Screening for Potential Active Components of Fangji Huangqi Tang on the Treatment of Nephrotic Syndrome by Using Integrated Metabolomics Based on "Correlations Between Chemical and Metabolic Profiles"

As for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, what puzzled researchers most was how to select proper chemical markers to represent the whole pharmacological action system. In this paper, an integrated metabolomic method was presented for a systematic discovery of potential active components in Fangji Huangqi Tang (FHT), a well-known TCM prescription for nephrotic syndrome treatment, based on “correlations between chemical and metabolic profiles.” Firstly, a metabolomics study was carried out to select representative biomarkers of nephrotic syndrome. Then, after drug administration, the dynamic process of serum composition was investigated by the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization–quadrupole–time of flight–mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) technique to detect the prototypes and related metabolites of relative components from FHT. Pearson correlation analysis was finally used to find out the correlations between the endogenous metabolic spectrums and the chemical serum spectrums. As a result, 17 biomarkers for nephrotic syndrome indication were identified, and the main metabolic pathways of their concern included linoleic acid metabolism; cyanoamino acid metabolism; alpha-linolenic acid metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; arachidonic acid metabolism; and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Meanwhile, active components in FHT for nephrotic syndrome treatment were screened out, including (+)-tetrandrine demethylation, fenfangjine G hydrogenation, tetrandrine, N-methylfangchinoline, tetrandrine demethylation, fangchinoline, glycyrrhetic acid, astragaloside II alcohol dehydration, atractylenolide III demethylation + hydrogenation, atractylenolide III demethylation + hydrogenation, and licoricone-N-acetylcysteine conjugation. This study demonstrated a promising way to elucidate the active chemical material basis of TCM prescription.

[Problems and solutions in modern research of traditional Chinese herbal pieces processing technology]

Chinese medicine processing is the main feature that distinguishes traditional Chinese medicine from natural medicine and plant medicine, and is the main feature in clinical medication of traditional Chinese medicine. The research of Chinese medicine processing technology is an important link to realize standardization and standardization of Chinese herbal pieces, with urgent need to attract high attention. At present, there are still many problems in the research of processing technology of Chinese herbal pieces, mainly including inconsistent processing technology, large differences in process technology parameters, and unstable production technology of Chinese herbal pieces, resulting in uncontrollable quality of Chinese herbal pieces and affecting the clinical efficacy of Chinese medicine. This paper focused on the establishment of a unified standard processing technology, and put forward the countermeasures for the processing technology of Chinese medicine based on a comprehensive analysis of the current situations of the processing technology of Chinese herbal pieces, with significance for guiding the establishment of a standardized processing technology of Chinese medicine.

Effect of piperine on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of rosmarinic acid in rat plasma using UPLC-MS/MS

1. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of piperine (PP) on the pharmacokinetics of rosmarinic acid (RA) in rat plasma and to determine whether PP could enhance the oral bioavailability of RA via inhibition of its glucuronidation. 2. The pharmacokinetic profiles of RA between oral administration of RA (50 mg/kg) alone and in combination with different oral dose PP (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg) to rats were investigated via a validated UPLC/MS/MS method. 3. The AUC and Cmax of RA were significantly increased in combination with different dose PP dose dependently, especially in the presence of 60 and 80 mg/kg PP (p < 0.01). The relative bioavailability of RA in the presence of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg PP was 1.24-, 1.32-, 2.02-, and 2.26-folds higher, respectively, compared with the control group given RA alone. Compared with RA, the pharmacokinetic modulations of RA glucuronide were even more apparent, and the glucuronidation of RA was remarkedly inhibited. 4. This study demonstrated that PP significantly improved the in vivo bioavailability of RA partly attributing to the inhibition of gut and hepatic metabolism enzymes of RA.

Neuroprotective effects of Tongmai Yizhi Decoction () against Alzheimer's disease through attenuating cyclin-dependent kinase-5 expression

OBJECTIVES

To explore the protective effects of Tongmai Yizhi Decoction (, TYD), a Chinese herb complex prescription against the impairment of cognitive functions and memory loss in amyloid beta 1-40 (Aβ_1-40) peptide and ibotenic (IBO)-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) model rats.

METHODS

The in vivo model was established by injecting Aβ_1-40 and IBO into left hippocampal CA1 area of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat to mimic AD. Totally 32 SD rats were divided into 4 groups, including sham operation group, AD model group, TYD group [AD rats treated with TYD at the dosage of 19.44 g/(kg•d) for 4 weeks] and huperzine A group [AD rats treated with huperzine A at the dosage of 40.5 μg/(kg•d) for 4 weeks]. Spatial learning and memory level was detected by Morris Water Maze test. Histological morphology in the hippocampus was tested by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) protein and gene expression level were investigated by Western blot analysis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively.

RESULTS

Aβ1-40 and IBO treatment induced longer escape latency of rats, compared with sham operation group from day 25 (P<0.01). However, TYD and huperzine A obviously shortened the escape latency from day 26 (P<0.01). Moreover, the effect of TYD was similar to huperzine A (P>0.05). Furthermore, HE staining also showed that TYD and huperzine A reversed the neuropathological changes in the hippocampus triggered by Aβ1-40 and IBO. TYD and huperzine A effectively reduced the expression levels of Cdk5 protein and gene located in rat hippocampus, compared with the AD model group (P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

TYD could be a promising neuroprotective agent for protecting neuron from AD injury through inhibiting Cdk5 expression.

