1
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König Kardgar A, Doyle D, Warwas N, Hjelleset T, Sundh H, Carney Almroth B. Microplastics in aquaculture - Potential impacts on inflammatory processes in Nile tilapia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30403. [PMID: 38726173 PMCID: PMC11079099 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is essential for meeting the growing global demand for fish consumption. However, the widespread use of plastic and the presence of microplastics in aquaculture systems raise concerns about their impact on fish health and the safety of aquaculture products. This study focused on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), one of the most important aquaculture fish species globally. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary exposure to a mixture of four conventional fossil fuel-based polymers (microplastics) on the health of adult and juvenile Nile tilapia. Two experiments were conducted, with 36 juvenile tilapia (10-40 g weight) exposed for 30 days and 24 adult tilapia (600-1000 g) exposed for 7 days, the former including a natural particle (kaolin) treatment. In the adult tilapia experiment, no significant effects on intestinal health (Ussing chamber method), oxidative stress, or inflammatory pathways (enzymatic and genetic biomarkers) were observed after exposure to the microplastic mixture. However, in the juvenile tilapia experiment, significant alterations in inflammatory pathways were observed following 30 days of exposure to the microplastic mixture, indicating potential adverse effects on fish health. These results highlight the potential negative impacts of microplastics on fish health and the economics and safety of aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azora König Kardgar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Darragh Doyle
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Warwas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Terese Hjelleset
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Syberg K, Oturai NG, Hansen SF, Collins TJ, Gündoğdu S, Carney Almroth B, Palm E, Castillo Castillo A, Baztan J, de Miranda Grilli N, Ramos T, Farrelly T, Muncke J. Link circular economy to waste hierarchy in treaty. Science 2024; 384:280-281. [PMID: 38635702 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Syberg
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Nikoline G Oturai
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Steffen Foss Hansen
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Terrence J Collins
- Institute for Green Science, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sedat Gündoğdu
- Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ellen Palm
- Environmental and Energy System Studies, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Juan Baztan
- Cultures, Environments, Arctic, Representations, Climate, Versailles SQY University component of Paris-Saclay University, Guyancourt, France
| | | | - Tiffany Ramos
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Trisia Farrelly
- Political Ecology Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Farrelly T, Gammage T, Carney Almroth B, Thompson R. Global plastics treaty needs trusted science. Science 2024; 384:281. [PMID: 38635708 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Trisia Farrelly
- School of People, Environment, and Planning, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tom Gammage
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard Thompson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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Schäffer A, Groh KJ, Sigmund G, Azoulay D, Backhaus T, Bertram MG, Carney Almroth B, Cousins IT, Ford AT, Grimalt JO, Guida Y, Hansson MC, Jeong Y, Lohmann R, Michaels D, Mueller L, Muncke J, Öberg G, Orellana MA, Sanganyado E, Schäfer RB, Sheriff I, Sullivan RC, Suzuki N, Vandenberg LN, Venier M, Vlahos P, Wagner M, Wang F, Wang M, Soehl A, Ågerstrand M, Diamond ML, Scheringer M. Conflicts of Interest in the Assessment of Chemicals, Waste, and Pollution. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19066-19077. [PMID: 37943968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollution by chemicals and waste impacts human and ecosystem health on regional, national, and global scales, resulting, together with climate change and biodiversity loss, in a triple planetary crisis. Consequently, in 2022, countries agreed to establish an intergovernmental science-policy panel (SPP) on chemicals, waste, and pollution prevention, complementary to the existing intergovernmental science-policy bodies on climate change and biodiversity. To ensure the SPP's success, it is imperative to protect it from conflicts of interest (COI). Here, we (i) define and review the implications of COI, and its relevance for the management of chemicals, waste, and pollution; (ii) summarize established tactics to manufacture doubt in favor of vested interests, i.e., to counter scientific evidence and/or to promote misleading narratives favorable to financial interests; and (iii) illustrate these with selected examples. This analysis leads to a review of arguments for and against chemical industry representation in the SPP's work. We further (iv) rebut an assertion voiced by some that the chemical industry should be directly involved in the panel's work because it possesses data on chemicals essential for the panel's activities. Finally, (v) we present steps that should be taken to prevent the detrimental impacts of COI in the work of the SPP. In particular, we propose to include an independent auditor's role in the SPP to ensure that participation and processes follow clear COI rules. Among others, the auditor should evaluate the content of the assessments produced to ensure unbiased representation of information that underpins the SPP's activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Chongqing University, 400045 Chongqing, China
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Sigmund
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Azoulay
- Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), Washington, D.C. 20005, United States
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael G Bertram
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 18, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alex T Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, United Kingdom
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yago Guida
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Ibaraki, Japan
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria C Hansson
- The Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC), Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yunsun Jeong
- Division of Environmental Health, Korea Environment Institute (KEI), 30147 Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - David Michaels
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Leonie Mueller
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gunilla Öberg
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marcos A Orellana
- Global Toxics and Human Rights Project, American University Washington College of Law, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Bernhard Schäfer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences Landau, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Ishmail Sheriff
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ryan C Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15217, United States
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Penny Vlahos
- Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RN, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Soehl
- International Panel on Chemical Pollution, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Ågerstrand
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences and School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Carmona E, Rojo-Nieto E, Rummel CD, Krauss M, Syberg K, Ramos TM, Brosche S, Backhaus T, Almroth BC. A dataset of organic pollutants identified and quantified in recycled polyethylene pellets. Data Brief 2023; 51:109740. [PMID: 37965607 PMCID: PMC10641591 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics are produced with a staggering array of chemical compounds, with many being known to possess hazardous properties, and others lacking comprehensive hazard data. Furthermore, non-intentionally added substances can contaminate plastics at various stages of their lifecycle, resulting in recycled materials containing an unknown number of chemical compounds at unknown concentrations. While some national and regional regulations exist for permissible concentrations of hazardous chemicals in specific plastic products, less than 1 % of plastics chemicals are subject to international regulation [1]. There are currently no policies mandating transparent reporting of chemicals throughout the plastics value chain or comprehensive monitoring of chemicals in recycled materials. The dataset presented here provides the chemical analysis of 28 samples of recycled High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pellets obtained from various regions of the Global South, along with a reference sample of virgin HDPE. The analysis comprises both Target and Non-Targeted Screening approaches, employing Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and Gas Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC-HRMS). In total, 491 organic compounds were detected and quantified, with an additional 170 compounds tentatively annotated. These compounds span various classes, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, plastic additives. The results highlight the prevalence of certain chemicals, such as N-ethyl-o-Toluesulfonamide, commonly used in HDPE processing, found in high concentrations. The paper provides a dataset advancing knowledge of the complex chemical composition associated with recycled plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Carmona
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis. Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ. Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Department of Ecological Chemistry. Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ. Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph D. Rummel
- Department of Ecological Chemistry. Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ. Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristian Syberg
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Tiffany M Ramos
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sara Brosche
- IPEN, The International Pollutants Elimination Network, Första Långgatan 18, 413 28, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Tessnow-von Wysocki I, Wang M, Morales-Caselles C, Woodall LC, Syberg K, Carney Almroth B, Fernandez M, Monclús L, Wilson SP, Warren M, Knoblauch D, Helm RR. Plastics treaty text must center ecosystems. Science 2023; 382:525-526. [PMID: 37917703 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Bioscience, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Carmen Morales-Caselles
- Department of Biology, University of Cadiz, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lucy C Woodall
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
- Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kristian Syberg
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marina Fernandez
