IL-23 induces CLEC5A+ IL-17A+ neutrophils and elicit skin inflammation associated with psoriatic arthritis

IL-23-activation of IL-17 producing T cells is involved in many rheumatic diseases. Herein, we investigate the role of IL-23 in the activation of myeloid cell subsets that contribute to skin inflammation in mice and man. IL-23 gene transfer in WT, IL-23RGFP reporter mice and subsequent analysis with spectral cytometry show that IL-23 regulates early innate immune events by inducing the expansion of a myeloid MDL1+CD11b+Ly6G+ population that dictates epidermal hyperplasia, acanthosis, and parakeratosis; hallmark pathologic features of psoriasis. Genetic ablation of MDL-1, a major PU.1 transcriptional target during myeloid differentiation exclusively expressed in myeloid cells, completely prevents IL-23-pathology. Moreover, we show that IL-23-induced myeloid subsets are also capable of producing IL-17A and IL-23R+MDL1+ cells are present in the involved skin of psoriasis patients and gene expression correlations between IL-23 and MDL-1 have been validated in multiple patient cohorts. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel role of IL-23 in MDL-1-myelopoiesis that is responsible for skin inflammation and related pathologies. Our data open a new avenue of investigations regarding the role of IL-23 in the activation of myeloid immunoreceptors and their role in autoimmunity.

Improving acoustic wave propagation models in highly attenuating porous materials

This article presents an improved and extended modeling approach for acoustic wave propagation in rigid porous materials, focusing on examples, such as plastic foams used for noise reduction in automotive applications. We demonstrate that the classical model (Johnson-Champoux-Allard) in the asymptotic high-frequency limit, widely employed in the literature, fails to accurately reconstruct the transmitted acoustic signal through high absorbent porous materials characterized by significant wave attenuation. The study focuses on the airborne ultrasonic frequency range (30-200 kHz). To address this limitation, we introduce new non-acoustic parameters Σ and V for viscous effects, and Σ' and V' for thermal effects, with surface and volumetric dimensions, respectively, allowing for the reconstruction of the transmitted signal and accurate modeling of the pronounced acoustic attenuation within the material. These parameters are incorporated into the expansion on skin depths of the dynamic tortuosity α(ω) and thermal tortuosity α' (ω) response functions, which describe the inertial-viscous and thermal interactions between the fluid and the solid, respectively. This novel modeling approach enables a more comprehensive study of high attenuating porous media, which are crucial for effective noise reduction. Additionally, it opens up new possibilities for characterization beyond the capabilities of current models.

Interleukin-23 Regulates Inflammatory Osteoclastogenesis via Activation of CLEC5A(+) Osteoclast Precursors

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of interleukin-23 (IL-23) in pathologic bone remodeling in inflammatory arthritis.

METHODS

In this study we investigated the role of IL-23 in osteoclast differentiation and activation using in vivo gene transfer techniques in wild-type and myeloid DNAX-activation protein 12-associating lectin-1 (MDL-1)-deficient mice, and by performing in vitro and in vivo osteoclastogenesis assays using spectral flow cytometry, micro-computed tomography analysis, Western blotting, and immunoprecipitation.

RESULTS

Herein, we show that IL-23 induces the expansion of a myeloid osteoclast precursor population and supports osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in inflammatory arthritis. Genetic ablation of C-type lectin domain family member 5A, also known as MDL-1, prevents the induction of osteoclast precursors by IL-23 that is associated with bone destruction, as commonly observed in inflammatory arthritis. Moreover, osteoclasts derived from the bone marrow of MDL-1-deficient mice showed impaired osteoclastogenesis, and MDL-1-/- mice had increased bone mineral density.

CONCLUSION

Our data show that IL-23 signaling regulates the availability of osteoclast precursors in inflammatory arthritis that could be effectively targeted for the treatment of inflammatory bone loss in inflammatory arthritis.

Peripheral γδ T Cells Regulate Neutrophil Expansion and Recruitment in Experimental Psoriatic Arthritis

OBJECTIVE

This study was undertaken to identify the mechanistic role of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of experimental psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

METHODS

In this study, we performed interleukin-23 (IL-23) gene transfer in wild-type (WT) and T cell receptor δ-deficient (TCRδ-/- ) mice and conducted tissue phenotyping in the joint, skin, and nails to characterize the inflammatory infiltrate. We further performed detailed flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, RNA sequencing, T cell repertoire analysis, and in vitro T cell polarization assays to identify regulatory mechanisms of γδ T cells.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that γδ T cells support systemic granulopoiesis, which is critical for murine PsA-like pathology. Briefly, γδ T cell ablation inhibited the expression of neutrophil chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 and neutrophil CD11b+Ly6G+ accumulation in the aforementioned PsA-related tissues. Although significantly reduced expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-17A was detected systemically in TCRδ-/- mice, no GM-CSF+/IL-17A+ γδ T cells were detected locally in the inflamed skin or bone marrow in WT mice. Our data showed that nonresident γδ T cells regulate the expansion of an CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophil population and their recruitment to joint and skin tissues, where they develop hallmark pathologic features of human PsA.

CONCLUSION

Our findings do not support the notion that tissue-resident γδ T cells initiate the disease but demonstrate a novel role of γδ T cells in neutrophil regulation that can be exploited therapeutically in PsA patients.

Permeability of polydisperse solid foams

The effect of polydispersity on foam permeability is investigated by numerical simulations. Foam structures are first generated by Laguerre tessellations via the Neper software and relaxed to minimize the surface energy via the Surface Evolver software. The fluid flow and permeability are then calculated by means of pore-network simulations, by considering either fully open-cell foams or foams with randomly selected closed windows. Different configurations of window aperture are used, including identical window aperture size, identical window aperture ratio, or random window aperture ratio. The main results are obtained for the case of foams having identical and uniform window aperture ratios. For such foams and at constant mean pore size, foam permeability is found to strongly increase with the polydispersity degree. The numerical results are employed to discuss the validity of the mean pressure field assumption used to calculate the foam permeability, the effect of small pores, and the definition of an equivalent Kelvin foam size. We show that as long as the fluctuations of the window aperture ratio remain low, foam permeability can be estimated by using the mean pressure field hypothesis. The weak effect of small pores on permeability is related to their small contribution to the overall fluid volume fraction. Finally, various estimations of the equivalent Kelvin foam size based on pore-size distribution are proposed.

Pharmacological properties of ginsenosides in inflammation-derived cancers

Ginseng is commonly used as an herbal medicine for improvement of life quality. It is also used as a supplemental medication with anti-cancer drugs to enhance chemotherapy efficacy and shows some beneficial effects. Ginsenosides, also known as saponins, are the major active pharmacological compounds found in ginseng and have been extensively using in treatment of not only cancers but also the other inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, acute lung injury, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases. The anti-cancer activities of ginsengs and ginsenosides in different types of cancers have been well studied experimentally and clinically. The major anti-cancer mechanisms of ginseng compounds include inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis as well as induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Herein, we review and summarize the current knowledge on the pharmacological effects of ginsengs and ginseng-derived compounds in the treatment of cancers. Moreover, the molecular and cellular mechanism(s) by which ginsengs and ginsenosides modulate the immune response in cancer diseases as well as ginsengs-drugs interaction are also discussed.

The Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry 2010-2019: A Decade of Facilitating Clinical Research Througha Nationwide, Pan-NeuromuscularDisease Registry

We report the recruitment activities and outcomes of a multi-disease neuromuscular patient registry in Canada. The Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry (CNDR) registers individuals across Canada with a confirmed diagnosis of a neuromuscular disease. Diagnosis and contact information are collected across all diseases and detailed prospective data is collected for 5 specific diseases: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), Myotonic Dystrophy (DM), Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD), and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). Since 2010, the CNDR has registered 4306 patients (1154 pediatric and 3148 adult) with 91 different neuromuscular diagnoses and has facilitated 125 projects (73 academic, 3 not-for-profit, 3 government, and 46 commercial) using registry data. In conclusion, the CNDR is an effective and productive pan-neuromuscular registry that has successfully facilitated a substantial number of studies over the past 10 years.

Potential therapeutic and pharmacological effects of Wogonin: an updated review

Flavonoids are members of polyphenolic compounds, which are naturally presented in fruits, vegetables, and some medicinal plants. Traditionally, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis is widely used as Chinese herbal medicine and contains several major bioactive compounds such as Wogonin, Scutellarein, Baicalein, and Baicalin. Experimental and clinical evidence has been proving that Wogonin exhibits diverse biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, and treatment of bacterial and viral infections. In this review, we summarize and emphasize the benefits of Wogonin as a therapeutic adjuvant for anti-viral infection, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection as well as anxiolytic and anticonvulsant. Moreover, the molecular mechanism(s) how Wogonin mediates the cellular signal pathways and immune responses are also discussed and highlighted valuable properties of Wogonin in multiple therapies.

Molecular identification and characterisation of a novel chicken leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A5

1. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A5 (LILRA5) is a key molecule that regulates the immune system. However, the LILRA5 gene has not been characterised in avian species, including chickens. The present study aimed to identify and functionally characterise LILRA5 identified from two genetically disparate chicken lines, viz., Marek's disease (MD)-resistant (R) line 6.3 and MD-susceptible (S) line 7.2. 2. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the identity and similarity homologies of amino acids of LILRA5 in chicken lines 6.3 and 7.2 ranged between 93% and 93.7%, whereas those between chicken and mammals ranged between 20.9% and 43.7% and 21.1% to 43.9%, respectively. The newly cloned LILRA5 from chicken lines 6.3 and 7.2 revealed high conservation and a close relationship with other known mammalian LILRA5 proteins. 3. The results indicated that LILRA5 from chicken lines 6.3 and 7.2 was associated with phosphorylation of Src kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (SHP2), which play a regulatory role in immune functions. Moreover, the results demonstrated that LILRA5 in these lines was associated with the activation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and β2-microglobulin and induced the expression of the transporter associated with antigen processing. In addition, LILRA5 in both chicken lines activated and induced Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and the activator of transcription (STAT), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signalling pathways; toll-like receptors; and Th1-, Th2-, and Th17- cytokines. 4. The data suggested that LILRA5 has innate immune receptors essential for macrophage immune response and provide novel insights into the regulation of immunity and immunopathology.

Correction to: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance native T2 and T2* quantitative values for cardiomyopathies and heart transplantations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Validation of thoracic aortic dimensions on ECG-triggered SSFP as alternative to contrast-enhanced MRA

Objectives

Assessment of thoracic aortic dimensions with non-ECG-triggered contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) is accompanied with motion artefacts and requires gadolinium. To avoid both motion artefacts and gadolinium administration, we evaluated the similarity and reproducibility of dimensions measured on ECG-triggered, balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) MRA as alternative to CE-MRA.

Methods

All patients, with varying medical conditions, referred for thoracic aortic examination between September 2016 and March 2018, who underwent non-ECG-triggered CE-MRA and SSFP-MRA (1.5 T) were retrospectively included (n = 30). Aortic dimensions were measured after double-oblique multiplanar reconstruction by two observers at nine landmarks predefined by literature guidelines. Image quality was scored at the sinus of Valsalva, mid-ascending aorta and mid-descending aorta by semi-automatically assessing the vessel sharpness.

Results

Aortic dimensions showed high agreement between non-ECG-triggered CE-MRA and SSFP-MRA (r = 0.99, p < 0.05) without overestimation or underestimation of aortic dimensions in SSFP-MRA (mean difference, 0.1 mm; limits of agreement, − 1.9 mm and 1.9 mm). Intra- and inter-observer variabilities were significantly smaller with SSFP-MRA for the sinus of Valsalva and sinotubular junction. Image quality of the sinus of Valsalva was significantly better with SSFP-MRA, as fewer images were of impaired quality (3/30) than in CE-MRA (21/30). Reproducibility of dimensions was significantly better in images scored as good quality compared to impaired quality in both sequences.

Conclusions

Thoracic aortic dimensions measured on SSFP-MRA and non-ECG-triggered CE-MRA were similar. As expected, SSFP-MRA showed better reproducibility close to the aortic root because of lesser motion artefacts, making it a feasible non-contrast imaging alternative.

Key Points

• SSFP-MRA provides similar dimensions as non-ECG-triggered CE-MRA.

• Intra- and inter-observer reproducibilities improve for the sinus of Valsalva and sinotubular junction with SSFP-MRA.

• ECG-triggered SSFP-MRA shows better image quality for landmarks close to the aortic root in the absence of cardiac motion.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s00330-020-06963-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance native T2 and T2* quantitative values for cardiomyopathies and heart transplantations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The clinical application of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) T2 and T2* mapping is currently limited as ranges for healthy and cardiac diseases are poorly defined. In this meta-analysis we aimed to determine the weighted mean of T2 and T2* mapping values in patients with myocardial infarction (MI), heart transplantation, non-ischemic cardiomyopathies (NICM) and hypertension, and the standardized mean difference (SMD) of each population with healthy controls. Additionally, the variation of mapping outcomes between studies was investigated.

METHODS

The PRISMA guidelines were followed after literature searches on PubMed and Embase. Studies reporting CMR T2 or T2* values measured in patients were included. The SMD was calculated using a random effects model and a meta-regression analysis was performed for populations with sufficient published data.

RESULTS

One hundred fifty-four studies, including 13,804 patient and 4392 control measurements, were included. T2 values were higher in patients with MI, heart transplantation, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, amyloidosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and myocarditis (SMD of 2.17, 1.05, 0.87, 1.39, 1.62, 1.95, 1.90 and 1.33, respectively, P <  0.01) compared with controls. T2 values in iron overload patients (SMD = - 0.54, P = 0.30) and Anderson-Fabry disease patients (SMD = 0.52, P = 0.17) did both not differ from controls. T2* values were lower in patients with MI and iron overload (SMD of - 1.99 and - 2.39, respectively, P <  0.01) compared with controls. T2* values in HCM patients (SMD = - 0.61, P = 0.22), DCM patients (SMD = - 0.54, P = 0.06) and hypertension patients (SMD = - 1.46, P = 0.10) did not differ from controls. Multiple CMR acquisition and patient demographic factors were assessed as significant covariates, thereby influencing the mapping outcomes and causing variation between studies.

CONCLUSIONS

The clinical utility of T2 and T2* mapping to distinguish affected myocardium in patients with cardiomyopathies or heart transplantation from healthy myocardium seemed to be confirmed based on this meta-analysis. Nevertheless, variation of mapping values between studies complicates comparison with external values and therefore require local healthy reference values to clinically interpret quantitative values. Furthermore, disease differentiation seems limited, since changes in T2 and T2* values of most cardiomyopathies are similar.