Evaluation of the Influence of Sulfur-Fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba on the Quality of Si Wu Tang by Chromatographic and Chemometric Analysis

An accurate and reliable method of high-performance liquid chromatographic fingerprint combining with multi-ingredient determination was developed and validated to evaluate the influence of sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba on the quality and chemical constituents of Si Wu Tang. Multivariate data analysis including hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis, which integrated with high-performance liquid chromatographic fingerprint and multi-ingredient determination, was employed to evaluate Si Wu Tang in a more objective and scientific way. Interestingly, in this paper, a total of 37 and 36 peaks were marked as common peaks in ten batches of Si Wu Tang containing sun-dried Paeoniae Radix Alba and ten batches of Si Wu Tang containing sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba, respectively, which indicated the changed fingerprint profile of Si Wu Tang when containing sulfur-fumigated herb. Furthermore, the results of simultaneous determination for multiple ingredients showed that the contents of albiflorin and paeoniflorin decreased significantly (P < 0.01) and the contents of gallic acid and Z-ligustilide decreased to some extent at the same time when Si Wu Tang contained sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Radix Alba. Therefore, sulfur-fumigation processing may have great influence on the quality of Chinese herbal prescription.

[Comparisons on chemical constituents of crude and wine-processed Dipsacus asper by using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS]

To compare the quality control indexes and chemical constituents of crude and wine-processed Dipsacus asper. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, water content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water soluble extract of different processed products were detected. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS approach was established to compare the contents of major constituents in crude and wine-processed D. asper. Moreover, the linearity, precision, stability, repeatability and recoveries of the approach were well studied. The results of water content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water-soluble extract of crude and wine-processed D. asper were all in line with the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition. Meanwhile, 20 main chemical constituents were identified by using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. After wine-processing, the contents of asperosaponin Ⅵ, acetylate analogues and caffeic acid were significantly increased, while the contents of other phenolic components such as dicaffeoylquinic acid were decreased significantly, which may be which may be the main reason for different clinical efficacy of crude and wine-processed D. asper.

Optimization of the processing technology of Fructus Arctii by response surface methodology

The present study was designed to optimize the processing of Fructus Arctii by response surface methodology (RSM). Based on single factor studies, a three-variable, three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to monitor the effects of independent variables, including processing temperature and time, on the dependent variables. Response surfaces and contour plots of the contents of total lignans, chlorogenic acid, arctiin, and arctigenin were obtained through ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) monitoring and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fructus Arctii should be processed under heating in a pot at 311 °C, medicine at 119 °C for 123s with flipping frequently. The experimental values under the optimized processing technology were consistent with the predicted values. In conclusion, RSM is an effective method to optimize the processing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

Positive skeletal effect of two ingredients of Psoralea corylifolia L. on estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis and the possible mechanisms of action

Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is utilized as a major regime for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis at present. However, long-term supplement of estrogen may cause uterine hyperplasia and hypertension leading to a high risk of endometrial cancer and breast cancer. Psoralea corylifolia L. has long been used as tonic and food additives in many countries. Previous studies had found two ingredients in P. corylifolia L.: bavachin and bakuchiol exhibited osteoblastic activity. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of bakuchiol and bavachin on ovariectomy-induced bone loss and explore the possible mechanism. In vivo, bakuchiol and bavachin could prevented estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss in ovariectomized rats without uterotrophic activity. In vitro studies suggested that bakuchiol and bavachin induced primary human osteoblast differentiation by up-regulating the Wnt signalling pathway. This study suggests that such a bone-protective role makes them a promising and safe estrogen supplement for the ERT.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Cimicifugae rhizoma with response surface methodology

Background:

Cimicifugae rhizoma was a Ranunculaceae herb belonging to the composite family, and the roots of C. rhizoma have been widely used in tradition Chinese medicine.

Materials and Methods:

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from C. rhizoma. Caffeic acid (CA), isoferulic acid (IA), ferulic acid (FA), and total phenols were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. Effects of several experimental parameters, such as ultrasonic power (W), extraction temperature (°C), and ethanol concentration (%) on extraction efficiencies of phenolic compounds from C. rhizoma were evaluated.

Results:

The results showed that the optimal UAE condition was obtained with ultrasonic power of 377.35 W, extraction temperature of 70°C, and ethanol concentration of 58.37% for total phenols, and ultrasonic power of 318.28 W, extraction temperature of 59.65°C, and ethanol concentration of 64.43% for combination of CA, IA, FA.

Conclusions:

The experimental values under optimal conditions were in good consistent with the predicted values, which suggested UAE is more efficient for the extraction of phenolic compounds from plant materials.

Development and validation of a HPLC-UV-ESI-MS method for the simultaneous quantitation of ten bioactive compounds in Dahuang Fuzi Tang

AIM

To develop a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and ultraviolet (UV) detector method for the acid-alkaline simultaneous determination of ten bioactive compounds, and analyze the effect of compatible medicinal plants on the concentration of components in Dahuang Fuzi Tang (DFT).

METHOD

The chromatographic separation was performed on a Hypersil BDS C18 analytical column by gradient elution with acetonitrile and formate buffer (containing 0.15% formic acid, V/V) at 25 °C with a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min(-1) and UV detection at 280 nm. Four of the ten compounds in DFT were identified and their MS fragments were elucidated by HPLC-ESI-MS, and the contents of the six compounds were determined by HPLC-UV.

RESULTS

All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r(2) ≥ 0.9990). The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.021-0.155 -g·mL(-1) and 0.076-0.520 -g·mL(-1), respectively. Overall precision RSD (intra-day and inter-day) were less than 2.96%, and the average recoveries were 98.35%-101.45%, with RSD ranging from 1.54% to 3.01% for the analytes.

CONCLUSION

The developed method can be applied for the quality control and provide analytical evidence on the chemical basis and combinational principles of DFT.