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Monclús
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca R Helm
- Georgetown University Earth Commons Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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7
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Carney Almroth B, Dey T, Karlsson T, Wang M. Chemical simplification and tracking in plastics. Science 2023; 382:525. [PMID: 37917692 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk9846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tridibesh Dey
- Department of Global Studies, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Therese Karlsson
- International Pollutants Elimination Network, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Bioscience, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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8
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Muncke J, Andersson AM, Backhaus T, Belcher SM, Boucher JM, Carney Almroth B, Collins TJ, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Heindel JJ, von Hippel FA, Legler J, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Peterson Myers J, Nadal A, Nerin C, Soto AM, Trasande L, Vandenberg LN, Wagner M, Zimmermann L, Thomas Zoeller R, Scheringer M. A vision for safer food contact materials: Public health concerns as drivers for improved testing. Environ Int 2023; 180:108161. [PMID: 37758599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) and food contact articles are ubiquitous in today's globalized food system. Chemicals migrate from FCMs into foodstuffs, so called food contact chemicals (FCCs), but current regulatory requirements do not sufficiently protect public health from hazardous FCCs because only individual substances used to make FCMs are tested and mostly only for genotoxicity while endocrine disruption and other hazard properties are disregarded. Indeed, FCMs are a known source of a wide range of hazardous chemicals, and they likely contribute to highly prevalent non-communicable diseases. FCMs can also include non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), which often are unknown and therefore not subject to risk assessment. To address these important shortcomings, we outline how the safety of FCMs may be improved by (1) testing the overall migrate, including (unknown) NIAS, of finished food contact articles, and (2) expanding toxicological testing beyond genotoxicity to multiple endpoints associated with non-communicable diseases relevant to human health. To identify mechanistic endpoints for testing, we group chronic health outcomes associated with chemical exposure into Six Clusters of Disease (SCOD) and we propose that finished food contact articles should be tested for their impacts on these SCOD. Research should focus on developing robust, relevant, and sensitive in-vitro assays based on mechanistic information linked to the SCOD, e.g., through Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) or Key Characteristics of Toxicants. Implementing this vision will improve prevention of chronic diseases that are associated with hazardous chemical exposures, including from FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Dept. of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet and Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Scott M Belcher
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frank A von Hippel
- Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Juliette Legler
- Dept. of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Plastic Waste Innovation Hub, Department of Arts and Science, University College London, UK
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Dept. of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- IDiBE and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Centre Cavaillès, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- College of Global Public Health and Grossman School of Medicine and Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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König Kardgar A, Ghosh D, Sturve J, Agarwal S, Carney Almroth B. Chronic poly(l-lactide) (PLA)- microplastic ingestion affects social behavior of juvenile European perch (Perca fluviatilis). Sci Total Environ 2023; 881:163425. [PMID: 37059150 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile perch were exposed to 2 % (w/w) poly(l-lactide) (PLA) microplastic particles (90-150 μm) in food pellets, or 2 % (w/w) kaolin particles, and a non-particle control food over 6 months. Chronic ingestion of PLA microplastics significantly affected the social behavior of juvenile perch, evident as a significantly increased reaction to the vision of conspecifics. PLA ingestion did not alter life cycle parameters, or gene expression levels. In addition to reactions to conspecifics, fish that ingested microplastic particles showed tendencies to decrease locomotion, internal schooling distance, and active predator responses. The ingestion of natural particles (kaolin) significantly downregulated the expression of genes related to oxidative stress and androgenesis in the liver of juvenile perch, and we found tendencies to downregulated expression of genes related to xenobiotic response, inflammatory response, and thyroid disruption. The present study demonstrated the importance of natural particle inclusion and the potential behavioral toxicity of one of the commercially available biobased and biodegradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azora König Kardgar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Dipannita Ghosh
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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10
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Carney Almroth B, Abeynayaka A, Diamond ML, Farrelly T, Fernandez M, Gündoğdu S, Issifu I, Rognerud I, Schäffer A, Scheringer M, Villarrubia-Gómez P, Varea R, Vlahos P, Wagner M, Ågerstrand M. Obstacles to scientific input in global policy. Science 2023; 380:1021-1022. [PMID: 37289870 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences and School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Trisia Farrelly
- Political Ecology, Research Centre, Massey University, Aotearoa New, Zealand
| | - Marina Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYMECONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sedat Gündoğdu
- Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Issifu
- Fisheries Economics Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Idun Rognerud
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, North Rhine-Westphalia Technical University of Aachen (RWTH) Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rufino Varea
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Penny Vlahos
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Avery Point, CT, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marlene Ågerstrand
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Almroth BC, Carle A, Blanchard M, Molinari F, Bour A. Single-use take-away cups of paper are as toxic to aquatic midge larvae as plastic cups. Environ Pollut 2023; 330:121836. [PMID: 37201566 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Single-use plastics and food packaging are the most common items polluting the environment, commonly identified in surveys and litter monitoring campaigns. There are pushes to ban these products from production and use in different regions, and to replace them with other materials viewed as "safer" or "more sustainable". Here, we address the potential environmental impacts of take-away cups and lids used for hot and cold beverages, consisting of plastic or paper. We produced leachates from plastic cups (polypropylene), lids (polystyrene), and paper cups (lined with polylactic acid), under conditions representative of plastic leaching in the environment. The packaging items were placed and left to leach in sediment and freshwater for up to four weeks, and we tested the toxicity of contaminated water and sediment separately. We used the model aquatic invertebrate Chironomus riparius and assessed multiple endpoints both on larval stages and on emergence to the adult phase. We observed a significant growth inhibition with all the materials tested when the larvae were exposed in contaminated sediment. Developmental delays were also observed for all materials, both in contaminated water and sediment. We investigated teratogenic effects via the analysis of mouthpart deformities in chironomid larvae, and observed significant effects on larvae exposed to polystyrene lid leachates (in sediment). Finally, a significant delay in time to emergence was observed for females exposed to paper cups leachates (in sediment). Overall, our results indicate that all the tested food packaging materials can have adverse effects on chironomids. These effects can be observed from one week of material leaching in environmental conditions, and tend to increase with increasing leaching time. Moreover, more effects were observed in contaminated sediment, indicating that benthic organisms might be especially at risk. This study highlights the risk posed by take-away packaging and their associated chemicals, once discarded into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Alice Carle
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Blanchard
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesca Molinari
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agathe Bour
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Green DS, Almroth BC, Altman R, Bergmann M, Gündoğdu S, Warrier AK, Boots B, Walker TR, Krieger A, Syberg K. Time to kick the butt of the most common litter item in the world: Ban cigarette filters. Sci Total Environ 2023; 865:161256. [PMID: 36587695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette filters offer no public health benefits, are single-use plastics (cellulose acetate) and are routinely littered. Filters account for a significant proportion of plastic litter worldwide, requiring considerable public funds to remove, and are a source of microplastics. Used cigarette filters can leech toxic chemicals and pose an ecological risk to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Bottom-up measures, such as focusing on consumer behaviour, are ineffective and we need to impose top-down solutions (i.e., bans) if we are to reduce the prevalence of this number one litter item. Banning filters offers numerous ecological, socioeconomic, and public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle S Green
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, United Kingdom
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Altman
- Independent Scholar, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Melanie Bergmann
- HGF-MPG Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Sedat Gündoğdu
- Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Anish Kumar Warrier
- Centre for Climate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Bas Boots
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, United Kingdom
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Kristian Syberg
- Dept. of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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13
