1
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Riccobelli D, Al-Terke HH, Laaksonen P, Metrangolo P, Paananen A, Ras RHA, Ciarletta P, Vella D. Flattened and Wrinkled Encapsulated Droplets: Shape Morphing Induced by Gravity and Evaporation. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:218202. [PMID: 37295111 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.218202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report surprising morphological changes of suspension droplets (containing class II hydrophobin protein HFBI from Trichoderma reesei in water) as they evaporate with a contact line pinned on a rigid solid substrate. Both pendant and sessile droplets display the formation of an encapsulating elastic film as the bulk concentration of solute reaches a critical value during evaporation, but the morphology of the droplet varies significantly: for sessile droplets, the elastic film ultimately crumples in a nearly flattened area close to the apex while in pendant droplets, circumferential wrinkling occurs close to the contact line. These different morphologies are understood through a gravito-elastocapillary model that predicts the droplet morphology and the onset of shape changes, as well as showing that the influence of the direction of gravity remains crucial even for very small droplets (where the effect of gravity can normally be neglected). The results pave the way to control droplet shape in several engineering and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Riccobelli
- MOX-Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Hedar H Al-Terke
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- HAMK Tech, Häme University of Applied Sciences, 13100 Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tekniikantie 21, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin H A Ras
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Pasquale Ciarletta
- MOX-Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dominic Vella
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
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2
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Pylkkänen R, Werner D, Bishoyi A, Weil D, Scoppola E, Wagermaier W, Safeer A, Bahri S, Baldus M, Paananen A, Penttilä M, Szilvay GR, Mohammadi P. The complex structure of Fomes fomentarius represents an architectural design for high-performance ultralightweight materials. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eade5417. [PMID: 36812306 PMCID: PMC9946349 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High strength, hardness, and fracture toughness are mechanical properties that are not commonly associated with the fleshy body of a fungus. Here, we show with detailed structural, chemical, and mechanical characterization that Fomes fomentarius is an exception, and its architectural design is a source of inspiration for an emerging class of ultralightweight high-performance materials. Our findings reveal that F. fomentarius is a functionally graded material with three distinct layers that undergo multiscale hierarchical self-assembly. Mycelium is the primary component in all layers. However, in each layer, mycelium exhibits a very distinct microstructure with unique preferential orientation, aspect ratio, density, and branch length. We also show that an extracellular matrix acts as a reinforcing adhesive that differs in each layer in terms of quantity, polymeric content, and interconnectivity. These findings demonstrate how the synergistic interplay of the aforementioned features results in distinct mechanical properties for each layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pylkkänen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Daniel Werner
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ajit Bishoyi
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dominik Weil
- KLA-Tencor GmbH, Moritzburger Weg 67, Dresden 01109, Germany
| | - Ernesto Scoppola
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adil Safeer
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Salima Bahri
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Géza R. Szilvay
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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3
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Kamppi A, Paananen A, Laajala A, Karki S, Kukkola K, Molkoselka E, Makynen A, Laitala M, Päkkilä J, Anttonen V, Tanner T. Validation of Questionnaires in Screening for Restorative Treatment Need among 15-, 21-, and 40-year olds. Dent Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/denthyp.denthyp_58_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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4
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Paananen A, Weich S, Szilvay GR, Leitner M, Tappura K, Ebner A. Quantifying biomolecular hydrophobicity: Single molecule force spectroscopy of class II hydrophobins. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100728. [PMID: 33933454 PMCID: PMC8164047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobins are surface-active proteins produced by filamentous fungi. The amphiphilic structure of hydrophobins is very compact, containing a distinct hydrophobic patch on one side of the molecule, locked by four intramolecular disulfide bridges. Hydrophobins form dimers and multimers in solution to shield these hydrophobic patches from water exposure. Multimer formation in solution is dynamic, and hydrophobin monomers can be exchanged between multimers. Unlike class I hydrophobins, class II hydrophobins assemble into highly ordered films at the air-water interface. In order to increase our understanding of the strength and nature of the interaction between hydrophobins, we used atomic force microscopy for single molecule force spectroscopy to explore the molecular interaction forces between class II hydrophobins from Trichoderma reesei under different environmental conditions. A genetically engineered hydrophobin variant, NCys-HFBI, enabled covalent attachment of proteins to the apex of the atomic force microscopy cantilever tip and sample surfaces in controlled orientation with sufficient freedom of movement to measure molecular forces between hydrophobic patches. The measured rupture force between two assembled hydrophobins was ∼31 pN, at a loading rate of 500 pN/s. The results indicated stronger interaction between hydrophobins and hydrophobic surfaces than between two assembling hydrophobin molecules. Furthermore, this interaction was stable under different environmental conditions, which demonstrates the dominance of hydrophobicity in hydrophobin-hydrophobin interactions. This is the first time that interaction forces between hydrophobin molecules, and also between naturally occurring hydrophobic surfaces, have been measured directly at a single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja Paananen
- Industrial Biotechnology and Food, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Sabine Weich
- Department of Applied Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Géza R Szilvay
- Industrial Biotechnology and Food, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Michael Leitner
- Department of Applied Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Kirsi Tappura
- Industrial Biotechnology and Food, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Andreas Ebner
- Department of Applied Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.