Quality assessment of Psoralea fructus by HPLC fingerprint coupled with multi-components analysis

Psoralea Fructus, the dried and ripe fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L., have been used as traditional medicine. There is substantial evidence that multiple constituents are responsible for the beneficial effects of this medicine. To effectively control the quality of this herbal medicine, HPLC fingerprint analysis was performed on a SinoChrom ODS-BP column with mobile phase of a gradient prepared from H₂O and CH₃CN, which the conditions used for gradient elution were: 0–10 min, 5–45% CH₃CN; 10–45 min, 45–70% CH₃CN; 45–50 min, 70–100% CH₃CN; 50–60 min, 100–100% CH₃CN, and the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. It was obtained on the basis of the chromatographic data from 28 batches of samples, which contained 26 common peaks and 13 peaks were identified by the electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry as psoralen, isopsoralen, isobavachin, neobavaisoflavone, bavachin, corylin, broussochalcone B, psoralidin, isobavachalcone, bavachinin, corylifol A, bavachalcone and backuchiol. The contents of these 13 compounds were also simultaneously examined. By using principal component analysis, 28 batches of samples collected from 6 producing locations with different collecting time were evaluated and differentiated. In summary, the data as described in this study offer valuable information for quality control and proper use of Psoralea Fructus.

[Research on chemical reactions during ginseng processing]

As a kind of commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng has a high reputation at home and abroad. The research of ginseng has been expanded to medicine, pharmacy, biology, food science and other fields, with great achievements in recent years. Ginseng contains ginsenosides, volatile oil, carbohydrates, amino acids, polypeptides, inorganic elements and othser chemical constituents. Each component has extensive physiological activity, and is the base of ginseng's effect. After processing, the complicated changes are taken place in the constituents of ginseng, and some new substances produced. This paper aims to review the studies on chemical constituents and their mechanisms during ginseng processing, and the ideas, methods and the direction of the development of traditional Chinese medicine processing in the future.

Antitumor effects of two extracts from Oxytropis falcata on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo

AIMS

To investigate the antitumor effects of extracts from Oxytropis falcata on human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells in vitro and in transplanted murine H22 tumors in vivo.

METHODS

Cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells were determined and tumor growth inhibition in H22 tumors was investigated. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry with propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V-FITC/ PI double staining.

RESULTS

MTT assay revealed that essential oil and flavonoids of O. falcata (named EOOF and FOF) inhibited proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 value of EOOF and FOF were 0.115 and 0.097 mg·mL(-1), respectively. Cell cycle was arrested at G(1) phase, and induction of apoptosis occurred in SMMC-7721 cells when subjected to FOF. Growth inhibition in H22 solid tumors transplanted mice was significantly pronounced after being treated with FOF, and the inhibition ratio were 56.1% and 70.8% at the concentration of 30 and 60 mg·kg(-1).

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that FOF promotes apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells and inhibits H22 tumor growth, resulting in a potential antitumor effect on hepatic cancer.

Effects of food and gender on the pharmacokinetics of ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide in rats after oral dosing with ginkgo terpene lactones extract

The ginkgo terpene lactones (GTL), mainly including bilobalide (BB), ginkgolide A (GA), ginkgolide B (GB) and ginkgolide C (GC) possess different biological activities such as peripheral vasoregulation, platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonism, neuroprotective properties and prevention of membrane damage caused by free radicals. To investigate the effects of food and gender on the bioavailability of BB, GA, GB and GC after oral administration of GTL extract, a rapid UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated. A reversed phase C18 column (100mm×2.1mm, i.d., 1.7μm) and a mobile phase consisted of methanol and 1mM ammonium acetate (70/30, v/v) were employed. Compared with the fasted group, the t1/2 values for BB, GA, GB and GC in fed were all increased (p<0.05), AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ values of BB, GA, GB and GC were all significantly increased (p<0.05), but the Cmax values of BB, GA, GB and GC were significantly decreased (p<0.05). In comparison with the male group, all of the t1/2 values and AUC0-t values for BB, GA, GB and GC in female were higher (p<0.05), but no statistical difference in Tmax values for BB, GA, GB and GC between these two groups. Food and gender factor showed significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of BB, GA, GB, and GC. The results suggested that oral doses of GTL should be lowered for fasted and female subjects, compared with the fed and male subjects, respectively.

[Perspective and application of metabonomics in modern study of traditional Chinese medicine]

Metabonomics is a new method to study on the metabolic network and the relationship between body and environment, which conforms to the way of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) research. In the study process of modernization of traditional Chinese medicine, effectively conjunction with metabonomics method will facilitate the integration of TCM with modern biological science and technology, and promote the modernization of TCM. This paper introduce the application of metabonomics in the research of toxicity mechanism of TCM, compatibility mechanism of TCM formula, pharmacology effect of TCM and processing mechanism of TCM. This paper summarize the problems in the TCM metabonomics research and prospect its bright future.

Drug-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposomes: a promising delivery system for hydrophobic drugs

INTRODUCTION

Recently, the entrapment of hydrophobic drugs in the form of water-soluble drug-cyclodextrin (CD) complex in liposomes has been investigated as a new strategy to combine the relative advantages of CDs and liposomes into one system, namely drug-in-CD-in-liposome (DCL) systems.

AREAS COVERED

For DCLs preparation, an overall understanding of the interaction between CDs and lipid components of liposomes is necessary and valuable. The present article reviews the preparation, characterization and application of DCLs, especially as antitumor or transdermal carriers. Double-loading technique, an interesting strategy to control release and increase drug-loading capacity, is also discussed.

EXPERT OPINION

DCL approach can be useful in increasing drug solubility and vesicles stability, in controlling the in vivo fate of hydrophobic drugs and in avoiding burst release of drug from the vesicles. To obtain stable DCL, the CDs should have a higher affinity to drug molecules compared with liposomal membrane lipids. DCLs prepared by double-loading technique seem to be a suitable targeted drug delivery system because they have a fast onset action with prolonged drug release process and the significantly enhanced drug-loading capacity. In particular, DCLs are suitable for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs which also possess volatility.

