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Miller JL, Chang RH, Ong CS, Miller GT, Garcia JR, Groves ML, Rosner MK, Baschat AA. Patient-matched fetal simulator for fetoscopic myelomeningocele closure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2023; 61:270-272. [PMID: 36178849 DOI: 10.1002/uog.26081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Miller
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Fetal Therapy, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R H Chang
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Fetal Therapy, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C S Ong
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Fetal Therapy, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G T Miller
- The Johns Hopkins Medicine Simulation Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J R Garcia
- Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M L Groves
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M K Rosner
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Fetal Therapy, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A A Baschat
- The Johns Hopkins Center for Fetal Therapy, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chan-Chung
- From the Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Duke-NUS Medical School, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - C S Ong
- From the Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Duke-NUS Medical School, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
| | - L L Chan
- Department of Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road,Singapore 169608
| | - E K Tan
- From the Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Duke-NUS Medical School, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
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3
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Ong CS, Oh L, Ghozy S, Dmytriw A, Mobbs R, Phan K, Dibas M, Faulkner H. 846 Dysphagia Rates in Single- And Multiple-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Surgery: A Meta-Analysis. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab258.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
To conduct a meta-analysis to assess dysphagia complicating single-level and multiple-level (≥2) anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery.
Method
Electronic searches were performed using four electronic databases from their inception to December 2017. Relevant studies reporting the rate of dysphagia as an endpoint for patients undergoing ACDF for degenerative disease, myelopathy, cervical canal stenosis or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament were identified according to prior inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using a fixed effect model. P-scores were used to rank the levels of ACDF based on the rate of dysphagia. I2 was used to explore heterogeneity.
Results
Ten studies were identified and included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, with a total of 4,018 patients identified; 2,362 patients underwent single-level ACDF, while 1,656 underwent multiple level (≥2 ACDF). The mean age ranged from 49.45 to 57.77 years. Mean follow-up time ranged from 2 days to 27.3 months. Overall, meta-analysis demonstrated a statistically significant higher dysphagia rate for multiple-level ACDF (6.6%) than for single-level ACDF (4%) (P heterogeneity =0.151, OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.05–1.91, I2=32%).
Conclusions
Dysphagia is a relatively common complication in the early postoperative period following ACDF and may cause patients significant discomfort and distress. This meta-analysis demonstrates a higher rate of dysphagia with multiple-level ACDF than with single-level ACDF at a period of 12–24 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ong
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - L Oh
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Ghozy
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Neurosurgery Department, El Sheikh Zayed Specialized Hospital, Giza, Egypt
| | - A Dmytriw
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - R Mobbs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neurospine Surgery Research Group, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Phan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neurospine Surgery Research Group, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Dibas
- Sulaiman Al Rajhi Colleges, College of Medicine, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Faulkner
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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4
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Ong CS, Choy WJ, Phan K, Diwan A, Mobbs R. 843 Annular Closure Device for Disc Herniation: Meta-Analysis of Clinical Outcome and Complications. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab259.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
To assist surgeons to determine a potential approach to reduce incidences of recurrent lumbar disc herniation and assess the current devices regarding their outcomes and complications.
Method
Four electronic full-text databases were systematically searched through September 2017. All results were pooled utilising meta-analysis with weighted mean difference and odds ratio as summary statistics.
Results
Four studies met inclusion criteria. Three studies reported the use of Barricaid (ACD) while one study reported the use of Anulex (AR). A total of 24 symptomatic reherniation were reported among 811 discectomies with ACD/AR as compared to 51 out of 645 in the control group (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.20,0.56; I2 = 0%; P < 0.0001). Durotomies were lower among the ACD/AR patients with only 3 reported cases compared to 7 in the control group (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.13, 2.23; I2 = 11%; P = 0.39). Similar outcomes for post-operative Oswestry Disability Index and visual analogue scale were obtained when both groups were compared.
Conclusions
Early results showed the use of Barricaid and Anulex devices are beneficial for short term outcomes demonstrating a reduction in symptomatic disc reherniation with low post-operative complication rates. Long-term studies are required to further investigate the efficacy of such devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ong
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - W J Choy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Phan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Diwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Mobbs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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5
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Chen SA, Ong CS, Hibino N, Baschat AA, Garcia JR, Miller JL. 3D printing of fetal heart using 3D ultrasound imaging data. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 52:808-809. [PMID: 29947039 DOI: 10.1002/uog.19166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Chen
- Center for Fetal Therapy, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C S Ong
- Center for Fetal Therapy, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Hibino
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A A Baschat
- Center for Fetal Therapy, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J R Garcia
- Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J L Miller
- Center for Fetal Therapy, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Reynolds HM, Williams S, Zhang A, Chakravorty R, Rawlinson D, Ong CS, Esteva M, Mitchell C, Parameswaran B, Finnegan M, Liney G, Haworth A. Development of a registration framework to validate MRI with histology for prostate focal therapy. Med Phys 2015; 42:7078-89. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4935343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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7
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Ong CS, Lau WJ, Goh PS, Ng BC, Ismail AF, Choo CM. The impacts of various operating conditions on submerged membrane photocatalytic reactors (SMPR) for organic pollutant separation and degradation: a review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17357d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of membrane based wastewater treatment has led to the emerging technology of submerged membrane photocatalytic reactors (SMPR), which are less susceptible to fouling and capable of separating and degrading organic pollutants in the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Ong