Homeostasis of histone acetylation is critical for auxin signaling and root morphogenesis

The auxin signaling and root morphogenesis are harmoniously controlled by two counteracted teams including (1) auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA)-histone deacetylase (HDA) and (2) auxin response factor (ARF)-histone acetyltransferase (HAT). The involvement of histone acetylation in the regulation of transcription was firstly reported a few decades ago. In planta, auxin is the first hormone group that was discovered and it is also the most studied phytohormone. Current studies have elucidated the functions of histone acetylation in the modulation of auxin signaling as well as in the regulation of root morphogenesis under both normal and stress conditions. Based on the recent outcomes, this review is to provide a hierarchical view about the functions of histone acetylation in auxin signaling and root morphogenesis. In this report, we suggest that the auxin signaling must be controlled harmoniously by two counteracted teams including (1) auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA)-histone deacetylase (HDA) and (2) auxin response factor (ARF)-histone acetyltransferase (HAT). Moreover, the balance in auxin signaling is very critical to contribute to normal root morphogenesis.

Experimental demonstration of memory-enhanced quantum communication

The ability to communicate quantum information over long distances is of central importance in quantum science and engineering¹. Although some applications of quantum communication such as secure quantum key distribution^2,3 are already being successfully deployed^4-7, their range is currently limited by photon losses and cannot be extended using straightforward measure-and-repeat strategies without compromising unconditional security⁸. Alternatively, quantum repeaters⁹, which utilize intermediate quantum memory nodes and error correction techniques, can extend the range of quantum channels. However, their implementation remains an outstanding challenge^10-16, requiring a combination of efficient and high-fidelity quantum memories, gate operations, and measurements. Here we use a single solid-state spin memory integrated in a nanophotonic diamond resonator^17-19 to implement asynchronous photonic Bell-state measurements, which are a key component of quantum repeaters. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we demonstrate high-fidelity operation that effectively enables quantum communication at a rate that surpasses the ideal loss-equivalent direct-transmission method while operating at megahertz clock speeds. These results represent a crucial step towards practical quantum repeaters and large-scale quantum networks^20,21.

Quantum Network Nodes Based on Diamond Qubits with an Efficient Nanophotonic Interface

Quantum networks require functional nodes consisting of stationary registers with the capability of high-fidelity quantum processing and storage, which efficiently interface with photons propagating in an optical fiber. We report a significant step towards realization of such nodes using a diamond nanocavity with an embedded silicon-vacancy (SiV) color center and a proximal nuclear spin. Specifically, we show that efficient SiV-cavity coupling (with cooperativity C>30) provides a nearly deterministic interface between photons and the electron spin memory, featuring coherence times exceeding 1 ms. Employing coherent microwave control, we demonstrate heralded single photon storage in the long-lived spin memory as well as a universal control over a cavity-coupled two-qubit register consisting of a SiV and a proximal ^{13}C nuclear spin with nearly second-long coherence time, laying the groundwork for implementing quantum repeaters.

The MYB-bHLH-WDR interferers (MBWi) epigenetically suppress the MBW's targets

Active repressors have been evidenced to function in different plant growth and development programs including hormonal signalling pathways. In Arabidopsis, the MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) complex is known to regulate different phenotypic traits such as anthocyanin biosynthesis, seed coat colour, trichome and root hair patterning. A number of transcription factors have been identified to play a negative role in the regulation of these traits via the interruption of MBW formation and function. Since these transcription factors work to interfere with the MBW complex, this review suggests their general name as MBW interferers (MBWi). Recent studies have shed light on the molecular mechanism of these MBWi and this review is aiming to provide a precise view of these MBWi. Moreover, from these, a new characteristic of active repressors is also updated.

γδ T cells in rheumatic diseases: from fundamental mechanisms to autoimmunity

The innate and adaptive arms of the immune system tightly regulate immune responses in order to maintain homeostasis and host defense. The interaction between those two systems is critical in the activation and suppression of immune responses which if unchecked may lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. γδ T cells are non-conventional lymphocytes, which express T cell receptor (TCR) γδ chains on their surface and straddle between innate and adaptive immunity. Recent advances in of γδ T cell biology have allowed us to expand our understanding of γδ T cell in the dysregulation of immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on γδ T cells and their roles in skin and joint inflammation as commonly observed in rheumatic diseases.

Superoxide Dismutase 3 Inhibits LL-37/KLK-5-Mediated Skin Inflammation through Modulation of EGFR and Associated Inflammatory Cascades

The expressions of LL-37 and KLK-5 were found to be altered in various dermatoses, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea. However, the downstream inflammatory effect of LL-37 and KLK-5 is not as well studied. In addition, there is little high-quality evidence for the treatment of LL-37- and KLK-5-mediated inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effect of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) on LL-37- or KLK-5-induced skin inflammation in vitro and in vivo and its underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Our data showed that SOD3 significantly reduced both LL-37- and KLK-5-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and suppressed the activation of EGFR, protease-activated receptor 2, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3, and p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways in human keratinocytes. Moreover, SOD3 suppressed LL-37-induced expression of inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species production, and p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in mast cells. In addition, subcutaneous injection of KLK-5 in SOD3 knockout mice exhibited erythema with increased epidermal thickness, mast cell and neutrophil infiltration, expression of inflammatory mediators, and activation of EGFR, protease-activated receptor 2, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3, and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. However, treatment with SOD3 in SOD3 knockout mice rescued KLK-5-induced inflammatory cascades. Similarly, KLK-5-induced inflammation in wild-type mice was also ameliorated when treated with SOD3. Taken together, our data suggest that SOD3 is a potentially effective therapy for both LL-37-and KLK-5-induced skin inflammation.

Enhanced therapeutic effects of human mesenchymal stem cells transduced with superoxide dismutase 3 in a murine atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation model

BACKGROUND

The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been proposed to treat various autoimmune diseases. However, effective strategies for treating atopic dermatitis (AD) are still lacking, and the mechanisms underlying stem cell therapy remain largely unknown. In this study, we sought to explore potential clinical application of superoxide dismutase 3-transduced MSCs (SOD3-MSCs) to experimental AD-like skin inflammation in in vitro and in vivo and its underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

METHODS

SOD3-MSCs were administered subcutaneously to mice with AD, and associated symptoms and biologic changes were evaluated. Human keratinocytes, mast cells, and murine T helper (Th) 2 cells were cocultured in vitro with SOD3-MSCs to investigate potential therapeutic effects of SOD3-MSCs.

RESULTS

In mice with AD, SOD3-MSCs ameliorated AD pathology and enhanced the efficacy of MSC therapy by controlling activated immune cells, by reducing expression levels of proinflammatory mediators in the skin, and by inhibiting the histamine H₄ receptor (H4R)-mediated inflammatory cascade and activation of Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. Similarly, coculture of SOD3-MSCs with mast cells, keratinocytes, and Th2 cells effectively dampened H4R-dependent persistent inflammatory responses by multiple mechanisms. Moreover, we also showed that SOD3 interacts with H4R and IL-4 receptor α. The functional significance of this interaction could be a markedly reduced inflammatory response in keratinocytes and overall AD pathogenesis, representing a novel mechanism for SOD3's anti-inflammatory effects.

CONCLUSION

SOD3-MSCs can be potentially used as an effective and clinically relevant therapy for AD and other autoimmune disorders.

