostasis and pathological thrombosis. Platelet activation is rapid; within minutes of stimulation, platelets generate bioactive phospholipids, secrete their granule contents, activate integrins and aggregate together to form a haemostatic plug. These events are dependent on ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial function in platelets from healthy volunteers and patients with a range of diseases indicate an important role for oxygen consumption in oxidative phosphorylation in normal and pathological function. Platelets also consume oxygen during oxidation reactions, such as cyclooxygenase-dependent thromboxane A2 synthesis. In this study, we used high-resolution respirometry to investigate rapid changes in oxygen consumption during platelet activation. We demonstrated a rapid, transient increase in oxygen consumption rate within minutes of platelet stimulation by the physiological activator, thrombin. This was partly inhibited by aspirin and by oligomycin. This shows that high resolution respirometry can provide information regarding rapid and dynamic changes in oxygen consumption during platelet activation. High resolution respirometry can be used to investigate the rapid kinetics of changes in platelet oxygen consumption rate. Thrombin triggers a rapid, transient increase in platelet oxygen consumption rate. Aspirin and oligomycin partially inhibit the increased oxygen consumption rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice P Sowton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
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47
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Mayer WP, Murray AJ, Brenner-Morton S, Jessell TM, Tourtellotte WG, Akay T. Role of muscle spindle feedback in regulating muscle activity strength during walking at different speed in mice. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2484-2497. [PMID: 30133381 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00250.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial animals increase their walking speed by increasing the activity of the extensor muscles. However, the mechanism underlying how this speed-dependent amplitude modulation is achieved remains obscure. Previous studies have shown that group Ib afferent feedback from Golgi tendon organs that signal force is one of the major regulators of the strength of muscle activity during walking in cats and humans. In contrast, the contribution of group Ia/II afferent feedback from muscle spindle stretch receptors that signal angular displacement of leg joints is unclear. Some studies indicate that group II afferent feedback may be important for amplitude regulation in humans, but the role of muscle spindle feedback in regulation of muscle activity strength in quadrupedal animals is very poorly understood. To examine the role of feedback from muscle spindles, we combined in vivo electrophysiology and motion analysis with mouse genetics and gene delivery with adeno-associated virus. We provide evidence that proprioceptive sensory feedback from muscle spindles is important for the regulation of the muscle activity strength and speed-dependent amplitude modulation. Furthermore, our data suggest that feedback from the muscle spindles of the ankle extensor muscles, the triceps surae, is the main source for this mechanism. In contrast, muscle spindle feedback from the knee extensor muscles, the quadriceps femoris, has no influence on speed-dependent amplitude modulation. We provide evidence that proprioceptive feedback from ankle extensor muscles is critical for regulating muscle activity strength as gait speed increases. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Animals upregulate the activity of extensor muscles to increase their walking speed, but the mechanism behind this is not known. We show that this speed-dependent amplitude modulation requires proprioceptive sensory feedback from muscle spindles of ankle extensor muscle. In the absence of muscle spindle feedback, animals cannot walk at higher speeds as they can when muscle spindle feedback is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Mayer
- Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Center, Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada.,Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitoria , Brazil
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Sainsbury Wellcome Center for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Susan Brenner-Morton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Thomas M Jessell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedar Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, California
| | - Turgay Akay
- Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Center, Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada
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Phipps AJ, Beggs DS, Murray AJ, Mansell PD, Pyman MF. A survey of northern Victorian dairy farmers to investigate dairy calf management: calf-rearing practices. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:107-110. [PMID: 29577252 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the calf-rearing practices carried out in northern Victorian dairy herds and to identify weaknesses that may affect calf health and welfare by comparing the results with current industry recommendations. METHODS Survey of dairy farms from Rochester and the surrounding farming area. RESULTS The response rate was 39% (58/150). Many dairy producers were not meeting the current industry recommendations in the following areas: (1) delayed access to pellets and roughage, (2) failing to provide access to water from birth, (3) delayed disbudding of calves, (4) delayed timing of booster vaccinations, (5) weaning based on age alone, (6) failing to isolate sick calves and (7) early sale age of excess calves. CONCLUSION The results from this survey highlight the need for greater awareness of industry standards for calf husbandry and weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Phipps