Discrepancy between the effects of morronside on apoptosis in human embryonic lung fibroblast cells and lung cancer A549 cells

Morroniside is a water-soluble compound extracted from the fruit of Cornus officinalis and is used to protect lung activity against aging. In the present study, the manner in which morroniside regulates normal lung and cancer cells was examined. The human embryonic lung fibroblast (HELF) cell line and lung cancer A549 cell line, and their responses to morroniside treatment, were examined. Results showed that morroniside reverses the apoptotic effect of H₂O₂ on HELF cell growth, protecting cell proliferation and normal cell morphology and inhibiting apoptosis. However, these effects were not present in A549 cells. Western blotting showed that morroniside also markedly downregulated retinoblastoma protein in HELF cells. These results suggest that morroniside treatment exhibits different effects on apoptosis in HELF and A549 cells, making it a viable compound for decreasing the side effects of anticancer medicines in normal cells.

[Application of traditional Chinese medicine reference standards in quality control of Chinese herbal pieces]

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) reference standards plays an important role in the quality control of Chinese herbal pieces. This paper overviewed the development of TCM reference standards. By analyzing the 2010 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia, the application of TCM reference standards in the quality control of Chinese herbal pieces was summarized, and the problems exiting in the system were put forward. In the process of improving the quality control level of Chinese herbal pieces, various kinds of advanced methods and technology should be used to research the characteristic reference standards of Chinese herbal pieces, more and more reasonable reference standards should be introduced in the quality control system of Chinese herbal pieces. This article discussed the solutions in the aspect of TCM reference standards, and future development of quality control on Chinese herbal pieces is prospected.

[Comparative study on decoction and dissolution of crude and processed corni fructus]

To compare and study the decoction and dissolution of active constituents in crude and processed Corni Fructus. HPLC, the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction method and the dissolution methods were adopted to compare and study the decoction yield and dissolution rate of loganin and morroniside, active constituents in crude and processed Corni Fructus. The results showed that the content of active constituents loganin and morroniside in crude and processed Corni Fructus did not change significantly; compared with crude Corni Fructus, processed Corni Fructus (decoction) contained much higher loganin, with no obvious change in morroniside; compared with crude Corni Fructus, processed Corni Fructus (extracts) showed no significant difference in loganin dissolution, but notable increase in morroniside dissolution in intestinal fluid; in gastric fluid, processed Corni Fructus showed significant increase in loganin and morroniside dissolutions. However, in comprehensive consideration of the decoction dose in clinical administration, and calculated on the basis of the formula of the decoction yield x dissolution rate = decoction-dissolution product, it showed increase in the decoction-dissolution products of both of the active constituents loganin and morroniside, with significant difference. This suggested that processed Corni Fructus is superior to crude Corni Fructus in clinical application. In this article, we proposed to compare the changes in decoction and dissolution of active constituents in crude and processed Corni Fructus, study the decoction-dissolution product, and then apply it in the quality evaluation of crude and processed Corni Fructus.

[Sulfur-fumigation, maintenance method of Chinese herbal medicine-discard or inheritance]

Sulfur-fumigation processing technology is an ancient maintenance method, which plays a certain role in storage and preservation for Chinese herbal medicine. But in recent years, with the further explanation of sulfur-fumigation processing mechanism and more attention to the safety of drugs, such traditional maintenance method of Chinese herbal medicine is now being questioned by more and more people. The authors think we should have selective inheritance rather than abslute discard to this ancient processing technology after reviewing the literatures published in recent 20 years, and some suggestions are also put forward, which can supply some references for related drug supervision departments.

[Quick identification and discrimination of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated cimicifugae rhizoma by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy]

OBJECTIVE

To develop a method for quick identification of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

METHODS

The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma were analyzed and compared by FTIR combined with second derivative infrared spectroscopy.

RESULTS

FTIR spectra showed that there were some differences in the positions of infrared absorption peaks and the relative intensities in the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma, and the second derivative IR spectra clearly enhanced the spectral resolution of their differences. FTIR spectra showed that the new absorption peaks of Cimicifugae Rhizoma appeared and a part of original absorption peaks disappeared after sulfur-fumigation in aqueous extracts, while a lot of new absorption peaks appeared and the intensities of almost all absorption peaks significantly decreased after sulfur-fumigation in alcoholic extracts. Second derivative IR spectra showed that both sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma extracted by water differed significantly from each other ranging from about 3 950 to 3 940 cm(-1), 3 850 to 3 800 cm(-1), 1 800 to 1 750 cm(-1), as well as from 1 400 to 1 350 cm(-1); Differences also existed between sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma extracted by ethanol ranging from about 3 980 to 3 960 cm(-1), 3 850 to 3 800 cm(-1), and 1 500 to 1 460 cm(-1).

CONCLUSION

The FTIR method combined with the second derivative IR spectrum can be used to analyze and distinguish sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma quickly and accurately. The developed method provides an efficient approach for the quality control of Chinese herbal medicines with its simplicity and strong specificity.

