1
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Kumar A, Iyer S, Barua S, Brean J, Besic E, Seal P, Dall'Osto M, Beddows DCS, Sarnela N, Jokinen T, Sipilä M, Harrison RM, Rissanen M. Direct Measurements of Covalently Bonded Sulfuric Anhydrides from Gas-Phase Reactions of SO 3 with Acids under Ambient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38771742 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) is an important oxide of sulfur and a key intermediate in the formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4, SA) in the Earth's atmosphere. This conversion to SA occurs rapidly due to the reaction of SO3 with a water dimer. However, gas-phase SO3 has been measured directly at concentrations that are comparable to that of SA under polluted mega-city conditions, indicating gaps in our current understanding of the sources and fates of SO3. Its reaction with atmospheric acids could be one such fate that can have significant implications for atmospheric chemistry. In the present investigation, laboratory experiments were conducted in a flow reactor to generate a range of previously uncharacterized condensable sulfur-containing reaction products by reacting SO3 with a set of atmospherically relevant inorganic and organic acids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Specifically, key inorganic acids known to be responsible for most ambient new particle formation events, iodic acid (HIO3, IA) and SA, are observed to react promptly with SO3 to form iodic sulfuric anhydride (IO3SO3H, ISA) and disulfuric acid (H2S2O7, DSA). Carboxylic sulfuric anhydrides (CSAs) were observed to form by the reaction of SO3 with C2 and C3 monocarboxylic (acetic and propanoic acid) and dicarboxylic (oxalic and malonic acid)-carboxylic acids. The formed products were detected by a nitrate-ion-based chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (NO3--CI-APi-TOF; NO3--CIMS). Quantum chemical methods were used to compute the relevant SO3 reaction rate coefficients, probe the reaction mechanisms, and model the ionization chemistry inherent in the detection of the products by NO3--CIMS. Additionally, we use NO3--CIMS ambient data to report that significant concentrations of SO3 and its acid anhydride reaction products are present under polluted, marine and polar, and volcanic plume conditions. Considering that these regions are rich in the acid precursors studied here, the reported reactions need to be accounted for in the modeling of atmospheric new particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Shawon Barua
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - James Brean
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Emin Besic
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Prasenjit Seal
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Manuel Dall'Osto
- Institute of Marine Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - David C S Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia 1645, Cyprus
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Liu X, Hadiatullah H, Zhang X, Trechera P, Savadkoohi M, Garcia-Marlès M, Reche C, Pérez N, Beddows DCS, Salma I, Thén W, Kalkavouras P, Mihalopoulos N, Hueglin C, Green DC, Tremper AH, Chazeau B, Gille G, Marchand N, Niemi JV, Manninen HE, Portin H, Zikova N, Ondracek J, Norman M, Gerwig H, Bastian S, Merkel M, Weinhold K, Casans A, Casquero-Vera JA, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Artíñano B, Gini M, Diapouli E, Crumeyrolle S, Riffault V, Petit JE, Favez O, Putaud JP, Santos SMD, Timonen H, Aalto PP, Hussein T, Lampilahti J, Hopke PK, Wiedensohler A, Harrison RM, Petäjä T, Pandolfi M, Alastuey A, Querol X. Ambient air particulate total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) levels in urban Europe. Sci Total Environ 2023; 898:165466. [PMID: 37451445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to picture the phenomenology of urban ambient total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) (including head/throat (HA), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (ALV) regions) based on multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model during 2017-2019 period collected from urban background (UB, n = 15), traffic (TR, n = 6), suburban background (SUB, n = 4), and regional background (RB, n = 1) monitoring sites in Europe (25) and USA (1). Briefly, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of the deposition of LDSA, including diel, weekly, and seasonal patterns, were analyzed. Then, the relationship between LDSA and other air quality metrics at each monitoring site was investigated. The result showed that the peak concentrations of LDSA at UB and TR sites are commonly observed in the morning (06:00-8:00 UTC) and late evening (19:00-22:00 UTC), coinciding with traffic rush hours, biomass burning, and atmospheric stagnation periods. The only LDSA night-time peaks are observed on weekends. Due to the variability of emission sources and meteorology, the seasonal variability of the LDSA concentration revealed significant differences (p = 0.01) between the four seasons at all monitoring sites. Meanwhile, the correlations of LDSA with other pollutant metrics suggested that Aitken and accumulation mode particles play a significant role in the total LDSA concentration. The results also indicated that the main proportion of total LDSA is attributed to the ALV fraction (50 %), followed by the TB (34 %) and HA (16 %). Overall, this study provides valuable information of LDSA as a predictor in epidemiological studies and for the first time presenting total LDSA in a variety of European urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansheng Liu
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Xun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China; Hotan Normal College. Hotan 848000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Pedro Trechera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08242 Manresa, Spain
| | - Meritxell Garcia-Marlès
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Applied Physics-Meteorology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wanda Thén
- Hevesy György Ph.D. School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Panayiotis Kalkavouras
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Gille
- AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Portin
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nadezda Zikova
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Ondracek
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holger Gerwig
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Casans
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria Gini
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Suzanne Crumeyrolle
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Lille, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université de Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | | | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi P Aalto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tareq Hussein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Environmental and Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Janne Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, Gonet T, Maher BA, Odling N. Measurement of road traffic brake and tyre dust emissions using both particle composition and size distribution data. Environ Pollut 2023:121830. [PMID: 37211228 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of tyre and brake wear emission factors are presented, derived from data collected from roadside and urban background sites on the premises of the University of Birmingham, located in the UK's second largest city. Size-fractionated particulate matter samples were collected at both sites concurrently in the spring/summer of 2019 and analysed for elemental concentrations and magnetic properties. Using Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF), three sources were identified in the roadside mass increment of the 1.0-9.9 μm stages of MOUDI impactors located at both sites, namely: brake dust (7.1%); tyre dust (9.6%); and crustal (83%). The large fraction of the mass apportioned to crustal material was suspected to be mainly from a nearby construction site rather than resuspension of road dust. By using Ba and Zn as elemental tracers, brake and tyre wear emission factors were estimated as 7.4 mg/veh.km and 9.9 mg/veh.km, respectively, compared with the PMF-derived equivalent values of 4.4 mg/veh.km and 11 mg/veh.km. Based on the magnetic measurements, an emission factor can be estimated independently for brake dust of 4.7 mg/veh.km. A further analysis was carried out on the concurrently measured roadside increment in the particle number size distribution (10 nm-10 μm). Four factors were identified in the hourly measurements: traffic exhaust nucleation; traffic exhaust solid particles; windblown dust; and an unknown source. The high increment of the windblown dust factor, 3.2 μg/m3, was comparable in magnitude to the crustal factor measured using the MOUDI samples (3.5 μg/m3). The latter's polar plot indicated that this factor was dominated by a large neighbouring construction site. The number emission factors of the exhaust solid particle and exhaust nucleation factors were estimated as 2.8 and 1.9 x 1012/veh.km, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C S Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tomasz Gonet