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Doyle D, Sundh H, Almroth BC. Microplastic exposure in aquatic invertebrates can cause significant negative effects compared to natural particles - A meta-analysis. Environ Pollut 2022; 315:120434. [PMID: 36273689 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have now reported adverse effects of exposure to microplastics in aquatic organisms. Still, relatively few studies have compared the effects of MPs with those of natural particle controls, which makes it difficult to separate particle effects from chemical effects. In this study, we carry out a meta-analysis of 26 studies to compare the effects of MPs and natural particles on aquatic animals using three different endpoints - growth, reproduction, and mortality. This analysis showed that MPs have the capacity to induce more adverse effects on growth, reproduction, and mortality for some taxonomic groups. However, the effects of exposure to MPs are not consistent across each endpoint or between taxonomic groups. We were not able to clearly discern differing impacts resulting from exposure to specific polymer types or shapes, though more negative effects were associated with polylactic acid and polyethylene, as well as fragments as opposed to beads or fibres. Additionally, meta-regression indicated that larger MP sizes, higher experimental temperatures, and longer exposure periods were all generally associated with more adverse effects. Future studies should continue to make use of negative particle controls to allow for better risk assessment of microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh Doyle
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Medicinaregatan 18A, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Medicinaregatan 18A, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Medicinaregatan 18A, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Dey T, Trasande L, Altman R, Wang Z, Krieger A, Bergmann M, Allen D, Allen S, Walker TR, Wagner M, Syberg K, Brander SM, Almroth BC. Global plastic treaty should address chemicals. Science 2022; 378:841-842. [DOI: 10.1126/science.adf5410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tridibesh Dey
- Department of Global Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Zhanyun Wang
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Technology and Society Laboratory, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Melanie Bergmann
- Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Deonie Allen
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Steve Allen
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Tony R. Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian Syberg
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Susanne M. Brander
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, OR 97333, USA
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Bour A, Leoni D, Sundh H, Carney Almroth B. Exposure to textile microfibers causes no effect on blood, behavior and tissue morphology in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 180:113755. [PMID: 35642800 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We assessed textile microfibers impacts on the three-spined stickleback, using synthetic and natural fibers originating from yarns or washer effluents. After water exposure at 200 fibers/L, we assessed fish survival, behavior, tissue morphology and hemoglobin concentration, and paid special attention to exposure characterization. We report quantitative fiber distribution in the exposure system, fiber size distribution, and contamination. We provide a fiber preparation procedure and exposure method intended to ensure accurate and stable concentrations over time. Following exposure, no effect was observed on the studied endpoints in any of the treatment conditions. We observed fast sinking of the fibers. Fish organs and feces contained 1.3% and 6.8% of recovered fibers, and 12.6% fibers were found adhered to the tank walls. We show that water renewals in semi-static exposures is a critical step for the maintenance of stable concentrations, and discuss the practical and/or methodological challenges associated to the study of microfibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Bour
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Denise Leoni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Bergmann M, Almroth BC, Brander SM, Dey T, Green DS, Gundogdu S, Krieger A, Wagner M, Walker TR. A global plastic treaty must cap production. Science 2022; 376:469-470. [PMID: 35482877 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bergmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanne M Brander
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tridibesh Dey
- Department of Sociology, Philosophy, and Anthropology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Dannielle S Green
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Sedat Gundogdu
- Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | | | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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17
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Maffini MV, Geueke B, Groh K, Carney Almroth B, Muncke J. Role of epidemiology in risk assessment: a case study of five ortho-phthalates. Environ Health 2021; 20:114. [PMID: 34775973 PMCID: PMC8591894 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between environmental chemical exposures and chronic diseases is of increasing concern. Chemical risk assessment relies heavily on pre-market toxicity testing to identify safe levels of exposure, often known as reference doses (RfD), expected to be protective of human health. Although some RfDs have been reassessed in light of new hazard information, it is not a common practice. Continuous surveillance of animal and human data, both in terms of exposures and associated health outcomes, could provide valuable information to risk assessors and regulators. Using ortho-phthalates as case study, we asked whether RfDs deduced from male reproductive toxicity studies and set by traditional regulatory toxicology approaches sufficiently protect the population for other health outcomes. METHODS We searched for epidemiological studies on benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Data were extracted from studies where any of the five chemicals or their metabolites were measured and showed a statistically significant association with a health outcome; 38 studies met the criteria. We estimated intake for each phthalate from urinary metabolite concentration and compared estimated intake ranges associated with health endpoints to each phthalate's RfD. RESULT For DBP, DIBP, and BBP, the estimated intake ranges significantly associated with health endpoints were all below their individual RfDs. For DEHP, the intake range included associations at levels both below and above its RfD. For DCHP, no relevant studies could be identified. The significantly affected endpoints revealed by our analysis include metabolic, neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders, obesity, and changes in hormone levels. Most of these conditions are not routinely evaluated in animal testing employed in regulatory toxicology. CONCLUSION We conclude that for DBP, DIBP, BBP, and DEHP current RfDs estimated based on male reproductive toxicity may not be sufficiently protective of other health effects. Thus, a new approach is needed where post-market exposures, epidemiological and clinical data are systematically reviewed to ensure adequate health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Bour A, Hamann Sandgaard M, Syberg K, Palmqvist A, Carney Almroth B. Comprehending the complexity of microplastic organismal exposures and effects, to improve testing frameworks. J Hazard Mater 2021; 415:125652. [PMID: 33773244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have been identified as a threat to global ecosystems. Current projections indicate that the negative impacts of MPs will increase in the environment. Traditional toxicity testing does not account for the diversity of MP particles, the inherent diversity in potential exposure routes, and complex impacts in exposed organisms. Here we present and discuss factors influencing organismal exposure to MPs driven by fate and behavior of MPs in different environmental matrices and organisms behavioral niches. We then provide a structured classification of potential effects of MPs, chemical or particulate, generic or specific to MPs. Using these analyses, we discuss appropriateness and limitations of applying traditional, chemical-based ecotoxicity testing for the study of MPs, and propose practical recommendations and guidelines. Future laboratory based studies can be improved to increase understanding of potential real world effects of MPs by careful selection of appropriate exposure systems and conditions, test organism, MP characteristics, endpoints and required controls. We build upon recommendations provided in previous publications and complement them with a list of parameters and practical information that should be checked and/or reported in MP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Bour
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kristian Syberg
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Annemette Palmqvist
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Carney Almroth B, Asker N, Ašmonaitė G, Birgersson L, Book F, Lammel T, Sturve J. TEACHING PRACTICES IN SCIENCE EDUCATION RELATED TO CHEMICAL USAGE, THEIR HAZARDS AND RISKS. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021; 17:482-483. [PMID: 33570825 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Noomi Asker
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Giedrė Ašmonaitė
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lina Birgersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Frida Book
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tobias Lammel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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20
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Carney Almroth B, Cartine J, Jönander C, Karlsson M, Langlois J, Lindström M, Lundin J, Melander N, Pesqueda A, Rahmqvist I, Renaux J, Roos J, Spilsbury F, Svalin J, Vestlund H, Zhao L, Asker N, Ašmonaitė G, Birgersson L, Boloori T, Book F, Lammel T, Sturve J. Assessing the effects of textile leachates in fish using multiple testing methods: From gene expression to behavior. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 207:111523. [PMID: 33120279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The textile industry, while of major importance in the world economy, is a toxic industry utilizing and emitting thousands of chemical substances into the aquatic environment. The aim of this project was to study the potentially harmful effects associated with the leaching of chemical residues from three different types of textiles: sportswear, children's bath towels, and denim using different fish models (cell lines, fish larvae and juvenile fish). A combination of in vitro and in vivo test systems was used. Numerous biomarkers, ranging from gene expression, cytotoxicity and biochemical analysis to behavior, were measured to detect effects of leached chemicals. Principle findings indicate that leachates from all three types of textiles induced cytotoxicity on fish cell lines (RTgill-W1). Leachates from sportswear and towels induced mortality in zebrafish embryos, and chemical residues from sportswear reduced locomotion responses in developing larval fish. Sportswear leachate increased Cyp1a mRNA expression and EROD activity in liver of exposed brown trout. Leachates from towels induced EROD activity and VTG in rainbow trout, and these effects were mitigated by the temperature of the extraction process. All indicators of toxicity tested showed that exposure to textile leachate can cause adverse reactions in fish. These findings suggested that chemical leaching from textiles from domestic households could pose an ecotoxicological threat to the health of the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Josefin Cartine