The effects of Rhizoma Zingiberis on pharmacokinetics of six Aconitum alkaloids in herb couple of Radix Aconiti Lateralis-Rhizoma Zingiberis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Radix Aconiti Lateralis (Fuzi in Chinese, derived from the lateral roots of Aconitum Carmichaeli Debx.) is widely used for the treatment of heart failure, internal cold, arthralgia, diarrhea and edema for thousands of years. It was usually prescribed in combination with Rhizoma Zingiberis (Ganjiang in Chinese, derived from the dry rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc.) to decrease toxicity and increase efficacy.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In order to investigate the influence of Rhizoma Zingiberis on pharmacokinetics of six Aconitum alkaloids, i.e. aconitine (AC), hypaconitine (HA), mesaconitine (MA), benzoylaconine (BAC), benzoylhypaconine (BHA) and benzoylmesaconine (BMA), in Fuzi-Ganjiang herb couple, the comparative pharmacokinetics of six Aconitum alkaloids after oral administration of Fuzi and Fuzi-Ganjiang aqueous extract was carried out.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A sensitive, specific and rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed to determine the six analytes in plasma. Then the rats were randomly divided into two groups and orally administered with Fuzi and Fuzi-Ganjiang aqueous extract. At designated time points after oral administration, the concentrations of the six Aconitum alkaloids in rat plasma were determined, and main pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated using 3P97 (Practical Pharmacokinetics Program Version 1.0).

RESULTS

Comparing with Fuzi group, both T1/2 and AUC0-t of AC and HA decreased (P<0.05), while T1/2, AUC0-t and Cmax of BAC, BHA increased (P<0.05) in Fuzi-Ganjiang group, which indicated that Ganjiang could promote the elimination of AC and HA and enhance the absorption of BAC, BHA and BMA.

CONCLUSION

The differences of pharmacokinetics of Aconitum alkaloids in rat plasma could support those of pharmacologics and toxicity in previous reports between Fuzi and Fuzi-Ganjiang herb couple. The results might be helpful in explaining the mechanism of combination of Fuzi-Ganjiang to decrease toxicity and increase efficacy.

Preparation, characterization and tissue distribution of brucine stealth liposomes with different lipid composition

OBJECTIVE

To improve the therapeutic index of brucine, the novel stealth liposomes (SLS-n), composed of naturally unsaturated and hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholines, with significant difference of phase transition temperature, were developed to encapsulate brucine.

METHODS

Brucine-loaded stealth liposomes with different lipid compositions were prepared and characterized for their entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size, zeta potential and in vitro drug release profile. Tissue distribution after intravenous administration of different brucine formulations was further compared in tumor-bearing mice.

RESULTS

Compared with the conventional stealth liposomes composed of SPC (SLS-s) or HSPC (SLS-h), EE and zeta potential of SLS-n were increased slightly, and the size was decreased slightly. The results of drug release showed that SLS-n were more stable than SLS-s. After intravenous administration, tumor AUC in SLS-s, SLS-n and SLS-h treated animals were 1.33, 1.72 and 2.59-fold higher than in mice treated with the same dose of free brucine, respectively. Compared with brucine solution, administration of SLS-s and SLS-n could significantly decrease brucine concentration in brain, but administration of SLS-h resulting in significantly increased (2.75-fold) concentration in 10 min.

CONCLUSION

Since brucine has severe central nervous system toxicity, our study indicated that SLS-n could considerably improve the therapeutic index of brucine.

[Study on quality evaluation of cimicifugae rhizoma from different producing areas by HPLC fingerprint]

To establish a fingerprint for Cimicifugae Rhizoma from different producing areas. Column kromasil (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was employed with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid solution as the mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1), the detection wavelength was 254 nm. Twenty chromatographic peaks were extracted as the common peaks of fingerprint, and 21 batches of samples were compared and classified with such methods as similarity evaluation, cluster analysis and principle component analysis. The results showed 12 common peaks and three categories of samples. The method was so highly reproducible, simple and reliable that it could provide basis for quality control and evaluation of Cimicifugae Rhizoma from different producing areas.

[Optimization of extraction process for Baizhu Shaoyao San by multi-index orthogonal experiment]

Baizhu Shaoyao San is a famous traditional Chinese medicine formula, which is efficient to diarrhea clinically. However, there are very few reports for extraction process of Baizhu Shaoyao San at present. In this article, an orthogonal test was conducted, with 10 major components and extractum of Baizhu Shaoyao San as indexes, and data was processed by the compound weight method, in order to detect four factors, including the concentration of ethanol, the dosage of ethanol, the soaking and extracting times, and optimize the extraction process of Baizhu Shaoyao San. The results showed that the optimal extraction process was adding 12-fold ethanol of 70% concentration, soaking for 1 hours, and extracting for twice, 2 hours each time. Among the indexes, the extracting time made significant impact. The optimized method is stable and reliable, and can provide reference for further development and utilization of the formula.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of aloe-emodin, rhein and emodin determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after oral administration of a rhubarb peony decoction and rhubarb extract to rats

This study aimed to clarify the rationality of herbaceous compatibility of a rhubarb peony decoction (DaHuang-Mu-Dan-Tang, RPD) by comparing the pharmacokinetics of aloe-emodin, rhein and emodin in rats' plasma after oral administration of RPD and rhubarb extract. A rapid, sensitive LC-MS method was developed and validated for the determination of the plasma concentrations of the three analytes after oral administration RPD and rhubarb extract. The developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of aloe-emodin, rhein and emodin in rats' plasma after oral administration. Compared with administration of single rhubarb, the C(max) of rhein in RPD was decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the T1/2 of aloe-emodin and emodin were increased significantly (p < 0.05) after administration of RPD. In addition, the T(max) of rhein and emodin were also increased significantly (p < 0.05) in RPD. These results indicated that the absorption of rhein in rats was suppressed after oral administration RPD. Moreover, The time for rhein and emodin to reach the peak concentration was delayed and the elimination of aloe-emodin and emodin was also postponed in RPD. This study could provide a meaningful basis for evaluating the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine in terms of pharmacokinetics.