Relative efficiency calibration for determining isotopic composition and age of HEU items by passive non-destructive gamma spectrometry

The observation of the 239 keV gamma line from ²³²U decay in high-enriched uranium (HEU) samples prompted us to utilize ²³²U (with main gamma energies of its daughters at 239, 583, 763, and 860 keV) as a mediator isotope for performing relative (intrinsic) efficiency calibration among ²³²U, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁸U, and ²¹⁴Bi isotopes. By this way, the isotopic composition and age of HEU samples can be derived from activity ratios constituted between pairs of these isotopes on the basis of a common relative efficiency calibration curve. The method proved to be a useful tool for γ-spectrometric characterization of HEU items, especially of weapon grade, shielded uranium material.

Pathophysiology and inhibition of IL-23 signaling in psoriatic arthritis: A molecular insight

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis of unknown etiology, and currently the cellular and molecular interactions that dictate its pathogenesis remain elusive. A role of the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/IL-23R (IL-23 receptor) interaction in the development of psoriasis and PsA is well established. As IL-23 regulates the differentiation and activation of innate and adaptive immunity, it pertains to a very complex pathophysiology involving a plethora of effectors and transducers. In this review, we will discuss recent advances on the cellular and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms that regulate the initiation and progression of PsA as well as new therapeutic approaches for IL-23/IL-23R targeted therapeutics.

Inhibitory effects of superoxide dismutase 3 on Propionibacterium acnes-induced skin inflammation

Propionibacterium acnes is a well-known commensal bacterium that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acne and chronic inflammatory skin disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) on P. acnes- or peptidoglycan (PGN)-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrated that SOD3 suppressed toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) expression in P. acnes- or PGN-treated keratinocytes and sebocytes. Moreover, we found that SOD3 suppressed the expressions of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and p38 in P. acnes- or PGN-treated cells. SOD3 also exhibited an anti-inflammatory role by reducing the expression of inflammasome-related proteins (NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1) and inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. In addition, SOD3 reduced lipid accumulation and expression of lipogenic regulators in P. acnes-treated sebocytes. Recombinant SOD3-treated wild-type mice and SOD3 transgenic mice, which were subcutaneously infected with P. acnes, showed tolerance to inflammation through reducing inflammatory cell infiltration in skin, ear thickness, and expression of inflammatory mediators. Our result showed that SOD3 could suppress the inflammation through inhibition of TLR2/p38/NF-κB axis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Therefore, SOD3 could be a promising candidate for treatment of P. acnes-mediated skin inflammation.

Inhibition of Autolysis by Lipase LipA in Streptococcus pneumoniae Sepsis

More than 50% of sepsis cases are associated with pneumonia. Sepsis is caused by infiltration of bacteria into the blood via inflammation, which is triggered by the release of cell wall components following lysis. However, the regulatory mechanism of lysis during infection is not well defined. Mice were infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 wild-type (WT) and lipase mutant (ΔlipA) intranasally (pneumonia model) or intraperitoneally (sepsis model), and survival rate and pneumococcal colonization were determined. LipA and autolysin (LytA) levels were determined by qPCR and western blotting. S. pneumoniae Spd_1447 in the D39 (type 2) strain was identified as a lipase (LipA). In the sepsis model, but not in the pneumonia model, mice infected with the ΔlipA displayed higher mortality rates than did the D39 WT-infected mice. Treatment of pneumococci with serum induced LipA expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. In the presence of serum, the ΔlipA displayed faster lysis rates and higher LytA expression than the WT, both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that a pneumococcal lipase (LipA) represses autolysis via inhibition of LytA in a sepsis model.

Silicon-Vacancy Spin Qubit in Diamond: A Quantum Memory Exceeding 10 ms with Single-Shot State Readout

The negatively charged silicon-vacancy (SiV^{-}) color center in diamond has recently emerged as a promising system for quantum photonics. Its symmetry-protected optical transitions enable the creation of indistinguishable emitter arrays and deterministic coupling to nanophotonic devices. Despite this, the longest coherence time associated with its electronic spin achieved to date (∼250  ns) has been limited by coupling to acoustic phonons. We demonstrate coherent control and suppression of phonon-induced dephasing of the SiV^{-} electronic spin coherence by 5 orders of magnitude by operating at temperatures below 500 mK. By aligning the magnetic field along the SiV^{-} symmetry axis, we demonstrate spin-conserving optical transitions and single-shot readout of the SiV^{-} spin with 89% fidelity. Coherent control of the SiV^{-} spin with microwave fields is used to demonstrate a spin coherence time T_{2} of 13 ms and a spin relaxation time T_{1} exceeding 1 s at 100 mK. These results establish the SiV^{-} as a promising solid-state candidate for the realization of quantum networks.

Soyfood and isoflavone intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in Vietnamese adults

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Animal studies have demonstrated that soy isoflavones exert antidiabetic effects. However, evidence regarding the association between soyfood intake, a unique source of isoflavones, and type 2 diabetes remains inconclusive. This study assessed the relationship between habitual intakes of soyfoods and major isoflavones and risk of type 2 diabetes in Vietnamese adults.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Vietnam during 2013-2015. A total of 599 newly diagnosed diabetic cases (age 40-65 years) and 599 hospital-based controls, frequency matched by age and sex, were recruited in Hanoi, capital city of Vietnam. Information on frequency and quantity of soyfood and isoflavone intake, together with demographics, habitual diet and lifestyle characteristics, was obtained from direct interviews using a validated and reliable questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between soy variables and type 2 diabetes risk.

RESULTS

Higher intake of total soyfoods was significantly associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes; the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the highest versus the lowest intake was 0.31 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.21-0.46; P<0.001). An inverse dose-response relationship of similar magnitude was also observed for total isoflavone intake (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.49; P<0.001). In addition, inverse associations of specific soyfoods (soy milk, tofu and mung bean sprout) and major isoflavones (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) with the type 2 diabetes risk were evident.

CONCLUSIONS

Soyfood and isoflavone intake was associated with a lower type 2 diabetes risk in Vietnamese adults.

Quantum Nonlinear Optics with a Germanium-Vacancy Color Center in a Nanoscale Diamond Waveguide

We demonstrate a quantum nanophotonics platform based on germanium-vacancy (GeV) color centers in fiber-coupled diamond nanophotonic waveguides. We show that GeV optical transitions have a high quantum efficiency and are nearly lifetime broadened in such nanophotonic structures. These properties yield an efficient interface between waveguide photons and a single GeV center without the use of a cavity or slow-light waveguide. As a result, a single GeV center reduces waveguide transmission by 18±1% on resonance in a single pass. We use a nanophotonic interferometer to perform homodyne detection of GeV resonance fluorescence. By probing the photon statistics of the output field, we demonstrate that the GeV-waveguide system is nonlinear at the single-photon level.

Stress responses in Streptococcus species and their effects on the host

Streptococci cause a variety of diseases, such as dental caries, pharyngitis, meningitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, endocarditis, erysipelas, and necrotizing fasciitis. The natural niche of this genus of bacteria ranges from the mouth and nasopharynx to the skin, indicating that the bacteria will inevitably be subjected to environmental changes during invasion into the host, where it is exposed to the host immune system. Thus, the Streptococcus-host interaction determines whether bacteria are cleared by the host's defenses or whether they survive after invasion to cause serious diseases. If this interaction was to be deciphered, it could aid in the development of novel preventive and therapeutic agents. Streptococcus species possess many virulent factors, such as peroxidases and heat-shock proteins (HSPs), which play key roles in protecting the bacteria from hostile host environments. This review will discuss insights into the mechanism(s) by which streptococci adapt to host environments. Additionally, we will address how streptococcal infections trigger host stress responses; however, the mechanism by which bacterial components modulate host stress responses remains largely unknown.