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christina Jönander
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Max Karlsson
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Julie Langlois
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Matilda Lindström
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jakob Lundin
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nina Melander
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Argus Pesqueda
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ida Rahmqvist
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Juliette Renaux
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Josefin Roos
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Francis Spilsbury
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joel Svalin
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Hanne Vestlund
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Liqian Zhao
- Student of ecotoxicology at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Noomi Asker
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Giedrė Ašmonaitė
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lina Birgersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tahereh Boloori
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Frida Book
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tobias Lammel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
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21
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Jagers SC, Harring N, Löfgren Å, Sjöstedt M, Alpizar F, Brülde B, Langlet D, Nilsson A, Almroth BC, Dupont S, Steffen W. On the preconditions for large-scale collective action. Ambio 2020; 49:1282-1296. [PMID: 31721067 PMCID: PMC7190586 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01284-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of collective action and the origin of collective action problems have been extensively and systematically studied in the social sciences. Yet, while we have substantial knowledge about the factors promoting collective action at the local level, we know far less about how these insights travel to large-scale collective action problems. Such problems, however, are at the heart of humanity's most pressing challenges, including climate change, large-scale natural resource depletion, biodiversity loss, nuclear proliferation, antibiotic resistance due to overconsumption of antibiotics, and pollution. In this paper, we suggest an analytical framework that captures the theoretical understanding of preconditions for large-scale collective action. This analytical framework aims at supporting future empirical analyses of how to cope with and overcome larger-scale collective action problems. More specifically, we (i) define and describe the main characteristics of a large-scale collective action problem and (ii) explain why voluntary and, in particular, spontaneous large-scale collective action among individual actors becomes more improbable as the collective action problem becomes larger, thus demanding interventions by an external authority (a third party) for such action to be generated. Based on this, we (iii) outline an analytical framework that illustrates the connection between third-party interventions and large-scale collective action. We conclude by suggesting avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverker C. Jagers
- Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 711, Sprängkullsgatan 19, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Harring
- Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 711, Sprängkullsgatan 19, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Löfgren
- Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, Box 650, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Sjöstedt
- Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 711, Sprängkullsgatan 19, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francisco Alpizar
- Environment for Development Initiative, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica
- Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bengt Brülde
- Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 200, Olof Wijksgatan 6, 41255 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Langlet
- Department of Law, University of Gothenburg, Box 650, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Nilsson
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Haraldsgatan 1, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, Medicinaregatan 18, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, Medicinaregatan 18, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Kristineberg Marine Research and Innovation Centre, University of Gothenburg, 566 Kristineberg, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Will Steffen
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Building 141, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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22
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Carney Almroth B, Jutfelt F, Bour A. Accurate science requires that we base our work on accurate publications. Environ Pollut 2020; 261:114238. [PMID: 32156432 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Agathe Bour
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden
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23
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Muncke J, Andersson AM, Backhaus T, Boucher JM, Carney Almroth B, Castillo Castillo A, Chevrier J, Demeneix BA, Emmanuel JA, Fini JB, Gee D, Geueke B, Groh K, Heindel JJ, Houlihan J, Kassotis CD, Kwiatkowski CF, Lefferts LY, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Myers JP, Nadal A, Nerin C, Pelch KE, Fernández SR, Sargis RM, Soto AM, Trasande L, Vandenberg LN, Wagner M, Wu C, Zoeller RT, Scheringer M. Impacts of food contact chemicals on human health: a consensus statement. Environ Health 2020; 19:25. [PMID: 32122363 PMCID: PMC7053054 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-0572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Food packaging is of high societal value because it conserves and protects food, makes food transportable and conveys information to consumers. It is also relevant for marketing, which is of economic significance. Other types of food contact articles, such as storage containers, processing equipment and filling lines, are also important for food production and food supply. Food contact articles are made up of one or multiple different food contact materials and consist of food contact chemicals. However, food contact chemicals transfer from all types of food contact materials and articles into food and, consequently, are taken up by humans. Here we highlight topics of concern based on scientific findings showing that food contact materials and articles are a relevant exposure pathway for known hazardous substances as well as for a plethora of toxicologically uncharacterized chemicals, both intentionally and non-intentionally added. We describe areas of certainty, like the fact that chemicals migrate from food contact articles into food, and uncertainty, for example unidentified chemicals migrating into food. Current safety assessment of food contact chemicals is ineffective at protecting human health. In addition, society is striving for waste reduction with a focus on food packaging. As a result, solutions are being developed toward reuse, recycling or alternative (non-plastic) materials. However, the critical aspect of chemical safety is often ignored. Developing solutions for improving the safety of food contact chemicals and for tackling the circular economy must include current scientific knowledge. This cannot be done in isolation but must include all relevant experts and stakeholders. Therefore, we provide an overview of areas of concern and related activities that will improve the safety of food contact articles and support a circular economy. Our aim is to initiate a broader discussion involving scientists with relevant expertise but not currently working on food contact materials, and decision makers and influencers addressing single-use food packaging due to environmental concerns. Ultimately, we aim to support science-based decision making in the interest of improving public health. Notably, reducing exposure to hazardous food contact chemicals contributes to the prevention of associated chronic diseases in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Justin M Boucher
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- Department Adaptation du Vivant, Unité mixte de recherche 7221, CNRS (French National Research Center) and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jorge A Emmanuel
- Institute of Environmental & Marine Sciences, Silliman University, Dumaguete, Philippines
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Department Adaptation du Vivant, Unité mixte de recherche 7221, CNRS (French National Research Center) and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - David Gee
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia Groh
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA, USA
| | - Jane Houlihan
- Healthy Babies Bright Futures, Charlottesville, V.A., USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Y Lefferts
- Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie, Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- IDiBE and CIBERDEM, Universitas Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Robert M Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ana M Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Changqing Wu
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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24
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Ašmonaitė G, Larsson K, Undeland I, Sturve J, Carney Almroth B. Size Matters: Ingestion of Relatively Large Microplastics Contaminated with Environmental Pollutants Posed Little Risk for Fish Health and Fillet Quality. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:14381-14391. [PMID: 30451497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated biological effects associated with ingestion of polystyrene (PS) microplastic (MPs) in fish. We examined whether ingestion of contaminated PS MPs (100-400 μm) results in chemical stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver and we explored whether this exposure can affect the oxidative stability of the fillet during ice storage. Juvenile rainbow trout were fed for 4 weeks with four different experimental diets: control (1) and feeds containing virgin PS MPs (2) or PS MPs exposed to sewage (3) or harbor (4) effluent. A suite of ecotoxicological biomarkers for oxidative stress and xenobiotic-related pathways was investigated in the hepatic tissue, and included gene expression analyses and enzymatic measurements. The potential impact of MPs exposure on fillet quality was investigated in a storage trial where lipid hydroperoxides, loss of redness and development of rancid odor were assessed as indications of lipid peroxidation. Although, chemical analysis of PS MPs revealed that particles sorb environmental contaminants (e.g., PAHs, nonylphenol and alcohol ethoxylates and others), the ingestion of relatively high doses of these PS MPs did not induce adverse hepatic stress in fish liver. Apart from small effect on redness loss in fillets of fish exposed to PS MPs, the ingestion of these particles did not affect lipid peroxidation or rancid odor development, thus did not affect fillet's quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedrė Ašmonaitė