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Odling
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, Scotland, United Kingdom
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4
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Bousiotis D, Alconcel LNS, Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, Pope FD. Monitoring and apportioning sources of indoor air quality using low-cost particulate matter sensors. Environ Int 2023; 174:107907. [PMID: 37012195 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Air quality is one of the most important factors in public health. While outdoor air quality is widely studied, the indoor environment has been less scrutinised, even though time spent indoors is typically much greater than outdoors. The emergence of low-cost sensors can help assess indoor air quality. This study provides a new methodology, utilizing low-cost sensors and source apportionment techniques, to understand the relative importance of indoor and outdoor air pollution sources upon indoor air quality. The methodology is tested with three sensors placed in different rooms inside an exemplar house (bedroom, kitchen and office) and one outdoors. When the family was present, the bedroom had the highest average concentrations for PM2.5 and PM10 (3.9 ± 6.8 ug/m3 and 9.6 ± 12.7 μg/m3 respectively), due to the activities undertaken there and the presence of softer furniture and carpeting. The kitchen, while presenting the lowest PM concentrations for both size ranges (2.8 ± 5.9 ug/m3 and 4.2 ± 6.9 μg/m3 respectively), presented the highest PM spikes, especially during cooking times. Increased ventilation in the office resulted in the highest PM1 concentration (1.6 ± 1.9 μg/m3), highlighting the strong effect of infiltration of outdoor air for the smallest particles. Source apportionment, via positive matrix factorisation (PMF), showed that up to 95 % of the PM1 was found to be of outdoor sources in all the rooms. This effect was reduced as particle size increased, with outdoor sources contributing >65 % of the PM2.5, and up to 50 % of the PM10, depending on the room studied. The new approach to elucidate the contributions of different sources to total indoor air pollution exposure, described in this paper, is easily scalable and translatable to different indoor locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bousiotis
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Leah-Nani S Alconcel
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Francis D Pope
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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5
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Damayanti S, Harrison RM, Pope F, Beddows DCS. Limited impact of diesel particle filters on road traffic emissions of ultrafine particles. Environ Int 2023; 174:107888. [PMID: 36965399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diesel engines are a major contributor to emissions of both Black Carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles. Analysis of data from the only roadside monitoring site in Europe with a continuous dataset for size-segregated particle number count (Marylebone Road, London) from 2010 to 2021 reveals that the growing number of vehicles fitted with a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and Diesel Particle Filter (DPF) has been very effective in controlling the emissions of solid particles and hence BC, but that there has been little change in the liquid mode (<30 nm) particles, and that concentrations of ultrafine particles (<100 nm) still well exceed the threshold for "high" concentrations (>104 cm-3 /24-hour mean) defined by WHO. BC declined by 81% between 2014 and 2021, but the ultrafine particle (<100 nm) count declined by only 26%. Consequently, in locations worldwide with heavy diesel traffic, concentrations of ultrafine particles are likely to remain "high" for the foreseeable future unless more effective abatement technologies are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seny Damayanti
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Francis Pope
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David C S Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Brean J, Rowell A, Beddows DCS, Shi Z, Harrison RM. Estimates of Future New Particle Formation under Different Emission Scenarios in Beijing. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:4741-4750. [PMID: 36930743 PMCID: PMC10061929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is a leading source of particulate matter by number and a contributor to particle mass during haze events. Reductions in emissions of air pollutants, many of which are NPF precursors, are expected in the move toward carbon neutrality or net-zero. Expected changes to pollutant emissions are used to investigate future changes to NPF processes, in comparison to a simulation of current conditions. The projected changes to SO2 emissions are key in changing future NPF number, with different scenarios producing either a doubling or near total reduction in sulfuric acid-amine particle formation rates. Particle growth rates are projected to change little in all but the strictest emission control scenarios. These changes will reduce the particle mass arising by NPF substantially, thus showing a further cobenefit of net-zero policies. Major uncertainties remain in future NPF including the volatility of oxygenated organic molecules resulting from changes to NOx and amine emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brean
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Rowell
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental
Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and
Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Ghaffarpasand O, Ropkins K, Beddows DCS, Pope FD. Detecting high emitting vehicle subsets using emission remote sensing systems. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159814. [PMID: 36374758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is often assumed that a small proportion of a given vehicle fleet produces a disproportionate amount of air pollution emissions. If true, policy actions to target the highly polluting section of the fleet could lead to significant improvements in air quality. In this paper, high-emitter vehicle subsets are defined and their contributions to the total fleet emission are assessed. A new approach, using enrichment factor in cumulative Pareto analysis is proposed for detecting high emitter vehicle subsets within the vehicle fleet. A large dataset (over 94,000 remote-sensing measurements) from five UK-based EDAR (emission detecting and reporting system) field campaigns for the years 2016-17 is used as the test data. In addition to discussions about the high emitter screening criteria, the data analysis procedure and future issues of implementation are discussed. The results show different high emitter trends dependent on the pollutant investigated, and the vehicle type investigated. For example, the analysis indicates that 23 % and 51 % of petrol and diesel cars were responsible for 80 % of NO emissions within that subset of the fleet, respectively. Overall, the contributions of vehicles that account for 80 % of total fleet emissions usually reduce with EURO class improvement, with the subset fleet emissions becoming more homogenous. The high emitter constituent was more noticeable for pollutant PM compared with the other gaseous pollutants, and it was also more prominent for petrol cars when compared to diesel ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Ghaffarpasand
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karl Ropkins
- Institute for Transport Studies, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David C S Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Francis D Pope
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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8