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
- SEGi University
- 47810 Petaling Jaya
- Malaysia
| | - W. J. Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Skudai
- Malaysia
| | - P. S. Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Skudai
- Malaysia
| | - B. C. Ng
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Skudai
- Malaysia
| | - A. F. Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Skudai
- Malaysia
| | - C. M. Choo
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
- SEGi University
- 47810 Petaling Jaya
- Malaysia
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8
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Ong CS, Lau WJ, Goh PS, Ng BC, Matsuura T, Ismail AF. Effect of PVP Molecular Weights on the Properties of PVDF-TiO2Composite Membrane for Oily Wastewater Treatment Process. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2014.928323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Ong CS, Cheah TE, Jasmin R, Yahya F, Sockalingam S, Ng CT. Painless ascites and elevated CA125: initial presentation of lupus-associated protein-losing enteropathy. Lupus 2013; 22:1174-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203313498792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lupus associated protein loosing enteropathy (LUPLE) is a rare gastrointestinal manifestation of SLE. We presented a case of painless ascites from serve hypoalbuminaemia secondary to LUPLE. The patient responded to a course of intravenous cyclophosphamide. The remission was maintained by azathioprine and low dose prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- CS Ong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - TE Cheah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R Jasmin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - F Yahya
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Sockalingam
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - CT Ng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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10
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Herng TS, Kumar A, Ong CS, Feng YP, Lu YH, Zeng KY, Ding J. Investigation of the non-volatile resistance change in noncentrosymmetric compounds. Sci Rep 2012; 2:587. [PMID: 22905318 PMCID: PMC3421435 DOI: 10.1038/srep00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Coexistence of polarization and resistance-switching characteristics in single compounds has been long inspired scientific and technological interests. Here, we report the non-volatile resistance change in noncentrosymmetric compounds investigated by using defect nanotechnology and contact engineering. Using a noncentrosymmetric material of ZnO as example, we first transformed ZnO into high resistance state. Then ZnO electrical polarization was probed and its domains polarized 180° along the [001]-axis with long-lasting memory effect (>25 hours). Based on our experimental observations, we have developed a vacancy-mediated pseudoferroelectricity model. Our first-principle calculations propose that vacancy defects initiate a spontaneous inverted domains nucleation at grain boundaries, and then they grow in the presence of an electrical field. The propagation of inverted domains follows the scanning tip motion under applied electrical field, leading to the growth of polarized domains over large areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Herng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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11
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Kofidis T, Emmert MY, Ong CS, Lee DH, Zilla P, Klima U, Lee CN. External saphenous vein support prevents graft occlusion in CABG surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1246700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Ang CF, Ong CS, Rukmana A, Pham Thi KL, Yap SF, Ngeow YF, Ho ML, Sudiro TM, Bela B, Jordaan AM, Streicher EM, Victor TC. An overview of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from four Asian countries. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:1039-1040. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. F. Ang
- Infectious Disease Section, Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Philippine General Hospital, Manila, The Philippines
| | - C. S. Ong
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Malacca, Malaysia
| | - A. Rukmana
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - K. L. Pham Thi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - S. F. Yap
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Malacca, Malaysia
| | - Y. F. Ngeow
- National Public Health Laboratory, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. L. Ho
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T. M. Sudiro
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - B. Bela
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - A. M. Jordaan
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical TB Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - E. M. Streicher
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical TB Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - T. C. Victor
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical TB Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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13
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Nguyen TTT, Tran E, Ong CK, Lee SK, Do PT, Huynh TT, Nguyen TH, Lee JJ, Tan Y, Ong CS, Huynh H. Kaempferol-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells is mediated by activation of MEK-MAPK. J Cell Physiol 2003; 197:110-21. [PMID: 12942547 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A vast variety of naturally occurring substances have been shown to protect against experimental carcinogenesis and an increasing amount of evidence suggests that kaempferol may have cancer chemopreventative properties. However, the precise underlying protective mechanisms are poorly understood. To elucidate these mechanisms, we challenged human lung cancer cell line A549 with kaempferol and investigated its effects upon cellular growth and signal transduction pathways. Treatment of A549 cells with kaempferol resulted in a dose- and time-dependent reduction in cell viability and DNA synthesis with the rate of apoptosis equivalent to 0.9+/-0.5, 5.2+/-1.5, 16.8+/-2.0, 25.4+/-2.6, and 37.8+/-4.5% on treatment with 0, 17.5, 35.0, 52.5, and 70.0 microM kaempferol, respectively. Concomitantly, kaempferol treatments led to a 1.2-, 2.7-, 3.3-, and 3.4-fold increase in Bax. Similar elevations were also observed in Bad which increased 1.2-, 3.3-, 3.7-, and 4.7-fold, respectively, as compared to control. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression were inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion. While the Akt-1 and phosphorylated Akt-1 were inhibited, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was activated upon kaempferol treatment. Kaempferol induced apoptosis was associated with the cleavage of caspase-7 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Inhibition of MEK1/2 but not PI-3 kinase blocked kaempferol-induced cleavage of caspase-7, PARP cleavage, and apoptosis. The results suggest that inactivation of Akt-1 and alteration of Bcl-2 family of proteins are not sufficient for kaempferol to induce apoptosis and activation of MEK-MAPK is a requirement for kaempferol-induced cell death machinery in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Gibbons CL, Ong CS, Miao Y, Casemore DP, Gazzard BG, Awad-El-Kariem FM. PCR-ELISA: a new simplified tool for tracing the source of cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients. Parasitol Res 2001; 87:1031-4. [PMID: 11763435 DOI: 10.1007/s004360100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a major parasitic cause of death in end-stage AIDS patients that results from both zoonotic and person-to-person transmission. Recent studies have provided evidence that parasites causing zoonotic disease and those causing anthroponotic infection are genetically distinct. Isolates carrying "animal"-type genetic markers were presumed to be the result of zoonotic spread, either directly or through contaminated food and water. The need for a genotype-specific diagnostic tool that can provide clues as to the origin and possible modes of spread of C. parvum strains has been recognised. Here, we report the development of such a tool for C. parvum based on polymerase chain reaction-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay that enables the accurate typing of isolates from HIV-seropositive and HIV-negative patients presenting with diarrhoea from the United Kingdom and Canada. This study also showed that zoonotic transmission might be predominant in the HIV-positive patient group in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Gibbons
- Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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15
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Abstract
A complementary DNA, uterine-ovarian-specific gene 44 (UO-44), has been isolated from tamoxifen-induced rat uterine complementary DNA library using differential display techniques. UO-44 transcripts are found to be abundant in the uterus and ovary. UO-44 gene expression in the uterus is strictly regulated by estrogens, tamoxifen, and GH, whereas the pure antiestrogen ICI 182780 is inhibitory. Treatment of ovariectomized rats and hypophysectomized rats with tamoxifen and GH, respectively, resulted in up-regulation of UO-44 expression in a dose-dependent manner. In situ hybridization revealed that UO-44 gene expression was restricted to the luminal and glandular epithelial cells of the uterus and to granulosa cells of medium-size ovarian follicles. Transfection studies showed that UO-44 was a membrane-associated protein. Because estrogens, tamoxifen, and GH are stimulators of uterine luminal epithelial cell growth in vivo, UO-44 protein may serve as a mediator of the effect of these compounds in inducing epithelial proliferation and differentiation in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Huynh
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore 169610
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16
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Lim KB, Ng CY, Ong CK, Ong CS, Tran E, Nguyen TT, Chan GM, Huynh H. Induction of apoptosis in mammary gland by a pure anti-estrogen ICI 182780. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001; 68:127-38. [PMID: 11688516 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011929222555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The antiestrogen, ICI 182780 (ICI) proves to be clinically useful for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast tumours. We report the assessment of the in vivo and in vitro effects of ICI on apoptosis of breast epithelial cells. In vivo, administration of rats with ICI for 3 weeks resulted in a reduction in the size of the lobular structures with the rate of mammary epithelial apoptosis equivalent to 10, 35 and 45% on treatment with 1, 1.5 and 2 mg ICI per kg body weight, respectively. Concomitantly, these treatment led to a 2.0-, 2.2- and 2.5-fold increase in Bax. Similar elevations were also observed in Bad levels which increased 1.7-, 2.6- and 2.7-fold respectively in the ICI treatment as compared to controls. This also resulted in a dose dependent decrease in Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein expressions. Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis were also observed in the MCF-7 cells following in vitro treatment with ICI. This is closely associated with [1] the down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins and [2] upregulation of Bax and Bad, whose gene products are known to be involved the regulation of apoptosis in mammalian cells. Stable over-expression of Bcl-2 resulted in protection of MCF-7 cells from apoptosis and growth inhibitory effects of ICI. Conversely, reduction of Bcl-2 by antisense transfection make MCF-7 cells more sensitive to ICI-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. These findings suggest that modulation of Bax, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bad proteins by ICI may be, in part, responsible for the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effect of ICI seen clinically and in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Lim
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Karanikas V, Thynne G, Mitchell P, Ong CS, Gunawardana D, Blum R, Pearson J, Lodding J, Pietersz G, Broadbent R, Tait B, McKenzie IF. Mannan mucin-1 peptide immunization: influence of cyclophosphamide and the route of injection. J Immunother 2001; 24:172-83. [PMID: 11265775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The mucin MUC1 is greatly increased in breast cancer and is a potential target for immunotherapy. In mice, MUCI conjugated to oxidized mannan (MUC1-mannan fusion protein [M-FP]) targets the mannose receptor and induces a high frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and anti-tumor responses. On this basis, three phase I trials were performed in patients with adenocarcinoma to evaluate the toxicity and the immunologic responses to mannan MUCI. Forty-one patients with metastatic or locally advanced carcinoma of the breast (trial 1), colon (trial 2), and various adenocarcinomas (trial 3) received increasing doses of M-FP (1 to 300 microg). The immunizations were given at weekly intervals (weeks 1 to 3) and repeated in weeks 7 to 9. Cyclophosphamide (to increase cellular immunity) was given on weeks 1 and 4. M-FP was given intramuscularly in trial 1 and intraperitoneally in trial 2. No toxic effects occurred, and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses were present only as a microscopic lymphocytic infiltration. Overall, approximately 60% of the patients had high-titer MUC1 immunoglobulin G1 antibody responses, with the intraperitoneal route yielding approximately 10-fold higher responses. Cellular responses (proliferation, cytotoxic T cells, or CD8 T cells secreting tumor necrosis factor-alpha alphand interferon-gamma in response to MUC1 stimulation in vitro) were found in 28% of the patients, which was similar to that seen without cyclophosphamide. In most patients, disease progressed, but in five it remained stable. In addition, there were no objective responses. M-FP is not toxic and induces immune responses that were amplified by the intraperitoneal route of immunization. Cyclophosphamide was of no benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karanikas
- Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, The Austin Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Priest JW, Li A, Khan M, Arrowood MJ, Lammie PJ, Ong CS, Roberts JM, Isaac-Renton J. Enzyme immunoassay detection of antigen-specific immunoglobulin g antibodies in longitudinal serum samples from patients with cryptosporidiosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8:415-23. [PMID: 11238231 PMCID: PMC96072 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.2.415-423.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes diarrheal illness in a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans. Characteristic serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses to antigens in the 27- and 17-kDa size ranges have been shown to develop after infection, and several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot assay formats have been used to measure these IgG levels in human serum. Using a collection of serial samples from laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis patients, we compared the results obtained by using two new ELISAs with those obtained with two different Western blot assays. When assayed with the large-format Western blot, 97% of the 67 patients had a demonstrable antibody response on at least one occasion. The Cp23 ELISA correctly identified 93% of the samples that had a 27-kDa response by Western blot and 100% of the negative samples. The Triton antigen ELISA detected 77% of the samples that had a 17-kDa response by Western blot and 88% of the negative samples. The sensitivity of the Triton antigen assay was higher for samples collected between 16 and 92 days after the onset of symptoms (96%). The minigel-format Western blot did not compare favorably with the large-format blot for the detection of antibodies to the 27-kDa antigen (71% sensitivity). A half-life of about 12 weeks was estimated for antibodies to both the 27- and 17-kDa antigens. We believe the Cp23 and Triton antigen ELISAs will be useful in epidemiologic studies of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Priest
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail Stop F-13, Building 23, Room 1025, 4770 Buford Highway N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, USA.
