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Foster HM, Polz P, Gill JM, Celis-Morales C, Mair FS, O'Donnell CA. The influence of socioeconomic status on the association between unhealthy lifestyle factors and adverse health outcomes: a systematic review. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:55. [PMID: 38533439 PMCID: PMC10964004 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18708.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Combinations of lifestyle factors (LFs) and socioeconomic status (SES) are independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and mortality. Less advantaged SES groups may be disproportionately vulnerable to unhealthy LFs but interactions between LFs and SES remain poorly understood. This review aimed to synthesise the available evidence for whether and how SES modifies associations between combinations of LFs and adverse health outcomes. Methods Systematic review of studies that examine associations between combinations of >3 LFs (eg.smoking/physical activity/diet) and health outcomes and report data on SES (eg.income/education/poverty-index) influences on associations. Databases (PubMed/EMBASE/CINAHL), references, forward citations, and grey-literature were searched from inception to December 2021. Eligibility criteria were analyses of prospective adult cohorts that examined all-cause mortality or CVD/cancer mortality/incidence. Results Six studies (n=42,467-399,537; 46.5-56.8 years old; 54.6-59.3% women) of five cohorts were included. All examined all-cause mortality; three assessed CVD/cancer outcomes. Four studies observed multiplicative interactions between LFs and SES, but in opposing directions. Two studies tested for additive interactions; interactions were observed in one cohort (UK Biobank) and not in another (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)). All-cause mortality HRs (95% confidence intervals) for unhealthy LFs (versus healthy LFs) from the most advantaged SES groups ranged from 0.68 (0.32-1.45) to 4.17 (2.27-7.69). Equivalent estimates from the least advantaged ranged from 1.30 (1.13-1.50) to 4.00 (2.22-7.14). In 19 analyses (including sensitivity analyses) of joint associations between LFs, SES, and all-cause mortality, highest all-cause mortality was observed in the unhealthiest LF-least advantaged suggesting an additive effect. Conclusions Limited and heterogenous literature suggests that the influence of SES on associations between combinations of unhealthy LFs and adverse health could be additive but remains unclear. Additional prospective analyses would help clarify whether SES modifies associations between combinations of unhealthy LFs and health outcomes. Registration Protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020172588;25 June 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish M.E. Foster
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 9LX, UK
| | - Peter Polz
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 9LX, UK
| | - Jason M.R. Gill
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scoland, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scoland, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Frances S. Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 9LX, UK
| | - Catherine A. O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 9LX, UK
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Hastie CE, Lowe DJ, McAuley A, Mills NL, Winter AJ, Black C, Scott JT, O'Donnell CA, Blane DN, Browne S, Ibbotson TR, Pell JP. True prevalence of long-COVID in a nationwide, population cohort study. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7892. [PMID: 38036541 PMCID: PMC10689486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43661-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-COVID prevalence estimates vary widely and should take account of symptoms that would have occurred anyway. Here we determine the prevalence of symptoms attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection, taking account of background rates and confounding, in a nationwide population cohort study of 198,096 Scottish adults. 98,666 (49.8%) had symptomatic laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and 99,430 (50.2%) were age-, sex-, and socioeconomically-matched and never-infected. While 41,775 (64.5%) reported at least one symptom 6 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection, this was also true of 34,600 (50.8%) of those never-infected. The crude prevalence of one or more symptom attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection was 13.8% (13.2%,14.3%), 12.8% (11.9%,13.6%), and 16.3% (14.4%,18.2%) at 6, 12, and 18 months respectively. Following adjustment for potential confounders, these figures were 6.6% (6.3%, 6.9%), 6.5% (6.0%, 6.9%) and 10.4% (9.1%, 11.6%) respectively. Long-COVID is characterised by a wide range of symptoms that, apart from altered taste and smell, are non-specific. Care should be taken in attributing symptoms to previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Hastie
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David J Lowe
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew McAuley
- Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, Glasgow, UK
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew J Winter
- Sandyford Sexual Health Services, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Corri Black
- Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Public Health Directorate, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Janet T Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - David N Blane
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan Browne
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tracy R Ibbotson
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Foster HME, Gill JMR, Mair FS, Celis-Morales CA, Jani BD, Nicholl BI, Lee D, O'Donnell CA. Social connection and mortality in UK Biobank: a prospective cohort analysis. BMC Med 2023; 21:384. [PMID: 37946218 PMCID: PMC10637015 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Components of social connection are associated with mortality, but research examining their independent and combined effects in the same dataset is lacking. This study aimed to examine the independent and combined associations between functional and structural components of social connection and mortality. METHODS Analysis of 458,146 participants with full data from the UK Biobank cohort linked to mortality registers. Social connection was assessed using two functional (frequency of ability to confide in someone close and often feeling lonely) and three structural (frequency of friends/family visits, weekly group activities, and living alone) component measures. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the associations with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. RESULTS Over a median of 12.6 years (IQR 11.9-13.3) follow-up, 33,135 (7.2%) participants died, including 5112 (1.1%) CVD deaths. All social connection measures were independently associated with both outcomes. Friends/family visit frequencies < monthly were associated with a higher risk of mortality indicating a threshold effect. There were interactions between living alone and friends/family visits and between living alone and weekly group activity. For example, compared with daily friends/family visits-not living alone, there was higher all-cause mortality for daily visits-living alone (HR 1.19 [95% CI 1.12-1.26]), for never having visits-not living alone (1.33 [1.22-1.46]), and for never having visits-living alone (1.77 [1.61-1.95]). Never having friends/family visits whilst living alone potentially counteracted benefits from other components as mortality risks were highest for those reporting both never having visits and living alone regardless of weekly group activity or functional components. When all measures were combined into overall functional and structural components, there was an interaction between components: compared with participants defined as not isolated by both components, those considered isolated by both components had higher CVD mortality (HR 1.63 [1.51-1.76]) than each component alone (functional isolation 1.17 [1.06-1.29]; structural isolation 1.27 [1.18-1.36]). CONCLUSIONS This work suggests (1) a potential threshold effect for friends/family visits, (2) that those who live alone with additional concurrent markers of structural isolation may represent a high-risk population, (3) that beneficial associations for some types of social connection might not be felt when other types of social connection are absent, and (4) considering both functional and structural components of social connection may help to identify the most isolated in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish M E Foster
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TB, Scotland.
| | - Jason M R Gill
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland
| | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TB, Scotland
| | - Carlos A Celis-Morales
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland
| | - Bhautesh D Jani
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TB, Scotland
| | - Barbara I Nicholl
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TB, Scotland
| | - Duncan Lee
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The Mathematics and Statistics Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8SQ, Scotland
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TB, Scotland
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Hastie CE, Lowe DJ, McAuley A, Mills NL, Winter AJ, Black C, Scott JT, O'Donnell CA, Blane DN, Browne S, Ibbotson TR, Pell JP. Natural history of long-COVID in a nationwide, population cohort study. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3504. [PMID: 37311808 PMCID: PMC10263377 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the natural history of long-COVID have been few and selective. Without comparison groups, disease progression cannot be differentiated from symptoms originating from other causes. The Long-COVID in Scotland Study (Long-CISS) is a Scotland-wide, general population cohort of adults who had laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection matched to PCR-negative adults. Serial, self-completed, online questionnaires collected information on pre-existing health conditions and current health six, 12 and 18 months after index test. Of those with previous symptomatic infection, 35% reported persistent incomplete/no recovery, 12% improvement and 12% deterioration. At six and 12 months, one or more symptom was reported by 71.5% and 70.7% respectively of those previously infected, compared with 53.5% and 56.5% of those never infected. Altered taste, smell and confusion improved over time compared to the never infected group and adjusted for confounders. Conversely, late onset dry and productive cough, and hearing problems were more likely following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Hastie
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow G12 8TB, Glasgow, UK
| | - David J Lowe
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow G12 8TB, Glasgow, UK
- Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G52 4TF, UK
| | - Andrew McAuley
- Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, Glasgow, G2 6QQ, UK
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SU, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Andrew J Winter
- Sandyford Sexual Health Services, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, G3 7NB, UK
| | - Corri Black
- Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, University of Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK
- Public Health Directorate, NHS Grampian, AB15 6RE, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Janet T Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - David N Blane
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow G12 8TB, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan Browne
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow G12 8TB, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tracy R Ibbotson
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow G12 8TB, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow G12 8TB, Glasgow, UK.
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5
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Foster HM, Polz P, Gill JM, Celis-Morales C, Mair FS, O'Donnell CA. The influence of socioeconomic status on the association between unhealthy lifestyle factors and adverse health outcomes: a systematic review. Wellcome Open Res 2023. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18708.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Combinations of lifestyle factors (LFs) and socioeconomic status (SES) are independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and mortality. Less advantaged SES groups may be disproportionately vulnerable to unhealthy LFs but interactions between LFs and SES remain poorly understood. This review aimed to synthesise the available evidence for whether and how SES modifies associations between combinations of LFs and adverse health outcomes. Methods: Systematic review of studies that examine associations between combinations of >3 LFs and health outcomes and report data on SES influences on associations. Databases (PubMed/EMBASE/CINAHL), references, forward citations, and grey-literature were searched from inception to December 2021. Eligibility criteria were analyses of prospective adult cohorts that examined all-cause mortality or CVD or cancer mortality/incidence. Results: Six studies (n=42,467–399,537; 46.5–56.8 years old; 54.6–59.3% women) of five cohorts were included. All examined all-cause mortality; three assessed CVD/cancer outcomes. Four studies observed multiplicative interactions between LFs and SES, but in opposing directions. Two studies tested for additive interactions; interactions were observed in one cohort (UK Biobank) and not in another (NHANES). All-cause mortality HRs (95% CIs) for unhealthy LFs (versus healthy LFs) from the most advantaged SES groups ranged from 0.68 (0.32–1.45) to 4.17 (2.27–7.69). Equivalent estimates from the least advantaged ranged from 1.30 (1.13–1.50) to 4.00 (2.22–7.14). In 19 analyses (including sensitivity analyses) of joint associations between LFs, SES, and all-cause mortality, highest all-cause mortality was observed in the unhealthiest LF-least advantaged suggesting an additive effect. Conclusions: Limited and heterogenous literature suggests that the influence of SES on associations between combinations of unhealthy LFs and adverse health could be additive but remains unclear. Additional prospective analyses would help clarify whether SES modifies associations between combinations of unhealthy LFs and health outcomes. Registration: Protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020172588; 25 June 2020).