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Harrison RM, Beddows DCS, Tong C, Damayanti S. Non-linearity of secondary pollutant formation estimated from emissions data and measured precursor-secondary pollutant relationships. NPJ Clim Atmos Sci 2022; 5:71. [PMID: 36120117 PMCID: PMC9471023 DOI: 10.1038/s41612-022-00297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to predict the impacts of reductions in air pollutant emissions, it is important to know whether secondary pollutant concentrations will decline in direct proportion to the reduction in their precursor, referred to as linearity. Trends in airborne concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, and SOC at sites in southern England are compared with emissions and concentration trends for sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), and non-methane VOC, and show some increased ratios of concentrations to emissions, strongly suggestive of non-linearity in the primary-secondary pollutant relationships for nitrate, but not the other pollutants. Analysis of a further 20-year dataset from the AGANET network shows a decline of nitrate concentrations significantly lower than that of NO x emissions and ambient NO x concentrations. For sulfate, the decline lies between that of emissions and airborne concentrations of SO2. Back trajectory analysis and Potential Source Contribution Function mapping for 2014-2018 show that the highest concentrations of secondary constituents in southern England are associated with air masses originating in mainland Europe, with 42% of sulfate, 55% of nitrate, and 35% of SOC estimated to be associated with air masses entering the UK from the European mainland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M. Harrison
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Chengxu Tong
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Seny Damayanti
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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9
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Song C, Becagli S, Beddows DCS, Brean J, Browse J, Dai Q, Dall’Osto M, Ferracci V, Harrison RM, Harris N, Li W, Jones AE, Kirchgäßner A, Kramawijaya AG, Kurganskiy A, Lupi A, Mazzola M, Severi M, Traversi R, Shi Z. Understanding Sources and Drivers of Size-Resolved Aerosol in the High Arctic Islands of Svalbard Using a Receptor Model Coupled with Machine Learning. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:11189-11198. [PMID: 35878000 PMCID: PMC9386907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are important drivers of Arctic climate change through aerosol-cloud-climate interactions. However, large uncertainties remain on the sources and processes controlling particle numbers in both fine and coarse modes. Here, we applied a receptor model and an explainable machine learning technique to understand the sources and drivers of particle numbers from 10 nm to 20 μm in Svalbard. Nucleation, biogenic, secondary, anthropogenic, mineral dust, sea salt and blowing snow aerosols and their major environmental drivers were identified. Our results show that the monthly variations in particles are highly size/source dependent and regulated by meteorology. Secondary and nucleation aerosols are the largest contributors to potential cloud condensation nuclei (CCN, particle number with a diameter larger than 40 nm as a proxy) in the Arctic. Nonlinear responses to temperature were found for biogenic, local dust particles and potential CCN, highlighting the importance of melting sea ice and snow. These results indicate that the aerosol factors will respond to rapid Arctic warming differently and in a nonlinear fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congbo Song
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Silvia Becagli
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- National
Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), School of Geography, Earth
and Environmental Sciences, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - James Brean
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jo Browse
- Centre
for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, U.K.
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental
Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter
Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Manuel Dall’Osto
- Institute
of Marine Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Valerio Ferracci
- Centre
for Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, School of Water, Energy
& Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K.
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment
and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil Harris
- Centre
for Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, School of Water, Energy
& Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K.
| | - Weijun Li
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Anna E. Jones
- British
Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
| | - Amélie Kirchgäßner
- British
Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
| | - Agung Ghani Kramawijaya
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Alexander Kurganskiy
- Centre
for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, U.K.
| | - Angelo Lupi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute
of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Mazzola
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute
of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Severi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - Rita Traversi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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10
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Ghaffarpasand O, Beddows DCS, Ropkins K, Pope FD. Real-world assessment of vehicle air pollutant emissions subset by vehicle type, fuel and EURO class: New findings from the recent UK EDAR field campaigns, and implications for emissions restricted zones. Sci Total Environ 2020; 734:139416. [PMID: 32464378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports upon and analyses vehicle emissions measured by the Emissions Detecting and Reporting (EDAR) system, a Vehicle Emissions Remote Sensing System (VERSS) type device, used in five UK based field campaigns in 2016 and 2017. In total 94,940 measurements were made of 75,622 individual vehicles during the five campaigns. The measurements are subset into vehicle type (bus, car, HGV, minibus, motorcycle, other, plant, taxi, van, and unknown), fuel type for car (petrol and diesel), and EURO class, and particulate matter (PM), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are reported. In terms of recent EURO class emission trends, NO and NOx emissions decrease from EURO 5 to EURO 6 for nearly all vehicle categories. Interestingly, taxis show a marked increase in NO2 emissions from EURO 5 to EURO 6. Perhaps most concerningly is a marked increase in PM emissions from EURO 5 to EURO 6 for HGVs. Another noteworthy observation was that vans, buses and HGVs of unknown EURO class were often the dirtiest vehicles in their classes, suggesting that where counts of such vehicles are high, they will likely make a significant contribution to local emissions. Using Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) weighting we provide an indication of the magnitude of the on-site VERSS bias and also a closer estimate of the regulatory test/on-road emissions differences. Finally, a new 'EURO Updating Potential' (EUP) factor is introduced, to assess the effect of a range of air pollutant emissions restricted zones either currently in use or marked for future introduction. In particular, the effects of the London based Low Emission Zone (LEZ) and Ultra-Low Emissions Zone (ULEZ), and the proposed Birmingham based Clean Air Zone (CAZ) are estimated. With the current vehicle fleet, the impacts of the ULEZ and CAZ will be far more significant than the LEZ, which was introduced in 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Ghaffarpasand
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David C S Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karl Ropkins
- Institute for Transport Studies, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Francis D Pope
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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11
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Rinaldi M, Paglione M, Decesari S, Harrison RM, Beddows DCS, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, O'Dowd CD, Simó R, Dall'Osto M. Contribution of Water-Soluble Organic Matter from Multiple Marine Geographic Eco-Regions to Aerosols around Antarctica. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:7807-7817. [PMID: 32501707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present shipborne measurements of size-resolved concentrations of aerosol components across ocean waters next to the Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkney Islands, and South Georgia Island, evidencing aerosol features associated with distinct eco-regions. Nonmethanesulfonic acid Water-Soluble Organic Matter (WSOM) represented 6-8% and 11-22% of the aerosol PM1 mass originated in open ocean (OO) and sea ice (SI) regions, respectively. Other major components included sea salt (86-88% OO, 24-27% SI), non sea salt sulfate (3-4% OO, 35-40% SI), and MSA (1-2% OO, 11-12% SI). The chemical composition of WSOM encompasses secondary organic components with diverse behaviors: while alkylamine concentrations were higher in SI air masses, oxalic acid showed higher concentrations in the open ocean air. Our online single-particle mass spectrometry data exclude a widespread source from sea bird colonies, while the secondary production of oxalic acid and sulfur-containing organic species via cloud processing is suggested. We claim that the potential impact of the sympagic planktonic ecosystem on aerosol composition has been overlooked in past studies, and multiple eco-regions act as distinct aerosol sources around Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rinaldi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Marco Paglione