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Medicinaregatan 18A , 413 90 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Karin Larsson
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering-Food and Nutrition Science , Chalmers University of Technology , Kemivägen 10 , 412 96 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Ingrid Undeland
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering-Food and Nutrition Science , Chalmers University of Technology , Kemivägen 10 , 412 96 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Medicinaregatan 18A , 413 90 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Medicinaregatan 18A , 413 90 Göteborg , Sweden
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25
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Ašmonaitė G, Sundh H, Asker N, Carney Almroth B. Rainbow Trout Maintain Intestinal Transport and Barrier Functions Following Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:14392-14401. [PMID: 30451503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion has been proposed as a prominent exposure route for plastic debris in aquatic organisms, including fish. While the consequences of ingestion of large plastic litter are mostly understood, the impacts resulting from ingestion of microplastics (MPs) are largely unknown. We designed a study that aimed to assess impacts of MPs on fish intestinal physiology and examined integrity of extrinsic, physical and immunological barriers. Rainbow trout were exposed to polystyrene (PS) MPs (100-400 μm) via feed for a period of 4 weeks. Fish were fed four types of diets: control, diets containing virgin PS particles, or particles exposed to two different environmental matrices (sewage or harbor effluent). Extrinsic barrier disturbance in intestinal tissue was evaluated via histology. The paracellular permeability toward ions and molecules was examined using Ussing chambers and mRNA expression analysis of tight junction proteins. Active transport was monitored as transepithelial potential difference, short-circuits current and uptake rate of amino acid 3H-lysine. Immune status parameters were measured through mRNA expression level of cytokines, lysozyme activity, and hematological analysis of immune cells. We could not show that PS MPs induced inflammatory responses or acted as physical or chemical hazards upon ingestion. No measurable effects were exerted on fish intestinal permeability, active transport or electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedrė Ašmonaitė
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Medicinaregatan 18 , 413 90 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Medicinaregatan 18 , 413 90 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Noomi Asker
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Medicinaregatan 18 , 413 90 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Medicinaregatan 18 , 413 90 Göteborg , Sweden
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26
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Rist S, Carney Almroth B, Hartmann NB, Karlsson TM. A critical perspective on early communications concerning human health aspects of microplastics. Sci Total Environ 2018; 626:720-726. [PMID: 29396337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic research in recent years has shown that small plastic particles are found almost everywhere we look. Besides aquatic and terrestrial environments, this also includes aquatic species intended for human consumption and several studies have reported their prevalence in other food products and beverages. The scientific as well as public debate has therefore increasingly focused on human health implications of microplastic exposure. However, there is a big discrepancy between the magnitude of this debate and actual scientific findings, which have merely shown the presence of microplastics in certain products. While plastics can undoubtedly be hazardous to human health due to toxicity of associated chemicals or as a consequence of particle toxicity, the extent to which microplastics in individual food products and beverages contribute to this is debatable. Considering the enormous use of plastic materials in our everyday lives, microplastics from food products and beverages likely only constitute a minor exposure pathway for plastic particles and associated chemicals to humans. But as this is rarely put into perspective, the recent debate has created a skewed picture of human plastic exposure. We risk pulling the focus away from the root of the problem: the way in which we consume, use and dispose of plastics leading to their widespread presence in our everyday life and in the environment. Therefore we urge for a more careful and balanced discussion which includes these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinja Rist
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Medicinaregatan 18A, 41390 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Nanna B Hartmann
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Therese M Karlsson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
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27
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Karlsson TM, Arneborg L, Broström G, Almroth BC, Gipperth L, Hassellöv M. The unaccountability case of plastic pellet pollution. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 129:52-60. [PMID: 29680567 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastic preproduction pellets are found in environmental samples all over the world and their presence is often linked to spills during production and transportation. To better understand how these pellets end up in the environment we assessed the release of plastic pellets from a polyethylene production site in a case study area on the Swedish west coast. The case study encompasses; field measurements to evaluate the level of pollution and pathways, models and drifters to investigate the potential spread and a revision of the legal framework and the company permits. This case study show that millions of pellets are released from the production site annually but also that there are national and international legal frameworks that if implemented could help prevent these spills. Bearing in mind the negative effects observed by plastic pollution there is an urgent need to increase the responsibility and accountability of these spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Karlsson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Lars Arneborg
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Department of Research and Development, Sven Källfelts gata 15, 42671 Västra Frölunda, Sweden; University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Göran Broström
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Medicinaregatan 18A, 41390 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lena Gipperth
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Law, Box 650, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Hassellöv
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
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28
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Karlsson TM, Vethaak AD, Almroth BC, Ariese F, van Velzen M, Hassellöv M, Leslie HA. Screening for microplastics in sediment, water, marine invertebrates and fish: Method development and microplastic accumulation. Mar Pollut Bull 2017. [PMID: 28689849 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.2017.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of microplastics in biota and abiotic matrices are key elements of exposure and risk assessments for this emerging environmental pollutant. We investigated the abundance of microplastics in field-collected biota, sediment and water. An improved sediment extraction method, based on density separation was developed. For analysis of microplastics in biota we found that an adapted enzymatic digestion protocol using proteinase K performed best, with a 97% recovery of spiked plastic particles and no observed degradation effects on the plastics in subsequent Raman analysis. Field analysis revealed that 8 of 9 tested invertebrate species from the North Sea and 68% of analyzed individuals of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from the Swedish West Coast had microplastics in them. Based on the number of plastic particles per kg d.w. the microplastic concentrations found in mussels were approximately a thousand-fold higher compared to those in sediment and surface water samples from the same location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Karlsson
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences Sven Loven Research Centre, Kristineberg 566, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
| | - A Dick Vethaak
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Deltares, Marine and Coastal Systems, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Medicinaregatan 18A, 41390 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Freek Ariese
- LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van Velzen
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Hassellöv
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences Sven Loven Research Centre, Kristineberg 566, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Heather A Leslie
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Gustavsson BM, Magnér J, Carney Almroth B, Eriksson MK, Sturve J, Backhaus T. Chemical monitoring of Swedish coastal waters indicates common exceedances of environmental thresholds, both for individual substances as well as their mixtures. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 122:409-419. [PMID: 28693810 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution was monitored and assessed along the Swedish west coast. 62 of 172 analyzed organic chemicals were detected in the water phase of at least one of five monitored sites. A Concentration Addition based screening-level risk assessment indicates that all sites are put at risk from chemical contamination, with total risk quotients between 2 and 9. Only at one site did none of the individual chemicals exceeded its corresponding environmental threshold (PNEC, EQS). The monitoring data thus demonstrate a widespread blanket of diffuse pollution, with no clear trends among sites. Further issues critical for the environmental chemical risk assessment include the challenges to achieve sufficiently low levels of detection, especially for hormones and cypermethrin (a pyrethroid insecticide), the appropriate consideration of non-detects and the limited availability of reliable PNECs and EQS values.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mikael Gustavsson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden.