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Foster HME, Gill JMR, Jani BD, Celis-Morales C, Lee D, Mair FS, O'Donnell CA. Associations between a weighted health behaviour score, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in UK Biobank cohort: a prospective analysis. Lancet 2022; 400 Suppl 1:S37. [PMID: 36929981 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy behaviours are associated with disproportionate mortality among socioeconomically deprived populations. Previous studies exploring that disproportionate harm do not examine weighted scores, or examine few behaviours. We aimed to create an extended weighted health behaviour score and examine the effect of socioeconomic status on the association between score and all-cause mortality. METHODS Data was sourced from the UK Biobank population cohort, recruited in 2006-10. The main exposures included in the analysis were 11 health behaviours (baseline self-report): smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, time spent watching television, sleep duration, added salt in diet, social isolation, intake of red meat, intake of processed meat, intake of oily fish, and intake of fruit and vegetables. Behaviours were classified as healthy or unhealthy according to national guidelines or latest evidence. Socioeconomic deprivation was measured with the Townsend deprivation index. Cox proportional hazard models of health behaviour data were prospectively linked to death registries to examine associations between health behaviours and all-cause mortality. Models were adjusted for demographics and health at baseline. Mortality associated with each behaviour alone was used to determine score weighting. For sensitivity analysis, we explored associations between weighted lifestyle score and all-cause mortality stratified by sex and ethnicity. FINDINGS The analysis included 229 107 participants with complete data. Median age was 53 years (IQR 47-60) for 119 634 (52·2%) women and 54 years (47-60) for 109 473 (47·8%) men. Over a median follow-up of 11·9 years (IQR 11.1-12.6), 9379 (4·1%) participants died. Compared with having no unhealthy behaviours, each behaviour was positively associated with all-cause mortality. Smoking (hazard ratio [HR] 2·47 [95% CI 2·25-2·70]) and social isolation (1·69 [1·54-1·86]) were associated with notably higher mortality. A weighted score was created by ascribing one point to each 40% increment in risk (four points for smoking, two points for social isolation, and one points for each of all other behaviours). A dose-response increment for all-cause mortality HR was noted with each additional point of weighted score. Associations were stronger in more deprived tertiles. With least deprived and lowest score as reference, HRs for highest scores were 2·22 (95% CI 1·72-2·86) in the least deprived and 4·10 (3·62-4·65) in the most deprived. An additive interaction between sex and lifestyle score for all-cause mortality was suggested by the data; men had slightly higher HRs at each level of the lifestyle score. However, a statistical test for interaction on a multiplicative scale was not significant. No evidence was found of interaction (either additive or multiplicative) between ethnicity and lifestyle score. INTERPRETATION An extended weighted health behaviour score has strong associations with mortality, and associations are stronger in more deprived participants. Weighted health behaviour scores that account for socioeconomic deprivation could convey personalised risk and inform healthy living policy. Further work with adequate numbers of participants from minority ethnic groups is required to make more accurate estimates of mortality associated with a weighted health behaviour score in these populations. FUNDING HMEF is supported by a Medical Research Council Clinical Research Training Fellowship (grant number MR/T001585/1), which covered the costs of accessing the data herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish M E Foster
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Jason M R Gill
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Bhautesh D Jani
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Duncan Lee
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, and School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Hastie CE, Lowe DJ, McAuley A, Winter AJ, Mills NL, Black C, Scott JT, O'Donnell CA, Blane DN, Browne S, Ibbotson TR, Pell JP. Author Correction: Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6540. [PMID: 36319644 PMCID: PMC9626587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Hastie
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - David J Lowe
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
- Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G52 4TF, UK
| | - Andrew McAuley
- Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, Glasgow, G2 6QQ, UK
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK
| | - Andrew J Winter
- Sandyford Sexual Health Services, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, G3 7NB, UK
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SU, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Corri Black
- Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
- Public Health Directorate, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, AB15 6RE, UK
| | - Janet T Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - David N Blane
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Susan Browne
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Tracy R Ibbotson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK.
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Foster HME, Gill JMR, Jani BD, Celis-Morales C, Lee D, Mair FS, O'Donnell CA. Which combinations of health behaviours are associated with highest risk? An exploration of the UK Biobank population cohort. Lancet 2022; 400 Suppl 1:S38. [PMID: 36929982 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combinations of unhealthy behaviours are associated with greater mortality than single behaviours, but some combinations might have stronger associations than others. High-risk combinations might be more prevalent among socioeconomically deprived populations. We examined associations between combinations of 11 unhealthy behaviours and mortality and explored socioeconomic distributions of high-risk combinations. METHODS We used the UK Biobank population cohort (n=502 459; aged 37-73 years) recruited between 2006 and 2010. Analysis included 229 197 participants with complete data. Main exposures were any combination of smoking, alcohol, physical activity, television time, sleep, added salt, social isolation, intake of red meat, processed meat, oily fish, and fruit and vegetables (each classified as healthy or unhealthy via guidelines or latest evidence). Townsend index was used to explore socioeconomic distribution. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine associations between behaviours and all-cause mortality. Models were adjusted for demographic, health, and socioeconomic factors. FINDINGS Over a median follow-up of 11·6 years, 9739 (4·2%) of 229 197 participants died. From 716 unique combinations, 77 (11%) were associated with mortality with hazard ratios (HRs) greater than that for smoking alone (2·31 [95% CI 2·11-2·53]); HRs ranged from 9·44 to 2·34. Of these 77 high-risk combinations, smoking featured in 61 (79%), low fruit and vegetables in 45 (58%), and low oily fish in 41 (53%). All combinations featuring social isolation (18 [23%] of 77) had HRs greater than 3·00. Participants with high-risk combinations had greater deprivation scores than those with no unhealthy behaviours. Median deprivation scores of the ten highest risk combinations ranged from -2·0 to 2·1, whereas for participants with no unhealthy behaviours the score was -2·5. Examining women and men separately resulted in similar findings. Examination of ethnic differences was severely limited by small numbers of participants in minority ethnic groups. INTERPRETATION Many unique unhealthy behaviour combinations are strongly associated with mortality and high-risk combinations are more prevalent among more deprived populations than among more affluent populations. Exploring unique combinations of a wide range of health behaviours can identify high-risk populations. Future work with adequately sampled minority ethnic groups is required to examine high-risk combinations by ethnicity. Supporting healthy living in deprived populations, including tackling structural barriers to health, could address a wide range of health behaviours in combination. FUNDING UK Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish M E Foster
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Jason M R Gill
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Bhautesh D Jani
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Duncan Lee
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, and School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Hastie CE, Lowe DJ, McAuley A, Winter AJ, Mills NL, Black C, Scott JT, O'Donnell CA, Blane DN, Browne S, Ibbotson TR, Pell JP. Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5663. [PMID: 36224173 PMCID: PMC9556711 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing numbers infected by SARS-CoV-2, understanding long-COVID is essential to inform health and social care support. A Scottish population cohort of 33,281 laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and 62,957 never-infected individuals were followed-up via 6, 12 and 18-month questionnaires and linkage to hospitalization and death records. Of the 31,486 symptomatic infections,1,856 (6%) had not recovered and 13,350 (42%) only partially. No recovery was associated with hospitalized infection, age, female sex, deprivation, respiratory disease, depression and multimorbidity. Previous symptomatic infection was associated with poorer quality of life, impairment across all daily activities and 24 persistent symptoms including breathlessness (OR 3.43, 95% CI 3.29-3.58), palpitations (OR 2.51, OR 2.36-2.66), chest pain (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.96-2.23), and confusion (OR 2.92, 95% CI 2.78-3.07). Asymptomatic infection was not associated with adverse outcomes. Vaccination was associated with reduced risk of seven symptoms. Here we describe the nature of long-COVID and the factors associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Hastie
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - David J Lowe
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK.,Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G52 4TF, UK
| | - Andrew McAuley
- Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, Glasgow, G2 6QQ, UK.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK
| | - Andrew J Winter
- Sandyford Sexual Health Services, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, G3 7NB, UK
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SU, UK.,Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Corri Black
- Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,Public Health Directorate, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, AB15 6RE, UK
| | - Janet T Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - David N Blane
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Susan Browne
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Tracy R Ibbotson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK.
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10
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O'Donnell CA, Macdonald S, Browne S, Albanese A, Blane D, Ibbotson T, Laidlaw L, Heaney D, Lowe DJ. Widening or narrowing inequalities? The equity implications of digital tools to support COVID-19 contact tracing: A qualitative study. Health Expect 2022; 25:2851-2861. [PMID: 36063060 PMCID: PMC9538145 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As digital tools are increasingly used to support COVID‐19 contact tracing, the equity implications must be considered. As part of a study to understand the public's views of digital contact tracing tools developed for the national ‘Test and Protect’ programme in Scotland, we aimed to explore the views of groups often excluded from such discussions. This paper reports on their views about the potential for contact tracing to exacerbate inequalities. Methods A qualitative study was carried out; interviews were conducted with key informants from organizations supporting people in marginalized situations, followed by interviews and focus groups with people recruited from these groups. Participants included, or represented, minority ethnic groups, asylum seekers and refugees and those experiencing multiple disadvantage including severe and enduring poverty. Results A total of 42 people participated: 13 key informants and 29 members of the public. While public participants were supportive of contact tracing, key informants raised concerns. Both sets of participants spoke about how contact tracing, and its associated digital tools, might increase inequalities. Barriers included finances (inability to afford smartphones or the data to ensure access to the internet); language (digital tools were available only in English and required a degree of literacy, even for English speakers); and trust (many marginalized groups distrusted statutory organizations and there were concerns that data may be passed to other organizations). One strength was that NHS Scotland, the data guardian, is seen as a generally trustworthy organization. Poverty was recognized as a barrier to people's ability to self‐isolate. Some participants were concerned about giving contact details of individuals who might struggle to self‐isolate for financial reasons. Conclusions The impact of contact tracing and associated digital tools on marginalized populations needs careful monitoring. This should include the contact tracing process and the ability of people to self‐isolate. Regular clear messaging from trusted groups and community members could help maintain trust and participation in the programme. Patient and Public Contribution Our patient and public involvement coapplicant, L. L., was involved in all aspects of the study including coauthorship. Interim results were presented to our local Public and Patient Involvement and Engagement Group, who commented on interpretation and made suggestions about further recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Sara Macdonald
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Susan Browne
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Alessio Albanese
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - David Blane
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Tracy Ibbotson
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.,Public and Patient Involvement and Engagement Group, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Lynn Laidlaw
- Public and Patient Involvement and Engagement Group, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - David Heaney