Panax ginseng aqueous extract prevents pneumococcal sepsis in vivo by potentiating cell survival and diminishing inflammation

BACKGROUND

More than 50% of sepsis cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and hospital mortality related to sepsis comprises 52% of all hospital deaths. Therefore, sepsis is a medical emergency, and any treatment against the agent that produces it, is welcome.

PURPOSE

The role of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) aqueous extract in bacterial infection in vivo is not well understood. Here, the protective effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract against pneumococcal infection and sepsis was elucidated.

STUDY DESIGN

In this study, mice were administrated KRG (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) for 15 days, and then infected with a lethal S. pneumoniae strain. Survival rate, body weight, and colonization were determined.

METHODS

The RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were infected with S. pneumoniae and cell viability was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Inflammation was examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining while gene expression was determined using western blotting.

RESULTS

KRG-pre-treated mice (100 mg/kg of KRG) had significantly higher survival rates and body weights than those of the non-treated controls; KRG-pre-treated mice had lower bacterial number and morbidity than those of the non-treated controls. 100 mg/kg of KRG administration decreased cytokine levels including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (897 and 623 pg/ml, control and KRG groups, respectively, P < 0.05) and interleukin (IL)-1β (175 and 127 pg/ml, control and KRG groups, respectively, P = 0.051), nitric oxide level (149 and 81 nM, control and KRG groups, respectively, P < 0.05), and neutrophil infiltration 48 h post-infection, in vivo. In pneumococcal infection, KRG pre-treatment downregulated toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TNF-ɑ expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and increased cell survival by activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, 100 mg/kg of KRG appeared to protect host cells from lethal pneumococcal sepsis by inhibiting inflammation as well as by enhancing bacterial clearance thereby reinforcing cell survival against pneumococcal infection.

TLR4 mediates pneumolysin-induced ATF3 expression through the JNK/p38 pathway in Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected RAW 264.7 cells

Activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) acts as a negative regulator of cytokine production during Gram-negative bacterial infection. A recent study reported that ATF3 provides protection from Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by activating cytokines. However, the mechanism by which S. pneumoniae induces ATF3 after infection is still unknown. In this study, we show that ATF3 was upregulated via Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways in response to S. pneumoniae infection in vitro. Induction was mediated by TLR4 and TLR2, which are in the TLR family. The expression of ATF3 was induced by pneumolysin (PLY), a potent pneumococcal virulence factor, via the TLR4 pathway. Furthermore, ATF3 induction is mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Thus, this study reveals a potential role of PLY in modulating ATF3 expression, which is required for the regulation of immune responses against pneumococcal infection in macrophages.

Streptococcus pneumoniae ClpL modulates adherence to A549 human lung cells through Rap1/Rac1 activation

Caseinolytic protease L (ClpL) is a member of the HSP100/Clp chaperone family, which is found mainly in Gram-positive bacteria. ClpL is highly expressed during infection for refolding of stress-induced denatured proteins, some of which are important for adherence. However, the role of ClpL in modulating pneumococcal virulence is poorly understood. Here, we show that ClpL impairs pneumococcal adherence to A549 lung cells by inducing and activating Rap1 and Rac1, thus increasing phosphorylation of cofilin (inactive form). Moreover, infection with a clpL mutant (ΔclpL) causes a greater degree of filopodium formation than D39 wild-type (WT) infection. Inhibition of Rap1 and Rac1 impairs filopodium formation and pneumococcal adherence. Therefore, ClpL can reduce pneumococcal adherence to A549 cells, likely via modulation of Rap1- and Rac1-mediated filopodium formation. These results demonstrate a potential role for ClpL in pneumococcal resistance to host cell adherence during infection. This study provides insight into further understanding the interactions between hosts and pathogens.

Korean Red Ginseng inhibits apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells via estrogen receptor β-mediated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt signaling

Background

Ginseng has been shown to exert antistress effects both in vitro and in vivo. However, the effects of ginseng on stress in brain cells are not well understood. This study investigated how Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) controls hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis via regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and estrogen receptor (ER)-β signaling.

Methods

Human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells were pretreated with KRG and subsequently exposed to H₂O₂. The ability of KRG to inhibit oxidative stress-induced apoptosis was assessed in MTT cytotoxicity assays. Apoptotic protein expression was examined by Western blot analysis. The roles of ER-β, PI3K, and p-Akt signaling in KRG regulation of apoptosis were studied using small interfering RNAs and/or target antagonists.

Results

Pretreating SK-N-SH cells with KRG decreased expression of the proapoptotic proteins p-p53 and caspase-3, but increased expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2. KRG pretreatment was also associated with increased ER-β, PI3K, and p-Akt expression. Conversely, ER-β inhibition with small interfering RNA or inhibitor treatment increased p-p53 and caspase-3 levels, but decreased BCL2, PI3K, and p-Akt expression. Moreover, inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling diminished p-p53 and caspase-3 levels, but increased BCL2 expression.

Conclusion

Collectively, the data indicate that KRG represses oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by enhancing PI3K/Akt signaling via upregulation of ER-β expression.

Anti-oxidative stress effect of red ginseng in the brain is mediated by peptidyl arginine deiminase type IV (PADI4) repression via estrogen receptor (ER) β up-regulation

AIM OF THE STUDY

Ginseng has been used as an anti-stress agent, and its active ingredient, ginsenoside, is similar in structure to estrogen. However, the effect of ginseng on the stressed brain is not completely understood. The aim of this study is to understand systematically how red ginseng (RG) affects gene expressions in the brain of immobilization (IMO) stressed mice to elucidate its underlying mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For in vivo experiments, mice were stressed by immobilization for 30, 45, or 60 min, and gene expression in the mice brain was analyzed by microarray and system biology. Apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and gene expression by Western blot or qPCR. For in vitro study, the SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells were stressed by H2O2 exposure. The resultant cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay, and gene expression by Western blot, ELISA, or qPCR.

RESULTS

Microarray analysis of genes in IMO stressed mice brains showed that RG administration prior to IMO stress downregulated >40 genes including peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4). Interestingly, PADI4 was up-regulated by various stresses such as H2O2, acrylamide, and tunicamycin in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells but inhibited by RG. IMO stress and in vitro H2O2 stress depressed the estrogen receptor (ER)-β expression but not ERα. However, RG treatment increased ERβ expression both in vivo and in vitro. Comparative analysis regarding the networks by systems biology revealed that TNF-α plays a critical role in IMO stress, and the cell death associated network was much higher than other categories. Consistently, the IMO stress induced TNF-α and Cox-2 expressions, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cell death in the brain, whereas RG administration inhibited these inductions in vivo. siRNA and transient expression studies revealed that ERβ inhibited the PADI4 expression.

CONCLUSION

PADI4 could be used as an oxidative stress marker. RG seems to inhibit oxidative stress-inducible PADI4 by up-regulating ERβ expression in the brain thus protecting brain cells from apoptosis.