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Stefano Decesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Roy M Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David C S Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Colin D O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Rafel Simó
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona E-08003, Spain
| | - Manuel Dall'Osto
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, Barcelona E-08003, Spain
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12
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Rivas I, Beddows DCS, Amato F, Green DC, Järvi L, Hueglin C, Reche C, Timonen H, Fuller GW, Niemi JV, Pérez N, Aurela M, Hopke PK, Alastuey A, Kulmala M, Harrison RM, Querol X, Kelly FJ. Source apportionment of particle number size distribution in urban background and traffic stations in four European cities. Environ Int 2020; 135:105345. [PMID: 31810011 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are suspected of having significant impacts on health. However, there have only been a limited number of studies on sources of UFP compared to larger particles. In this work, we identified and quantified the sources and processes contributing to particle number size distributions (PNSD) using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) at six monitoring stations (four urban background and two street canyon) from four European cities: Barcelona, Helsinki, London, and Zurich. These cities are characterised by different meteorological conditions and emissions. The common sources across all stations were Photonucleation, traffic emissions (3 sources, from fresh to aged emissions: Traffic nucleation, Fresh traffic - mode diameter between 13 and 37 nm, and Urban - mode diameter between 44 and 81 nm, mainly traffic but influenced by other sources in some cities), and Secondary particles. The Photonucleation factor was only directly identified by PMF for Barcelona, while an additional split of the Nucleation factor (into Photonucleation and Traffic nucleation) by using NOx concentrations as a proxy for traffic emissions was performed for all other stations. The sum of all traffic sources resulted in a maximum relative contributions ranging from 71 to 94% (annual average) thereby being the main contributor at all stations. In London and Zurich, the relative contribution of the sources did not vary significantly between seasons. In contrast, the high levels of solar radiation in Barcelona led to an important contribution of Photonucleation particles (ranging from 14% during the winter period to 35% during summer). Biogenic emissions were a source identified only in Helsinki (both in the urban background and street canyon stations), that contributed importantly during summer (23% in urban background). Airport emissions contributed to Nucleation particles at urban background sites, as the highest concentrations of this source took place when the wind was blowing from the airport direction in all cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioar Rivas
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - David C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David C Green
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Leena Järvi
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gary W Fuller
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Air Protection Unit, P.O. Box 100, FI-00066 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences/Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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13
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Harrison RM, Rob MacKenzie A, Xu H, Alam MS, Nikolova I, Zhong J, Singh A, Zeraati-Rezaei S, Stark C, Beddows DCS, Liang Z, Xu R, Cai X. Diesel exhaust nanoparticles and their behaviour in the atmosphere. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 474:20180492. [PMID: 30602933 PMCID: PMC6304020 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2018.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diesel engine emissions are by far the largest source of nanoparticles in many urban atmospheres, in which they dominate the particle number count, and may present a significant threat to public health. This paper reviews knowledge of the composition and atmospheric properties of diesel exhaust particles, and exemplifies research in this field through a description of the FASTER project (Fundamental Studies of the Sources, Properties and Environmental Behaviour of Exhaust Nanoparticles from Road Vehicles) which studied the size distribution-and, in unprecedented detail, the chemical composition-of nanoparticles sampled from diesel engine exhaust. This information has been systematized and used to inform the development of computational modules that simulate the behaviour of the largely semi-volatile content of the nucleation mode particles, including consequent effects on the particle size distribution, under typical atmospheric conditions. Large-eddy model studies have informed a simpler characterization of flow around the urban built environment, and include aerosol processes. This modelling and engine-laboratory work have been complemented by laboratory measurements of vapour pressures, and the execution of two field measurement campaigns in London. The result is a more robust description of the dynamical behaviour on the sub-kilometre scale of diesel exhaust nanoparticles and their importance as an urban air pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M. Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - A. Rob MacKenzie
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hongming Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mohammed S. Alam
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Irina Nikolova
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jian Zhong
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ajit Singh
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Soheil Zeraati-Rezaei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher Stark
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zhirong Liang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixin Xu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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14
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Dall'Osto M, Beddows DCS, Asmi A, Poulain L, Hao L, Freney E, Allan JD, Canagaratna M, Crippa M, Bianchi F, de Leeuw G, Eriksson A, Swietlicki E, Hansson HC, Henzing JS, Granier C, Zemankova K, Laj P, Onasch T, Prevot A, Putaud JP, Sellegri K, Vidal M, Virtanen A, Simo R, Worsnop D, O'Dowd C, Kulmala M, Harrison RM. Novel insights on new particle formation derived from a pan-european observing system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1482. [PMID: 29367716 PMCID: PMC5784154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of new atmospheric particles involves an initial step forming stable clusters less than a nanometre in size (<~1 nm), followed by growth into quasi-stable aerosol particles a few nanometres (~1–10 nm) and larger (>~10 nm). Although at times, the same species can be responsible for both processes, it is thought that more generally each step comprises differing chemical contributors. Here, we present a novel analysis of measurements from a unique multi-station ground-based observing system which reveals new insights into continental-scale patterns associated with new particle formation. Statistical cluster analysis of this unique 2-year multi-station dataset comprising size distribution and chemical composition reveals that across Europe, there are different major seasonal trends depending on geographical location, concomitant with diversity in nucleating species while it seems that the growth phase is dominated by organic aerosol formation. The diversity and seasonality of these events requires an advanced observing system to elucidate the key processes and species driving particle formation, along with detecting continental scale changes in aerosol formation into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dall'Osto
- Institute of Marine Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain. .,National Centre for Atmospheric Science Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom. .,School of Physics, Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road Galway, Galway, Ireland. .,Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA.