- Rossall Research and Consultancy, Ullapool, Scotland
| | - David J Lowe
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Digital Health and Care Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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11
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Hastie CE, Lowe DJ, McAuley A, O'Donnell CA, Mills NL, Black C, Ibbotson TR, Winter AJ, Scott JT, Blane DN, Browne S, Pell JP. Do we need consent to obtain consent? Public and participant feedback to using personal health data for recruitment. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:jech-2022-219214. [PMID: 35672086 PMCID: PMC9279750 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Hastie
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David J Lowe
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew McAuley
- Health Protection Scotland, Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
- Health Protection Scotland, Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Corri Black
- Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tracy R Ibbotson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew J Winter
- Sandyford Sexual Health Services, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Janet T Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David N Blane
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan Browne
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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12
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Foster HME, Ho FK, Mair FS, Jani BD, Sattar N, Katikireddi SV, Pell JP, Niedzwiedz CL, Hastie CE, Anderson JJ, Nicholl BI, Gill JMR, Celis-Morales C, O'Donnell CA. The association between a lifestyle score, socioeconomic status, and COVID-19 outcomes within the UK Biobank cohort. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:273. [PMID: 35351028 PMCID: PMC8964028 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) impacts disadvantaged groups most. Lifestyle factors are also associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes. To inform COVID-19 policy and interventions, we explored effect modification of socioeconomic-status (SES) on associations between lifestyle and COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS Using data from UK-Biobank, a large prospective cohort of 502,536 participants aged 37-73 years recruited between 2006 and 2010, we assigned participants a lifestyle score comprising nine factors. Poisson regression models with penalised splines were used to analyse associations between lifestyle score, deprivation (Townsend), and COVID-19 mortality and severe COVID-19. Associations between each exposure and outcome were examined independently before participants were dichotomised by deprivation to examine exposures jointly. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic/health factors. RESULTS Of 343,850 participants (mean age > 60 years) with complete data, 707 (0.21%) died from COVID-19 and 2506 (0.76%) had severe COVID-19. There was evidence of a nonlinear association between lifestyle score and COVID-19 mortality but limited evidence for nonlinearity between lifestyle score and severe COVID-19 and between deprivation and COVID-19 outcomes. Compared with low deprivation, participants in the high deprivation group had higher risk of COVID-19 outcomes across the lifestyle score. There was evidence for an additive interaction between lifestyle score and deprivation. Compared with participants with the healthiest lifestyle score in the low deprivation group, COVID-19 mortality risk ratios (95% CIs) for those with less healthy scores in low versus high deprivation groups were 5.09 (1.39-25.20) and 9.60 (4.70-21.44), respectively. Equivalent figures for severe COVID-19 were 5.17 (2.46-12.01) and 6.02 (4.72-7.71). Alternative SES measures produced similar results. CONCLUSIONS Unhealthy lifestyles are associated with higher risk of adverse COVID-19, but risks are highest in the most disadvantaged, suggesting an additive influence between SES and lifestyle. COVID-19 policy and interventions should consider both lifestyle and SES. The greatest public health benefit from lifestyle focussed COVID-19 policy and interventions is likely to be seen when greatest support for healthy living is provided to the most disadvantaged groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish M E Foster
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frederick K Ho
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frances S Mair
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Bhautesh D Jani
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire L Niedzwiedz
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire E Hastie
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jana J Anderson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Barbara I Nicholl
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jason M R Gill
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Kate.O'
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13
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Chng NR, Hawkins K, Fitzpatrick B, O'Donnell CA, Mackenzie M, Wyke S, Mercer SW. Implementing social prescribing in primary care in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation: process evaluation of the 'Deep End' community Links Worker Programme. Br J Gen Pract 2021; 71:e912-e920. [PMID: 34019479 PMCID: PMC8463130 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp.2020.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social prescribing involving primary care-based 'link workers' is a key UK health policy that aims to reduce health inequalities. However, the process of implementation of the link worker approach has received little attention despite this being central to the desired impact and outcomes. AIM To explore the implementation process of such an approach in practice. DESIGN AND SETTING Qualitative process evaluation of the 'Deep End' Links Worker Programme (LWP) over a 2-year period, in seven general practices in deprived areas of Glasgow. METHOD The study used thematic analysis to identify the extent of LWP integration in each practice and the key factors associated with implementation. Analysis was informed by normalisation process theory (NPT). RESULTS Only three of the seven practices fully integrated the LWP into routine practice within 2 years, based on the NPT constructs of coherence, cognitive participation, and collective action. Compared with 'partially integrated practices', 'fully integrated practices' had better shared understanding of the programme among staff, higher staff engagement with the LWP, and were implementing all aspects of the LWP at patient, practice, and community levels of intervention. Successful implementation was associated with GP buy-in, collaborative leadership, good team dynamics, link worker support, and the absence of competing innovations. CONCLUSION Even in a well-resourced government-funded programme, the majority of practices involved had not fully integrated the LWP within the first 2 years. Implementing social prescribing and link workers within primary care at scale is unlikely to be a 'quick fix' for mitigating health inequalities in deprived areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai Rui Chng
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - Katie Hawkins
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - Bridie Fitzpatrick
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - Mhairi Mackenzie
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - Sally Wyke
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - Stewart W Mercer
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
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14
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Gogoi M, Armitage R, Brown G, Ryan B, Eborall H, Qureshi N, O'Donnell CA, Ciftci Y, Pareek M, Nellums LB. Putting the voices and insights of migrants and diverse ethnic groups at the centre of our response to COVID-19. Public Health 2021; 197:e1-e3. [PMID: 33741187 PMCID: PMC7547632 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gogoi
- University of Leicester, UK.
| | | | - G Brown
- University of Leicester, UK.
| | - B Ryan
- University of Leicester, UK.
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15
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Taylor AK, Kingstone T, Briggs TA, O'Donnell CA, Atherton H, Blane DN, Chew‐Graham CA. 'Reluctant pioneer': A qualitative study of doctors' experiences as patients with long COVID. Health Expect 2021; 24:833-842. [PMID: 33749957 PMCID: PMC8235894 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had far-reaching effects upon lives, healthcare systems and society. Some who had an apparently 'mild' COVID-19 infection continue to suffer from persistent symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, fatigue, cognitive impairment, paraesthesia, muscle and joint pains. This has been labelled 'long COVID'. This paper reports the experiences of doctors with long COVID. METHODS A qualitative study; interviews with doctors experiencing persistent symptoms were conducted by telephone or video call. Interviews were transcribed and analysis conducted using an inductive and thematic approach. RESULTS Thirteen doctors participated. The following themes are reported: making sense of symptoms, feeling let down, using medical knowledge and connections, wanting to help and be helped, combining patient and professional identity. Experiencing long COVID can be transformative: many expressed hope that good would come of their experiences. Distress related to feelings of being 'let down' and the hard work of trying to access care. Participants highlighted that they felt better able to care for, and empathize with, patients with chronic conditions, particularly where symptoms are unexplained. CONCLUSIONS The study adds to the literature on the experiences of doctors as patients, in particular where evidence is emerging and the patient has to take the lead in finding solutions to their problems and accessing their own care. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION The study was developed with experts by experience (including co-authors HA and TAB) who contributed to the protocol and ethics application, and commented on analysis and implications. All participants were given the opportunity to comment on findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Taylor
- School of MedicineLeeds Institute of Health SciencesFaculty of Medicine and Health, University of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Tom Kingstone
- School of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesKeele UniversityKeeleUK
- Research and Innovation DepartmentSt George's HospitalMidlands Partnership NHS Foundation TrustStaffordUK
| | - Tracy A. Briggs
- Division of Evolution and Genomic SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesManchester UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Catherine A. O'Donnell
- General Practice & Primary CareInstitute of Health & WellbeingUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Helen Atherton
- Unit of Academic Primary CareWarwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - David N. Blane
- General Practice & Primary CareInstitute of Health & WellbeingUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Carolyn A. Chew‐Graham
- School of MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesKeele UniversityKeeleUK
- Research and Innovation DepartmentSt George's HospitalMidlands Partnership NHS Foundation TrustStaffordUK
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16
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Foster H, Polz P, Mair F, Gill J, O'Donnell CA. Understanding the influence of socioeconomic status on the association between combinations of lifestyle factors and adverse health outcomes: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e042212. [PMID: 34045211 PMCID: PMC8162079 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combinations of unhealthy lifestyle factors are strongly associated with mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. It is unclear how socioeconomic status (SES) affects those associations. Lower SES groups may be disproportionately vulnerable to the effects of unhealthy lifestyle factors compared with higher SES groups via interactions with other factors associated with low SES (eg, stress) or via accelerated biological ageing. This systematic review aims to synthesise studies that examine how SES moderates the association between lifestyle factor combinations and adverse health outcomes. Greater understanding of how lifestyle risk varies across socioeconomic spectra could reduce adverse health by (1) identifying novel high-risk groups or targets for future interventions and (2) informing research, policy and interventions that aim to support healthy lifestyles in socioeconomically deprived communities. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Three databases will be searched (PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL) from inception to March 2020. Reference lists, citations and grey literature will also be searched. Inclusion criteria are: (1) prospective cohort studies; (2) investigations of two key exposures: (a) lifestyle factor combinations of at least three lifestyle factors (eg, smoking, physical activity and diet) and (b) SES (eg, income, education or poverty index); (3) an assessment of the impact of SES on the association between combinations of unhealthy lifestyle factors and health outcomes; (4) at least one outcome from-mortality (all cause, CVD and cancer), CVD or cancer incidence. Two independent reviewers will screen titles, abstracts and full texts of included studies. Data extraction will focus on cohort characteristics, exposures, direction and magnitude of SES effects, methods and quality (via Newcastle-Ottawa Scale). If appropriate, a meta-analysis, pooling the effects of SES, will be performed. Alternatively, a synthesis without meta-analysis will be conducted. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is not required. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication, professional networks, social media and conference presentations. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020172588.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Foster
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Polz
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frances Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jason Gill
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Kate.O'
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17
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Hanlon P, Blane DN, Macdonald S, Mair FS, O'Donnell CA. Our response to rising frailty in younger people must address prevention burden. Lancet Healthy Longev 2021; 2:e245. [PMID: 36098128 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hanlon
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9LX, UK.