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Abstract
A 105-year-old woman developed pemphigus foliaceus. She had been on fosinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) for 4 years. Anti-intercellular cement substance antibodies were positive with titre > 160. She died during admission of an unrelated illness. A 57-year-old man developed pemphigus vulgaris after 11 months treatment with quinapril. At 14 months after developing pemphigus, this man continues on prednisone and azathioprine. We speculate that these are cases of ACE-inhibitor-related pemphigus and we review ACE-inhibitor-related pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ong
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
Mice immunised with oxidised mannan-MUC1 fusion protein (M-FP) develop MHC restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. We now demonstrate that in MUC1/HLA-A2 transgenic mice, IL-12 gives enhanced CTL, CTLp and tumor protection. CTLp in MUC1 transgenic mice with M-FP were 1/55,000, and with IL-12, this increased to 1/19,000, with improved tumor protection. Thus, IL-12 is important for effective CTL responses to MUC1 in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Lees
- The Austin Research Institute, Studley Rd, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Abstract
Twenty-seven Giardia duodenalis cyst-positive specimens (human, animal, or drinking water) were obtained from a waterborne outbreak in a community in British Columbia, western Canada. Parasite isolates were characterized using molecular techniques at 4 different steps of organism retrieval. None of the drinking water samples (n = 20) infected gerbils and none was successfully amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We were able to genotype 4 of 7 (human and animal) isolates by amplification of DNA from original specimens at the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene locus using PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Five of the original specimens inoculated into Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were infective and genotyped at the tpi locus using parasite material collected from the gerbil (cysts and trophozoites). Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to biotype trophozoites collected from the gerbils as well as trophozoites from the 4 isolates that adapted to culture. Four of these 5 isolates displayed the same (designated outbreak) biotype at all parasite retrieval steps with all molecular techniques including the originally amplified isolates. PCR-RFLP identified an additional biotype group. The 4 isolates that adapted to in vitro culture were also characterized by isoenzyme electrophoresis (IE). Biotype groups identified in these axenized isolates were all the same with each molecular technique (PCR-RFLP, PFGE, IE) tested. Results of this study demonstrate a need for more sensitive molecular methods to detect and characterize Giardia in original host and environmental samples. Results are also consistent with evidence of biotype changes that occur during the presently used process of isolate retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McIntyre
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Society, Vancouver, Canada
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Lees CJ, Apostolopoulos V, Acres B, Ong CS, Popovski V, McKenzie IF. The effect of T1 and T2 cytokines on the cytotoxic T cell response to mannan-MUC1. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2000; 48:644-52. [PMID: 10663612 PMCID: PMC11037144 DOI: 10.1007/s002620050013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
MUC1 is a mucin over-expressed in breast cancer and a proposed target for immunotherapy. By immunising mice with MUC1 conjugated to mannan (M-FP), CD8(+) MHC-class-I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), of high CTL precursor (CTLp) frequency (1/8000) and with significant tumour protection, can be induced. The effect of various cytokines [interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, interferon gamma (IFNgamma), and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)] on the MUC1 CTL immune response was investigated (a) by measuring the frequencies of CTLp in mice immunised with vaccinia virus constructs containing recombinant cytokines and M-FP, or (b) by immunising cytokine- or cytokine-receptor-knockout (-/-) mice with M-FP. Vaccinia virus (VV) constructs containing recombinant cytokines were used either individually or in combination in vivo with M-FP immunisation. M-FP immunisations combined with VV-IL-2, VV-IL-7 and VV-GM-CSF, and combinations of VV-IFNgamma + VV-IL-2, VV-IFNgamma + VV-IL-4 or VV-GM-CSF + VV-IL-7 increased CTLp frequencies up to threefold (1/17 666: M-FP + VV-GM-CSF + VV-IL-7) compared to M-FP (1/77 500) alone. By contrast, M-FP combined with VV-IL-4 decreased the CTLp frequency threefold whereas VV-IL-6 and VV-IFNgamma had no effect. Studies in cytokine- and cytokine-receptor-gene-knockout (-/-) mice demonstrated that mice that are IL-2 -/- and IL-7 receptor -/- produce the same CTLp response to M-FP as do control mice, whereas responses in the IL-6 -/-, IL-10 -/- and IFNgamma -/- mice were marginally improved and responses to M-FP in IL-4 -/- and tumour necrosis factor receptor 2 -/- mice were weaker. In spite of the increase in CTLp frequency, this was not reflected in an in vivo tumour model. Tumour challenges using MUC1(+) P815 cells, demonstrated that the addition of cytokines had little additive effect on the already effective tumour-regression capabilities of M-FP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Lees
- Austin Research Institute, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084 Australia
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Ong CS, Eisler DL, Goh SH, Tomblin J, Awad-El-Kariem FM, Beard CB, Xiao L, Sulaiman I, Lal A, Fyfe M, King A, Bowie WR, Isaac-Renton JL. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and transmission in British Columbia, Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61:63-9. [PMID: 10432058 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolates from 25 (13 sporadic and 12 outbreak) cryptosporidiosis cases, 24 of which were from British Columbia, Canada, were characterized using nested polymerase chain reaction amplification of the polymorphic internal transcribed spacer 1 locus. Two predominant Cryptosporidium parvum genotypes were found. Twelve (8 sporadic and 4 outbreak) isolates amplified with the cry7/cry21 primer pair and 12 (5 sporadic and 7 outbreak) isolates amplified with the cry7/cryITS1 primer pair. Multi-locus gene analysis using sequence polymorphisms on 3 other loci, i.e., the thrombospondin-related adhesion protein gene, the dihydrofolate reductase gene, and the 18S rRNA gene on 8 (4 outbreak and 4 sporadic) isolates showed non-random association among the human and animal alleles of the 4 different C. parvum gene loci. Associations between these 2 parasite genotypes and different routes of cryptosporidiosis transmission such as zoonotic, anthroponotic, and waterborne transmission were studied using municipal population and agricultural information, as well as detection of C. parvum oocysts in municipal drinking water specimens of the residential communities of sporadic and outbreak cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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25
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Vaughan HA, Ho DW, Karanikas VA, Ong CS, Hwang LA, Pearson JM, McKenzie IF, Pietersz GA. Induction of humoral and cellular responses in cynomolgus monkeys immunised with mannan-human MUC1 conjugates. Vaccine 1999; 17:2740-52. [PMID: 10418926 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mice immunised with oxidised mannan conjugated to the human mucin 1 (MUC1), produce MHC Class 1 restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells which eradicate MUC1 + tumours, indicating potential for the immunotherapy of MUC1 + cancers in humans. We now describe preclinical studies performed in cynomolgus monkeys immunised with human or murine MUC1 conjugated to oxidised mannan, where immune responses and toxicity were examined. High titred antibodies specific for MUC1 were produced, MUC1 specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferative responses and specific cytotoxic precursor cells (CTLp) were found, but not MUC1 specific cytotoxic T-cells (CTL). There was no toxicity and monkeys can be immunised against human MUC1 with mannan-MUC1 conjugates, but a humoral response (Th2 type) predominates. The results contrast with those obtained in mice when a CTL response (Th1 type) predominates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Vaughan