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5
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Voutilainen S, Paananen A, Lille M, Linder MB. Modular protein architectures for pH-dependent interactions and switchable assembly of nanocellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 137:270-276. [PMID: 31260762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein engineering shows a wide range of possibilities for designing properties in novel materials. Following inspiration from natural systems we have studied how combinations or duplications of protein modules can be used to engineer their interactions and achieve functional properties. Here we used cellulose binding modules (CBM) coupled to spider silk N-terminal domains that dimerize in a pH-sensitive manner. We showed how the pH-sensitive switching into dimers affected cellulose binding affinity in relation to covalent coupling between CBMs. Finally, we showed how the pH-sensitive coupling could be used to assemble cellulose nanofibers in a dynamic pH-dependent way. The work shows how novel proteins can be designed by linking functional domains from widely different sources and thereby achieve new functions in the self-assembly of nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Voutilainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Martina Lille
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
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6
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Liu Y, Nevanen TK, Paananen A, Kempe K, Wilson P, Johansson LS, Joensuu JJ, Linder MB, Haddleton DM, Milani R. Self-Assembling Protein-Polymer Bioconjugates for Surfaces with Antifouling Features and Low Nonspecific Binding. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:3599-3608. [PMID: 30566323 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new method is demonstrated for preparing antifouling and low nonspecific adsorption surfaces on poorly reactive hydrophobic substrates, without the need for energy-intensive or environmentally aggressive pretreatments. The surface-active protein hydrophobin was covalently modified with a controlled radical polymerization initiator and allowed to self-assemble as a monolayer on hydrophobic surfaces, followed by the preparation of antifouling surfaces by Cu(0)-mediated living radical polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGA) performed in situ. By taking advantage of hydrophobins to achieve at the same time the immobilization of protein A, this approach allowed to prepare surfaces for IgG1 binding featuring greatly reduced nonspecific adsorption. The success of the surface modification strategy was investigated by contact angle, XPS, and AFM characterization, while the antifouling performance and the reduction of nonspecific binding were confirmed by QCM-D measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo , Finland
| | - Tarja K Nevanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo , Finland
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo , Finland
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , CV4 7AL Coventry , United Kingdom
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , VIC 3052 , Parkville , Australia
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , CV4 7AL Coventry , United Kingdom
| | | | - Jussi J Joensuu
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo , Finland
| | | | - David M Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , CV4 7AL Coventry , United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Milani
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo , Finland
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7
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Nilebäck L, Arola S, Kvick M, Paananen A, Linder MB, Hedhammar M. Interfacial Behavior of Recombinant Spider Silk Protein Parts Reveals Cues on the Silk Assembly Mechanism. Langmuir 2018; 34:11795-11805. [PMID: 30183309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of silk assembly, and thus the cues for the extraordinary properties of silk, can be explored by studying the simplest protein parts needed for the formation of silk-like materials. The recombinant spider silk protein 4RepCT, consisting of four repeats of polyalanine and glycine-rich segments (4Rep) and a globular C-terminal domain (CT), has previously been shown to assemble into silk-like fibers at the liquid-air interface. Herein, we study the interfacial behavior of the two parts of 4RepCT, revealing new details on how each protein part is crucial for the silk assembly. Interfacial rheology and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation show that 4Rep interacts readily at the interfaces. However, organized nanofibrillar structures are formed only when 4Rep is fused to CT. A strong interplay between the parts to direct the assembly is demonstrated. The presence of either a liquid-air or a liquid-solid interface had a surprisingly similar influence on the assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Nilebäck
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Suvi Arola
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16100, Fi-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Mathias Kvick
- Spiber Technologies AB, AlbaNova University Center , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd , Tietotie 2 , Fi-02150 Espoo , Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16100, Fi-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - My Hedhammar
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
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8
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Li B, Wang X, Li Y, Paananen A, Szilvay GR, Qin M, Wang W, Cao Y. Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy Reveals Self-Assembly Enhanced Surface Binding of Hydrophobins. Chemistry 2018; 24:9224-9228. [PMID: 29687928 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobins have raised lots of interest as powerful surface adhesives. However, it remains largely unexplored how their strong and versatile surface adhesion is linked to their unique amphiphilic structural features. Here, we develop an AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy assay to quantitatively measure the binding strength of hydrophobin to various types of surfaces both in isolation and in preformed protein films. We find that individual class II hydrophobins (HFBI) bind strongly to hydrophobic surfaces but weakly to hydrophilic ones. After self-assembly into protein films, they show much stronger binding strength to both surfaces due to the cooperativity of different interactions at nanoscale. Such self-assembly enhanced surface binding may serve as a general design principle for synthetic bioactive adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, P. R. China
| | - Arja Paananen
- Industrial Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Géza R Szilvay
- Industrial Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Meng Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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9
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Mattinen ML, Valle-Delgado JJ, Leskinen T, Anttila T, Riviere G, Sipponen M, Paananen A, Lintinen K, Kostiainen M, Österberg M. Enzymatically and chemically oxidized lignin nanoparticles for biomaterial applications. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 111:48-56. [PMID: 29421036 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linked and decolorized lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were prepared enzymatically and chemically from softwood Kraft lignin. Colloidal lignin particles (CLPs, ca. 200 nm) in a non-malodorous aqueous dispersion could be dried and redispersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or in water retaining their stability i.e. spherical shape and size. Two fungal laccases, Trametes hirsuta (ThL) and Melanocarpus albomyces (MaL) were used in the cross-linking reactions. Reactivity of ThL and MaL on Lignoboost™ lignin and LNPs was confirmed by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and oxygen consumption measurements with simultaneous detection of red-brown color due to the formation of quinones. Zeta potential measurements verified oxidation of LNPs via formation of surface-oriented carboxylic acid groups. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed minor changes in the particle size distributions of LNPs after laccase catalyzed radicalization, indicating preferably covalent intraparticular cross-linking over polymerization. Changes in the surface morphology of laccase treated LNPs were imaged by atomic force (AFM) and transmission emission (TEM) microscopy. Furthermore, decolorization of LNPs without degradation was obtained using ultrasonication with H2O2 in alkaline reaction conditions. The research results have high impact for the utilization of Kraft lignin as nanosized colloidal particles in advanced bionanomaterial applications in medicine, foods and cosmetics including different sectors from chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija-Liisa Mattinen
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Timo Leskinen
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Tuomas Anttila
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Guillaume Riviere
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Mika Sipponen
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Kalle Lintinen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Mauri Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Monika Österberg
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
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10