| | - David N Blane
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9LX, UK
| | - Sara Macdonald
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9LX, UK
| | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9LX, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9LX, UK
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18
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Kingstone T, Taylor AK, O'Donnell CA, Atherton H, Blane DN, Chew-Graham CA. Finding the 'right' GP: a qualitative study of the experiences of people with long-COVID. BJGP Open 2020; 4:bjgpopen20X101143. [PMID: 33051223 PMCID: PMC7880173 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen20x101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An unknown proportion of people who had an apparently mild COVID-19 infection continue to suffer with persistent symptoms, including chest pain, shortness of breath, muscle and joint pains, headaches, cognitive impairment ('brain fog'), and fatigue. Post-acute COVID-19 ('long-COVID') seems to be a multisystem disease, sometimes occurring after a mild acute illness; people struggling with these persistent symptoms refer to themselves as 'long haulers'. AIM To explore experiences of people with persisting symptoms following COVID-19 infection, and their views on primary care support received. DESIGN & SETTING Qualitative methodology, with semi-structured interviews to explore perspectives of people with persisting symptoms following suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Participants were recruited via social media between July-August 2020. METHOD Interviews were conducted by telephone or video call, digitally recorded, and transcribed with consent. Thematic analysis was conducted applying constant comparison techniques. People with experience of persisting symptoms contributed to study design and data analysis. RESULTS This article reports analysis of 24 interviews. The main themes include: the ' hard and heavy work ' of enduring and managing symptoms and accessing care; living with uncertainty, helplessness and fear, particularly over whether recovery is possible; the importance of finding the 'right' GP (understanding, empathy, and support needed); and recovery and rehabilitation: what would help? CONCLUSION This study will raise awareness among primary care professionals, and commissioners, of long-COVID and the range of symptoms people are experiencing. Patients require their GP to believe their symptoms and to demonstrate empathy and understanding. Ongoing support by primary care professionals during recovery and rehabilitation is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kingstone
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
- Research and Innovation Department, St George's Hospital, Midlands Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Stafford, UK
| | - Anna K Taylor
- School of Medicine, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice & Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Helen Atherton
- Unit of Academic Primary Care, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - David N Blane
- General Practice & Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carolyn A Chew-Graham
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
- Research and Innovation Department, St George's Hospital, Midlands Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Stafford, UK
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19
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Petermann-Rocha F, Hanlon P, Gray SR, Welsh P, Gill JMR, Foster H, Katikireddi SV, Lyall D, Mackay DF, O'Donnell CA, Sattar N, Nicholl BI, Pell JP, Jani BD, Ho FK, Mair FS, Celis-Morales C. Comparison of two different frailty measurements and risk of hospitalisation or death from COVID-19: findings from UK Biobank. BMC Med 2020; 18:355. [PMID: 33167965 PMCID: PMC7652674 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty has been associated with worse prognosis following COVID-19 infection. While several studies have reported the association between frailty and COVID-19 mortality or length of hospital stay, there have been no community-based studies on the association between frailty and risk of severe infection. Considering that different definitions have been identified to assess frailty, this study aimed to compare the association between frailty and severe COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank using two frailty classifications: the frailty phenotype and the frailty index. METHODS A total of 383,845 UK Biobank participants recruited 2006-2010 in England (211,310 [55.1%] women, baseline age 37-73 years) were included. COVID-19 test data were provided by Public Health England (available up to 28 June 2020). An adapted version of the frailty phenotype derived by Fried et al. was used to define frailty phenotype (robust, pre-frail, or frail). A previously validated frailty index was derived from 49 self-reported questionnaire items related to health, disease and disability, and mental wellbeing (robust, mild frailty, and moderate/severe frailty). Both classifications were derived from baseline data (2006-2010). Poisson regression models with robust standard errors were used to analyse the associations between both frailty classifications and severe COVID-19 infection (resulting in hospital admission or death), adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. RESULTS Of UK Biobank participants included, 802 were admitted to hospital with and/or died from COVID19 (323 deaths and 479 hospitalisations). After analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, a higher risk of COVID-19 was observed for pre-frail (risk ratio (RR) 1.47 [95% CI 1.26; 1.71]) and frail (RR 2.66 [95% CI 2.04; 3.47]) individuals compared to those classified as robust using the frailty phenotype. Similar results were observed when the frailty index was used (RR mildly frail 1.46 [95% CI 1.26; 1.71] and RR moderate/severe frailty 2.43 [95% CI 1.91; 3.10]). CONCLUSIONS Frailty was associated with a higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection resulting in hospital admission or death, irrespective of how it was measured and independent of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Public health strategies need to consider the additional risk that COVID-19 poses in individuals with frailty, including which additional preventive measures might be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Petermann-Rocha
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Peter Hanlon
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stuart R Gray
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Paul Welsh
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jason M R Gill
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hamish Foster
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Donald Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel F Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Naveed Sattar
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Barbara I Nicholl
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Bhautesh D Jani
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frederick K Ho
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frances S Mair
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
- Centre of Exercise Physiology Research (CIFE), Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Rendimiento Humano, Grupo de Estudio en Educación, Actividad Física y Salud (GEEAFyS), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
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Hastie CE, Mackay DF, Ho F, Celis-Morales CA, Katikireddi SV, Niedzwiedz CL, Jani BD, Welsh P, Mair FS, Gray SR, O'Donnell CA, Gill JM, Sattar N, Pell JP. Corrigendum to "Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank" [Diabetes Metabol Syndr: Clin Res Rev 2020 14 (4) 561-5]. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:1315-1316. [PMID: 32755828 PMCID: PMC7377702 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Hastie
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick Ho
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos A Celis-Morales
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claire L Niedzwiedz
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bhautesh D Jani
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Welsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Frances S Mair
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart R Gray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Mr Gill
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, United Kingdom.
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21
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Blane DN, Williamson AE, Macdonald S, O'Donnell CA. Prevention in the 2020s: where is primary care? Br J Gen Pract 2020; 70:376-377. [PMID: 32732193 PMCID: PMC7384823 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp20x711809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David N Blane
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - Andrea E Williamson
- Undergraduate Medical School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - Sara Macdonald
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
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22
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Hastie CE, Mackay DF, Ho F, Celis-Morales CA, Katikireddi SV, Niedzwiedz CL, Jani BD, Welsh P, Mair FS, Gray SR, O'Donnell CA, Gill JM, Sattar N, Pell JP. Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:561-565. [PMID: 32413819 PMCID: PMC7204679 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals. We aimed to establish whether blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was associated with COVID-19 risk, and whether it explained the higher incidence of COVID-19 in black and South Asian people. METHODS UK Biobank recruited 502,624 participants aged 37-73 years between 2006 and 2010. Baseline exposure data, including 25(OH)D concentration and ethnicity, were linked to COVID-19 test results. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed for the association between 25(OH)D and confirmed COVID-19, and the association between ethnicity and both 25(OH)D and COVID-19. RESULTS Complete data were available for 348,598 UK Biobank participants. Of these, 449 had confirmed COVID-19 infection. Vitamin D was associated with COVID-19 infection univariably (OR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.99-0.999; p = 0.013), but not after adjustment for confounders (OR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.998-1.01; p = 0.208). Ethnicity was associated with COVID-19 infection univariably (blacks versus whites OR = 5.32, 95% CI = 3.68-7.70, p-value<0.001; South Asians versus whites OR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.65-4.25, p-value<0.001). Adjustment for 25(OH)D concentration made little difference to the magnitude of the association. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support a potential link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of COVID-19 infection, nor that vitamin D concentration may explain ethnic differences in COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Hastie
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Daniel F Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Frederick Ho
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Carlos A Celis-Morales
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | | | - Claire L Niedzwiedz
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Bhautesh D Jani
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Paul Welsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Frances S Mair
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Stuart R Gray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Jason Mr Gill
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK.
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23
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Niedzwiedz CL, O'Donnell CA, Jani BD, Demou E, Ho FK, Celis-Morales C, Nicholl BI, Mair FS, Welsh P, Sattar N, Pell JP, Katikireddi SV. Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection: prospective cohort study using UK Biobank. BMC Med 2020; 18:160. [PMID: 32466757 PMCID: PMC7255908 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding of the role of ethnicity and socioeconomic position in the risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection is limited. We investigated this in the UK Biobank study. METHODS The UK Biobank study recruited 40-70-year-olds in 2006-2010 from the general population, collecting information about self-defined ethnicity and socioeconomic variables (including area-level socioeconomic deprivation and educational attainment). SARS-CoV-2 test results from Public Health England were linked to baseline UK Biobank data. Poisson regression with robust standard errors was used to assess risk ratios (RRs) between the exposures and dichotomous variables for being tested, having a positive test and testing positive in hospital. We also investigated whether ethnicity and socioeconomic position were associated with having a positive test amongst those tested. We adjusted for covariates including age, sex, social variables (including healthcare work and household size), behavioural risk factors and baseline health. RESULTS Amongst 392,116 participants in England, 2658 had been tested for SARS-CoV-2 and 948 tested positive (726 in hospital) between 16 March and 3 May 2020. Black and south Asian groups were more likely to test positive (RR 3.35 (95% CI 2.48-4.53) and RR 2.42 (95% CI 1.75-3.36) respectively), with Pakistani ethnicity at highest risk within the south Asian group (RR 3.24 (95% CI 1.73-6.07)). These ethnic groups were more likely to be hospital cases compared to the white British. Adjustment for baseline health and behavioural risk factors led to little change, with only modest attenuation when accounting for socioeconomic variables. Socioeconomic deprivation and having no qualifications were consistently associated with a higher risk of confirmed infection (RR 2.19 for most deprived quartile vs least (95% CI 1.80-2.66) and RR 2.00 for no qualifications vs degree (95% CI 1.66-2.42)). CONCLUSIONS Some minority ethnic groups have a higher risk of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in the UK Biobank study, which was not accounted for by differences in socioeconomic conditions, baseline self-reported health or behavioural risk factors. An urgent response to addressing these elevated risks is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Niedzwiedz
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK
| | - Bhautesh Dinesh Jani
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK
| | - Evangelia Demou
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Top floor, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3QB, UK
| | - Frederick K Ho
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Barbara I Nicholl
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK
| | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK
| | - Paul Welsh
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - S Vittal Katikireddi
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Top floor, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3QB, UK.
- Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, 5 Cadogan Street, Glasgow, G2 6QE, UK.