- Austin Research Institute, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
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26
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Ong CS, Commens CA. The use of gloves in Australian dermatological practice. Australas J Dermatol 1999; 40:83-8. [PMID: 10333618 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-0960.1999.00326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dermatologists use gloves as a major tool in universal precautions to prevent transmission of infections particularly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis. We need to know how much protection is conferred by gloves and what problems are associated with glove use. This paper looks at these issues and reports the results of a survey on glove use by Australian dermatologists. The survey found a lack of awareness regarding gloves as a protective measure, suggesting the need to improve knowledge in this area so that realistic precautions can be adopted. Dermatologists have a high rate of glove use and reactions to gloves were noted by 13% of respondents. The authors recommend the use of non-powdered, low-allergen latex gloves. Handwashing prior to using non-powdered latex gloves needs further investigation. Handwashing after wearing latex gloves may decrease sensitization risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ong
- Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.
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27
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Veness MJ, Quinn DI, Ong CS, Keogh AM, Macdonald PS, Cooper SG, Morgan GW. Aggressive cutaneous malignancies following cardiothoracic transplantation: the Australian experience. Cancer 1999; 85:1758-64. [PMID: 10223570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of malignancies in recipients of a cardiothoracic transplant (CTT)--that is, heart, lung, or heart and lung recipients-is of concern. Cutaneous and lymphoproliferative malignancies comprise the two major groups of malignancies encountered. A small subgroup of patients will develop potentially life-threatening aggressive cutaneous malignancies (ACM); these are poorly defined and documented in the literature. The authors report the results for 619 CTT recipients from a single institution. METHODS Between 1984 and 1995, 619 recipients received a CTT. With a minimum follow-up of 2 years, 66 patients (10.7%) were diagnosed with a major malignancy, and 27 of these 66 patients developed ACM. ACM were defined as having one or more of the following characteristics: local invasion and/or regional metastases at diagnosis, poor differentiation, and locoregional and/or systemic relapse following therapy. All malignant melanomas were considered ACM. Data on malignancy occurrence were documented in the clinical notes of the heart and lung transplant unit. A retrospective analysis was undertaken from these notes. RESULTS Tumor histology was predominantly poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (55%) (SCC) and malignant melanoma (30%) (MM). No patient developed Kaposi sarcoma (KS). The median time from transplant to diagnosis of ACM was 52 months (range, 8-127 months). Thirteen of 27 patients have died; 10 of them died of metastatic disease. The mean time to death was 20 months (range, 8-54 months). Of 14 patients alive, 5 have disease. All but one of the 19 patients diagnosed with nonmelanoma ACM received radiotherapy, either as part of initial treatment or on relapse. Eight patients have subsequently suffered an infield relapse. CONCLUSIONS The development of ACM in CTT recipients resulted in substantial morbidity and mortality. Poor results were obtained with standard surgery and radiotherapy. Treatment modalities for and the underlying pathobiology of ACM in organ transplant recipients require detailed research if improved outcomes are to be achieved.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Australia/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery
- Female
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/etiology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/surgery
- Heart Transplantation
- Heart-Lung Transplantation
- Humans
- Immunocompromised Host
- Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects
- Lung Transplantation
- Male
- Melanoma/epidemiology
- Melanoma/etiology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Melanoma/surgery
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/radiotherapy
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/surgery
- Postoperative Complications/epidemiology
- Postoperative Complications/etiology
- Postoperative Complications/pathology
- Postoperative Complications/radiotherapy
- Postoperative Complications/surgery
- Retrospective Studies
- Skin Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Skin Neoplasms/surgery
- Survival Analysis
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Veness
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Isaac-Renton J, Blatherwick J, Bowie WR, Fyfe M, Khan M, Li A, King A, McLean M, Medd L, Moorehead W, Ong CS, Robertson W. Epidemic and endemic seroprevalence of antibodies to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in residents of three communities with different drinking water supplies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60:578-83. [PMID: 10348231 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to compare cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis seroprevalence rates in residents of three communities. Community (Com 1) uses drinking water from deep wells, community 2 (Com 2) uses surface water from a protected watershed, and community 3 (Com 3) uses surface water frequently containing Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Unfiltered drinking water from each community was collected at the tap and tested for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts during the 12 months in which sera were collected for testing. No oocysts or cysts were detected in the water from the Com 1 deep wells; oocysts and cysts were detected intermittently in the drinking water from the other two communities. A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred in a municipality adjacent to Com 3 six months into this 12-month study. Sera from residents of each of the communities were collected proportionately by month and by population size. Coded sera were tested for IgG to Cryptosporidium using a previously developed Western blotting method. The presence or absence of bands at 15-17 kD and/or 27 kD was recorded for the 1,944 sera tested. Definite bands at 15-17 kD and/or 27 kD were detected in 981 (50.5%) of the sera. A total of 33.2% of sera from Com 1 (community using deep wells) were positive using the same criteria compared with 53.5% (Com 2) and 52.5% (Com 3) of sera from the two communities using surface drinking water. Both bands (15-17 kD plus 27 kD) were detected in 582 sera (29.9%) from the three communities: 14.1% of sera from Com 1 compared with 32.7% from Com 2 and 31.5% from Com 3. These findings are consistent with a lower risk of exposure to Cryptosporidium from drinking water obtained from deep well sources. However, analysis of results by calendar quarter showed a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the number of Com 3 positive sera (compared with Com 1) following the waterborne outbreak. Without this outbreak-related observation, a significant overall difference in seropositivity would not have been seen. We also observed that in sera from the community affected by the outbreak, the presence on immunoblots of both Cryptosporidium bands appeared to be the best indicator of recent infection. Seroprevalence rates using an ELISA to detect IgG to Giardia were estimated using the same sera. Overall 30.3% (590 of 1,944) of sera were positive by the ELISA. A total of 19.1% of sera from Com 1, 34.7% from Com 2 and 16.0% from Com 3 were seropositive. Rates for both Com 3 and Com 1 did not change significantly over time. In Com 2, rates decreased significantly (P < 0.001) during the last half of the study period (third and fourth calendar quarters). The reasons for the decrease in seroprevalence in Com 2 sera are presently not known. These studies show intriguing associations between seroprevalence, outbreak-related laboratory serologic data, and patterns of parasite contamination of drinking water. Further studies are required to validate the serologic approach to risk assessment of waterborne parasitic infections at a community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Isaac-Renton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous malignancy is a major cause of morbidity in organ transplant recipients. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to report on skin cancer in Australian heart transplant recipients with analysis of HLA factors. METHODS We reviewed histologically proven skin cancers in the first 455 patients undergoing organ transplantation in Sydney, Australia. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of skin cancer was 31% at 5 years and 43% at 10 years with a squamous cell carcinoma/basal cell carcinoma ratio of 3:1. Caucasian origin, increasing age at transplantation, and duration of follow-up were significantly associated with skin cancer. Skin cancer accounted for 27% of 41 deaths occurring after the fourth year. Recipient HLA-DR homozygosity was associated with skin cancer overall, whereas HLA-DR7 was a protective factor in skin cancer overall, squamous cell carcinoma, and Bowen's disease. HLA-A1 and HLA-A11 were significant protective factors in Bowen's disease. CONCLUSION Skin cancer is a major cause of morbidity and long-term mortality in heart transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ong
- Skin and Cancer Foundation, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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30
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Ong CS. Tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1788-9. [PMID: 9867560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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31
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Isaac-Renton J, Bowie WR, King A, Irwin GS, Ong CS, Fung CP, Shokeir MO, Dubey JP. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:2278-80. [PMID: 9603850 PMCID: PMC106314 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.6.2278-2280.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/1997] [Accepted: 03/23/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The world's largest outbreak of waterborne toxoplasmosis occurred in a municipality in the western Canadian province of British Columbia. When drinking water emerged as a possible source of infection during the outbreak investigation, a laboratory method was needed to attempt detection of the parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. The method developed was based on the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Collection of large-volume drinking water samples and cartridge filter processing were unchanged, although identification of Toxoplasma oocysts in the filter retentate was carried out by using a previously described rodent model. Validation of the method developed was tested by using oocysts from a well-characterized Toxoplasma strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Isaac-Renton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, British Columbia Ministry of Health, Vancouver, Canada.
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Abstract
An ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation process is established to observe cracks and delaminations that occur below the surface of retrieved ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene joints. The result from the ultrasonic evaluation is compared with destructive (optical) test results of the actual cracks. Feasibility of characterizing different grades of bulk polyethylene is also established by means of ultrasonic attenuation measurements in the materials. This ultrasonic data can be used to give a better understanding of the failure mechanisms in the UHMWPE material.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London
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34
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35
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Karanikas V, Hwang LA, Pearson J, Ong CS, Apostolopoulos V, Vaughan H, Xing PX, Jamieson G, Pietersz G, Tait B, Broadbent R, Thynne G, McKenzie IF. Antibody and T cell responses of patients with adenocarcinoma immunized with mannan-MUC1 fusion protein. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:2783-92. [PMID: 9389743 PMCID: PMC508483 DOI: 10.1172/jci119825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a large complex glycoprotein that is highly expressed in breast cancer, and as such could be a target for immunotherapy. In mice, human MUC1 is highly immunogenic, particularly when conjugated to mannan, where a high frequency of CD8(+) MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes is induced, accompanied by tumor protection. On this basis, a clinical trial was performed in which 25 patients with advanced metastatic carcinoma of breast, colon, stomach, or rectum received mannan-MUC1 in increasing doses. After 4 to 8 injections, large amounts of IgG1 anti-MUC1 antibodies were produced in 13 out of 25 patients (with antibody titers by ELISA of 1/320-1/20,480). Most of the antibodies reacted to the epitopes STAPPAHG and PAPGSTAP. In addition, T cell proliferation was found in 4 out of 15 patients, and CTL responses were seen in 2 out of 10 patients. Mannan-MUC1 can immunize patients, particularly for antibody formation, and to a lesser extent, cellular responses. It remains to be seen whether such responses have antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karanikas
- Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, The Austin Research Institute, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Peng MM, Xiao L, Freeman AR, Arrowood MJ, Escalante AA, Weltman AC, Ong CS, Mac Kenzie WR, Lal AA, Beard CB. Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles. Emerg Infect Dis 1997; 3:567-73. [PMID: 9366611 PMCID: PMC2640093 DOI: 10.3201/eid0304.970423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the results of molecular analysis of 39 isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum from human and bovine sources in nine human outbreaks and from bovine sources from a wide geographic distribution. All 39 isolates could be divided into either of two genotypes, on the basis of genetic polymorphism observed at the thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (TRAP-C2) locus. Genotype 1 was observed only in isolates from humans. Genotype 2, however, was seen in calf isolates and in isolates from a subset of human patients who reported direct exposure to infected cattle or consumed items thought to be contaminated with cattle faces. Furthermore, experimental infection studies showed that genotype 2 isolates were infective to mice or calves under routine laboratory conditions, whereas genotype 1 isolates were not. These results support the occurrence of two distinct transmission cycles of C. parvum in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Peng
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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37