| | - Jörgen Magnér
- IVL - Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Sweden
| | | | - Martin K Eriksson
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden
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30
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Karlsson TM, Vethaak AD, Almroth BC, Ariese F, van Velzen M, Hassellöv M, Leslie HA. Screening for microplastics in sediment, water, marine invertebrates and fish: Method development and microplastic accumulation. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 122:403-408. [PMID: 28689849 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of microplastics in biota and abiotic matrices are key elements of exposure and risk assessments for this emerging environmental pollutant. We investigated the abundance of microplastics in field-collected biota, sediment and water. An improved sediment extraction method, based on density separation was developed. For analysis of microplastics in biota we found that an adapted enzymatic digestion protocol using proteinase K performed best, with a 97% recovery of spiked plastic particles and no observed degradation effects on the plastics in subsequent Raman analysis. Field analysis revealed that 8 of 9 tested invertebrate species from the North Sea and 68% of analyzed individuals of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from the Swedish West Coast had microplastics in them. Based on the number of plastic particles per kg d.w. the microplastic concentrations found in mussels were approximately a thousand-fold higher compared to those in sediment and surface water samples from the same location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Karlsson
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences Sven Loven Research Centre, Kristineberg 566, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
| | - A Dick Vethaak
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Deltares, Marine and Coastal Systems, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Medicinaregatan 18A, 41390 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Freek Ariese
- LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van Velzen
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Hassellöv
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences Sven Loven Research Centre, Kristineberg 566, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Heather A Leslie
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Bighiu MA, Watermann B, Guo X, Almroth BC, Eriksson-Wiklund AK. Mortality and histopathological effects in harbour-transplanted snails with different exposure histories. Aquat Toxicol 2017; 190:11-20. [PMID: 28662417 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants are important stressors in the aquatic environment and may exert selective pressures on organisms. We hypothesized that snails originating from a metal-contaminated habitat (B) would have increased tolerance to harbour contaminants (e.g. metals from antifouling paints), compared to snails originating from a relatively clean habitat (A). We assessed tolerance to metals in terms of survival and histopathological alterations after 2, 4 and 8 weeks of in situ exposure in three Baltic Sea boat harbours and three reference sites. We also hypothesized that any potential tolerance to contaminants would be associated with differences in genetic diversity between the two snail populations (evaluated as mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI). The results show that snails from population A survived to a higher extent compared to population B, possibly indicating either a lack of adaptation to metals in snails B or impaired health condition due to contaminant pre-exposure or a higher resilience of snails A. Moreover, the genetic diversity of COI was low within each population and did not differ between populations. In general, 83% of all the types of histopathological alterations (e.g. lysis and necrosis of gonads and digestive gland or granulocytoma and phagocytosis in the storage tissue, among others) had a higher probability of occurrence among harbour-exposed snails compared to reference-exposed snails, regardless of snail population origin. The only significant difference in histological effects between the two populations was in the frequency of parasite infestations and shell fouling, both being larger for population A than B. Interestingly, the rate of parasite infestations was higher for males than females from population A, whereas no sexual dichotomy was observed for population B. Our results show that exposure to harbour contaminants causes both lethal and sublethal toxicity to snails, and the association between many of the toxic responses and metals substantiates that antifouling substances contribute to the observed effects, although there is a large proportion of variation in our data that remains unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alexandra Bighiu
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Burkard Watermann
- LimnoMar, Laboratory for Aquatic Research, Bei der Neuen Münze 11, 22145 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Xueli Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ann-Kristin Eriksson-Wiklund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Wood HL, Sundell K, Almroth BC, Sköld HN, Eriksson SP. Population-dependent effects of ocean acidification. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2016.0163. [PMID: 27053741 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated carbon dioxide levels and the resultant ocean acidification (OA) are changing the abiotic conditions of the oceans at a greater rate than ever before and placing pressure on marine species. Understanding the response of marine fauna to this change is critical for understanding the effects of OA. Population-level variation in OA tolerance is highly relevant and important in the determination of ecosystem resilience and persistence, but has received little focus to date. In this study, whether OA has the same biological consequences in high-salinity-acclimated population versus a low-salinity-acclimated population of the same species was investigated in the marine isopod Idotea balthica.The populations were found to have physiologically different responses to OA. While survival rate was similar between the two study populations at a future CO2 level of 1000 ppm, and both populations showed increased oxidative stress, the metabolic rate and osmoregulatory activity differed significantly between the two populations. The results of this study demonstrate that the physiological response to OA of populations from different salinities can vary. Population-level variation and the environment provenance of individuals used in OA experiments should be taken into account for the evaluation and prediction of climate change effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Wood
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences-Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences-Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helén Nilsson Sköld
- Sven Loven Centre for Marine Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanne P Eriksson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Asker N, Carney Almroth B, Albertsson E, Coltellaro M, Bignell JP, Hanson N, Scarcelli V, Fagerholm B, Parkkonen J, Wijkmark E, Frenzilli G, Förlin L, Sturve J. A gene to organism approach--assessing the impact of environmental pollution in eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) females and larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015; 34:1511-1523. [PMID: 25663503 PMCID: PMC5008212 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A broad biomarker approach was applied to study the effects of marine pollution along the Swedish west coast using the teleost eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) as the sentinel species. Measurements were performed on different biological levels, from the molecular to the organismal, including measurements of messenger RNA (mRNA), proteins, cellular and tissue changes, and reproductive success. Results revealed that eelpout captured in Stenungsund had significantly higher hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity, high levels of both cytochrome P4501A and diablo homolog mRNA, and high prevalence of dead larvae and nuclear damage in erythrocytes. Eelpout collected in Göteborg harbor displayed extensive macrovesicular steatosis, whereby the majority of hepatocytes were affected throughout the liver, which could indicate an effect on lipid metabolism. Results also indicate that eelpouts collected at polluted sites might have an affected immune system, with lower mRNA expression of genes involved in the innate immune system and a higher number of lymphocytes. Biomarker assessment also was performed on livers dissected from unborn eelpout larvae collected from the ovary of the females. No significant differences were noted, which might indicate that the larvae to some extent are protected from effects of environmental pollutants. In conclusion, usage of the selected set of biological markers, covering responses from gene to organism, has demonstrated site-specific biomarker patterns that provided a broad and comprehensive picture of the impact of environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noomi Asker
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Albertsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - John Paul Bignell
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Niklas Hanson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vittoria Scarcelli
- Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Björn Fagerholm
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Väröbacka, Sweden
| | - Jari Parkkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Wijkmark
- Department of Mathematical Statistics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giada Frenzilli
- Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lars Förlin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Garcia-Cisneros A, Pérez-Portela R, Almroth BC, Degerman S, Palacín C, Sköld HN. Long telomeres are associated with clonality in wild populations of the fissiparous starfish Coscinasterias tenuispina. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 115:437-43. [PMID: 25990879 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres usually shorten during an organism's lifespan and have thus been used as an aging and health marker. When telomeres become sufficiently short, senescence is induced. The most common method of restoring telomere length is via telomerase reverse transcriptase activity, highly expressed during embryogenesis. However, although asexual reproduction from adult tissues has an important role in the life cycles of certain species, its effect on the aging and fitness of wild populations, as well as its implications for the long-term survival of populations with limited genetic variation, is largely unknown. Here we compare relative telomere length of 58 individuals from four populations of the asexually reproducing starfish Coscinasterias tenuispina. Additionally, 12 individuals were used to compare telomere lengths in regenerating and non-regenerating arms, in two different tissues (tube feet and pyloric cecum). The level of clonality was assessed by genotyping the populations based on 12 specific microsatellite loci and relative telomere length was measured via quantitative PCR. The results revealed significantly longer telomeres in Mediterranean populations than Atlantic ones as demonstrated by the Kruskal-Wallis test (K=24.17, significant value: P-value<0.001), with the former also characterized by higher levels of clonality derived from asexual reproduction. Telomeres were furthermore significantly longer in regenerating arms than in non-regenerating arms within individuals (pyloric cecum tissue: Mann-Whitney test, V=299, P-value<10(-6); and tube feet tissue Student's t=2.28, P-value=0.029). Our study suggests that one of the mechanisms responsible for the long-term somatic maintenance and persistence of clonal populations is telomere elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garcia-Cisneros
- Department of Animal Biology (Invertebrates), University of Barcelona, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Pérez-Portela
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Acesso a la Cala Sant Francesc 14, Blanes, Girona, Spain
| | - B C Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Degerman
- Department of Medical Biosciensces, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - C Palacín
- Department of Animal Biology (Invertebrates), University of Barcelona, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Nilsson Sköld
- Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
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Sturve J, Balk L, Liewenborg B, Adolfsson-Erici M, Förlin L, Carney Almroth B. Effects of an oil spill in a harbor assessed using biomarkers of exposure in eelpout. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:13758-13768. [PMID: 24819434 PMCID: PMC4236613 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oil spills occur commonly, and chemical compounds originating from oil spills are widespread in the aquatic environment. In order to monitor effects of a bunker oil spill on the aquatic environment, biomarker responses were measured in eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) sampled along a gradient in Göteborg harbor where the oil spill occurred and at a reference site, 2 weeks after the oil spill. Eelpout were also exposed to the bunker oil in a laboratory study to validate field data. The results show that eelpout from the Göteborg harbor are influenced by contaminants, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), also during "normal" conditions. The bunker oil spill strongly enhanced the biomarker responses. Results show elevated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities in all exposed sites, but, closest to the oil spill, the EROD activity was partly inhibited, possibly by PAHs. Elevated DNA adduct levels were also observed after the bunker oil spill. Chemical analyses of bile revealed high concentrations of PAH metabolites in the eelpout exposed to the oil, and the same PAH metabolite profile was evident both in eelpout sampled in the harbor and in the eelpout exposed to the bunker oil in the laboratory study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden,
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Carney Almroth B, Sköld M, Nilsson Sköld H. Gender differences in health and aging of Atlantic cod subject to size selective fishery. Biol Open 2012; 1:922-8. [PMID: 23213487 PMCID: PMC3507242 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed health and physiological aging parameters in male and female Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, captured in Kattegat, Skagerrak and in Öresund. Gender differences were clearly evident in a number of variables. Males had longer liver telomeres and higher catalase activities than females, while females had higher superoxide dismutase activity, liver somatic index and condition factor. Effects of age were found for males where levels of the antioxidant glutathione and telomere length declined with age, indicating physiological aging. Liver somatic index increased and percentage oxidized glutathione decreased with age. Between-site comparisons of males show that percentage oxidized glutathione and catalase were lowest in Kattegat, whereas protein carbonyls and condition factor were higher in Skagerrak. Females, on the other hand, showed no differences between sites or indications of somatic aging or age-related effects in egg quality, indicating that older and larger female cod are healthy and show no changes in eggs with age. In contrast, males showed indications of physiological aging and lower condition than females. The results emphasize the importance of conserving old mature fish, in particular high egg-productive females, when managing fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie Carney Almroth
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences - Zoology , Box 463, SE 405 30 Göteborg , Sweden
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Carney Almroth B, Johnsson JI, Devlin R, Sturve J. Oxidative stress in growth hormone transgenic coho salmon with compressed lifespan--a model for addressing aging. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:1183-9. [PMID: 22655913 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.698009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish have dramatically enhanced growth rates, increased oxygen demands and reactive oxygen species production. GH-transgenic coho salmon provide an opportunity to address effects of increased metabolism on physiological aging. The objective of this study was to compare oxidative stress in wild-type (WT) and GH-transgenic (T) coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) of different ages (1 and 2 years). Antioxidant enzyme activity, protein carbonyls (PC) and glutathione (GSH, GSSG) were measured. PC correlated to growth rates in individual fish. T fish exhibited lower antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH levels compared to the WT, while levels of PC and GSSG were higher. Age affects were observed in both WT and T fish; enzyme activities and GSH decreased while PC and GSSG increased. Our results support the metabolic rate theory of aging. This study aims to be a platform for continued studies of the theories of aging using fish as model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie Carney Almroth
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Isaksson C, Sturve J, Almroth BC, Andersson S. The impact of urban environment on oxidative damage (TBARS) and antioxidant systems in lungs and liver of great tits, Parus major. Environ Res 2009; 109:46-50. [PMID: 19054507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A direct negative link between human health and urban pollution levels generated by increased internal levels of oxyradicals is well established. The impact of urban environment on the physiology of wild birds is however, poorly investigated. Here we compare oxidative damage (i.e., lipid peroxidation, measured as TBARS) and different antioxidant enzymes (glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT)) in lungs of urban and rural great tits, Parus major. In addition, we investigated enzymatic (i.e., CAT) and non-enzymatic (i.e., carotenoids) antioxidant levels in liver tissue. There was no significant difference in lipid peroxidation in lungs between the environments. Among the antioxidant enzymes measured in lungs, only CAT showed a tendency towards increased activity in the urban environment. In contrast, CAT in livers was highly non-significant. However, there was a significantly higher concentration of dietary carotenoids (i.e., lutein (Lut) and zeaxanthin (Zx)) in urban males, along with a sex-specific difference in composition (Lut:Zx ratio) between the environments. Taken together, these results suggest that great tit lungs and livers do not seem to be negatively affected, regarding oxidative stress, by living in an urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Isaksson
- Zoology Department, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 18A, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Almroth BC, Sturve J, Stephensen E, Holth TF, Förlin L. Protein carbonyls and antioxidant defenses in corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) from a heavy metal polluted and a PAH polluted site. Mar Environ Res 2008; 66:271-277. [PMID: 18490050 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of fish in environmental monitoring has become increasingly important in recent years as anthropogenic substances, many of which function as prooxidants, are accumulating in aquatic environments. We have measured a battery of antioxidant defenses as a measure of oxidative status, as well as protein carbonylation as a measure of oxidative damage, in corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) captured near a disused copper mine, where water and sediment are contaminated with heavy metals, and an aluminum smelter, a site contaminated with PAHs. Results were compared to two different reference sites. Fish at the heavy metal site had lower glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and elevated protein carbonyls (1.8 times) compared to fish from the reference site. At the PAH site, EROD was increased 2-fold, while total glutathione and methemoglobin reductase concentration, were decreased. No differences were seen in protein carbonyl levels at the PAH site. Measures of both antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage should be used when assessing effects of xenobiotics on oxidative stress in fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Zoology, Zoophysiology, Göteborg University, Box 463, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
Sewage treatment works (STWs) are a common source of chemicals entering into the aquatic environment. In order to assess effects of these effluents on oxidative stress parameters in aquatic organisms, we caged rainbow trout at five sites: upstream, near an STW effluent, and three sites downstream in the river Viskan in western Sweden for 14 days during autumn, 2006. We then measured protein carbonyls in plasma as well as 20S proteosome activity and lipid peroxidation products, i.e. MDA and 4-HNE, in liver samples. Levels of both lipid and protein oxidative damage products were elevated in fish caged near the STW effluent while 20S activity showed no differences. This argues that complex mixtures of chemicals entering into the aquatic environment do have deleterious effects on fish. Additionally, oxidative stress parameters can serve as a biomarker in aquatic organisms.