| | - D C S Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A Asmi
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Poulain
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - L Hao
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, P.O.Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Freney
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, CNRS-Université Blaise Pascal, UMR6016, 63117, Clermont, Ferrand, France
| | - J D Allan
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - M Crippa
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, PSI, Villigen, Switzerland.,European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, I-21027, Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - F Bianchi
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - G de Leeuw
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Change Unit, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland.,Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Princetonlaan 6, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Eriksson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - E Swietlicki
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - H C Hansson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J S Henzing
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Princetonlaan 6, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Granier
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Toulouse, France.,NOAA Earth System Laboratory and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - K Zemankova
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Dept. of Atmospheric Physcis, Prague, Czechia
| | - P Laj
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INPG, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Grenoble, France.,Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers, Grenoble, France
| | - T Onasch
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - A Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J P Putaud
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027, (VA), Italy
| | - K Sellegri
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, CNRS-Université Blaise Pascal, UMR6016, 63117, Clermont, Ferrand, France
| | - M Vidal
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Virtanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, P.O.Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - R Simo
- Institute of Marine Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Worsnop
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C O'Dowd
- School of Physics, Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - M Kulmala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roy M Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.,Department of Environmental Sciences / Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Dall'Osto M, Ovadnevaite J, Paglione M, Beddows DCS, Ceburnis D, Cree C, Cortés P, Zamanillo M, Nunes SO, Pérez GL, Ortega-Retuerta E, Emelianov M, Vaqué D, Marrasé C, Estrada M, Sala MM, Vidal M, Fitzsimons MF, Beale R, Airs R, Rinaldi M, Decesari S, Cristina Facchini M, Harrison RM, O'Dowd C, Simó R. Antarctic sea ice region as a source of biogenic organic nitrogen in aerosols. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6047. [PMID: 28729547 PMCID: PMC5519629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming affects the development and distribution of sea ice, but at present the evidence of polar ecosystem feedbacks on climate through changes in the atmosphere is sparse. By means of synergistic atmospheric and oceanic measurements in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica, we present evidence that the microbiota of sea ice and sea ice-influenced ocean are a previously unknown significant source of atmospheric organic nitrogen, including low molecular weight alkyl-amines. Given the keystone role of nitrogen compounds in aerosol formation, growth and neutralization, our findings call for greater chemical and source diversity in the modelling efforts linking the marine ecosystem to aerosol-mediated climate effects in the Southern Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dall'Osto
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marco Paglione
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - David C S Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, The School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmigham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Charlotte Cree
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Pau Cortés
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marina Zamanillo
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sdena O Nunes
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo L Pérez
- Instituto INIBIOMA, CRUB Comahue, CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400S.C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Eva Ortega-Retuerta
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mikhail Emelianov
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolors Vaqué
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cèlia Marrasé
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Estrada
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Montserrat Sala
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Vidal
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mark F Fitzsimons
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Rachael Beale
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Ruth Airs
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Stefano Decesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Facchini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Roy M Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, The School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmigham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.,Department of Environmental Sciences / Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rafel Simó
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Masiol M, Vu TV, Beddows DCS, Harrison RM. Source apportionment of wide range particle size spectra and black carbon collected at the airport of Venice (Italy). Atmos Environ (1994) 2016; 139:56-74. [PMID: 32288548 PMCID: PMC7108445 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles are of high concern due to their toxic properties and effects on climate, and large airports are known as significant sources of particles. This study investigates the contribution of the Airport of Venice (Italy) to black carbon (BC), total particle number concentrations (PNC) and particle number size distributions (PNSD) over a large range (14 nm-20 μm). Continuous measurements were conducted between April and June 2014 at a site located 110 m from the main taxiway and 300 m from the runway. Results revealed no significantly elevated levels of BC and PNC, but exhibited characteristic diurnal profiles. PNSD were then analysed using both k-means cluster analysis and positive matrix factorization. Five clusters were extracted and identified as midday nucleation events, road traffic, aircraft, airport and nighttime pollution. Six factors were apportioned and identified as probable sources according to the size profiles, directional association, diurnal variation, road and airport traffic volumes and their relationships to micrometeorology and common air pollutants. Photochemical nucleation accounted for ∼44% of total number, followed by road + shipping traffic (26%). Airport-related emissions accounted for ∼20% of total PNC and showed a main mode at 80 nm and a second mode beyond the lower limit of the SMPS (<14 nm). The remaining factors accounted for less than 10% of number counts, but were relevant for total volume concentrations: nighttime nitrate, regional pollution and local resuspension. An analysis of BC levels over different wind sectors revealed no especially significant contributions from specific directions associated with the main local sources, but a potentially significant role of diurnal dynamics of the mixing layer on BC levels. The approaches adopted in this study have identified and apportioned the main sources of particles and BC at an international airport located in area affected by a complex emission scenario. The results may underpin measures for improving local and regional air quality, and health impact assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Masiol
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Tuan V Vu
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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17