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24
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Blane DN, Macdonald S, O'Donnell CA. What works and why in the identification and referral of adults with comorbid obesity in primary care: A realist review. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12979. [PMID: 31867842 PMCID: PMC7078935 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary care practitioners (PCPs) are well placed to identify individuals with obesity and weight-related comorbidities and to refer them to weight management services (WMS), but this does not often happen in practice. In this realist review, we searched six databases for intervention studies targeted at PCPs to improve the identification and referral of adults with comorbid obesity. Realist analysis was used to identify context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) configurations across 30 included papers (reporting on 27 studies). Most studies used multiple intervention strategies, categorised into: (a) training, (b) tools to improve identification, (c) tools to improve ease of referral, (d) audit/feedback, (e) working in networks/quality circles, and (f) other. The realist synthesis identified 12 mechanisms through which interventions work to improve identification and referral, including increasing knowledge about obesity and awareness of and confidence in WMS among practitioners, improved communication and trust between practitioners and WMS, and higher priority given to weight management among primary care teams. The theory of "candidacy" (a person's eligibility for medical attention and intervention) provided a robust explanatory framework but required refinement: (a) to take account of the different services (primary care and weight management) that patients must navigate to access support; and (b) to acknowledge the importance of wider contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Blane
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sara Macdonald
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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25
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Foster H, Moffat KR, Burns N, Gannon M, Macdonald S, O'Donnell CA. What do we know about demand, use and outcomes in primary care out-of-hours services? A systematic scoping review of international literature. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033481. [PMID: 31959608 PMCID: PMC7045150 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesise international evidence for demand, use and outcomes of primary care out-of-hours health services (OOHS). DESIGN Systematic scoping review. DATA SOURCES CINAHL; Medline; PsyARTICLES; PsycINFO; SocINDEX; and Embase from 1995 to 2019. STUDY SELECTION English language studies in UK or similar international settings, focused on services in or directly impacting primary care. RESULTS 105 studies included: 54% from mainland Europe/Republic of Ireland; 37% from UK. Most focused on general practitioner-led out-of-hours cooperatives. Evidence for increasing patient demand over time was weak due to data heterogeneity, infrequent reporting of population denominators and little adjustment for population sociodemographics. There was consistent evidence of higher OOHS use in the evening compared with overnight, at weekends and by certain groups (children aged <5, adults aged >65, women, those from socioeconomically deprived areas, with chronic diseases or mental health problems). Contact with OOHS was driven by problems perceived as urgent by patients. Respiratory, musculoskeletal, skin and abdominal symptoms were the most common reasons for contact in adults; fever and gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common in the under-5s. Frequent users of daytime services were also frequent OOHS users; difficulty accessing daytime services was also associated with OOHS use. There is some evidence to suggest that OOHS colocated in emergency departments (ED) can reduce demand in EDs. CONCLUSIONS Policy changes have impacted on OOHS over the past two decades. While there are generalisable lessons, a lack of comparable data makes it difficult to judge how demand has changed over time. Agreement on collection of OOHS data would allow robust comparisons within and across countries and across new models of care. Future developments in OOHS should also pay more attention to the relationship with daytime primary care and other services. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42015029741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Foster
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Keith R Moffat
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola Burns
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Gannon
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sara Macdonald
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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26
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Mercer SW, Fitzpatrick B, Grant L, Chng NR, McConnachie A, Bakhshi A, James-Rae G, O'Donnell CA, Wyke S. Effectiveness of Community-Links Practitioners in Areas of High Socioeconomic Deprivation. Ann Fam Med 2019; 17:518-525. [PMID: 31712290 PMCID: PMC6846279 DOI: 10.1370/afm.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of a primary care-based community-links practitioner (CLP) intervention on patients' quality of life and well-being. METHODS Quasi-experimental cluster-randomized controlled trial in socioeconomically deprived areas of Glasgow, Scotland. Adult patients (aged 18 years or older) referred to CLPs in 7 intervention practices were compared with a random sample of adult patients from 8 comparison practices at baseline and 9 months. PRIMARY OUTCOME health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L, a standardized measure of self-reported health-related quality of life that assesses 5 dimensions at 5 levels of severity). SECONDARY OUTCOMES well-being (Investigating Choice Experiments for the Preferences of Older People Capability Measure for Adults [ICECAP-A]), depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Depression [HADS-D]), anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Anxiety [HADS-A]), and self-reported exercise. Multilevel, multiregression analyses adjusted for baseline differences. Patients were not blinded to the intervention, but outcome analysis was masked. RESULTS Data were collected on 288 and 214 (74.3%) patients in the intervention practices at baseline and follow-up, respectively, and on 612 and 561 (92%) patients in the comparison practices. Intention-to-treat analysis found no differences between the 2 groups for any outcome. In subgroup analyses, patients who saw the CLP on 3 or more occasions (45% of those referred) had significant improvements in EQ-5D-5L, HADS-D, HADS-A, and exercise levels. There was a high positive correlation between CLP consultation rates and patient uptake of suggested community resources. CONCLUSIONS We were unable to prove the effectiveness of referral to CLPs based in primary care in deprived areas for improving patient outcomes. Future efforts to boost uptake and engagement could improve overall outcomes, although the apparent improvements in those who regularly saw the CLPs may be due to reverse causality. Further research is needed before wide-scale deployment of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart W Mercer
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bridie Fitzpatrick
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Grant
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nai Rui Chng
- College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alex McConnachie
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andisheh Bakhshi
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Greg James-Rae
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Wyke
- College of Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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27
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de Wet C, Bowie P, O'Donnell CA. Facilitators and barriers to safer care in Scottish general practice: a qualitative study of the implementation of the trigger review method using normalisation process theory. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029914. [PMID: 31537569 PMCID: PMC6756363 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patient safety is a key concern of modern health systems, with numerous approaches to support safety. One, the trigger review method (TRM), is promoted nationally in Scotland as an approach to improve the safety of care in general medical practice. However, it remains unclear which factors are facilitating or hindering its implementation. The aim of this study was to identify the important factors that facilitate or hinder the implementation of the TRM in this setting. DESIGN Qualitative study employing semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was theoretically informed using normalisation process theory (NPT). SETTING Scottish general practice. PARTICIPANTS We conducted 28 semistructured interviews with general practitioners (n=12), practice nurses (n=11) and practice managers (n=5) in Scotland. RESULTS We identified four important factors that facilitated or hindered implementation: (1) the amount of time and allocated resources; (2) integration of the TRM into existing initiatives and frameworks facilitated implementation and justified participants' involvement; (3) the characteristics of the reviewers-implementation was facilitated by experienced, reflective clinicians with leadership roles in their teams; (4) the degree to which participants perceived the TRM as acceptable, feasible and useful. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first known attempt to investigate how the TRM is implemented and perceived by general practice clinicians and staff. The four main factors that facilitated TRM implementation are comparable with the wider implementation science literature, suggesting that a small number of specific factors determine the success of most, if not all, complex healthcare interventions. These factors can be identified, described and understood through theoretical frameworks such as NPT and are amenable to intervention. Researchers and policymakers should proactively identify and address these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl de Wet
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Bowie
- Patient Safety Research, NHS Education for Scotland, Glasgow, UK
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28
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Foster H, Macdonald S, Patterson C, O'Donnell CA. No such thing as bad publicity? A quantitative content analysis of print media representations of primary care out-of-hours services. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e023192. [PMID: 30910877 PMCID: PMC6475237 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore how out-of-hours primary healthcare services (OOHS) are represented in UK national newspapers, focusing on content and tone of reporting and the use of personal narratives to frame stories. DESIGN A retrospective cross-sectional quantitative content analysis of articles published in 2005, 2010 and 2015. DATA SOURCES Nexis database used to search 10 UK national newspapers covering quality, middle-market and tabloid publications. INCLUSION/EXCLUSION CRITERIA All articles containing the terms 'out-of-hours' (≥3 mentions per article) or ('NHS 24' OR 'NHS 111' OR 'NHS Direct') AND 'out-of-hours' (≥1 mention per article) were included. Letters, duplicate news items, opinion pieces and articles without a substantial portion of the story (>50% of an article's word count, as judged by researchers) concerning OOHS were excluded. RESULTS 332 newspaper articles were identified: 113 in 2005 (34.1%), 140 in 2010 (42.2%) and 79 in 2015 (23.8%). Of these, 195 (58.7%) were in quality newspapers, 99 (29.8%) in middle-market and 38 (11.3%) in tabloids. The most commonly reported themes were OOHS organisation, personal narratives and telephone triage. Stories about service-level crises and personal tragedy, including unsafe doctors and missed or delayed identification of rare conditions, predominated. The majority of articles (252, 75.9%) were negative in tone. This was observed for all included newspapers and by publication genre; middle-market newspapers had the highest percentage of negative articles (Pearson χ2=35.72, p<0.001). Articles presented little supporting contextual information, such as call rates per annum, or advice on how to access OOHS. CONCLUSION In this first reported analysis of UK national newspaper coverage of OOHS, media representation is generally negative in tone, with frequent reports of 'negative exemplars' of OOHS crises and fatal individual patient cases with little or no contextualisation. We present recommendations for the future reporting of OOHS, which could apply to the reporting of healthcare services more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Foster
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sara Macdonald
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Patterson
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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29
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Foster HME, Celis-Morales CA, Nicholl BI, Petermann-Rocha F, Pell JP, Gill JMR, O'Donnell CA, Mair FS. The effect of socioeconomic deprivation on the association between an extended measurement of unhealthy lifestyle factors and health outcomes: a prospective analysis of the UK Biobank cohort. Lancet Public Health 2018; 3:e576-e585. [PMID: 30467019 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combinations of lifestyle factors interact to increase mortality. Combinations of traditional factors such as smoking and alcohol are well described, but the additional effects of emerging factors such as television viewing time are not. The effect of socioeconomic deprivation on these extended lifestyle risks also remains unclear. We aimed to examine whether deprivation modifies the association between an extended score of lifestyle-related risk factors and health outcomes. METHODS Data for this prospective analysis were sourced from the UK Biobank, a prospective population-based cohort study. We assigned all participants an extended lifestyle score, with 1 point for each unhealthy lifestyle factor (incorporating sleep duration and high television viewing time, in addition to smoking, excessive alcohol, poor diet [low intake of oily fish or fruits and vegetables, and high intake of red meat or processed meats], and low physical activity), categorised as most healthy (score 0-2), moderately healthy (score 3-5), or least healthy (score 6-9). Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between lifestyle score and health outcomes (all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality and incidence), and whether this association was modified by deprivation. All analyses were landmark analyses, in which participants were excluded if they had an event (death or cardiovascular disease event) within 2 years of recruitment. Participants with non-communicable diseases (except hypertension) and missing covariate data were excluded from analyses. Participants were also excluded if they reported implausible values for physical activity, sleep duration, and total screen time. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, month of assessment, history of hypertension, systolic blood pressure, medication for hypercholesterolaemia or hypertension, and body-mass index categories. FINDINGS 328 594 participants aged 40-69 years were included in the study, with a mean follow-up period of 4·9 years (SD 0·83) after the landmark period for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, and 4·1 years (0·81) for cardiovascular disease incidence. In the least deprived quintile, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) in the least healthy lifestyle category, compared with the most healthy category, was 1·65 (95% CI 1·25-2·19) for all-cause mortality, 1·93 (1·16-3·20) for cardiovascular disease mortality, and 1·29 (1·10-1·52) for cardiovascular disease incidence. Equivalent HRs in the most deprived quintile were 2·47 (95% CI 2·04-3·00), 3·36 (2·36-4·76), and 1·41 (1·25-1·60), respectively. The HR for trend for one increment change towards least healthy in the least deprived quintile compared with that in the most deprived quintile was 1·25 (95% CI 1·12-1·39) versus 1·55 (1·40-1·70) for all-cause mortality, 1·30 (1·05-1·61) versus 1·83 (1·54-2·18) for cardiovascular disease mortality, and 1·10 (1·04-1·17) versus 1·16 (1·09-1·23) for cardiovascular disease incidence. A significant interaction was found between lifestyle and deprivation for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality (both pinteraction<0·0001), but not for cardiovascular disease incidence (pinteraction=0·11). INTERPRETATION Wide combinations of lifestyle factors are associated with disproportionate harm in deprived populations. Social and fiscal policies that reduce poverty are needed alongside public health and individual-level interventions that address a wider range of lifestyle factors in areas of deprivation. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish M E Foster
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Barbara I Nicholl
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fanny Petermann-Rocha
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jill P Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jason M R Gill
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Frances S Mair