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Griffo A, Hähl H, Grandthyll S, Müller F, Paananen A, Ilmén M, Szilvay GR, Landowski CP, Penttilä M, Jacobs K, Laaksonen P. Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy Study on Modular Resilin Fusion Protein. ACS Omega 2017; 2:6906-6915. [PMID: 31457277 PMCID: PMC6644949 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The adhesive and mechanical properties of a modular fusion protein consisting of two different types of binding units linked together via a flexible resilin-like-polypeptide domain are quantified. The adhesive domains have been constructed from fungal cellulose-binding modules (CBMs) and an amphiphilic hydrophobin HFBI. This study is carried out by single-molecule force spectroscopy, which enables stretching of single molecules. The fusion proteins are designed to self-assemble on the cellulose surface, leading into the submonolayer of proteins having the HFBI pointing away from the surface. A hydrophobic atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip can be employed for contacting and lifting the single fusion protein from the HFBI-functionalized terminus by the hydrophobic interaction between the tip surface and the hydrophobic patch of the HFBI. The work of rupture, contour length at rupture and the adhesion forces of the amphiphilic end domains are evaluated under aqueous environment at different pHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Griffo
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems BIO, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Hendrik Hähl
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Samuel Grandthyll
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Marja Ilmén
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Géza R. Szilvay
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Merja Penttilä
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems BIO, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems BIO, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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11
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Meister K, Paananen A, Speet B, Lienemann M, Bakker HJ. Molecular Structure of Hydrophobins Studied with Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9398-9402. [PMID: 28967753 PMCID: PMC5647563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are surface-active fungal proteins that adsorb to the water-air interface and self-assemble into amphiphilic, water-repelling films that have a surface elasticity that is an order of magnitude higher than other molecular films. Here we use surface-specific sum-frequency generation spectroscopy (VSFG) and site-directed mutagenesis to study the properties of class I hydrophobin (HFBI) films from Trichoderma reesei at the molecular level. We identify protein specific HFBI signals in the frequency region 1200-1700 cm-1 that have not been observed in previous VSFG studies on proteins. We find evidence that the aspartic acid residue (D30) next to the hydrophobic patch is involved in lateral intermolecular protein interactions, while the two aspartic acid residues (D40, D43) opposite to the hydrophobic patch are primarily interacting with the water solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Meister
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - B. Speet
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Lienemann
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - H. J. Bakker
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Fang W, Paananen A, Vitikainen M, Koskela S, Westerholm-Parvinen A, Joensuu JJ, Landowski CP, Penttilä M, Linder MB, Laaksonen P. Elastic and pH-Responsive Hybrid Interfaces Created with Engineered Resilin and Nanocellulose. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1866-1873. [PMID: 28440631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how a genetically engineered resilin fusion protein modifies cellulose surfaces. We characterized the pH-responsive behavior of a resilin-like polypeptide (RLP) having terminal cellulose binding modules (CBM) and showed its binding to cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). Characterization of the resilin fusion protein at different pHs revealed substantial conformational changes of the protein, which were observed as swelling and contraction of the protein layer bound to the nanocellulose surface. In addition, we showed that employment of the modified resilin in cellulose hydrogel and nanopaper increased their modulus of stiffness through a cross-linking effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Fang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Marika Vitikainen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Salla Koskela
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | - Jussi J Joensuu
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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13
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Meister K, Roeters SJ, Paananen A, Woutersen S, Versluis J, Szilvay GR, Bakker HJ. Observation of pH-Induced Protein Reorientation at the Water Surface. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1772-1776. [PMID: 28345915 PMCID: PMC5451149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are surface-active proteins that form a hydrophobic, water-repelling film around aerial fungal structures. They have a compact, particle-like structure, in which hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions are spatially separated. This surface property renders them amphiphilic and is reminiscent of synthetic Janus particles. Here we report surface-specific chiral and nonchiral vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy (VSFG) measurements of hydrophobins adsorbed to their natural place of action, the air-water interface. We observe that hydrophobin molecules undergo a reversible change in orientation (tilt) at the interface when the pH is varied. We explain this local orientation toggle from the modification of the interprotein interactions and the interaction of hydrophobin with the water solvent, following the pH-induced change of the charge state of particular amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Meister
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven J. Roeters
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., PO. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Versluis
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Géza R. Szilvay
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., PO. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Huib J. Bakker
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Grunér MS, Paananen A, Szilvay GR, Linder MB. The dynamics of multimer formation of the amphiphilic hydrophobin protein HFBII. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:111-117. [PMID: 28415028 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are surface-active proteins produced by filamentous fungi. They have amphiphilic structures and form multimers in aqueous solution to shield their hydrophobic regions. The proteins rearrange at interfaces and self-assemble into films that can show a very high degree of structural order. Little is known on dynamics of multimer interactions in solution and how this is affected by other components. In this work we examine the multimer dynamics by stopped-flow fluorescence measurements and Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) using the class II hydrophobin HFBII. The half-life of exchange in the multimer state was 0.9s at 22°C with an activation energy of 92kJ/mol. The multimer exchange process of HFBII was shown to be significantly affected by the closely related HFBI hydrophobin, lowering both activation energy and half-life for exchange. Lower molecular weight surfactants interacted in very selective ways, but other surface active proteins did not influence the rates of exchange. The results indicate that the multimer formation is driven by specific molecular interactions that distinguish different hydrophobins from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Grunér
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - A Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - G R Szilvay
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - M B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
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15
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Meister K, Paananen A, Bakker HJ. Identification of the response of protein N–H vibrations in vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy of aqueous protein films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:10804-10807. [PMID: 28265595 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08325k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We study the response of protein N–H vibrations in aqueous hydrophobin films using vibrational sum- frequency generation spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
- FI-02150 Espoo
- Finland
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16
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Meister K, Bäumer A, Szilvay GR, Paananen A, Bakker HJ. Self-Assembly and Conformational Changes of Hydrophobin Classes at the Air-Water Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4067-4071. [PMID: 27690211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We use surface-specific vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy (VSFG) to study the structure and self-assembling mechanism of the class I hydrophobin SC3 from Schizophyllum commune and the class II hydrophobin HFBI from Trichoderma reesei. We find that both hydrophobins readily accumulate at the water-air interface and form rigid, highly ordered protein films that give rise to prominent VSFG signals. We identify several resonances that are associated with β-sheet structures and assign them to the central β-barrel core present in both proteins. Differences between the hydrophobin classes are observed in their interfacial self-assembly. For HFBI, we observe no changes in conformation upon adsorption to the water surface. For SC3, we observe an increase in β-sheet-specific signals that supports a surface-driven self-assembly mechanism in which the central β-barrel remains intact and stacks into a larger-scale architecture, amyloid-like rodlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Meister