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Baker DA, Drakeley CJ, Ong CS, Lulat AG, Greenwood BM, Targett GA. Humoral immune responses in Gambians to Pfs16, an immunodominant, Plasmodium falciparum integral membrane protein. Parasite Immunol 1996; 18:527-33. [PMID: 9226690 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.1996.d01-17.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Naturally acquired humoral immune responses to Pfs16, an integral membrane protein expressed in Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes and sporozoites, were investigated in The Gambia. A high prevalence of antibodies to this molecule was detected by peptide ELISA. Ninety-three per cent of the people taking part in a survey at the end of the rainy season (November) had serum antibodies to one or more synthetic peptides spanning the sequence: 88% reacted with one particular peptide sequence (IMLIILSGIVGFKVK) whereas only one out of ten non-Gambians (taking anti-malarial prophylaxis with no history of infection) reacted with the peptide. Epitope mapping with mouse MoAbs has shown that this peptide is located on a part of the molecule differing from immunodominant regions of the molecule identified in a previous study in Papua New Guinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Baker
- Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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McConnel JR, Ong CS, McAllister JL, Gross TG. Propylene glycol toxicity following continuous etomidate infusion for the control of refractory cerebral edema. Neurosurgery 1996; 38:232-3. [PMID: 8747981 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199601000-00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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39
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McConnell JR, Antonson DL, Ong CS, Chu WK, Fox IJ, Heffron TG, Langnas AN, Shaw BW. Proton spectroscopy of brain glutamine in acute liver failure. Hepatology 1995; 22:69-74. [PMID: 7601435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that the accumulation of glutamine in the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis and severity of the encephalopathy of acute liver failure (ALF). This study uses in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) to assess brain glutamine (GLN) in five cases of acute liver failure. The findings are consistent with prior investigations and suggest that the alpha 1H of the GLN molecule can be used for noninvasive spectroscopic quantitation of brain GLN in patients with ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R McConnell
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-1045, USA
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40
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Pollock CA, Mahony JF, Ong CS, Caterson RJ, Waugh DA, Ibels LS. Hyperlipidemia in renal transplant recipients: does it matter and can we treat it? Transplant Proc 1995; 27:2152-3. [PMID: 7792916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Pollock
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia
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41
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McConnell JR, Swindells S, Ong CS, Gmeiner WH, Chu WK, Brown DK, Gendelman HE. Prospective utility of cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in monitoring HIV infection and its associated neurological impairment. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:977-82. [PMID: 7811549 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological manifestations of HIV disease occur in most adults and children with AIDS. Many of those affected will inevitably suffer clinical neurological deficits involving mental function, movement, and sensation. Surprisingly, there are not as yet adequate monitoring systems to predict the onset and/or progression of HIV infection of the CNS. Neurological, neuropsychological, CSF, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyses cannot accurately detect mental deterioration during advancing HIV disease. Reports suggest that in vivo proton MR spectroscopy (1H MRS) of the brain could be a predictor of virus-induced neurological deterioration. H MRS can measure N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a metabolite present only in neurons. Decreased NAA reflects neuronal loss seen during HIV infection of brain. To uncover possible associations between NAA levels and HIV-induced neurological disease we performed serial 1H MRS brain tests in HIV-infected patients with or at risk for encephalopathy. Serial testing, for 1 year, of 10 patients showed that brain NAA levels decreased in all HIV-infected subjects. The most severe NAA reductions were associated with progressive neurological impairment. These findings suggest that NAA can be used as a noninvasive measure of neuronal loss in patients with HIV disease. Most important, the results suggest that 1H MRS could be used to monitor therapeutics directed against HIV infection within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R McConnell
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198
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42
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Isaac-Renton JL, Lewis LF, Ong CS, Nulsen MF. A second community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis in Canada and serological investigation of patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88:395-9. [PMID: 7570815 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A waterborne outbreak of giardiasis which occurred 5 years after another in the same town in Canada was investigated. Sera from residents defined as cases or non-cases were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared with sera from symptomatic and asymptomatic control groups. The outbreak-associated Giardia isolate was retrieved from contaminated drinking water and antigen from this strain was used in the serological investigation. Up to 84% of cases were identified by ELISA. More cases were identified by elevated immunoglobulin (Ig) G than by either elevated anti-Giardia IgA or IgM levels. Residents of the community infected during the first outbreak were significantly less likely to have been reinfected during the second outbreak. This is the first report of a second waterborne outbreak occurring in a community and results of the investigations are consistent with an acquired, protective immunity lasting at least 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Isaac-Renton
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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43
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Abstract
The lipid profiles of 192 patients with functioning renal transplants and their etiologic associations and response to therapy, in particular simvastatin, were assessed. Hypercholesterolemia was present in 71.3% of patients within 3 years following transplantation. There were independent associations of serum cholesterol with prednisone dosage (p < 0.05), renal function (p < 0.05), and smoking (p < 0.05) in the early posttransplant period (up to 3 months posttransplant). Those patients whose immunosuppression included cyclosporin had lower serum cholesterol levels than those receiving azathioprine and prednisone (p < 0.02). Plasma triglyceride levels reflected a marked interindividual variation, and no independent correlations were observed. The presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension (or the use of antihypertensive agents), or the form or duration of prior dialysis did not independently influence the lipid profiles. During the study period 22 patients died, 54.5% due to vascular causes. Those who died of vascular causes had higher serum cholesterol levels than those who died of other causes, which reached statistical significance at 3 years posttransplant (7.74 +/- 0.4 versus 5.5 +/- 0.52 mmol/L; p < 0.02). Cholestyramine was introduced in 30 patients, only 2 of whom continued with therapy beyond 3 months. Simvastatin was used in 43 patients, 20 of whom were receiving cyclosporin, resulting in a mean reduction in serum cholesterol of 16.5% (p < 0.001) and in serum triglycerides of 21% (p < 0.05). No clinical or biochemical evidence of muscle, liver, or renal toxicity occurred in 15.4 +/- 0.9 months of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ong
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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44