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Papadakaki M, Lionis C, Saridaki A, Dowrick C, de Brún T, O'Reilly-de Brún M, O'Donnell CA, Burns N, van Weel-Baumgarten E, van den Muijsenbergh M, Spiegel W, MacFarlane A. Exploring barriers to primary care for migrants in Greece in times of austerity: Perspectives of service providers. Eur J Gen Pract 2018; 23:128-134. [PMID: 28388310 PMCID: PMC5774264 DOI: 10.1080/13814788.2017.1307336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Migration in Europe is increasing at an unprecedented rate. There is an urgent need to develop ‘migrant-sensitive healthcare systems’. However, there are many barriers to healthcare for migrants. Despite Greece’s recent, significant experiences of inward migration during a period of economic austerity, little is known about Greek primary care service providers’ experiences of delivering care to migrants. Objectives: To identify service providers’ views on the barriers to migrant healthcare. Methods: Qualitative study involving six participatory learning and action (PLA) focus group sessions with nine service providers. Data generation was informed by normalization process theory (NPT). Thematic analysis was applied to identify barriers to efficient migrant healthcare. Results: Three main provider and system-related barriers emerged: (a) emphasis on major challenges in healthcare provision, (b) low perceived control and effectiveness to support migrant healthcare, and (c) attention to impoverished local population. Conclusion: The study identified major provider and system-related barriers in the provision of primary healthcare to migrants. It is important for the healthcare system in Greece to provide appropriate supports for communication in cross-cultural consultations for its diversifying population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papadakaki
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece.,b Department of Social Work , School of Health and Social Welfare, Technological Educational Institute of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
| | - Christos Lionis
- a Faculty of Medicine , University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
| | | | - Christopher Dowrick
- c Institute of Psychology, Health and Society , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Tomas de Brún
- d Discipline of General Practice , School of Medicine, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Mary O'Reilly-de Brún
- d Discipline of General Practice , School of Medicine, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- e General Practice and Primary Care , Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Nicola Burns
- e General Practice and Primary Care , Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK.,f Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness College, Lancaster University , Lancaster , UK
| | | | - Maria van den Muijsenbergh
- g Department of Primary and Community Care Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen The Netherlands.,h Pharos Centre of Expertise on Health Disparities , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Spiegel
- i Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Anne MacFarlane
- j Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
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31
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Vos SJB, van Boxtel MPJ, Schiepers OJG, Deckers K, de Vugt M, Carrière I, Dartigues JF, Peres K, Artero S, Ritchie K, Galluzzo L, Scafato E, Frisoni GB, Huisman M, Comijs HC, Sacuiu SF, Skoog I, Irving K, O'Donnell CA, Verhey FRJ, Visser PJ, Köhler S. Modifiable Risk Factors for Prevention of Dementia in Midlife, Late Life and the Oldest-Old: Validation of the LIBRA Index. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:537-547. [PMID: 28453475 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the LIfestyle for BRAin health (LIBRA) index was developed to assess an individual's prevention potential for dementia. OBJECTIVE We investigated the predictive validity of the LIBRA index for incident dementia in midlife, late life, and the oldest-old. METHODS 9,387 non-demented individuals were recruited from the European population-based DESCRIPA study. An individual's LIBRA index was calculated solely based on modifiable risk factors: depression, diabetes, physical activity, hypertension, obesity, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, coronary heart disease, and mild/moderate alcohol use. Cox regression was used to test the predictive validity of LIBRA for dementia at follow-up (mean 7.2 y, range 1-16). RESULTS In midlife (55-69 y, n = 3,256) and late life (70-79 y, n = 4,320), the risk for dementia increased with higher LIBRA scores. Individuals in the intermediate- and high-risk groups had a higher risk of dementia than those in the low-risk group. In the oldest-old (80-97 y, n = 1,811), higher LIBRA scores did not increase the risk for dementia. CONCLUSION LIBRA might be a useful tool to identify individuals for primary prevention interventions of dementia in midlife, and maybe in late life, but not in the oldest-old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J B Vos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P J van Boxtel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Olga J G Schiepers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kay Deckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein de Vugt
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Carrière
- Inserm, U1061, Montpellier, France.,University Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Peres
- University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219 - Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvaine Artero
- Inserm, U1061, Montpellier, France.,University Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Inserm, U1061, Montpellier, France.,University Montpellier, U1061, Montpellier, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Lucia Galluzzo
- Population Health and Health Determinants Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Scafato
- Population Health and Health Determinants Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Martijn Huisman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Sociology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannie C Comijs
- Department Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Medical Center, GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simona F Sacuiu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kate Irving
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Frans R J Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Neuroscience Campus, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Schiepers OJG, Köhler S, Deckers K, Irving K, O'Donnell CA, van den Akker M, Verhey FRJ, Vos SJB, de Vugt ME, van Boxtel MPJ. Lifestyle for Brain Health (LIBRA): a new model for dementia prevention. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:167-175. [PMID: 28247500 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Modifiable risk factors for dementia were recently identified and compiled in a systematic review. The 'Lifestyle for Brain Health' (LIBRA) score, reflecting someone's potential for dementia prevention, was studied in a large longitudinal population-based sample with respect to predicting cognitive change over an observation period of up to 16 years. METHODS Lifestyle for Brain Health was calculated at baseline for 949 participants aged 50-81 years from the Maastricht Ageing Study. The predictive value of LIBRA for incident dementia and cognitive impairment was examined by using Cox proportional hazard models and by testing its relation with cognitive decline. RESULTS Lifestyle for Brain Health predicted future risk of dementia, as well as risk of cognitive impairment. A one-point increase in LIBRA score related to 19% higher risk for dementia and 9% higher risk for cognitive impairment. LIBRA predicted rate of decline in processing speed, but not memory or executive functioning. CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle for Brain Health (LIBRA) may help in identifying and monitoring risk status in dementia-prevention programmes, by targeting modifiable, lifestyle-related risk factors. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga J G Schiepers
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kay Deckers
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kate Irving
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marjan van den Akker
- Department of General Practice, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans R J Verhey
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J B Vos
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein E de Vugt
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P J van Boxtel
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Blane DN, Macdonald S, Morrison D, O'Donnell CA. The role of primary care in adult weight management: qualitative interviews with key stakeholders in weight management services. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:764. [PMID: 29162111 PMCID: PMC5698950 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary care has a key role to play in the prevention and management of obesity, but there remain barriers to engagement in weight management by primary care practitioners. The aim of this study was to explore the views of key stakeholders in adult weight management services on the role of primary care in adult weight management. Methods Qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with nine senior dietitians involved in NHS weight management from seven Scottish health boards. Transcripts were analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Results A range of tensions were apparent within three key themes: weight management service issues, the role of primary care, and communication with primary care. For weight management services, these tensions were around funding, the management model of obesity, and how to configure access to services. For primary care, they were around what primary care should be doing, who should be doing it, and where this activity should fit within wider weight management policy. With regard to communication between weight management services and primary care, there were tensions related to the approach taken (locally adapted versus centralised), the message being communicated (weight loss versus wellbeing), and the response from practitioners (engagement versus resistance). Conclusions Primary care can do more to support adult weight management, but this requires better engagement and communication with weight management services, to overcome the tensions highlighted in this study. This, in turn, requires more secure, sustained funding. The example of smoking cessation in the UK, where there is a network of well-resourced NHS Stop Smoking Services, accessible via different means, could be a model to follow. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-017-2729-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Blane
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK
| | - Sara Macdonald
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK
| | - David Morrison
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK. Kate.O'
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Blane DN, McLoone P, Morrison D, Macdonald S, O'Donnell CA. Patient and practice characteristics predicting attendance and completion at a specialist weight management service in the UK: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e018286. [PMID: 29162575 PMCID: PMC5719278 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between patient and referring practice characteristics and attendance and completion at a specialist health service weight management service (WMS). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Regional specialist WMS located in the West of Scotland. PARTICIPANTS 9677 adults with obesity referred between 2012 and 2014; 3250 attending service and 2252 completing. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome measure was attendance at the WMS; secondary outcome was completion, defined as attending four or more sessions. ANALYSIS Multilevel binary logistic regression models constructed to determine the association between patient and practice characteristics and attendance and completion. RESULTS Approximately one-third of the 9677 obese adults referred attended at least one session (n=3250, 33.6%); only 2252 (23%) completed by attending four or more sessions. Practice referrals ranged from 1 to 257. Patient-level characteristics were strongest predictors of attendance; odds of attendance increased with age (OR 4.14, 95% CI 3.27 to 5.26 for adults aged 65+ compared with those aged 18-24), body mass index (BMI) category (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.15 for BMI 45+ compared with BMI 30-35) and increasing affluence (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.28). Practice-level characteristics most strongly associated with attendance were being a non-training practice, having a larger list size and not being located in the most deprived areas. CONCLUSIONS There was wide variation in referral rates across general practice, suggesting that there is still much to do to improve engagement with weight management by primary care practitioners. The high attrition rate from referral to attendance and from attendance to completion suggests ongoing barriers for patients, particularly those from the most socioeconomically deprived areas. Patient and practice-level characteristics can help us understand the observed variation in attendance at specialist WMS following general practitioner (GP) referral and the underlying explanations for these differences merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Blane
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Philip McLoone
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David Morrison
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sara Macdonald
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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O'Reilly-de Brún M, de Brún T, O'Donnell CA, Papadakaki M, Saridaki A, Lionis C, Burns N, Dowrick C, Gravenhorst K, Spiegel W, Van Weel C, Van Weel-Baumgarten E, Van den Muijsenbergh M, MacFarlane A. Material practices for meaningful engagement: An analysis of participatory learning and action research techniques for data generation and analysis in a health research partnership. Health Expect 2017; 21:159-170. [PMID: 28841753 PMCID: PMC5750692 DOI: 10.1111/hex.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The material practices which researchers use in research partnerships may enable or constrain the nature of engagement with stakeholder groups. Participatory learning and action (PLA) research approaches show promise, but there has been no detailed analysis of stakeholders' and researchers' experiences of PLA techniques for data generation and co-analysis. OBJECTIVES To explore stakeholders' and researchers' experiences of PLA techniques for data generation and co-analysis. DESIGN The EU RESTORE implementation science project employed a participatory approach to investigate and support the implementation of guidelines and training initiatives (GTIs) to enhance communication in cross-cultural primary care consultations. We developed a purposeful sample of 78 stakeholders (migrants, general practice staff, community interpreters, service providers, service planners) from primary care settings in Austria, England, Greece, Ireland and The Netherlands. We used speed evaluations and participatory evaluations to explore their experiences of two PLA techniques-Commentary Charts and Direct Ranking-which were intended to generate data for co-analysis by stakeholders about the GTIs under analysis. We evaluated 16 RESTORE researchers' experiences using interviews. We conducted thematic and content analysis of all evaluation data. RESULTS PLA Commentary Charts and Direct Ranking techniques, with their visual, verbal and tangible nature and inherent analytical capabilities, were found to be powerful tools for involving stakeholders in a collaborative analysis of GTIs. Stakeholders had few negative experiences and numerous multifaceted positive experiences of meaningful engagement, which resonated with researchers' accounts. CONCLUSION PLA techniques and approaches are valuable as material practices in health research partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary O'Reilly-de Brún
- Discipline of General Practice, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Participatory Strategies, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tomas de Brún
- Discipline of General Practice, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Participatory Strategies, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Maria Papadakaki
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristoula Saridaki
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Lionis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nicola Burns
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Spiegel
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Chris Van Weel
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
| | - Evelyn Van Weel-Baumgarten
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
| | - Maria Van den Muijsenbergh
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
| | - Anne MacFarlane