- FOM-Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Bäumer
- Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum , Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Geza R Szilvay
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Huib J Bakker
- FOM-Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Soikkeli M, Kurppa K, Kainlauri M, Arpiainen S, Paananen A, Gunnarsson D, Joensuu JJ, Laaksonen P, Prunnila M, Linder MB, Ahopelto J. Graphene Biosensor Programming with Genetically Engineered Fusion Protein Monolayers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:8257-8264. [PMID: 26960769 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a label-free biosensor concept based on specific receptor modules, which provide immobilization and selectivity to the desired analyte molecules, and on charge sensing with a graphene field effect transistor. The receptor modules are fusion proteins in which small hydrophobin proteins act as the anchor to immobilize the receptor moiety. The functionalization of the graphene sensor is a single-step process based on directed self-assembly of the receptor modules on a hydrophobic surface. The modules are produced separately in fungi or plants and purified before use. The modules form a dense and well-oriented monolayer on the graphene transistor channel and the receptor module monolayer can be removed, and a new module monolayer with a different selectivity can be assembled in situ. The receptor module monolayers survive drying, showing that the functionalized devices can be stored and have a reasonable shelf life. The sensor is tested with small charged peptides and large immunoglobulin molecules. The measured sensitivities are in the femtomolar range, and the response is relatively fast, of the order of one second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miika Soikkeli
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Katri Kurppa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markku Kainlauri
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sanna Arpiainen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - David Gunnarsson
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jussi J Joensuu
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mika Prunnila
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
- School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University , P.O. Box 6100, FI-00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jouni Ahopelto
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
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18
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Kammiovirta K, Jääskeläinen AS, Kuutti L, Holopainen-Mantila U, Paananen A, Suurnäkki A, Orelma H. Keratin-reinforced cellulose filaments from ionic liquid solutions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose-based filaments produced with ionic liquid-based processes have high application potential in textiles and composites to replace cotton fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauri Kuutti
- VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland
- Espoo
- Finland
| | | | - Arja Paananen
- VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland
- Espoo
- Finland
| | | | - Hannes Orelma
- VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland
- Espoo
- Finland
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19
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Milani R, Pirrie L, Gazzera L, Paananen A, Baldrighi M, Monogioudi E, Cavallo G, Linder M, Resnati G, Metrangolo P. A synthetically modified hydrophobin showing enhanced fluorous affinity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 448:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Lienemann M, Grunér MS, Paananen A, Siika-aho M, Linder MB. Charge-Based Engineering of Hydrophobin HFBI: Effect on Interfacial Assembly and Interactions. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1283-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lienemann
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Fi-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mathias S. Grunér
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Fi-02150 Espoo, Finland
- Department
of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16100, Fi-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Fi-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Matti Siika-aho
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Fi-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B. Linder
- Department
of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16100, Fi-00076 Aalto, Finland
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21
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Ercili-Cura D, Miyamoto A, Paananen A, Yoshii H, Poutanen K, Partanen R. Adsorption of oat proteins to air–water interface in relation to their colloidal state. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Uekaji Y, Onishi M, Nakata D, Terao K, Paananen A, Partanen R, Yoshii H. Micelle Formation of Coenzyme Q10 with Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate Using Inclusion Complex of Coenzyme Q10 with γ-Cyclodextrin. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11480-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5065165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Uekaji
- Department
of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
- CycloChem Bio
Co., Ltd., KIBC654R 5-5-2 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mayu Onishi
- CycloChem Bio
Co., Ltd., KIBC654R 5-5-2 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakata
- CycloChem Bio
Co., Ltd., KIBC654R 5-5-2 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Keiji Terao
- CycloChem Bio
Co., Ltd., KIBC654R 5-5-2 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, Tietotie
2, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Riitta Partanen
- VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, Tietotie
2, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Hidefumi Yoshii
- Department
of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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23
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Paananen A, Ylipaasto P, Smura T, Lempinen M, Galama J, Roivainen M. A single amino acid substitution in viral VP1 protein alters the lytic potential of clone-derived variants of echovirus 9 DM strain in human pancreatic islets. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1267-73. [PMID: 23595636 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies with primary human pancreatic islets suggest that several enterovirus serotypes are able to infect and replicate in beta cells. Some enterovirus strains are highly cytolytic in vitro whereas others show virus replication with no apparent islet destruction. The capability to induce islet destruction is determined only partially by the virus serotype, since strain specific differences have been detected within some serotypes including echovirus 9 (E-9). In this study, the viral genetic factors determining the outcome of islet infection (i.e., destructive vs. benign) were investigated by constructing parallel infectious clones of lytic E-9-DM strain that was isolated from a small child at the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes. The capabilities of these clone-derived viruses to induce islet destruction were monitored and the lytic potential of clones was modified by site-directed mutagenesis. The lytic capabilities of these clone-derived viruses in human pancreatic islets were modified by a single amino acid substitution (T81A) in the capsid protein VP1. The data presented outline the importance of amino acid point mutations in the pathogenetic process leading to islet necrosis. However, although the amino acid substitution (T81A) modifies the lytic capabilities of E-9-DM strain-derived microvariant strains, it is likely that additional viral genetic determinants of pancreatic islet pathogenicity exist in other E-9 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paananen
- Intestinal Viruses Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Ylipaasto P, Smura T, Gopalacharyulu P, Paananen A, Seppänen-Laakso T, Kaijalainen S, Ahlfors H, Korsgren O, Lakey JRT, Lahesmaa R, Piemonti L, Oresic M, Galama J, Roivainen M. Enterovirus-induced gene expression profile is critical for human pancreatic islet destruction. Diabetologia 2012; 55:3273-83. [PMID: 22983635 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Virally induced inflammatory responses, beta cell destruction and release of beta cell autoantigens may lead to autoimmune reactions culminating in type 1 diabetes. Therefore, viral capability to induce beta cell death and the nature of virus-induced immune responses are among key determinants of diabetogenic viruses. We hypothesised that enterovirus infection induces a specific gene expression pattern that results in islet destruction and that such a host response pattern is not shared among all enterovirus infections but varies between virus strains. METHODS The changes in global gene expression and secreted cytokine profiles induced by lytic or benign enterovirus infections were studied in primary human pancreatic islet using DNA microarrays and viral strains either isolated at the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes or capable of causing a diabetes-like condition in mice. RESULTS The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1-α, IL-1-β and TNF-α) that also mediate cytokine-induced beta cell dysfunction correlated with the lytic potential of a virus. Temporally increasing gene expression levels of double-stranded RNA recognition receptors, antiviral molecules, cytokines and chemokines were detected for all studied virus strains. Lytic coxsackievirus B5 (CBV-5)-DS infection also downregulated genes involved in glycolysis and insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results suggest a distinct, virus-strain-specific, gene expression pattern leading to pancreatic islet destruction and pro-inflammatory effects after enterovirus infection. However, neither viral replication nor cytotoxic cytokine production alone are sufficient to induce necrotic cell death. More likely the combined effect of these and possibly cellular energy depletion lie behind the enterovirus-induced necrosis of islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ylipaasto