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Sturve J, Almroth BC, Förlin L. Oxidative stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to sewage treatment plant effluent. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2008; 70:446-452. [PMID: 18234334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) can be regarded as "hot spots" of discharge releasing large amounts of chemicals into the aquatic environment. Many of these compounds are toxic to organisms due to their ability to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause oxidative stress. In order to investigate if STP effluents contain compounds that may cause oxidative stress, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to effluent from a Swedish STP at different dilutions in a flow-through system. Antioxidant enzymes analyzed were glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and DT-diaphorase (DTD). Catalytic activities of CYP1A (EROD) and the conjugating enzyme glutathione-S transferase (GST) were also analyzed. Results indicate that the effluent contains prooxidants since the activities of the antioxidant enzymes GR, CAT, and DTD were all elevated after 5 days of exposure. A prolonged exposure resulted in an inhibition of DT diaphorse activity, suggesting a depleted cellular ROS defence. EROD activities increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which suggests the presence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the effluent. These results indicate that STPs do not have the capacity to biodegrade harmful chemicals sufficiently to protect the aquatic environment. However, STPs are designed to remove nutrients and not persistent pollutants from the sewage and effort should be made to diminish the amount of chemicals entering the sewage in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Sturve
- Department of Zoology/Zoophysiology, Göteborg University, Box 463, SE 40530, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Carney Almroth B, Albertsson E, Sturve J, Förlin L. Oxidative stress, evident in antioxidant defences and damage products, in rainbow trout caged outside a sewage treatment plant. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2008; 70:370-378. [PMID: 18339425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are common sources of a wide variety of chemicals entering into the aquatic environment. We have investigated the effects of STP effluent on oxidative stress parameters in rainbow trout via measurements of several enzymatic antioxidants as well as the molecular antioxidant glutathione (GSH). In addition, we have measured levels of oxidative damage, i.e. protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides. Our findings indicate that STP effluent does contain prooxidants that affect fish. Oxidative damage was a more consistent indicator of exposure to prooxidants than antioxidant enzymes. Protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides were both elevated (1.3- and 1.8-fold increases, respectively) in fish caged at the STP site compared with reference site as was the amount of oxidized GSH (GSSG), which showed a 3-fold increase. Antioxidant enzymes showed no clear-cut response. Additionally, older pollutants that have been present in down stream sediment for decades had no effects on the parameters measured here.
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Almroth BC, Sturve J, Berglund A, Förlin L. Oxidative damage in eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), measured as protein carbonyls and TBARS, as biomarkers. Aquat Toxicol 2005; 73:171-80. [PMID: 15917092 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During 2002-2003 a dredging campaign was undertaken in Göteborg harbor, Sweden, to widen and deepen shipping lanes. A bunker oil spill occurred in the harbor in July 2003, thereby further exasperating the situation for marine life. Eelpout, Zoarces viviparus, was used as a sentinel species to monitor the impact of these events. Here, we have investigated the effects on two liver parameters, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, which can serve as biomarkers for oxidative stress. Lipid peroxidation data, measured as TBARS, in eelpout from the field study showed no significant differences between reference and polluted sites, at any of the time points. These results are mirrored in a laboratory exposure to the bunker oil where no differences were seen between the control and the exposure groups. A trend towards a seasonal cycle in TBARS levels in eelpout liver was observed, with highest amounts measured during the warmer months, 97.08+/-14.45 nmol/g liver in the harbor in July compared to 41.20+/-2.66 nmol/g liver in November 2001. Protein carbonylation, measured using an ELISA method, did, however, show differences between the reference and polluted sites in the field, as well as differences between time periods (before and during dredging and following the oil spill). The laboratory exposure indicated that the formation and/or accumulation of protein carbonyls is greatly affected by exposure to this PAH rich oil. Levels in the control group were 1.76+/-0.13 nmol/mg protein while those fish exposed to the high dose had 6.23+/-0.17 nmol/mg protein. We concluded that TBARS is not an appropriate biomarker for pollutant mediated oxidative damage in eelpout while protein carbonyl formation does appear to be affected by xenobiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Zoology, Zoophysiology, Göteborg University, Box 463, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Ek H, Dave G, Sturve J, Almroth BC, Stephensen E, Förlin L, Birgersson G. Tentative biomarkers for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat Toxicol 2005; 72:221-230. [PMID: 15820102 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the major explosive in ammunition dumped into lakes and the sea after World War II. To identify useful biomarkers of TNT-exposure for forthcoming fish monitoring studies at ammunition dumping sites, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were intraperitoneal (i.p.) injected with TNT in peanut oil at doses of 0, 100, 200 or 400 mg TNT/kg body weight and sampled 72 h later. The study covered blood parameters, and hepatic antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. Fish treated with TNT had an increased glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, and a decreased percentage of oxidised glutathione (%GSSG) compared to the control group. In addition to increased methemoglobin, the increased glutathione and glutathione dependent enzyme activities indicate that TNT oxidises macromolecules and activates antioxidant defence systems which may be useful as general biomarkers of TNT-exposure. The fish bile was analysed for TNT and its metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the toxicity of the bile was determined with the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia. A dose-dependent increase in TNT, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) was found in the hydrolysed bile of the TNT-treated fish. These results indicate that the fish are able to detoxify and excrete TNT and suggest that the detection of TNT, 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT in bile may be suitable as a direct marker of exposure to TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Ek
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Göteborg University, Box 464, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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