[Study on HPLC chromatograms of different processed Euphorbia ebracteolata products and content change of three chemical components]

To prepare processed products with different methods, in order to study the impact of auxiliary materials and temperature on chemical components of Euphorbia ebracteolata, and establish specific chromatograms of different processed products. Wel-chorm-C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was used and eluted with a gradient program, with acetonitrile (A)-water(B). The column temperature was 25 degrees C, and the detection wave length was set at 226 nm. The aim was to determine the content of effective components in different processed products--ebracteolata cpd B, ebracteolata cpd C and jolkinolide B and establish respective characteristic fingerprints to compare with similarity. The results showed that the content of ebracteolata cpd B, ebracteolata cpd C first increased and then decreased with the rise in temperature. Different processed products showed significant difference in HPLC spectrograms, with a low similarity. This study showed great impacts of auxiliary materials and temperature on chemical components of E. ebracteolata. As the vinegar processing method had higher attenuation and and synergistic effects than other methods, the auxiliary material vinegar cannot be replaced by chemical reagent acetic acid.

[Study on preparation and thermosensitive release property of composite phospholipid liposomes containing total alkaloids from Strychnos nux-vomica]

To prepare composite phospholipid liposomes containing total alkaloids of Strychnos nux-vomica with hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) and 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphacholine (DPPC), and compare with normal DPPC thermosensitive liposomes for thermosensitive release property. Total alkaloids were extracted from S. nux-vomica with the impregnation method and further purified. Liposomes containing total alkaloids, thermosensitive liposomes and conventional thermosensitive liposomes without thermosensitive release property were prepared by ammonium sulfate transmembrane gradients and stealth liposome technique. Their encapsulation efficiency (EE), grain size, zeta potential and drug release behavior were compared. Their EEs and zeta potentials were almost identical; but the grain sizes of composite phospholipid liposomes and thermosensitive liposomes were significantly smaller than conventional liposomes. After comparing release behaviors of the three liposomes at 37, 43 degrees C, we found that the release of composite phospholipid liposomes was significantly lower than that of thermosensitive liposomes at 37 degrees C, but higher than that of thermosensitive liposomes at 43 degrees C. Meanwhile, conventional liposomes, with a very high phase-transition temperature, showed only slight release behavior at both temperatures. The study results showed that composite phospholipid liposomes had a better thermosensitive release behavior when the dosage of lysophosphatidic was reduced by 2. 5 times.

Skin permeation behavior of elastic liposomes: role of formulation ingredients

INTRODUCTION

With the incorporation of edge activators into the lipid bilayer structure, elasticity properties are given to liposomes. Regardless of the debate over the precise permeation mechanism of elastic liposomes, these vesicles have been proven to enhance drug permeation into or through skin in most cases.

AREAS COVERED

This article provides an overview of the formulation ingredients of elastic liposomes and their relationship with skin permeation behavior. The ingredients are divided into two categories of basic and optional ingredients. The effect of stability on permeation behavior of the vesicles is highlighted.

EXPERT OPINION

More attention should be paid to the stability of elastic liposomes. The different stability properties of the elastic liposomes following administration can induce different skin permeation behaviors of the vesicles. It is necessary to select the optimum composition of the elastic liposomes in order to control the stability and permeation behavior of the vesicles into or through the skin. Moreover, for the development of elastic liposomes, particular attention should also be paid to the drug leakage from the vesicles during long-term storage. The application of optional ingredients to improve the stability and/or elasticity of the elastic liposomes is becoming a new trend.

[Optimization and application of method to determine plasma concentration of brucine]

The HPLC method for determining plasma concentration of brucine was optimized during the study on the effect of the extraction reagent, the extraction frequency and the volume of extraction solvent on the extraction recovery of brucine. The optimum sample treatment method was obtained in the study. Specifically, ammonia water was added, 4 mL extraction solvent (N-hexane-methylene chloride-isopropyl alcohol 65:30:5) were adopted to extract brucine for twice. The method to determine plasma concentration of brucine was applied in pharmacokinetic study to compare pharmacokinetic properties of intravenous injection (5 mg x kg(-1)) and transdermal administration (40 mg x kg(-1)) of brucine aqueous alkali. The results showed that both pharmacokinetic parameters of brucine after intravenous injection and transdermal administration were in conformity with the two-compartment model. After transdermal administration, the absolute bioavailability was calculated to be 18.72%. The optimized HPLC method can satisfy the demands of the pharmacokinetic study on brucine.

Evaluation of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of brucine following transdermal administration

Before the design of brucine-containing transdermal formulations, the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of brucine following transdermal administration should be evaluated. In this study, the effect of addition of ethanol on solubility of bruicne was investigated and 20% ethanol was added into PBS to obtain 10mg/mL brucine solution. Then three transdermal doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) were administered to mice to evaluate pharmacological activity. It had been demonstrated that brucine possessed analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxicities of brucine against various tumor cells including skin tumor cell were also compared in vitro. Brucine was found to possess antitumor activity in a concentration and time-dependent manner and gastrointestinal tumor cells seemed to be more sensitive to brucine. Then in vitro skin permeation behavior and in vivo pharmacokinetics following transdermal administration were further investigated. The cumulative amounts of brucine across mouse skin in vitro were found to be higher than 90%. The absolute bioavailability of brucine was determined to be 40.83%. And compared with intravenous administration, MRT and T1/2 values were increased about 8~12-fold by transdermal route. Moreover, fluctuations of drug levels were found to be significantly decreased in tissues, especially in brain. Finally, no dermal toxicity of brucine was observed. The results of this study indicated that transdermal administration might be beneficial for the sustained efficacy and reduced toxicity of brucine.

[Optimization of extraction process of Chrysanthemi Flos by multi-index orthogonal experiment]

OBJECTIVE

To explore quantitative assessment indicators of Chrysanthemi Flos, and optimize the extraction process of Chrysanthemi Flos through orthogonal experimental design.