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Dall'Osto M, Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, Onat B. Fine Iron Aerosols Are Internally Mixed with Nitrate in the Urban European Atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:4212-4220. [PMID: 27002272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric iron aerosol is a bioavailable essential nutrient playing a role in oceanic productivity. Using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS), the particle size (0.3-1.5 μm), chemical composition and mixing state of Fe-containing particles collected at two European urban sites (London and Barcelona) were characterized. Out of the six particle types accounting for the entire Fe-aerosol population, that arising from long-range transport (LRT) of fine Fe-containing particles (Fe-LRT, 54-82% across the two sites) was predominant. This particle type was found to be internally mixed with nitrate and not with sulfate, and likely mostly associated with urban traffic activities. This is in profound contrast with previous studies carried out in Asia, where the majority of iron-containing particles are mixed with sulfate and are of coal combustion origin. Other minor fine iron aerosol sources included mineral dust (8-11%), traffic brake wear material (1-17%), shipping/oil (1-6%), biomass combustion (4-13%) and vegetative debris (1-3%). Overall, relative to anthropogenic Asian Fe-sulfate dust, anthropogenic European dust internally mixed with additional key nutrients such as nitrate is likely to play a different role in ocean global biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dall'Osto
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia Institut de Ciències del Mar , CSIC Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - D C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Burcu Onat
- Istanbul University Environmental Engineering Department Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Giorio C, Tapparo A, Dall'Osto M, Beddows DCS, Esser-Gietl JK, Healy RM, Harrison RM. Local and regional components of aerosol in a heavily trafficked street canyon in central London derived from PMF and cluster analysis of single-particle ATOFMS spectra. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:3330-3340. [PMID: 25695365 DOI: 10.1021/es506249z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been applied to single particle ATOFMS spectra collected on a six lane heavily trafficked road in central London (Marylebone Road), which well represents an urban street canyon. PMF analysis successfully extracted 11 factors from mass spectra of about 700,000 particles as a complement to information on particle types (from K-means cluster analysis). The factors were associated with specific sources and represent the contribution of different traffic related components (i.e., lubricating oils, fresh elemental carbon, organonitrogen and aromatic compounds), secondary aerosol locally produced (i.e., nitrate, oxidized organic aerosol and oxidized organonitrogen compounds), urban background together with regional transport (aged elemental carbon and ammonium) and fresh sea spray. An important result from this study is the evidence that rapid chemical processes occur in the street canyon with production of secondary particles from road traffic emissions. These locally generated particles, together with aging processes, dramatically affected aerosol composition producing internally mixed particles. These processes may become important with stagnant air conditions and in countries where gasoline vehicles are predominant and need to be considered when quantifying the impact of traffic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- ‡National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Manuel Dall'Osto
- §Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg Marı́tim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David C S Beddows
- ‡National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna K Esser-Gietl
- ‡National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Healy
- ∥Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roy M Harrison
- ‡National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- ⊥Department of Environmental Sciences/Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Paoletti E, De Marco A, Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, Manning WJ. Ozone levels in European and USA cities are increasing more than at rural sites, while peak values are decreasing. Environ Pollut 2014; 192:295-9. [PMID: 24906864 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) levels are usually lower in urban centers than nearby rural sites. To compare trends in O3 levels during the period 1990-2010, we obtained monitoring data from paired urban and rural sites from the European Environment Agency and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Ozone peaks decreased at both station types, with no significant differences between urban and rural stations. Ozone annual averages increased at both urban and rural sites, with a faster rate of increase for urban centers. The overall trend was for convergence between urban and rural O3 data. Ozone levels exceeded the criteria established for the protection of human and vegetation health at both urban and rural sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David C S Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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20
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Taiwo AM, Beddows DCS, Calzolai G, Harrison RM, Lucarelli F, Nava S, Shi Z, Valli G, Vecchi R. Receptor modelling of airborne particulate matter in the vicinity of a major steelworks site. Sci Total Environ 2014; 490:488-500. [PMID: 24875261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the Multilinear Engine (ME-2) receptor model was applied to speciated particulate matter concentration data collected with two different measuring instruments upwind and downwind of a steelworks complex in Port Talbot, South Wales, United Kingdom. Hourly and daily PM samples were collected with Streaker and Partisol samplers, respectively, during a one month sampling campaign between April 18 and May 16, 2012. Daily samples (PM10, PM2.5, PM2.5-10) were analysed for trace metals and water-soluble ions using standard procedures. Hourly samples (PM2.5 and PM2.5-10) were assayed for 22 elements by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). PM10 data analysis using ME-2 resolved 6 factors from both datasets identifying different steel processing units including emissions from the blast furnaces (BF), the basic oxygen furnace steelmaking plant (BOS), the coke-making plant, and the sinter plant. Steelworks emissions were the main contributors to PM10 accounting for 45% of the mass when including also secondary aerosol. The blast furnaces were the largest emitter of primary PM10 in the study area, explaining about one-fifth of the mass. Other source contributions to PM10 were from marine aerosol (28%), traffic (16%), and background aerosol (11%). ME-2 analysis was also performed on daily PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 data resolving 7 and 6 factors, respectively. The largest contributions to PM2.5-10 were from marine aerosol (30%) and blast furnace emissions (28%). Secondary components explained one-half of PM2.5 mass. The influence of steelworks sources on ambient particulate matter at Port Talbot was distinguishable for several separate processing sections within the steelworks in all PM fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Taiwo
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - D C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - G Calzolai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Florence, Italy; INFN-Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - F Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Florence, Italy; INFN-Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - S Nava
- INFN-Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Z Shi
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - G Valli
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; INFN-Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - R Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy; INFN-Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
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21