Variability of neural activation during walking in humans: short heels and big calves

People come in different shapes and sizes. In particular, calf muscle size in humans varies considerably. One possible cause for the different shapes of calf muscles is the inherent difference in neural signals sent to these muscles during walking. In sedentary adults, the variability in neural control of the calf muscles was examined with muscle size, walking kinematics and limb morphometrics. Half the subjects walked while activating their medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles more strongly than their lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscles during most walking speeds ('MG-biased'). The other subjects walked while activating their MG and LG muscles nearly equally ('unbiased'). Those who walked with an MG-biased recruitment pattern also had thicker MG muscles and shorter heel lengths, or MG muscle moment arms, than unbiased walkers, but were similar in height, weight, lower limb length, foot length, and exhibited similar walking kinematics. The relatively less plastic skeletal system may drive calf muscle size and motor recruitment patterns of walking in humans.

Can residents perform transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy with patient comfort comparable to biopsy performed by attending staff urologists?

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy is a critical diagnostic tool in urology. Residents require adequate training but resident education could have a deleterious effect on patient comfort and morbidity. We compared pain associated with prostate biopsy when performed by staff versus resident urologists in order to determine the impact of resident training. Male patients scheduled to undergo prostate biopsy were assigned to either a staff urologist or a resident as the primary surgeon. All residents were directly assisted by the staff surgeon. The patients were given a visual analogue scale (VAS; 0-100 mm) and were asked to assess the pain associated with each component of prostate biopsy, including probe insertion, anesthetic injection and the biopsies themselves. The mean VAS scores for probe insertion, anesthetic injection and biopsies were 31.0, 30.4 and 30.1, respectively, for patients in the staff cohort and 37.1, 28.9 and 33.6, respectively, for those in the resident cohort. There was a statistically significant difference between staff and resident VAS scores, marked by a higher odds of greater pain with ultrasound probe placement (odds ratio (OR)=1.48, P=0.012) and the biopsies themselves (OR=1.52, P=0.01) in the resident cohort. TRUS biopsy can be performed by adequately trained and supervised resident urologists of all levels, but there is the potential for increased patient pain, particularly with ultrasonic probe insertion and obtaining core biopsies. However, the absolute magnitude of the differences in pain scores between residents and staff was small and may not be clinically meaningful. Such data indicate that urological resident training can be accomplished without compromising patient care and comfort.

Quantitative NDA of isotopic neutron sources

A non-destructive method for assaying transuranic neutron sources was developed, using a combination of gamma-spectrometry and neutron correlation technique. Source strength or actinide content of a number of PuBe, AmBe, AmLi, (244)Cm, and (252)Cf sources was assessed, both as a safety issue and with respect to combating illicit trafficking. A passive neutron coincidence collar was designed with (3)He counters embedded in a polyethylene moderator (lined with Cd) surrounding the sources to be measured. The electronics consist of independent channels of pulse amplifiers and discriminators as well as a shift register for coincidence counting. The neutron output of the sources was determined by gross neutron counting, and the actinide content was found out by adopting specific spontaneous fission and (alpha,n) reaction yields of individual isotopes from the literature. Identification of an unknown source type and constituents can be made by gamma-spectrometry. The coincidences are due to spontaneous fission in the case of Cm and Cf sources, while they are mostly due to neutron-induced fission of the Pu isotopes (i.e. self-multiplication) and the (9)Be(n,2n)(8)Be reaction in Be-containing sources. Recording coincidence rate offers a potential for calibration, exploiting a correlation between the Pu amount and the coincidence-to-total ratio. The method and the equipment were tested in an in-field demonstration exercise, with participation of national public authorities and foreign observers. Seizure of the illicit transport of a PuBe source was simulated in the exercise, and the Pu content of the source was determined. It is expected that the method could be used for identification and assay of illicit, found, or not documented neutron sources.

Altered chromatin structure associated with methylation-induced gene silencing in cancer cells: correlation of accessibility, methylation, MeCP2 binding and acetylation

Silencing of tumor-suppressor genes by hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands is well documented in human cancer and may be mediated by methyl-CpG-binding proteins, like MeCP2, that are associated in vivo with chromatin modifiers and transcriptional repressors. However, the exact dynamic between methylation and chromatin structure in the regulation of gene expression is not well understood. In this study, we have analyzed the methylation status and chromatin structure of three CpG islands in the p14(ARF)/p16(INK4A) locus in a series of normal and cancer cell lines using methylation-sensitive digestion, MspI accessibility in intact nuclei and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. We demonstrate the existence of an altered chromatin structure associated with the silencing of tumor-suppressor genes in human cancer cell lines involving CpG island methylation, chromatin condensation, histone deacetylation and MeCP2 binding. The data showed that MeCP2 could bind to methylated CpG islands in both promoters and exons; MeCP2 does not interfere with transcription when bound at an exon, suggesting a more generalized role for the protein beyond transcriptional repression. In the absence of methylation, it is demonstrated that CpG islands located in promoters versus exons display marked differences in the levels of acetylation of associated histone H3, suggesting that chromatin remodeling can be achieved by methylation-independent processes and perhaps explaining why non-promoter CpG islands are more susceptible to de novo methylation than promoter islands.

Age-related alterations of cardiac tissue microstructure and material properties in Fischer 344 rats

The cardiac aging process is accompanied by global mechanical dysfunction that reflects increased myocardial stiffness. Accordingly, age-related changes in microscopic material properties of myocardium were delineated with high-frequency ultrasound (US) (30 to 44 MHz) tissue characterization methods for aging Fischer 344 rats at 6 (adult), 18 (aged), and 24 (senescent) months of age. The excised lateral wall of the left ventricle of rats (n = 10 per group) was insonified with a 50-MHz acoustic microscope for determination of integrated backscatter, backscatter coefficient and attenuation coefficient. Histological and biochemical analyses for collagen content and cardiac myocyte diameter were performed. Collagen concentration increased progressively with age, with the greatest increments occurring from 6 to 18 months (38.0 +/- 6.3 to 53.0 +/- 7.1 mg/g dry wt), and leveling off at 24 months (60.0 +/- 7.4 mg/g dry wt). Tissue microscopic material properties also changed progressively from 6 to 24 months of age, as determined by US methods: integrated backscatter increased (-44.7 +/- 1.8 vs. -40.8 +/- 1.9 dB, p < 0.05), attenuation increased (47.1 +/- 5.9 to 65.3 +/- 7.8 dB/cm, p < 0.05), and the backscatter coefficient increased (0.73 +/- 0.16 x 10(-5) to 3.76 +/- 1.6 x 10(-5) cm(-1), p < 0.05), from 6 to 24 months of age in each case. Age-related alterations in indices of cardiac microscopic material properties were closely correlated with the changes in cardiac microstructure. Ultrasonic tissue characterization may prove to be a sensitive tool to monitor changes in the cardiac microstructure, such as increased collagen deposition, that occur within age-related diastolic dysfunction.

Analysis of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor expression and methylation patterns in human prostate cancers

BACKGROUND

Downregulation of genes which negatively control cell cycle progression represents a possible mechanism for prostate tumorigenesis. We examined the expression levels of the p16, p15, p14, and retinoblastoma-susceptibility (RB) genes in primary prostate cancers and human prostate cancer cell lines, and correlated this with the DNA methylation levels of two loci in p16.

METHODS

The mRNA levels of p16, p15, and p14 were examined by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). DNA methylation of the p16 5' CpG island was determined by bisulfite genomic sequencing, while methylation of exon 2 shared by the p16 and p14 genes was measured by a quantitative bisulfite-based technique, methylation-sensitive single-nucleotide primer extension (Ms-SNuPE). RB protein levels were assessed by immunohistochemical staining of histologic sections of normal and tumor prostate tissues, using a monoclonal antibody (mAB).