- Rochester Veterinary Practice, Rochester, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - D S Beggs
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - A J Murray
- Rochester Veterinary Practice, Rochester, Victoria, Australia
| | - P D Mansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - M F Pyman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Phipps AJ, Beggs DS, Murray AJ, Mansell PD, Pyman MF. A survey of northern Victorian dairy farmers to investigate dairy calf management: colostrum feeding and management. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:101-106. [PMID: 29577249 PMCID: PMC7159743 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To describe colostrum management practices carried out in northern Victorian dairy herds and to identify weaknesses in these areas that may affect calf health and welfare by comparing the results with the current industry recommendations Methods A questionnaire to obtain information about colostrum management and calf‐rearing practices was sent to commercial dairy farming clients of Rochester Veterinary Practice between June and September 2013. The questionnaire consisted of a general herd overview and colostrum harvesting practices. Results The response rate was 39% (58/150). Many dairy producers were not meeting the current industry recommendations in the following areas: (1) time of removal calf from the dam, (2) relying on calf suckling colostrum from the dam to achieve adequate passive transfer, (3) failing to supplement calves with colostrum, (4) feeding inadequate volumes of colostrum, (5) delayed colostrum harvesting, (6) pooling of colostrum, (7) failing to objectively assess colostrum quality or relying on visual assessment and (8) storing colostrum for a prolonged periods of time at ambient temperatures. Conclusion The results from this survey highlight the need for greater awareness of industry standards for colostrum management and feeding hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Phipps
- Rochester Veterinary Practice, Rochester, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - D S Beggs
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - A J Murray
- Rochester Veterinary Practice, Rochester, Victoria, Australia
| | - P D Mansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - M F Pyman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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O'Brien KA, Horscroft JA, Devaux J, Lindsay RT, Steel AS, Clark AD, Philp A, Harridge SDR, Murray AJ. PPARα-independent effects of nitrate supplementation on skeletal muscle metabolism in hypoxia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:844-853. [PMID: 30055294 PMCID: PMC6414754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a feature of many disease states where convective oxygen delivery is impaired, and is known to suppress oxidative metabolism. Acclimation to hypoxia thus requires metabolic remodelling, however hypoxia tolerance may be aided by dietary nitrate supplementation. Nitrate improves tissue oxygenation and has been shown to modulate skeletal muscle tissue metabolism via transcriptional changes, including through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), a master regulator of fat metabolism. Here we investigated whether nitrate supplementation protects skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in hypoxia and whether PPARα is required for this effect. Wild-type and PPARα knockout (PPARα−/−) mice were supplemented with sodium nitrate via the drinking water or sodium chloride as control, and exposed to environmental hypoxia (10% O2) or normoxia for 4 weeks. Hypoxia suppressed mitochondrial respiratory function in mouse soleus, an effect partially alleviated through nitrate supplementation, but occurring independently of PPARα. Specifically, hypoxia resulted in 26% lower mass specific fatty acid-supported LEAK respiration and 23% lower pyruvate-supported oxidative phosphorylation capacity. Hypoxia also resulted in 24% lower citrate synthase activity in mouse soleus, possibly indicating a loss of mitochondrial content. These changes were not seen, however, in hypoxic mice when supplemented with dietary nitrate, indicating a nitrate dependent preservation of mitochondrial function. Moreover, this was observed in both wild-type and PPARα−/− mice. Our results support the notion that nitrate supplementation can aid hypoxia tolerance and indicate that nitrate can exert effects independently of PPARα. Hypoxic exposure suppresses mitochondrial respiration in mouse skeletal muscle. Loss of citrate synthase activity suggests decreased mitochondrial content. Dietary inorganic nitrate partially protects against hypoxia-induced changes. Nitrate protects independently of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - James A Horscroft
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jules Devaux
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ross T Lindsay
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alice Strang Steel
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna D Clark
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Stephen D R Harridge
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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