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Taiwo AM, Beddows DCS, Shi Z, Harrison RM. Mass and number size distributions of particulate matter components: comparison of an industrial site and an urban background site. Sci Total Environ 2014; 475:29-38. [PMID: 24419284 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Size-resolved composition of particulate matter (PM) sampled in the industrial town of Port Talbot (PT), UK was determined in comparison to a typical urban background site in Birmingham (EROS). A Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) sampler was deployed for two separate sampling campaigns with the addition of a Grimm optical spectrometer at the PT site. MOUDI samples were analysed for water-soluble anions (Cl(-), NO₃(-) and SO₄(2-)) and cations (Na(+), NH4(+), K(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)) and trace metals (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sb, Ba and Pb). The PM mass distribution showed a predominance of fine particle (PM₂.₅) mass at EROS whereas the PT samples were dominated by the coarse fraction (PM₂.₅₋₁₀). SO₄(2-), Cl(-), NH4(+), Na(+), NO₃(-), and Ca(2+) were the predominant ionic species at both sites while Al and Fe were the metals with highest concentrations at both sites. Mean concentrations of Cl(-), Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Cr, Mn, Fe and Zn were higher at PT than EROS due to industrial and marine influences. The contribution of regional pollution by sulphate, ammonium and nitrate was greater at EROS relative to PT. The traffic signatures of Cu, Sb, Ba and Pb were particularly prominent at EROS. Overall, PM at EROS was dominated by secondary aerosol and traffic-related particles while PT was heavily influenced by industrial activities and marine aerosol. Profound influences of wind direction are seen in the 72-hour data, especially in relation to the PT local sources. Measurements of particle number in 14 separate size bins plotted as a function of wind direction and speed are highly indicative of contributing sources, with local traffic dominant below 0.5 μm, steelworks emissions from 0.5 to 15 μm, and marine aerosol above 15 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale M Taiwo
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Zongbo Shi
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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22
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Venturini E, Vassura I, Ferroni L, Raffo S, Passarini F, Beddows DCS, Harrison RM. Bulk deposition close to a Municipal Solid Waste incinerator: one source among many. Sci Total Environ 2013; 456-457:392-403. [PMID: 23639865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the contribution of a Municipal Solid Waste incinerator to the area's total contamination, metals and soluble ions have been determined in bulk deposition collected at sites affected by different levels of plant emissions, according to the results of the Calpuff air dispersion model. Results show that in general fluxes monitored at the different sites during the same period are quite similar for each analyte. Deposition fluxes of nitrite and ammonium are significantly lower at the more distant site, while copper is significantly higher at this site, possibly because of copper fungicide used on the nearby agriculture land. The presence of sea spray and resuspended soil dust can be inferred from Pearson correlation coefficients, while enrichment factors indicate that Cu, Pb and Zn have a probable anthropogenic origin. A more complete evaluation of the sources affecting the area was obtained with PMF analysis. The sources associated with each factor were identified from the source profile and temporal trends. Six factors were identified, three sources associate with natural matrices, while three factors represent anthropogenic sources. The greatest contribution of heavy metals, the most toxic and persistent components determined, is associated with resuspended soil dust, especially when weighted according to their toxicity. The anthropogenic source contribution is similar at all sites, and therefore the incinerator's relative contribution to the total pollutant load appears to be negligible compared to other sources affecting the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Venturini
- University of Bologna, Department of Industrial Chemistry Toso Montanari, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40146 Bologna, Italy.
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Abstract
Particle number concentration data have been collected on a very busy road in central London (Marylebone Road). Continuous size distributions from 15 nm to 10 μm diameter, collected over 21 days, were analyzed using positive matrix factorization which identified 10 factors, five of which were observed to make major contributions (greater than 8%) to either the total number or volume of particulate matter. The sources associated with each factor were identified from the size distribution, directional association, diurnal variation and their relationship to meteorological pollution and traffic volume variables. The factors related to the emissions on Marylebone Road accounted for 40.5% of particle volume and 71.9% of particle number. These comprised nucleation mode exhaust particles (3.6% of total volume and 27.4% of total number), solid mode exhaust particles (18.8% of total volume and 38.0% of total number), brake dust (13.7% of total volume and 1.7% of total number and resuspension (4.4% of total volume and 4.8% of total number). Another six factors were associated with the urban background accounting for 59.5% of total volume and 28.2% of total particle number count. The method is extremely successful at separating the components of on-road emissions including brake wear and resuspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Harrison RM, Giorio C, Beddows DCS, Dall'Osto M. Size distribution of airborne particles controls outcome of epidemiological studies. Sci Total Environ 2010; 409:289-93. [PMID: 21109288 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies typically using wide size range mass metrics (e.g. PM(10)) have demonstrated associations between airborne particulate matter and several adverse health outcomes. This approach ignores the fact that mass concentration may not correlate with regional lung dose, unlike the case of trace gases. When using measured particle size distributions as the basis for calculating regional lung dose, PM(10) mass concentration is found to be a good predictor of the mass dose in all regions of the lung, but is far less predictive of the surface area and particle number dose. On the other hand, measurements of particle number do not well predict mass dose, indicating that the chosen particle metric is likely to determine the health outcomes detectable by an epidemiological study. Consequently, epidemiological studies using mass metrics (PM(2.5) and PM(10)) may fail to recognise important health consequences of particulate matter exposure, leading to an underestimate of the public health consequences of particle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Beddows DCS, Dall'Osto M, Harrison RM. Cluster analysis of rural, urban, and curbside atmospheric particle size data. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:4694-700. [PMID: 19673253 DOI: 10.1021/es803121t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Particle size is a key determinant of the hazard posed by airborne particles. Continuous multivariate particle size data have been collected using aerosol particle size spectrometers sited at four locations within the UK: Harwell (Oxfordshire); Regents Park (London); British Telecom Tower (London); and Marylebone Road (London). These data have been analyzed using k-means cluster analysis, deduced to be the preferred cluster analysis technique, selected from an option of four partitional cluster packages, namelythe following: Fuzzy; k-means; k-median; and Model-Based clustering. Using cluster validation indices k-means clustering was shown to produce clusters with the smallest size, furthest separation, and importantly the highest degree of similarity between the elements within each partition. Using k-means clustering, the complexity of the data set is reduced allowing characterization of the data according to the temporal and spatial trends of the clusters. At Harwell, the rural background measurement site, the cluster analysis showed that the spectra may be differentiated by their modal-diameters and average temporal trends showing either high counts during the day-time or night-time hours. Likewise for the urban sites, the cluster analysis differentiated the spectra into a small number of size distributions according their modal-diameter, the location of the measurement site, and time of day. The responsible aerosol emission, formation, and dynamic processes can be inferred according to the cluster characteristics and correlation to concurrently measured meteorological, gas phase, and particle phase measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C S Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, The School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Dall'Osto M, Harrison RM, Beddows DCS, Freney EJ, Heal MR, Donovan RJ. Single-particle detection efficiencies of aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry during the North Atlantic marine boundary layer experiment. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:5029-35. [PMID: 16955903 DOI: 10.1021/es050951i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During the North Atlantic marine boundary layer experiment (NAMBLEX) sampling campaign at Mace Head, Ireland, both continental and maritime air masses were sampled. Aerosol was characterized both with a TSI 3800 time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) and a MOUDI microorifice impactor, and particle number counts were measured independently with an aerodynamic particle sizer. The data have been analyzed in order to elucidate factors determining the particle detection efficiencies of the ATOFMS. These are broken down according to the efficiency of the inlet system, the hit efficiency on particles which enter the sensing zone of the instrument and the sensitivity of the measured ion signal to the chemical species. A substantial matrix effect depending on the chemical composition of the aerosol sampled at the time was found, which is reflected in variations in the hit efficiency of particles entering the sensing zone of the instrument with the main desorption-ionization laser. This is in addition to the strong inverse power-law dependence of inlet transmission efficiency on particle diameter. The variation in hit efficiency with particle type is likely attributable to differences in the energetics of laser energy absorption, ablation, and ion formation. However, once variations in both inlet transmission and hit efficiencies are taken into account, no additional matrix dependence of ATOFMS response is required to obtain a linear relationship between the ion signal and the concentration of a particular chemical species. The observations show that a constant mass of material is ionized from each particle, irrespective of size. Consequently the integrated ion signal for a given chemical component and particle size class needs to be increased by a factor related to the cube of particle diameter in order to correlate with the airborne mass of that component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dall'Osto
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
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Dall'Osto M, Beddows DCS, Kinnersley RP, Harrison RM, Donovan RJ, Heal MR. Characterization of individual airborne particles by using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry at Mace Head, Ireland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dall'Osto
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Robert P. Kinnersley
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | | | - Mathew R. Heal
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
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Beddows DCS, Donovan RJ, Harrison RM, Heal MR, Kinnersley RP, King MD, Nicholson DH, Thompson KC. Correlations in the chemical composition of rural background atmospheric aerosol in the UK determined in real time using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:124-33. [PMID: 14760456 DOI: 10.1039/b311209h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was used to determine, in real time, the size and chemical composition of individual particles in the atmosphere at the remote inland site of Eskdalemuir, Scotland. A total of 51,980 particles, in the size range 0.3-7.4 microm, were detected between the 25th and 30th June 2001. Rapid changes in the number density, size and chemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol were observed. These changes are attributed to two distinct types of air mass; a polluted air mass that had passed over the British mainland before reaching Eskdalemuir, interposed between two cleaner air masses that had arrived directly from the sea. Such changes in the background aerosol could clearly be very important to studies of urban aerosols and attempts at source apportionment. The results of an objective method of data analysis are presented. Correlations were sought between the occurrence of: lithium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, beryllium, strontium, barium, ammonium, amines, nitrate, nitrite, boron, mercury, sulfate, phosphate, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and carbon (both elemental and organic hydrocarbon) in both fine (d < 2.5 microm) and coarse (d > 2.5 microm) particle fractions. Several previously unreported correlations were observed, for instance between the elements lithium, beryllium and boron. The results suggest that about 2 in 3 of all fine particles (by number rather than by mass), and 1 in 2 of all coarse particles containing carbon, consisted of elemental carbon rather than organic hydrocarbon (although a bias in the sensitivity of the ATOFMS could have affected these numbers). The ratio of the number of coarse particles containing nitrate anions to the number of particles containing chloride anions exceeded unity when the air mass had travelled over the British mainland. The analysis also illustrates that an air mass of marine origin that had travelled slowly over agricultural land can accumulate amines and ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C S Beddows
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK EH9 3JJ
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Boyain-Goitia AR, Beddows DCS, Griffiths BC, Telle HH. Single-pollen analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and Raman microscopy. Appl Opt 2003; 42:6119-6132. [PMID: 14594074 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.006119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to the analysis of single biological microparticles (bioaerosols) is described, exemplified here for a range of pollens. Spectra were recorded by exposure of the pollen to a single laser pulse from a Nd:YAG laser (lambda = 1064 nm, Ep approximately 30 mJ). The intensities of the single-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectra fluctuated dramatically, but an internal signal calibration procedure was applied that referenced elemental line intensities to the carbon matrix of the sample (represented by molecular bands of CN and C2). This procedure allowed us to determine relative element concentration distributions for the different types of pollen. These pollens exhibited some distinct concentration variations, for both major and minor (trace) elements in the biomatrix, through which ultimately individual pollens might be identified and classified. The same pollen samples were also analyzed by Raman microscopy, which provided molecular compositional data (even with spatial resolution). These data allowed us to distinguish between biological and nonbiological specimens and to obtain additional classification information for the various pollen families, complementing the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurement data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Boyain-Goitia
- Department of Physics, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Beddows DCS, Griffiths BC, Samek O, Telle HH. Application of frustrated total internal reflection devices to analytical laser spectroscopy. Appl Opt 2003; 42:6006-6015. [PMID: 14594058 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.006006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Novel implementations of single-fiber laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy systems that gated light switches based on frustrated total internal reflection are described. The switching devices are largely wavelength independent, with full temporal and spatial separation of laser and fluorescence light. Wavelength-independent beam separation or beam combination schemes can be implemented for coaxial optical setups, e.g., in single-fiber or telescopic experimental arrangements. Selected practical examples of schemes for qualitative and quantitative analytical spectroscopy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C S Beddows
- Department of Physics, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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