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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O'Donnell CA, Mair FS, Dowrick C, Brún MOD, Brún TD, Burns N, Lionis C, Saridaki A, Papadakaki M, Muijsenbergh MVD, Weel-Baumgarten EV, Gravenhorst K, Cooper L, Princz C, Teunissen E, Mareeuw FVDD, Vlahadi M, Spiegel W, MacFarlane A. Supporting the use of theory in cross-country health services research: a participatory qualitative approach using Normalisation Process Theory as an example. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014289. [PMID: 28827231 PMCID: PMC5724160 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe and reflect on the process of designing and delivering a training programme supporting the use of theory, in this case Normalisation Process Theory (NPT), in a multisite cross-country health services research study. DESIGN Participatory research approach using qualitative methods. SETTING Six European primary care settings involving research teams from Austria, England, Greece, Ireland, The Netherlands and Scotland. PARTICIPANTS RESTORE research team consisting of 8 project applicants, all senior primary care academics, and 10 researchers. Professional backgrounds included general practitioners/family doctors, social/cultural anthropologists, sociologists and health services/primary care researchers. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Views of all research team members (n=18) were assessed using qualitative evaluation methods, analysed qualitatively by the trainers after each session. RESULTS Most of the team had no experience of using NPT and many had not applied theory to prospective, qualitative research projects. Early training proved didactic and overloaded participants with information. Drawing on RESTORE's methodological approach of Participatory Learning and Action, workshops using role play, experiential interactive exercises and light-hearted examples not directly related to the study subject matter were developed. Evaluation showed the study team quickly grew in knowledge and confidence in applying theory to fieldwork.Recommendations applicable to other studies include: accepting that theory application is not a linear process, that time is needed to address researcher concerns with the process, and that experiential, interactive learning is a key device in building conceptual and practical knowledge. An unanticipated benefit was the smooth transition to cross-country qualitative coding of study data. CONCLUSION A structured programme of training enhanced and supported the prospective application of a theory, NPT, to our work but raised challenges. These were not unique to NPT but could arise with the application of any theory, especially in large multisite, international projects. The lessons learnt are applicable to other theoretically informed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher Dowrick
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mary O'Reilly-de Brún
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tomas de Brún
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nicola Burns
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster Medical School, Furness College, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK
| | | | | | - Maria Papadakaki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Social Work, School of Health and Social Welfare, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria van den Muijsenbergh
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Pharos Centre of Expertise on Health Disparities, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evelyn van Weel-Baumgarten
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Gravenhorst
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lucy Cooper
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christine Princz
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Teunissen
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Vlahadi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Wolfgang Spiegel
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne MacFarlane
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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O'Donnell CA, Rosenthal J, Moore M, Francis N, Sharp D, Jones R, Mallen C, Campbell J. General practice needs ongoing commitment to training budgets. BMJ 2017; 357:j2401. [PMID: 28522694 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow G12 9LX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Roger Jones
- British Journal of General Practice, London, UK
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O'Connor S, Hanlon P, O'Donnell CA, Garcia S, Glanville J, Mair FS. Understanding factors affecting patient and public engagement and recruitment to digital health interventions: a systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2016; 16:120. [PMID: 27630020 PMCID: PMC5024516 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-016-0359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous types of digital health interventions (DHIs) are available to patients and the public but many factors affect their ability to engage and enrol in them. This systematic review aims to identify and synthesise the qualitative literature on barriers and facilitators to engagement and recruitment to DHIs to inform future implementation efforts. Methods PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and the ACM Digital Library were searched for English language qualitative studies from 2000 – 2015 that discussed factors affecting engagement and enrolment in a range of DHIs (e.g. ‘telemedicine’, ‘mobile applications’, ‘personal health record’, ‘social networking’). Text mining and additional search strategies were used to identify 1,448 records. Two reviewers independently carried out paper screening, quality assessment, data extraction and analysis. Data was analysed using framework synthesis, informed by Normalization Process Theory, and Burden of Treatment Theory helped conceptualise the interpretation of results. Results Nineteen publications were included in the review. Four overarching themes that affect patient and public engagement and enrolment in DHIs emerged; 1) personal agency and motivation; 2) personal life and values; 3) the engagement and recruitment approach; and 4) the quality of the DHI. The review also summarises engagement and recruitment strategies used. A preliminary DIgital Health EnGagement MOdel (DIEGO) was developed to highlight the key processes involved. Existing knowledge gaps are identified and a number of recommendations made for future research. Study limitations include English language publications and exclusion of grey literature. Conclusion This review summarises and highlights the complexity of digital health engagement and recruitment processes and outlines issues that need to be addressed before patients and the public commit to digital health and it can be implemented effectively. More work is needed to create successful engagement strategies and better quality digital solutions that are personalised where possible and to gain clinical accreditation and endorsement when appropriate. More investment is also needed to improve computer literacy and ensure technologies are accessible and affordable for those who wish to sign up to them. Systematic review registration International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42015029846 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12911-016-0359-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan O'Connor
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horslethill Rd, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK.,School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter Hanlon
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horslethill Rd, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horslethill Rd, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK
| | | | | | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horslethill Rd, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK.
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O'Connor S, Hanlon P, O'Donnell CA, Garcia S, Glanville J, Mair FS. Barriers and facilitators to patient and public engagement and recruitment to digital health interventions: protocol of a systematic review of qualitative studies. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010895. [PMID: 27591017 PMCID: PMC5020860 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients and the public are beginning to use digital health tools to assist in managing chronic illness, support independent living and self-care, and remain connected to health and care providers. However, engaging with and enrolling in digital health interventions, such as telehealth systems, mobile health applications, patient portals and personal health records, in order to use them varies considerably. Many factors affect people's ability to engage with and sign up to digital health platforms. OBJECTIVES The primary aim is to identify the barriers and facilitators patients and the public experience to engagement and recruitment to digital health interventions. The secondary aim is to identify engagement and enrolment strategies, leading if possible to a taxonomy of such approaches, and a conceptual framework of digital health engagement and recruitment processes. METHODS A systematic review of qualitative studies will be conducted by searching six databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and the ACM Digital Library for papers published between 2000 and 2015. Titles and abstracts along with full-text papers will be screened by two independent reviewers against predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A data extraction form will be used to provide details of the included studies. Quality assessment will be conducted using the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion with an independent third reviewer. Analysis will be guided by framework synthesis and informed by normalization process theory and burden of treatment theory, to aid conceptualisation of digital health engagement and recruitment processes. DISCUSSION This systematic review of qualitative studies will explore factors affecting engagement and enrolment in digital health interventions. It will advance our understanding of readiness for digital health by examining the complex factors that affect patients' and the public's ability to take part. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42015029846.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan O'Connor
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter Hanlon
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sonia Garcia
- York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, UK
| | - Julie Glanville
- York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, UK
| | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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de Brún T, O'Reilly-de Brún M, O'Donnell CA, MacFarlane A. Learning from doing: the case for combining normalisation process theory and participatory learning and action research methodology for primary healthcare implementation research. BMC Health Serv Res 2016; 16:346. [PMID: 27488361 PMCID: PMC4972957 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The implementation of research findings is not a straightforward matter. There are substantive and recognised gaps in the process of translating research findings into practice and policy. In order to overcome some of these translational difficulties, a number of strategies have been proposed for researchers. These include greater use of theoretical approaches in research focused on implementation, and use of a wider range of research methods appropriate to policy questions and the wider social context in which they are placed. However, questions remain about how to combine theory and method in implementation research. In this paper, we respond to these proposals. Discussion Focussing on a contemporary social theory, Normalisation Process Theory, and a participatory research methodology, Participatory Learning and Action, we discuss the potential of their combined use for implementation research. We note ways in which Normalisation Process Theory and Participatory Learning and Action are congruent and may therefore be used as heuristic devices to explore, better understand and support implementation. We also provide examples of their use in our own research programme about community involvement in primary healthcare. Conclusions Normalisation Process Theory alone has, to date, offered useful explanations for the success or otherwise of implementation projects post-implementation. We argue that Normalisation Process Theory can also be used to prospectively support implementation journeys. Furthermore, Normalisation Process Theory and Participatory Learning and Action can be used together so that interventions to support implementation work are devised and enacted with the expertise of key stakeholders. We propose that the specific combination of this theory and methodology possesses the potential, because of their combined heuristic force, to offer a more effective means of supporting implementation projects than either one might do on its own, and of providing deeper understandings of implementation contexts, rather than merely describing change. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1587-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas de Brún
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Mary O'Reilly-de Brún
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anne MacFarlane
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Lionis C, Papadakaki M, Saridaki A, Dowrick C, O'Donnell CA, Mair FS, van den Muijsenbergh M, Burns N, de Brún T, O'Reilly de Brún M, van Weel-Baumgarten E, Spiegel W, MacFarlane A. Engaging migrants and other stakeholders to improve communication in cross-cultural consultation in primary care: a theoretically informed participatory study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010822. [PMID: 27449890 PMCID: PMC4964217 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Guidelines and training initiatives (G/TIs) are available to support communication in cross-cultural consultations but are rarely implemented in routine practice in primary care. As part of the European Union RESTORE project, our objective was to explore whether the available G/TIs make sense to migrants and other key stakeholders and whether they could collectively choose G/TIs and engage in their implementation in primary care settings. SETTING As part of a comparative analysis of 5 linked qualitative case studies, we used purposeful and snowball sampling to recruit migrants and other key stakeholders in primary care settings in Austria, England, Greece, Ireland and the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS A total of 78 stakeholders participated in the study (Austria 15, England 9, Ireland 11, Greece 16, Netherlands 27), covering a range of groups (migrants, general practitioners, nurses, administrative staff, interpreters, health service planners). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES We combined Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) and Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) research to conduct a series of PLA style focus groups. Using a standardised protocol, stakeholders' discussions about a set of G/TIs were recorded on PLA commentary charts and their selection process was recorded through a PLA direct-ranking technique. We performed inductive and deductive thematic analysis to investigate sensemaking and engagement with the G/TIs. RESULTS The need for new ways of working was strongly endorsed by most stakeholders. Stakeholders considered that they were the right people to drive the work forward and were keen to enrol others to support the implementation work. This was evidenced by the democratic selection by stakeholders in each setting of one G/TI as a local implementation project. CONCLUSIONS This theoretically informed participatory approach used across 5 countries with diverse healthcare systems could be used in other settings to establish positive conditions for the start of implementation journeys for G/TIs to improve healthcare for migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Papadakaki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Social Work, School of Health and Social Welfare, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Christopher Dowrick
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow
| | - Frances S Mair
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow
| | - Maria van den Muijsenbergh
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Pharos Centre of Expertise on Health Disparities, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Burns
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster Medical School, Furness College, University of Lancaster, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Tomas de Brún
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mary O'Reilly de Brún
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Wolfgang Spiegel
- Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne MacFarlane
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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de Wet C, Black C, Luty S, McKay J, O'Donnell CA, Bowie P. Implementation of the trigger review method in Scottish general practices: patient safety outcomes and potential for quality improvement. BMJ Qual Saf 2016; 26:335-342. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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O'Connor S, Devlin AM, McGee-Lennon M, Bouamrane MM, O'Donnell CA, Mair FS. Factors Affecting Participation in the eRedBook: A Personal Child Health Record. Stud Health Technol Inform 2016; 225:971-972. [PMID: 27332437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A personal child health record called the eRedBook was recently piloted in the United Kingdom. A qualitative exploratory case study was used to examine how public health nurses engaged or recruited parents and what factors hindered participation. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with those implementing the eRedBook and those taking part in the pilot study. A range of project documentation was also reviewed. Thematic analysis using the framework approach was applied to draw out themes. Numerous socio-technical factors such as the usability of the software, concerns over data protection and costs, poor digital literacy skills and a lack of Internet connectivity emerged. These barriers need to be addressed before the eRedBook is implemented nationwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan O'Connor