- Intestinal Viruses Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Hayrinen M, Mikkola T, Honkanen P, Lahtinen P, Paananen A, Blomqvist M. Biomechanical analysis of the jump serve in men's volleyball. Br J Sports Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2011.084558.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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26
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Hayrinen M, Lehto H, Mikkola T, Honkanen P, Lahtinen P, Paananen A, Blomqvist M. Time analysis of men's and youth boy's top-level volleyball. Br J Sports Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2011.084558.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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27
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Roivainen M, Blomqvist S, al-Hello H, Paananen A, Delpeyroux F, Kuusi M, Hovi T. Highly divergent neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses of all three serotypes are recurrently detected in Finnish sewage. Euro Surveill 2010. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.15.19.19566-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Finland, surveillance of potential re-emergence of poliovirus transmission is mainly based on environmental surveillance, i.e. search for infectious poliovirus in sewage samples. Since December 2008, 21 genetically highly divergent, neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) have been isolated from sewage in Tampere, Finland. While the source of the VDPV is unknown, characteristics of the viruses resemble those of strains isolated from immunodeficient, persistently infected persons. No cases of suspected poliomyelitis have been reported in Finland since 1985.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roivainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Blomqvist
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H al-Hello
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Paananen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - F Delpeyroux
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM, U994, Paris, France
- Departement de Virologie, Biologie des Virus Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M Kuusi
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Hovi
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Roivainen M, Blomqvist S, Al-Hello H, Paananen A, Delpeyroux F, Kuusi M, Hovi T. Highly divergent neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses of all three serotypes are recurrently detected in Finnish sewage. Euro Surveill 2010; 15:pii/19566. [PMID: 20483108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In Finland, surveillance of potential re-emergence of poliovirus transmission is mainly based on environmental surveillance, i.e. search for infectious poliovirus in sewage samples. Since December 2008, 21 genetically highly divergent, neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) have been isolated from sewage in Tampere, Finland. While the source of the VDPV is unknown, characteristics of the viruses resemble those of strains isolated from immunodeficient, persistently infected persons. No cases of suspected poliomyelitis have been reported in Finland since 1985.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roivainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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29
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Lienemann M, Boer H, Paananen A, Cottaz S, Koivula A. Toward understanding of carbohydrate binding and substrate specificity of a glycosyl hydrolase 18 family (GH-18) chitinase from Trichoderma harzianum. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1116-26. [PMID: 19596709 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been used to assay the roles of amino acid residues in the substrate binding cleft of Trichoderma harzianum chitinase Chit42, which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH-18). Nine different Chit42 variants having amino acid mutations along the binding site cleft at subsites -4 to +2 were created and characterized with regard to their affinity toward chitinous and non-chitinous oligosaccharides. The catalytically inactive Chit42 mutant E172Q was used as the template for making the additional mutations. The E172Q mutant bound chitinoligosaccharides (tetra-, penta- and hexamer) with an increasing affinity from 12 to 0.2 microM whereas no binding of chitinbiose, -triose or 3'-sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine (Neu5Acalpha-3Galbeta-4GlcNAc) could be measured, indicative of significantly lower affinity for these shorter oligosaccharides. The strongest binding affinity was displayed toward allosamidin, a transition state analog (K(d) = 3 nM), and this was shown to be dependent on the E172 residue, the acid/base catalyst of Chit42. Hydrogen bonding by the glutamic acid E317 between subsites -2 and -3 and particularly the stacking interactions by tryptophanes at subsites -3 and +2 provided to be important, as mutations to these amino acids had a substantial negative effect to the overall binding affinity. Moreover, the substrate binding specificity of Chit42 could be altered toward binding of GlcNbeta-4(GlcNAc)(4) by providing a counter charge through substitution of residue T133 at subsite -3 against aspartic acid. In addition, the introduction of glutamine and particularly an asparagine residue at position 133 seemed to broaden the substrate preference of Chit42 toward Galbeta-4(GlcNAc)(4).
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Laaksonen P, Kivioja J, Paananen A, Kainlauri M, Kontturi K, Ahopelto J, Linder MB. Selective nanopatterning using citrate-stabilized Au nanoparticles and cystein-modified amphiphilic protein. Langmuir 2009; 25:5185-5192. [PMID: 19253945 DOI: 10.1021/la804001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present an approach where biomolecular self-assembly is used in combination with lithography to produce patterns of metallic nanoparticles on a silicon substrate. This is achieved through a two-step method, resulting in attachment of nanoparticles on desired sites on the sample surfaces, which allowed a detailed characterization. First, a genetically modified hydrophobin protein, NCysHFBI, was attached by self-assembly on a hydrophobic surface or a surface patterned with hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains. The next step was to label the protein layers with 17.8 nm gold nanoparticles, to allow microscopic characterization of the films. Kinetics and extent of attachment of nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that the attachment of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles was strongly dependent on the electrostatic properties of the capping ligand layer and the density of nanoparticles in the monolayer could be controlled via pH. The resulting nanoparticle assemblies followed the original pattern created by optical lithography in high accuracy. We demonstrate that combining bottom-up and top-down nanotechnological approaches in a good balance can provide very effective ways to produce nanoscale components providing a functional interface between electronics and the biological world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Laaksonen
- VTT Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland.
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31
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Lienemann M, Paananen A, Boer H, de la Fuente JM, García I, Penadés S, Koivula A. Characterization of the wheat germ agglutinin binding to self-assembled monolayers of neoglycoconjugates by AFM and SPR. Glycobiology 2009; 19:633-43. [PMID: 19240268 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions govern many crucial life processes involved in cell recognition events, but are often difficult to study because the interactions are weak, and multivalent exposure appears to be crucial for their biological function. We have used self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of neoglycoconjugates as a model system to probe the specific interactions between the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and monosaccharides by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) force measurements. SAMs presenting N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) as a neoglycoconjugate were produced on gold surfaces, where the SAM formation was monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and shown to be a very rapid process. In the AFM force measurements WGA was covalently coupled to flexible polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules at a probe surface using amine coupling. GlcNAc-specific binding events were detected with a WGA-modified probe on the GlcNAc-neoglycoconjugate SAM at bond rupture forces of 47 +/- 15 pN. Additionally, less frequent GlcNAc-specific unbinding events were detected at higher forces (120 +/- 20 pN) which are believed to originate from simultaneous detachment of multiple binding sites from the SAM surface. SPR measurements confirmed that WGA has higher affinity toward the immobilized GlcNAc-SAM than toward the soluble free monosaccharide. The binding constants obtained for soluble chitinoligosaccharides suggested up to three subsites within one carbohydrate-binding site of the WGA molecule and also provided further evidence of the multivalent binding character of the WGA dimer.