METHOD

The concentration of ethanol, amount of ethanol, extraction time and extraction frequency were selected as factors in the L9 (3(4)) orthogonal experiment. A comprehensive assessment was conducted with the peak area of the eight major common peaks in the fingerprint of Chrysanthemi Flos as the indicators.

RESULT

The optimum extraction process was selected as follows: using ultrasonic extraction method, adding 30-fold ethanol with 80% concentration, extracting for 2 times for extraction, 40 min for each time.

CONCLUSION

The optimized extraction process is reliable, with controllable assessment indicators, which is significant to the standardization of the extraction process and quality control of Chrysanthemi Flos preparations.

[Application of reference extracts in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines]

The essay summarizes the current development and application of reference extracts from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Through the analysis on problems in the quality control of TCMs, and on the basis of the current application of reference extracts in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, it investigates reference extracts from TCMs and forecasts the study orientation on TCM quality standards. Despite a wide prospect for the application of reference extracts in quality control of TCMs, there remain problems in varieties and standards. It is of great significance for the TCM understanding to further promote the development of reference extracts.

[Optimization of preparation of salt-processed psoraleae fructus medicines with multi-index orthogonal method]

OBJECTIVE

To optimize the preparation of salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus by the orthogonal test method.

METHOD

With the 12 components such as coumarin, flavone and phenolics as study indexes, a L9 (3(4)) orthogonal test was adopted to compare the effect of different factors on salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus.

RESULT

According to the finalized optimal process, 100 g Psoraleae Fructus was added with 2 g salt, moistened for 2 hours, and then fried for 10 min at 150 degrees.

CONCLUSION

The orthogonal test is so reasonable and reliable that it can provide basis for the preparation of salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus.

Profiling and characterization of volatile components from non-fumigated and sulfur-fumigated Flos Lonicerae Japonicae using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with chemical group separation

Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (FLJ) is a popular herb used for many centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a treatment of fever and inflammation. Non-fumigated processing of FLJ has been the traditional approach used in post-harvest preparation of the commodity for commercial use. However, in recent years, natural drying processing of FLJ has been replaced by sulfur-fumigation for efficiency and pest control. Sulfur-fumigation can induce changes in the volatile compounds of the herb, altering its medicinal properties. A comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF/MS) method was established for the resolution and determination of volatile components in non-fumigated and sulfur-fumigated FLJ. In this paper, analysis of the volatile oils in non-fumigated and sulfur-fumigated (including lab-prepared sulfur- fumigated and industrial sulfur-fumigated) FLJ was performed using GC×GC-TOF/MS. Seventy-three representative volatile components were identified, including furans, alkalies, acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, terpenes, esters, and others, as the main components of FLJ volatile oils. The proposed method was successfully applied for rapid and accurate quality evaluation of FLJ and its related medicinal materials and preparations.

[Study on MEKC-DAD fingerprint of Scutellariae radix]

OBJECTIVE

To establish the analytical method for the fingerprint of Scutellariae Radix by MEKC-DAD and compare the fingerprints of Scutellariae Radix, Scutellariae Radix Stir-baked and Scutellariae Radix Green.

METHODS

Based on the mode of micellar electrokinetic chromatography, 40 mmol/L sodium hydrogen phosphate, 15 mmol/L sodium borate, 40 mmol/L SDS, 15% acetonitrile, 7.5% propyl alcohol were selected for the running buffer (pH 8.4). The separation voltage was 20 kV and the detection wavelength was set at 280 nm. Baicalin was used as reference standard, the chromatographic fingerprint was established.

RESULTS

MEKC-DAD fingerprint with 9 main peaks was established preliminarily. Regarding to the fingerprints of Scutellariae Radix and its processed products, the samples before and after storage moisture, there were obvious differences in the relative areas of common peaks.

CONCLUSION

The method is reliable, accurate and can be used for quality control of Scutellariae Radix.

[Application of spectrum-effect relationship in Chinese medicine research and related thinking]

Fingerprint technology is the key technology in modern Chinese medicine research, while spectrum-effect relationship research is the advanced stage of fingerprint research. Spectrum-effect relationship research can reveal the relationship between fingerprint and pharmacological effect through multiple statistical analyses, which can be used in Chinese medicine research. Spectrum-effect relationship has been used in many areas of Chinese medicine research, such as effective basis of single and compound Chinese medicine research, component compatibility research, processing mechanism research, pharmacological effect forecast research, technology optimization research, and so on. This paper systematically reviewed the application of spectrum-effect relationship in Chinese medicine research, and indicated some problems in spectrum-effect relationship research. At last, the authors give an outlook of the future of spectrum-effect relationship research.

[Identification of metabolites of arbidol by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry]

UPLC-MS-MS system was used for the identification of arbidol metabolites in the rat feces, urine and plasma samples. The system was so powerful a way with high ability of separation and analysis, based on both chromatography and mass properties. The isotope of Br was also a good indicator for metabolites finding. There were altogether 9 metabolites detected and identified, including 2 phase I biotransformation products and 7 phase II ones. It is concluded that arbidol mainly undergo metabolic reactions such as N-demethylation, S-oxidation, glucuronidation and sulfation in rats.

Simultaneous determination of four bioactive compounds in Verbena officinalis L. by using high-performance liquid chromatography

Background:

Verbena officinalis L., called mabiancao in Chinese, is derived from the aerial part of Herba Verbanae. It is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used in China and northern Europe, which is widely used for clearing away heat and detoxicating, promoting blood circulation, and removing blood stasis. This paper describes a sensitive and specific assay for the determination of four bioactive compounds in V. officinalis L.