RESULTS

Overexpression of p16 mRNA was found in 6/9 (67) of prostate tumors compared to the adjacent normal prostate, whereas elevated p14 and p15 levels were only observed in 2/9 (22) and 1/6 (17) of prostate cases, respectively. There was no statistically significant association of grade (P = 0.18) and stage (P = 1.00) of prostate cancer to the elevated p16 levels in the tumors. The p16 5' CpG island was completely unmethylated in these tissues. In contrast, exon 2 of p16/p14 was methylated in both the tumor and normal adjacent prostates, and was increased in 8/11 (73) of tumors relative to normal tissues. There was no association between p16 overexpression and increased p16/p14 exon 2 methylation in these tumors (P = 1.00). Diminished RB levels in prostate tumors that had upregulated p16 mRNA were found, although absent RB was also detected in tumors without elevated p16 levels. The expression levels of the two genes, RB and p16, were not correlated statistically (P = 0.16).

CONCLUSIONS

Our studies show that although the levels of the cell cycle regulators p16, p15, p14, and Rb are altered in prostate cancers, there is no apparent correlation to grade, stage, or any pattern of regulation between the related genes. Exon 2 of p16/p14 is methylated in a majority of prostate tumors compared to the unmethylated upstream 5' region, and may be a potential tumor marker for human prostate cancer.

Delineation of the extracellular determinants of ultrasonic scattering from elastic arteries

Elastic arteries consist of three primary components: elastin fibers, extracellular collagen matrix and smooth muscle cells. However, the relative contribution of elastin and collagen fibers to overall ultrasonic scattering from an intact arterial wall is poorly understood. To define the principal source of extracellular scattering from the medial layer of elastic arteries, canine ascending aortas (n = 10) were excised, fixed and sectioned for insonification. Subsequently, aortic specimens were restudied after treatment to dissolve all tissue components except extracellular collagen matrix (n = 5) and elastin fibers (n = 5). Histological staining revealed very few elastin fibers and sparse intact collagen in collagen-isolated and elastin-isolated tissues, respectively. Integrated backscatter, attenuation and backscatter coefficients differentiated these two treated tissues. The backscatter coefficient for elastin-isolated tissue demonstrated a fivefold increase over collagen-isolated tissue, suggesting that elastin fibers represent a primary scattering component within elastic arteries, and the collagen fibers may provide a secondary component of scattering.

Endoscopic treatment of distal bile duct stricture from chronic pancreatitis

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic placement of biliary stents is an effective initial treatment for jaundice and cholangitis caused by common bile duct (CBD) strictures secondary to chronic pancreatitis; however, the role of endoscopic treatment for long-term management of these strictures is less clear. In 1992, we designed a protocol of balloon dilatation and stenting for > or =12 months. This study evaluates endoscopic therapy as a definitive long-term treatment for these strictures. We have treated 25 patients with this protocol.

METHODS

All patients had an endoscopic sphincterotomy, balloon dilatation of the stricture, and then placement of a polyethylene stent (7-11.5 F). Stents were exchanged at 3-4-month intervals to avoid the complications of clogging and cholangitis. We were particularly interested in how many patients would achieve resolution of the stricture and tolerate removal of the stent.

RESULTS

The length of the CBD strictures ranged from 8 to 40 mm. Within days of stenting, all patients achieved relief of jaundice and cholestasis. Complications consisted of six episodes of cholangitis and nine episodes of pancreatitis. There were no deaths. Twenty of the 25 patients are now stent-free after an average stenting period of 13 months (range, 3-28). To date, there has been no recurrence of stricture, for a mean of 32 months. Three patients still have stents in place, and two patients required operation--one for persistent stricture and recurrent cholangitis after 8 months of stenting, and one for a mass in the head of the pancreas that was thought to be cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that these strictures will respond and dilate after a course of stenting in 80% of patients, with an acceptable morbidity. Although these are medium-term results at 32 months, we would expect most recurrences within the 1st year following stent removal. In some cases, stenting is necessary for >12 months. Thus, the data suggest that endoscopic stenting provides definitive treatment in most patients with CBD stricture due to chronic pancreatitis and may be considered a viable alternative to standard surgical bypass.

Prognosis and prediction of response to surgery in allergic patients with chronic sinusitis

BACKGROUND

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) occurs frequently in patients with atopy, but little is known of the prognosis after surgery and of factors that may predict a poor outcome.

OBJECTIVE

Our purpose was to assess the long-term prognosis in atopic patients with CRS who undergo surgery and whether certain immune markers could predict a worse prognosis in this setting.

METHODS

Fifteen patients with diffuse involvement of the sinuses on computed tomographic (CT) scan but without nasal polyposis underwent ethmoidectomy with middle meatotomy for CRS when it was clinically indicated. All patients had a biopsy of the inferior turbinate and of the most inflamed areas of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses at the time of surgery. Follow-up was performed by video endoscopy and by assessment of 2 chronic sinusitis questionnaires at 0, 6, and 24 months postoperatively. The number of lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8), mast cells and eosinophils, and cells expressing IL-4 and IL-5 messenger RNA (mRNA) in all 3 biopsy sites at the time of surgery were compared with the clinical response after surgery.

RESULTS

Seven patients had persistent improvement after surgery, with a decrease in pain, rhinorrhea, or nasal obstruction and a decrease in the need for medication. Eight patients were unchanged or worsened after surgery with disabling rhinorrhea and repeated sinusitis. We found no difference in the number of inflammatory cells, lymphocyte subsets, or IL-4 mRNA-positive cells in the sinus mucosa between responders and nonresponders. However, an increased number of cells expressing IL-5 mRNA was found in the ethmoid sinus at the time of surgery in patients who did not respond to the surgical intervention (P =.007).

CONCLUSION

More than 50% of patients with perennial rhinitis and CRS do not improve after surgery, a response that may be predicted by more cells expressing IL-5 mRNA in the ethmoid sinuses. The increased number of cells expressing IL-5 mRNA may have the potential to be used as a marker for prediction of the response to surgery. The worsening of symptoms in some patients with CRS after sinus surgery could be a result of the disturbance of the anatomy of the sinuses and exposure to the environmental allergens.

Primary melanocytic schwannoma of cervical sympathetic chain

BACKGROUND

Primary melanocytic schwannoma arising from the cervical sympathetic chain is a rare pigmented nerve sheath tumor. Two cases are presented from an academic medical center. Patients and Methods Patients were initially seen with an enlarging neck mass associated with sympathetic nervous system dysfunction. Radiography demonstrated a mass located posterior to the carotid sheath. Primary therapy consisted of surgical excision and postoperative radiation therapy.

RESULTS

The tumors were found to be melanocytic schwannomas arising from the cervical sympathetic chain. The pathologic characteristics of this neoplasm are reviewed. One patient remained disease free for 12 years after treatment, whereas 1 patient died as a result of local recurrence and distant metastases.

CONCLUSIONS

Melanocytic schwannoma of the cervical sympathetic chain is a rare nerve sheath tumor of the head and neck that may be misdiagnosed as malignant melanoma. The clinical behavior of this neoplasm is variable. Preoperative neurologic findings, anatomic location, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry findings help to establish the diagnosis, and electron microscopy may have a role in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice.