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32
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Paananen A, Savolainen-Kopra C, Kaijalainen S, Vaarala O, Hovi T, Roivainen M. Genetic and phenotypic diversity of echovirus 30 strains and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. J Med Virol 2007; 79:945-55. [PMID: 17516516 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several enterovirus serotypes should be considered as potentially diabetogenic. The capacity of an enterovirus to kill or impair the functions of human beta-cells can vary among the strains within a given serotype as shown previously for echovirus 9 and 30 (E-30). The evolution of E-30 has also shown patterns correlating with the global increase of type 1 diabetes incidence. In the present study, antigenic properties of a set of E-30 isolates were investigated and the results correlated with the previously documented beta-cell destructive phenotype of the strains, or to genetic clustering of the strains. No simple correlation between the three properties was observed. A full-length infectious clone was constructed and sequenced from one of the isolates found to be most destructive to beta-cells (E-30/14916net87). Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that this strain was closely related to the E-30 prototype strain at the capsid coding region while outside the capsid region prototype strains of several other human enterovirus B serotypes clustered more closely. This suggests that the relatively greater pathogenicity of the strain might be based on properties of the genome outside of the structural protein coding region. Neutralizing antibody assays on sera from 100 type 1 diabetic patients and 100 controls using three different E-30 strains did not reveal differences between the groups. This finding does not support a previous proposition of aberrant antibody responses to E-30 in diabetic patients. It is concluded that identification of the genetic counterparts of pathogenicity of E-30 strains requires further studies.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral
- Base Sequence
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cross Reactions
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/virology
- Echovirus Infections/complications
- Echovirus Infections/immunology
- Echovirus Infections/virology
- Enterovirus B, Human/classification
- Enterovirus B, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus B, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus B, Human/pathogenicity
- Finland
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Infant
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Phenotype
- Phylogeny
- Serotyping
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paananen
- Enterovirus Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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33
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Andberg M, Jäntti J, Heilimo S, Pihkala P, Paananen A, Koskinen AMP, Söderlund H, Linder MB. Cleavage of recombinant proteins at poly-His sequences by Co(II) and Cu(II). Protein Sci 2007; 16:1751-61. [PMID: 17600148 PMCID: PMC2203371 DOI: 10.1110/ps.072846407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Improved ways to cleave peptide chains at engineered sites easily and specifically would form useful tools for biochemical research. Uses of such methods include the activation or inactivation of enzymes or the removal of tags for enhancement of recombinant protein expression or tags used for purification of recombinant proteins. In this work we show by gel electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy that salts of Co(II) and Cu(II) can be used to cleave fusion proteins specifically at sites where sequences of His residues have been introduced by protein engineering. The His residues could be either consecutive or spaced with other amino acids in between. The cleavage reaction required the presence of low concentrations of ascorbate and in the case of Cu(II) also hydrogen peroxide. The amount of metal ions required for cleavage was very low; in the case of Cu(II) only one to two molar equivalents of Cu(II) to protein was required. In the case of Co(II), 10 molar equivalents gave optimal cleavage. The reaction occurred within minutes, at a wide pH range, and efficiently at temperatures ranging from 0 degrees C to 70 degrees C. The work described here can also have implications for understanding protein stability in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Andberg
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
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34
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Szilvay GR, Paananen A, Laurikainen K, Vuorimaa E, Lemmetyinen H, Peltonen J, Linder MB. Self-assembled hydrophobin protein films at the air-water interface: structural analysis and molecular engineering. Biochemistry 2007; 46:2345-54. [PMID: 17297923 DOI: 10.1021/bi602358h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are amphiphilic proteins produced by filamentous fungi. They function in a variety of roles that involve interfacial interactions, as in growth through the air-water interface, adhesion to surfaces, and formation of coatings on various fungal structures. In this work, we have studied the formation of films of the class II hydrophobin HFBI from Trichoderma reesei at the air-water interface. Analysis of hydrophobin aqueous solution drops showed that a protein film is formed at the air-water interface. This elastic film was clearly visible, and it appeared to cause the drops to take unusual shapes. Because adhesion and formation of coatings are important biological functions for hydrophobins, a closer structural analysis of the film was made. The method involved picking up the surface film onto a solid substrate and imaging the surface by atomic force microscopy. High-resolution images were obtained showing both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic sides of the film at nanometer resolution. It was found that the hydrophobin film had a highly ordered structure. To study the orientation of molecules and to obtain further insight in film formation, we made variants of HFBI that could be site specifically conjugated. We then used the avidin-biotin interaction as a probe. On the basis of this work, we suggest that the unusual interfacial properties of this type of hydrophobins are due to specific molecular interactions which lead to an ordered network of proteins in the surface films that have a thickness of only one molecule. The interactions between the proteins in the network are likely to be responsible for the unusual surface elasticity of the hydrophobin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géza R Szilvay
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
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35
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Alakomi HL, Paananen A, Suihko ML, Helander IM, Saarela M. Weakening effect of cell permeabilizers on gram-negative bacteria causing biodeterioration. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4695-703. [PMID: 16820461 PMCID: PMC1489302 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00142-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria play an important role in the formation and stabilization of biofilm structures on stone surfaces. Therefore, the control of growth of gram-negative bacteria offers a way to diminish biodeterioration of stone materials. The effect of potential permeabilizers on the outer membrane (OM) properties of gram-negative bacteria was investigated and further characterized. In addition, efficacy of the agents in enhancing the activity of a biocide (benzalkonium chloride) was assessed. EDTA, polyethylenimine (PEI), and succimer (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic) were shown to be efficient permeabilizers of the members of Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas genera, as indicated by an increase in the uptake of a hydrophobic probe (1-N-phenylnaphthylamine) and sensitization to hydrophobic antibiotics. Visualization of Pseudomonas cells treated with EDTA or PEI by atomic force microscopy revealed damage in the outer membrane structure. PEI especially increased the surface area and bulges of the cells. Topographic images of EDTA-treated cells were compatible with events assigned for the effect of EDTA on outer membranes, i.e., release of lipopolysaccharide and disintegration of OM structure. In addition, the effect of EDTA treatment was visualized in phase-contrast images as large areas with varying hydrophilicity on cell surfaces. In liquid culture tests, EDTA and PEI supplementation enhanced the activity of benzalkonium chloride toward the target strains. Use of permeabilizers in biocide formulations would enable the use of decreased concentrations of the active biocide ingredient, thereby providing environmentally friendlier products.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-L Alakomi
- Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
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36
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Abstract
The strength and nature of interactions between monomeric gliadin proteins involving alpha-alpha, omega-omega, and alpha-omega interactions in 0.01M acetic acid, and the effect of urea has been investigated. It was shown by means of nanomechanical force measurements that the stretching events in the separation curve after adhesive phenomena originated from proteins. These stretching events displayed different responses of the alpha- and omega-gliadins to urea. While 2M urea caused the more globular alpha-gliadins to unfold, the beta-turn-rich omega-gliadins remained fairly stable even in 8M urea. This suggests different roles for gliadins in the formation of dough; while the omega-gliadins are still in a compact structure being responsible for the viscous flow, the alpha-gliadins have already started to participate in forming the network in dough.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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37
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Hakanpää J, Paananen A, Askolin S, Nakari-Setälä T, Parkkinen T, Penttilä M, Linder MB, Rouvinen J. Atomic resolution structure of the HFBII hydrophobin, a self-assembling amphiphile. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:534-9. [PMID: 14555650 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309650200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobins are proteins specific to filamentous fungi. Hydrophobins have several important roles in fungal physiology, for example, adhesion, formation of protective surface coatings, and the reduction of the surface tension of water, which allows growth of aerial structures. Hydrophobins show remarkable biophysical properties, for example, they are the most powerful surface-active proteins known. To this point the molecular basis of the function of this group of proteins has been largely unknown. We have now determined the crystal structure of the hydrophobin HFBII from Trichoderma reesei at 1.0 A resolution. HFBII has a novel, compact single domain structure containing one alpha-helix and four antiparallel beta-strands that completely envelop two disulfide bridges. The protein surface is mainly hydrophilic, but two beta-hairpin loops contain several conserved aliphatic side chains that form a flat hydrophobic patch that makes the molecule amphiphilic. The amphiphilicity of the HFBII molecule is expected to be a source for surface activity, and we suggest that the behavior of this surfactant is greatly enhanced by the self-assembly that is favored by the combination of size and rigidity. This mechanism of function is supported by atomic force micrographs that show highly ordered arrays of HFBII at the air water interface. The data presented show that much of the current views on structure function relations in hydrophobins must be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hakanpää
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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38
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Paananen A, Österberg M, Rutland M, Tammelin T, Saarinen T, Tappura K, Stenius P. Interaction between Cellulose and Xylan: An Atomic Force Microscope and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study. ACS Symposium Series 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2004-0864.ch018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Österberg
- Laboratory of Forest Products Chemistry, Helsinki University of Technology,Espoo, Finland
| | - Mark Rutland
- Surface Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology and Institute for Surface Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- Laboratory of Forest Products Chemistry, Helsinki University of Technology,Espoo, Finland
| | - Terhi Saarinen
- Laboratory of Forest Products Chemistry, Helsinki University of Technology,Espoo, Finland
| | - Kirsi Tappura
- VTT Biotechnology, P.O. Box 1500, Espoo, Finland
- Current address: VTT Information Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Per Stenius
- Laboratory of Forest Products Chemistry, Helsinki University of Technology,Espoo, Finland
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39
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Paananen A, Vuorimaa E, Torkkeli M, Penttilä M, Kauranen M, Ikkala O, Lemmetyinen H, Serimaa R, Linder MB. Structural hierarchy in molecular films of two class II hydrophobins. Biochemistry 2003; 42:5253-8. [PMID: 12731866 DOI: 10.1021/bi034031t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are highly surface-active proteins that are specific to filamentous fungi. They function as coatings on various fungal structures, enable aerial growth of hyphae, and facilitate attachment to surfaces. Little is known about their structures and structure-function relationships. In this work we show highly organized surface layers of hydrophobins, representing the most detailed structural study of hydrophobin films so far. Langmuir-Blodgett films of class II hydrophobins HFBI and HFBII from Trichoderma reesei were prepared and analyzed by atomic force microscopy. The films showed highly ordered two-dimensional crystalline structures. By combining our recent results on small-angle X-ray scattering of hydrophobin solutions, we found that the unit cells in the films have dimensions similar to those of tetrameric aggregates found in solutions. Further analysis leads to a model in which the building blocks of the two-dimensional crystals are shape-persistent supramolecules consisting of four hydrophobin molecules. The results also indicate functional and structural differences between HFBI and HFBII that help to explain differences in their properties. The possibility that the highly organized surface assemblies of hydrophobins could allow a route for manufacturing functional surfaces is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja Paananen
- VTT Biotechnology, Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
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40
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Ritva S, Torkkeli M, Paananen A, Linder M, Kisko K, Knaapila M, Ikkala O, Vuorimaa E, Lemmetyinen H, Seeck O. Self-assembled structures of hydrophobins HFBI and HFBII. J Appl Crystallogr 2003. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889803000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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41
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Paananen A, Mikkola R, Sareneva T, Matikainen S, Hess M, Andersson M, Julkunen I, Salkinoja-Salonen MS, Timonen T. Inhibition of human natural killer cell activity by cereulide, an emetic toxin from Bacillus cereus. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 129:420-8. [PMID: 12197882 PMCID: PMC1906479 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipophilic toxin, cereulide, emitted by emetic food poisoning causing strains of Bacillus cereus, is a powerful mitochondria toxin. It is highly lipophilic and rapidly absorbed from the gut into the bloodstream. We tested how this toxin influences natural killer (NK) cells, which are important effectors in defence against infections and malignancy. Cereulide inhibited cytotoxicity and cytokine production of natural killer cells, caused swelling of natural killer cell mitochondria, and eventually induced natural killer cell apoptosis. The suppressive effect on cytotoxicity was fast and toxic concentration low, 20-30 microg/l. As the emesis causing concentration of cereulide is around 10 microg/kg of total body mass, our results suggest that emesis causing or even lower doses of cereulide may also have a systemic natural killer cell suppressive effect.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bacterial Toxins/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology
- Bacterial Toxins/toxicity
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Depsipeptides
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Emetics/isolation & purification
- Emetics/pharmacology
- Emetics/toxicity
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/ultrastructure
- Kinetics
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/physiology
- Mitochondria/ultrastructure
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/immunology
- Peptides, Cyclic/isolation & purification
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/toxicity
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paananen
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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42