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Ong CS, Zhang KY, Eida SJ, Graves PM, Dow C, Looker M, Rogers NC, Chiodini PL, Targett GA. The primary antibody response of malaria patients to Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigens which are potential transmission blocking vaccine candidates. Parasite Immunol 1990; 12:447-56. [PMID: 2255558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thirty serum samples collected from adult patients attending the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, with P. falciparum malaria, were studied. Sera were screened by indirect immunofluorescence for anti-gametocyte antibodies. Twelve of the serum samples taken from 14 patients with primary infections were found to have both IgM and IgG antibodies to gametocyte antigens and total Ig titres comparable with those of patients who had had previous malaria attacks. Sera of individuals from hyperendemic areas have been found to immunoprecipitate the 230 and 48/45 kD gametocyte surface antigens which are known targets of transmission blocking antibodies. To investigate the epitope specificity of the serum samples from our adult patients, competitive ELISAs with 3 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that block transmission and recognize different epitopes on the 48/45 Kd antigen, were carried out. Specific antibodies for these epitopes were found in 60% of the sera while nearly a third were able to inhibit the binding of at least two MAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ong
- Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, England
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45
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Abstract
Antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to the transmission-blocking target antigens of Plasmodium falciparum, Pfs 48/45, were determined in infected non-immune patients and in immune individuals from an endemic area. Characterization of the B cell epitopes with monoclonal antibodies showed that there were five regions identifiable but there could be interactions between them causing either competitive or enhancing effects. Sera from infected non-immune patients contained antibodies that would compete with one or more of the mAbs to the different epitopes. Immune responsiveness to purified Pfs 48/45 in P. falciparum-immune adults measured as lymphoproliferation, production of interferon-gamma, or as Pfs 48/45-specific antibody was very limited. This did not appear to be due to MHC class II restriction, to diversity in structure of the parasite antigens or to a failure of immunological memory. The antibody-response data were more consistent with down-regulation of immunity as a result of prolonged exposure to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Targett
- Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, U.K
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46
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Riley EM, Ong CS, Olerup O, Eida S, Allen SJ, Bennett S, Andersson G, Targett GA. Cellular and humoral immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte antigens in malaria-immune individuals. Limited response to the 48/45-kilodalton surface antigen does not appear to be due to MHC restriction. J Immunol 1990; 144:4810-6. [PMID: 2112574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have examined immune responses to a cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte lysate and to an affinity-purified preparation of the 48/45-kDa gamete surface Ag in a group of 30 malaria immune individuals and in 24 Europeans with no previous exposure to malaria. Cellular responses were assessed in vitro by lymphoproliferation and production of IFN-gamma; antigamete antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and competitive ELISA. Cells from all the malaria immune donors responded to the gametocyte lysate in both assays while cells from nonimmune donors gave only weak proliferative responses. Antigamete antibodies were detected in the serum of all the immune donors but not in serum from nonimmunes. Nonimmune donors were completely unresponsive to the purified 48/45-kDa surface Ag while cells from 40% of immune donors responded by either proliferation or IFN-gamma production. Only 3 of 30 immune donors had detectable antibodies to the 48/45-kDa Ag. Class II HLA type was determined for 27 of the immune donors but no relationship between HLA-DR or -DQ and responsiveness to the 48/45-kDa Ag was discerned. The possible reasons for limited recognition of this gamete surface Ag are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Riley
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
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47
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Riley EM, Ong CS, Olerup O, Eida S, Allen SJ, Bennett S, Andersson G, Targett GA. Cellular and humoral immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte antigens in malaria-immune individuals. Limited response to the 48/45-kilodalton surface antigen does not appear to be due to MHC restriction. The Journal of Immunology 1990. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.144.12.4810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have examined immune responses to a cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte lysate and to an affinity-purified preparation of the 48/45-kDa gamete surface Ag in a group of 30 malaria immune individuals and in 24 Europeans with no previous exposure to malaria. Cellular responses were assessed in vitro by lymphoproliferation and production of IFN-gamma; antigamete antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and competitive ELISA. Cells from all the malaria immune donors responded to the gametocyte lysate in both assays while cells from nonimmune donors gave only weak proliferative responses. Antigamete antibodies were detected in the serum of all the immune donors but not in serum from nonimmunes. Nonimmune donors were completely unresponsive to the purified 48/45-kDa surface Ag while cells from 40% of immune donors responded by either proliferation or IFN-gamma production. Only 3 of 30 immune donors had detectable antibodies to the 48/45-kDa Ag. Class II HLA type was determined for 27 of the immune donors but no relationship between HLA-DR or -DQ and responsiveness to the 48/45-kDa Ag was discerned. The possible reasons for limited recognition of this gamete surface Ag are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Riley
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - C S Ong
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - O Olerup
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - S Eida
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - S J Allen
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - S Bennett
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - G Andersson
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - G A Targett
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
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48
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Ren EC, Ong CS, Chan SH. Subtype analysis of the hepatitis B surface antigen using monoclonal antibodies. Ann Acad Med Singap 1988; 17:205-7. [PMID: 3408222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were produced against the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and their specificity tested against 2 separate panels of known HBsAg subtypes. Using an enzymeimmunoassay, mAbs that specifically bind to the 'a', 'd' and 'w' epitopes were identified. There were also a number of mAbs that expressed binding patterns that do not correspond to the standard serological classification--which is not unusual since the mAbs were of murine origin. These mAbs are at present being used to replace the conventional goat or guinea-pig derived HBsAg subtyping antisera which are available in limited quantities and often vary in titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Ren
- Department of Microbiology, WHO Collaborating Center for Immunology
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49
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Hou CC, Chou YP, Hwang CJ, Ong CS, Chang CL. [The changes of arterial oxygen saturation during transfer to the recovery room]. Ma Zui Xue Za Zhi 1986; 24:212-5. [PMID: 3796246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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