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Devlin
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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O'Connor S, Bouamrane MM, O'Donnell CA, Mair FS. Barriers to Co-Designing Mobile Technology with Persons with Dementia and Their Carers. Stud Health Technol Inform 2016; 225:1028-1029. [PMID: 27332466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mobile applications can be used to help manage different aspects of long-term illnesses but many are not designed to meet the specific needs of people with dementia or their carers. This case study explores the barriers experienced when co-producing a memory and reminiscence app. A focus group and interviews were conducted with patient/carer dyads, an occupational therapist, project manager and software engineer involved in the design of the app. Data was analysed thematically using the framework approach. Several limitations such as poor technical knowledge and skills, negative attitudes and inaccurate perceptions of people with dementia slowed down or changed how the mobile app was developed. Compromises also had to be made over the final design of the app. More research to explore how mobile apps are co-designed with patients is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan O'Connor
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Work, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, UK
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O'Donnell CA, Browne S, Pierce M, McConnachie A, Deckers K, van Boxtel MPJ, Manera V, Köhler S, Redmond M, Verhey FRJ, van den Akker M, Power K, Irving K. Reducing dementia risk by targeting modifiable risk factors in mid-life: study protocol for the Innovative Midlife Intervention for Dementia Deterrence (In-MINDD) randomised controlled feasibility trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2015; 1:40. [PMID: 27965818 PMCID: PMC5154057 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-015-0035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dementia prevalence is increasing as populations live longer, with no cure and the costs of caring exceeding many other conditions. There is increasing evidence for modifiable risk factors which, if addressed in mid-life, can reduce the risk of developing dementia in later life. These include physical inactivity, low cognitive activity, mid-life obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. This study aims to assess the acceptability and feasibility and impact of giving those in mid-life, aged between 40 and 60 years, an individualised dementia risk modification score and profile and access to personalised on-line health information and goal setting in order to support the behaviour change required to reduce such dementia risk. A secondary aim is to understand participants’ and practitioners’ views of dementia prevention and explore the acceptability and integration of the Innovative Midlife Intervention for Dementia Deterrence (In-MINDD) intervention into daily life and routine practice. Methods/design In-MINDD is a multi-centre, primary care-based, single-blinded randomised controlled feasibility trial currently being conducted in four European countries (France, Ireland, the Netherlands and the UK). Participants are being recruited from participating general practices. Inclusion criteria will include age between 40 and 60 years; at least one modifiable risk factor for dementia risk (including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, renal dysfunction, current smoker, raised cholesterol, coronary heart disease, current or previous history of depression, self-reported sedentary lifestyle, and self-reported low cognitive activity) access to the Internet. Primary outcome measure will be a change in dementia risk modification score over the timescale of the trial (6 months). A qualitative process evaluation will interview a sample of participants and practitioners about their views on the acceptability and feasibility of the trial and the links between modifiable risk factors and dementia prevention. This work will be underpinned by Normalisation Process Theory. Discussion This study will explore the feasibility and acceptability of a risk profiler and on-line support environment to help individuals in mid-life assess their risk of developing dementia in later life and to take steps to alleviate that risk by tackling health-related behaviour change. Testing the intervention in a robust and theoretically informed manner will inform the development of a future, full-scale randomised controlled trial. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry: ISRCTN 98553005 (DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN98553005). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40814-015-0035-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX Scotland UK
| | - Susan Browne
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX Scotland UK
| | - Maria Pierce
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alex McConnachie
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kay Deckers
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P J van Boxtel
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Valeria Manera
- CoBTeK COgnition Behaviour Technology, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Muriel Redmond
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frans R J Verhey
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan van den Akker
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Power
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate Irving
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Valeria Manera
- CoBTeKCOgnition Behaviour Technology, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Maastricht University, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kate Irving
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Devlin AM, McGee-Lennon M, O'Donnell CA, Bouamrane MM, Agbakoba R, O'Connor S, Grieve E, Finch T, Wyke S, Watson N, Browne S, Mair FS. Delivering digital health and well-being at scale: lessons learned during the implementation of the dallas program in the United Kingdom. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2015; 23:48-59. [PMID: 26254480 PMCID: PMC4713902 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective
To identify implementation lessons from the United Kingdom Delivering Assisted Living Lifestyles at Scale (dallas) program—a large-scale, national technology program that aims to deliver a broad range of digital services and products to the public to promote health and well-being.
Materials and Methods
Prospective, longitudinal qualitative research study investigating implementation processes. Qualitative data collected includes semi-structured e-Health Implementation Toolkit–led interviews at baseline/mid-point (
n
= 38), quarterly evaluation, quarterly technical and barrier and solutions reports, observational logs, quarterly evaluation alignment interviews with project leads, observational data collected during meetings, and ethnographic data from dallas events (
n
> 200 distinct pieces of qualitative data). Data analysis was guided by Normalization Process Theory, a sociological theory that aids conceptualization of implementation issues in complex healthcare settings.
Results
Five key challenges were identified: 1) The challenge of establishing and maintaining large heterogeneous, multi-agency partnerships to deliver new models of healthcare; 2) The need for resilience in the face of barriers and set-backs including the backdrop of continually changing external environments; 3) The inherent tension between embracing innovative co-design and achieving delivery
at pace and at scale
; 4) The effects of branding and marketing issues in consumer healthcare settings; and 5) The challenge of interoperability and information governance, when commercial proprietary models are dominant.
Conclusions
The magnitude and ambition of the dallas program provides a unique opportunity to investigate the macro level implementation challenges faced when designing and delivering digital health and wellness services
at scale.
Flexibility, adaptability, and resilience are key implementation facilitators when shifting to new digitally enabled models of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Devlin
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marilyn McGee-Lennon
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matt-Mouley Bouamrane
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Agbakoba
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan O'Connor
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Grieve
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Finch
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Wyke
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Watson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Browne
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Frances S Mair
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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de Brún T, de-Brún MO, van Weel-Baumgarten E, van Weel C, Dowrick C, Lionis C, O'Donnell CA, Burns N, Mair FS, Saridaki A, Papadakaki M, Princz C, van den Muijsenbergh M, MacFarlane A. Guidelines and training initiatives that support communication in cross-cultural primary-care settings: appraising their implementability using Normalization Process Theory. Fam Pract 2015; 32:420-5. [PMID: 25917169 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines and training initiatives (G/TIs) available to support communication in cross-cultural primary health care consultations are not routinely used. We need to understand more about levers and barriers to their implementation and identify G/TIs likely to be successfully implemented in practice. OBJECTIVE To report a mapping process used to identify G/TIs and to prospectively appraise their implementability, using Normalization Process Theory (NPT). METHODS RESTORE is a 4-year EU FP-7 project. We used purposeful and network sampling to identify experts in statutory and non-statutory agencies across Austria, England, Greece, Ireland, Scotland and the Netherlands who recommended G/TI data from the grey literature. In addition, a peer review of literature was conducted in each country. Resulting data were collated using a standardized Protocol Mapping Document. G/TIs were identified for inclusion by (i) initial elimination of incomplete G/TI material; (ii) application of filtering criteria; and (iii) application of NPT. RESULTS 20 G/TIs met selection criteria: 8 guidelines and 12 training initiatives. Most G/TIs were identified in the Netherlands (n = 7), followed by Ireland (n = 6) and England (n = 5). Fewer were identified in Scotland (n = 2), and none in Greece or Austria. The majority (n = 13) were generated without the inclusion of migrant service users. All 20 were prospectively appraised for potential implementability by applying NPT. CONCLUSIONS NPT is useful as a means of prospectively testing G/TIs for implementability. Results indicate a need to initiate meaningful engagement of migrants in the development of G/TIs. A European-based professional standard for development and assessment of cross-cultural communication resources is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas de Brún
- Discipline of General Practice, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland,
| | | | | | - Chris van Weel
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Christos Lionis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola Burns
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frances S Mair
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aristoula Saridaki
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Papadakaki
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christine Princz
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and
| | | | - Anne MacFarlane
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Blane DN, Macdonald S, Morrison D, O'Donnell CA. Interventions targeted at primary care practitioners to improve the identification and referral of patients with co-morbid obesity: a realist review protocol. Syst Rev 2015; 4:61. [PMID: 25927993 PMCID: PMC4426175 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-015-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is one of the most significant public health challenges in the developed world. Recent policy has suggested that more can be done in primary care to support adults with obesity. In particular, general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses (PNs) could improve the identification and referral of adults with obesity to appropriate weight management services. Previous interventions targeted at primary care practitioners in this area have had mixed results, suggesting a more complex interplay between patients, practitioners, and systems. The objectives of this review are (i) to identify the underlying 'programme theory' of interventions targeted at primary care practitioners to improve the identification and referral of adults with obesity and (ii) to explore how and why GPs and PNs identify and refer individuals with obesity, particularly in the context of weight-related co-morbidity. This protocol will explain the rationale for using a realist review approach and outline the key steps in this process. METHODS Realist review is a theory-led approach to knowledge synthesis that provides an explanatory analysis aimed at discerning what works, for whom, in what circumstances, how, and why. In this review, scoping interviews with key stakeholders involved in the planning and delivery of adult weight management services in Scotland helped to inform the identification of formal theories - from psychology, sociology, and implementation science - that will be tested as the review progresses. A comprehensive search strategy is described, including scope for iterative searching. Data analysis is outlined in three stages (describing context-mechanism-outcome configurations, exploring patterns in these configurations, and developing and testing middle-range theories, informed by the formal theories previously identified), culminating in the production of explanatory programme theory that considers individual, interpersonal, and institutional/systems-level components. DISCUSSION This is the first realist review that we are aware of looking at interventions targeted at primary care practitioners to improve the weight management of adults with obesity. Engagement with stakeholders at an early stage is a unique feature of realist review. This shapes the scope of the review, identification of candidate theories and dissemination strategies. The findings of this review will inform policy and future interventions. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42014009391.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Blane
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK.
| | - Sara Macdonald
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK.
| | - David Morrison
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK.
| | - Catherine A O'Donnell
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow, G12 9LX, UK.
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Mackenzie M, Turner F, Platt S, Reid M, Wang Y, Clark J, Sridharan S, O'Donnell CA. What is the 'problem' that outreach work seeks to address and how might it be tackled? Seeking theory in a primary health prevention programme. BMC Health Serv Res 2011; 11:350. [PMID: 22204393 PMCID: PMC3266651 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventive approaches to health are disproportionately accessed by the more affluent and recent health improvement policy advocates the use of targeted preventive primary care to reduce risk factors in poorer individuals and communities. Outreach has become part of the health service response. Outreach has a long history of engaging those who do not otherwise access services. It has, however, been described as eclectic in its purpose, clientele and mode of practice; its effectiveness is unproven.Using a primary prevention programme in the UK as a case, this paper addresses two research questions: what are the perceived problems of non-engagement that outreach aims to address; and, what specific mechanisms of outreach are hypothesised to tackle these. METHODS Drawing on a wider programme evaluation, the study undertook qualitative interviews with strategically selected health-care professionals. The analysis was thematically guided by the concept of 'candidacy' which theorises the dynamic process through which services and individuals negotiate appropriate service use. RESULTS The study identified seven types of engagement 'problem' and corresponding solutions. These 'problems' lie on a continuum of complexity in terms of the challenges they present to primary care. Reasons for non-engagement are congruent with the concept of 'candidacy' but point to ways in which it can be expanded. CONCLUSIONS The paper draws conclusions about the role of outreach in contributing to the implementation of inequalities focused primary prevention and identifies further research needed in the theoretical development of both outreach as an approach and candidacy as a conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi Mackenzie
- Urban Studies, School of Social & Political Sciences/Institute of Health &Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 27 Bute Gdns, Glasgow, UK, G12 8RS.
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