Materials and Methods:

In this paper, the four components were separated on an Agilent Zorbax Extend C₁₈ column (250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm) and detected by a diode array detector. The mobile phase was composed of (a) aqueous phosphoric acid (0.1%, v/v) and (b) acetonitrile using a gradient elution. Analytes were performed at 30°C with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and UV detection at 203, 238, and 331 nm.

Results:

All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r² ≥ 0.9999) within tested ranges. Overall intra- and interday variations were less than 1.84%, and the average recoveries were 97.32–102.81% for analytes.

Discussion and Conclusion:

The proposed method would be sensitive enough and reliable for comprehensive quality control for clinical use and modernization of V. officinalis L.

[Identification study of raw oyster and calcined ostreae concha]

OBJECTIVE

To identify the differences in characteristics of raw oyster and oysters calcined under different temperatures.

METHODS

Identified raw oyster, oysters calcined under different temperatures and calcium carbonate, calcium oxide by differential thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis.

RESULTS

Composition of calcined oysters was closer to calcium carbonate than raw oyster.

CONCLUSION

The fingerprints are established and identify raw oyster and calcined oysters.

Novel software-based method to classify structurally similar compounds combined with high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry to identify complex components of herbal medicines

The components of herbal medicines (HMs) are usually extremely complex, belonging to hundreds of compound classes with diverse chemical and physical properties. Full characterization of HMs is hugely important in order to identify the individual chemical constituents and provide a first step toward determining which components are responsible for the therapeutic effects of a particular medical plant. In this study, a novel software-based approach was developed to classify structurally similar compounds, and this was combined with high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS) to identify the individual components in an extract of Mentha haplocalyx. A total of 33 compounds were tentatively identified in samples of M. haplocalyx extract, including 9 new minor constituents reported for the first time. Semi-quantitative analysis of the extract sample was also carried out. Software validation and robustness tests were performed. The results of this study demonstrate the enormous potential of this strategy, using classification based on structural similarity together with HPLC-QTOF-MS, for the identification and quantification of complex components in HMs and related products.

[Preparation and pharmacokinetics of brucine hydrogel patch]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of dose on pharmacokinetic properties of brucine hydrogel patch.

METHODS

The plasma concentration of brucine was determined by HPLC. Brucine hydrogel patch was prepared and its pharmaceutical characterization was investigated. After transdermal administration of different dose brucine hydrogel patch; Plasma concentration versus time profiles were determined and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS program.

RESULTS

The pharmaceutical properties of brucine hydrogel patch were satisfactory. The AUC0-1 values were 7.24 +/- 0.61, 16.02 +/- 2.34 and 54.84 +/- 26.59 microg x h/mL after administration of 30, 60 and 180 mg/kg brucine hydrogel patch, respectively. The corresponding C(max) values were 0.73 +/- 0.23, 1.45 +/- 0.28 and 4.59 +/- 1.85 microg/mL, respectively. And the corresponding T(max) values were 8.67 +/- 2.07, 11.67 +/- 2.66 and 8.33 +/- 2.65 h, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The pharmacokinetic properties of brucine do not vary with the dose of brucine hydrogel patch.

Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis-associated acinar cell injury

Acute pancreatitis is a common severe disease involving a complicated cascade of events. The injury of pancreatic acinar cells is the trigger of local and systemic inflammation. Calcium overload, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial injury are closely associated with the injury of pancreatic acinar cells. This review aims to elucidate the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis-associated acinar cell injury.

[Brucine chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel for intra-articular injection]

The aim of this study was to develop a sustained release converse thermosensitive hydrogel for intra-articular injection using chitosan-glycerol-borax as matrix, its physical properties and biocompatibility were investigated. Taking gelation time and gelation condition as index, the influence of concentration of chitosan, ratio of chitosan to glycerol, pH on physical properties of hydrogel were investigated. And then the in vitro drug release, rheological properties and biocompatibility were studied. The thermosensitive hydrogel flows easily at room temperature and turns to gelation at body temperature, which can certainly prolong the release of drug and has good biocompatibility.

Novel materials which possess the ability to target liver cells

INTRODUCTION

Hepatic-targeted drug delivery systems are designed to treat diseases of the liver. However, since there are several different types of liver diseases that are caused by different cells, it is important to select the proper materials to target these different cells.

AREAS COVERED

This review addresses novel materials that possess the ability to target liver cells via receptor-ligand processes and offers an insight into the aspects of formulation design. It also discusses several approaches used to enhance the targeting efficiency of drug delivery systems to receptors in the liver cells. In addition, the delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy of these materials in the treatment of acute or chronic liver diseases is highlighted.

EXPERT OPINION

Further research into the use of clinical materials and the design of smart materials for multi-drug delivery to different organelles is important for future studies on these new materials. It is hoped that these targeted therapeutics will benefit patients with liver disorders in the near future.

[Study on the HPCE fingerprint of Rehmannia glutinosa]

OBJECTIVE

To establish the analytical method for the fingerprint of Rehmannia glutinosa by HPCE and compare the fingerprints of Rehmannia glutinosa and its processed products.

METHODS

Based on the mode of high performance capillary electrophoresis, 60 mmol/L sodium borate was used as buffer solution (5% MeOH, pH 9.5). The separation voltage was 20 kV and the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm. Catalpol was used as a reference standard, the chromatographic fingerprint were determined. The data were analyzed by fuzzy cluster and fingerprint similarity evaluation software was used to compare the similarity of samples.

RESULTS

HPCE fingerprints with 7 common peaks of Rehmannia glutinosa were established preliminarily. It was discovered that a small number of samples differed from others. Regarding to the fingerprints of Rehmannia glutinosa and its processed products, there were obvious differences in the relative areas of common peaks.

CONCLUSION

The method is reliable, accurate and can be used for quality control of Rehmannia glutinosa.