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Hakulinen N, Kiiskinen LL, Kruus K, Saloheimo M, Paananen A, Koivula A, Rouvinen J. Crystal structure of a laccase from Melanocarpus albomyces with an intact trinuclear copper site. Nat Struct Biol 2002; 9:601-5. [PMID: 12118243 DOI: 10.1038/nsb823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have crystallized the ascomycete laccase from Melanocarpus albomyces with all four coppers present and determined the crystal structure at 2.4 A resolution. The enzyme is heavily glycosylated and consists of three cupredoxin-like domains, similar to those found in the Cu-depleted basidiomycete laccase from Coprinus cinereus. However, there are significant differences in the loops forming the substrate-binding pocket. In addition, the crystal structure of the M. albomyces laccase revealed elongated electron density between all three coppers in the trinuclear copper site, suggesting that an oxygen molecule binds with a novel geometry. This oxygen, required in the reaction, may enter the trinuclear site through the tunnel, which is open in the structure of the C. cinereus laccase. In contrast, the C-terminus on the M. albomyces laccase forms a plug that blocks this access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hakulinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, PO BOX 111, FIN-80101, Joensuu, Finland
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43
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Matikainen S, Paananen A, Miettinen M, Kurimoto M, Timonen T, Julkunen I, Sareneva T. IFN-alpha and IL-18 synergistically enhance IFN-gamma production in human NK cells: differential regulation of Stat4 activation and IFN-gamma gene expression by IFN-alpha and IL-12. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:2236-45. [PMID: 11449378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
IFN-gamma, a product of NK and T cells, is a key cytokine contributing innate and adaptive immunity. IFN-gamma production is induced via direct cell-cell contacts with APC and IFN-gamma -producing cells or by cytokines. During microbial infections macrophage-derived IFN-alpha, IL-12, and IL-18 enhance IFN-gamma production and Th1 response. Here we show that IFN-alpha in combination with IL-18 very efficiently induces IFN-gamma expression also in primary, nonactivated NK cells and in NK-92 cell line. Comparison of the kinetics of IFN-gamma mRNA expression in nonactivated NK cells, NK-92 cells and activated T cells stimulated with IFN-alpha or IL-12 revealed that, although both of these cytokines directly up-regulate IFN-gamma mRNA expression, its levels remain elevated much longer with IL-12 stimulation. In both NK cells and T cells, Stat4 is known to be critical in IL-12 and IFN-alpha signaling. We show that Stat4 activation is transient in cells stimulated with IFN-alpha, whereas IL-12 induces more long-lasting activation of the transcription factor. This prolonged activation of IFN-gamma gene by IL-12 may result in more efficient IFN-gamma production compared to that of IFN-alpha. Our results demonstrate that IFN-alpha and IL-18 are important innate cytokines in inducing NK cell IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matikainen
- Department of Microbiology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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44
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Paananen A, Mikkola R, Sareneva T, Matikainen S, Andersson M, Julkunen I, Salkinoja-Salonen MS, Timonen T. Inhibition of human NK cell function by valinomycin, a toxin from Streptomyces griseus in indoor air. Infect Immun 2000; 68:165-9. [PMID: 10603383 PMCID: PMC97116 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.1.165-169.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces griseus strains isolated from indoor dust have been shown to synthesize valinomycin. In this report, we show that human peripheral blood lymphocytes treated with small doses (30 ng ml(-1)) of pure valinomycin or high-pressure liquid chromatography-pure valinomycin from S. griseus quickly show mitochondrial swelling and reduced NK cell activity. Larger doses (>100 ng/ml(-1)) induced NK cell apoptosis within 2 days. Within 2 h, the toxin at 100 ng ml(-1) dramatically inhibited interleukin-15 (IL-15)- and IL-18-induced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by NK cells. However, IFN-gamma production induced by a combination of IL-15 and IL-18 was somewhat less sensitive to valinomycin, suggesting a protective effect of the cytokine combination against valinomycin. Thus, valinomycin in very small doses may profoundly alter the immune response by reducing NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paananen
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Puolakkainen P, Valtonen V, Paananen A, Schröder T. C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum phospholipase A2 in the assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis. Gut 1987; 28:764-71. [PMID: 3623221 PMCID: PMC1433041 DOI: 10.1136/gut.28.6.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines the value of C-reactive protein (CRP) determinations in the assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis and the correlation of CRP with serum phospholipase A2 activity and the clinical status. Fifty three patients with acute pancreatitis were studied; 17 with haemorrhagic pancreatitis and 36 with a mild form of the disease. S-phospholipase A2 activity increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in patients with fatal pancreatitis but not in those with mild disease. Phospholipase A2 concentrations were below 10 nmol FFA/ml min in mild, while they rose to 20-40 nmol FFA/ml min in haemorrhagic pancreatitis. In fatal cases very high (up to 50-60 nmol FFA/ml min) serum phospholipase A2 concentrations were recorded. The increase in CRP was greater in the patients with severe pancreatitis. One day after admission mean CRP was 280 mg/l in patients with haemorrhagic and 45 mg/l in those with the mild pancreatitis (p less than 0.001). High CRP values also correlated with the prognostic signs indicative of severe pancreatitis. CRP and S-phospholipase A2 determinations are valuable in the early assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis, but the CRP assay is much easier to include in hospital routine.
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Puolakkainen P, Paananen A, Kaarne M, Kuusi T, Lempinen M, Schröder T. Aprotinin and Na2CaEDTA in experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis in pigs. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22:35-41. [PMID: 2436280 DOI: 10.3109/00365528708991853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the effects of aprotinin and Na2CaEDTA on phospholipase A2 activity and on the outcome of experimental pancreatitis in pigs. Hemorrhagic pancreatitis was induced in 29 piglets by infusing Na-taurocholate and trypsin into the pancreatic duct with simultaneous intravenous injection of secretin. Twelve animals serving as controls had no specific treatment. Nine animals were treated with aprotinin and eight pigs with Na2CaEDTA. Ten of the control animals died within 24 h of the induction of pancreatitis, and two of them lived for a week. In the aprotinin group three piglets died within 24 h and two died during the next day; four animals lived for a week. In the Na2CaEDTA group five animals died within 24 h and one the next day; two animals lived for a week. In all the animals serum phospholipase A2 activity increased significantly (p less than 0.01), there being no differences between the groups. In those animals that lived for a week the phospholipase A2 activities decreased on the 2nd day. This decrease was seen in both treated groups. Aprotinin prolonged the survival time of the animals. This prolongation was statistically significant (p less than 0.05, chi-square test, logrank test). Na2CaEDTA did not improve the prognosis of the animals. Neither of the drugs given influenced the serum phospholipase A2 activities during the first hours of the disease.
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Abstract
The convulsive thresholds for bicuculline and electroshock seizures were studied in audiogenic seizure (AGS)-susceptible and control rats. Electroshock seizure thresholds, determined as the amperage necessary to cause tonic extension of the hindlegs in 50% of the rats (CC50 = convulsive current fifty) were markedly lowered in rats of two stocks, bred for AGS susceptibility. During the clonic phase of electroshock seizure the bicuculline threshold was slightly lowered but started to rise after the convulsion had ceased. After 5 min, the threshold was significantly elevated and the maximal increase was reached in 15 min. In control rats the level normalized curvilinearly within an hour, but in AGS rats it decreased more slowly and was still elevated after 90 min. After an audiogenic seizure, the threshold for bicuculline-induced seizures in AGS rats also rose significantly but declined rapidly after having reached a maximum at 15 min. This rise in seizure threshold for bicuculline might indicate a postictal change in GABAergic transmission.
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