Endoscopic treatment of distal bile duct stricture from chronic pancreatitis

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic placement of biliary stents is an effective initial treatment for jaundice and cholangitis caused by common bile duct (CBD) strictures secondary to chronic pancreatitis; however, the role of endoscopic treatment for long-term management of these strictures is less clear. In 1992, we designed a protocol of balloon dilatation and stenting for > or =12 months. This study evaluates endoscopic therapy as a definitive long-term treatment for these strictures. We have treated 25 patients with this protocol.

METHODS

All patients had an endoscopic sphincterotomy, balloon dilatation of the stricture, and then placement of a polyethylene stent (7-11.5 F). Stents were exchanged at 3-4-month intervals to avoid the complications of clogging and cholangitis. We were particularly interested in how many patients would achieve resolution of the stricture and tolerate removal of the stent.

RESULTS

The length of the CBD strictures ranged from 8 to 40 mm. Within days of stenting, all patients achieved relief of jaundice and cholestasis. Complications consisted of six episodes of cholangitis and nine episodes of pancreatitis. There were no deaths. Twenty of the 25 patients are now stent-free after an average stenting period of 13 months (range, 3-28). To date, there has been no recurrence of stricture, for a mean of 32 months. Three patients still have stents in place, and two patients required operation--one for persistent stricture and recurrent cholangitis after 8 months of stenting, and one for a mass in the head of the pancreas that was thought to be cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that these strictures will respond and dilate after a course of stenting in 80% of patients, with an acceptable morbidity. Although these are medium-term results at 32 months, we would expect most recurrences within the 1st year following stent removal. In some cases, stenting is necessary for >12 months. Thus, the data suggest that endoscopic stenting provides definitive treatment in most patients with CBD stricture due to chronic pancreatitis and may be considered a viable alternative to standard surgical bypass.

Roles of cell division and gene transcription in the methylation of CpG islands

De novo methylation of CpG islands within the promoters of eukaryotic genes is often associated with their transcriptional repression, yet the methylation of CpG islands located downstream of promoters does not block transcription. We investigated the kinetics of mRNA induction, demethylation, and remethylation of the p16 promoter and second-exon CpG islands in T24 cells after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) treatment to explore the relationship between CpG island methylation and gene transcription. The rates of remethylation of both CpG islands were associated with time but not with the rate of cell division, and remethylation of the p16 exon 2 CpG island occurred at a higher rate than that of the p16 promoter. We also examined the relationship between the remethylation of coding sequence CpG islands and gene transcription. The kinetics of remethylation of the p16 exon 2, PAX-6 exon 5, c-ABL exon 11, and MYF-3 exon 3 loci were examined following 5-Aza-CdR treatment because these genes contain exonic CpG islands which are hypermethylated in T24 cells. Remethylation occurred most rapidly in the p16, PAX-6, and c-ABL genes, shown to be transcribed prior to drug treatment. These regions also exhibited higher levels of remethylation in single-cell clones and subclones derived from 5-Aza-CdR-treated T24 cells. Our data suggest that de novo methylation is not restricted to the S phase of the cell cycle and that transcription through CpG islands does not inhibit their remethylation.

Laryngotracheal reconstruction using a Vitallium alloy miniplate

When stenosis of the larynx and trachea involves loss to anterior support, this is usually corrected by an autograft of costochondral cartilage or of hyoid bone anchored with suture material. This paper describes an alternative technique employing a Vitallium alloy miniplate placed anterior to the airway as a means for providing support. This is placed over a fascial or auricular cartilage graft. Together, they provide a smooth scaffold for mucosal migration. Thirteen patients were treated at Indiana University Medical Center between 1991 and 1993 by means of this technique. Ten of the 13 patients (77%) achieved an adequate airway to allow decannulation. There have been no significant complications related to the use of the miniplate, and specifically, there have been no instances of infection or extrusion. It has been unnecessary to remove any of the miniplates. The Vitallium alloy miniplate offers unique advantages in laryngotracheal reconstruction in that it not only accurately approximates tissues, but it also provides external support to the airway.

Differential effects of unsaturated fatty acids on phospholipid synthesis in human leukemia monocytic U937 cells

The biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in monocyte-like leukemia U937 cells was monitored by adding [3H]choline, [14C]ethanolamine or [14C]glycerol to the culture media; incorporation into phospholipid (PL) increased with time. The effect of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) on PC and PE synthesis was investigated by pretreating U937 cells for 72h with 10 microM 18:1 (n - 9), 18:2 (n - 6), 18:3 (n - 3), 20:4 (n - 6) and 20:5 (n - 3). The UFA caused no alteration in cell growth, as evidenced by light microscopy and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]leucine. Total cellular uptake of radioactive precursors remained unaffected by all the treatments. Pretreatment with 20:5 resulted in approximately 25 per cent reduction in the incorporation of [3H]choline into PL, while no significant effect was detected with the other UFAs. 18:3, 20:4 and 20:5 depressed the incorporation of [14C]ethanolamine into PL by 34 per cent, 28 per cent and 49 per cent respectively. However, there was no redistribution of label with any of the treatments. 18:3, 20:4 and 20:5 also antagonized the stimulatory effect of endotoxin (LPS) on PC and PE synthesis. In addition, the incorporation from [14C]glycerol into PC and PE was reduced by 18:3, 20:4 and 20:5. Although the PL composition of the cells remained essentially unaffected, our study shows that chronic treatment of U937 cells with n - 3 PUFA (20:5) depressed PC and PE synthesis, and 18:3 and 20:4 also caused inhibition of PE synthesis.

Ethanol inhibits phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis in human leukemic monocyte-like U937 cells

The effect of ethanol (ETOH) on the incorporation of [14C]oleic acid (18:1) into lipid in human monocyte-like U937 cells was investigated. With increasing time of exposure to ETOH, the percentage of the label distributed into neutral lipid (NL) declined from 35 per cent (3 h) to 10 per cent (24 h) accompanied by increased incorporation into phospholipid (PL). [14C] 18:1 was preferentially incorporated into triglyceride (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), comprising over 65 per cent and 50 per cent of the label associated with NL and PL, respectively. Low concentrations of ETOH (< or = 1.0 per cent; v/v) had no effect. At concentrations greater than 1.5 per cent, there was enhanced incorporation into TG and diacylglycerol (DAG) in a 24-h incubation period, while at 16 h the label in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was decreased. The effect of ETOH on the CDP-choline or ethanolamine pathway was examined by monitoring the incorporation of [3H]choline or [14C]ethanolamine into PC or PE, respectively. At low concentrations ETOH had no effect on either choline uptake or the incorporation into PC. Higher concentrations (> or = 1.5 per cent) for 3 and 6 h resulted in a slightly decreased choline uptake, and the reduction (40-50 per cent) of incorporation into PC suggests that the CDP-choline pathway was inhibited. There was a similar inhibition of the incorporation of [14C]ethanolamine into PE. When the cells were incubated for 3 h in the presence of 2 per cent ETOH and with labelled 18:1 and PL-base, the ratios of incorporation (base/18:1) into PC and PE fractions decreased, indicating that the major inhibition lay in blockage of the availability of the base moiety for PL formation. Analysis of the distribution of the label into metabolites revealed that ETOH inhibited the conversion of [14C]ethanolamine into [14C]phosphorylethanolamine. The reduction in incorporation was not due to the enhanced breakdown of base-labelled PL. Our results indicate that ETOH has an inhibitory effect on the CDP-choline or ethanolamine pathway.