1
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Shan W, Thomas EL. Gradient Transformation of the Double Gyroid to the Double Diamond in Soft Matter. ACS Nano 2024; 18:9443-9450. [PMID: 38466943 PMCID: PMC10993642 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Transitions between gyroid and diamond intercatenated double network phases occur in many types of soft matter, but to date, the structural pathway and the crystallographic relationships remain unclear. Slice and view scanning electron microscopy tomography of a diblock copolymer affords monitoring of the evolving shape of the intermaterial dividing surface, allowing structural characterization of both the majority and minority domains. Two trihedral malleable mesoatoms combine to form a single tetrahedral mesoatom in a volume additive manner while preserving network topology, as the types of loops, the number of mesoatoms in a loop, minority domain strut lengths, and directions that connect a given mesoatom to its neighbors evolve across a 150 nm wide transition zone (TZ). The [111]DD direction is coincident with the [110]DG direction so that the (111)DD and (110)DG planes define the boundaries of the TZ. Selection of the particular crystal orientations and direction and width of the transition zone is to minimize the cost of morphing the mesoatoms from one structure to the other, by maximizing like-block continuity and minimizing the variation of the surface curvature and thickness of the domains across the TZ. Such coherent continuity of the independent, intercatenated networks across the transition zone is critical for applications such as graded mechanical trusses where the pair of different networks are joined to provide different mechanical properties for adjacent grains or could serve as a nanoscale anode/cathode allowing super charging and discharging provided the networks are continuous and rigorously separate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Shan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
- Biomaterials
and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
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2
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Lin IM, Yang CY, Wang YM, Wang WE, Hung YC, Thomas EL, Chiang YW. Flexible Block Copolymer Metamaterials Featuring Hollow Ordered Nanonetworks with Ultra-High Porosity and Surface-To-Volume Ratio. Small 2024; 20:e2307487. [PMID: 37985946 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
By utilizing bicontinuous and nanoporous ordered nanonetworks, such as double gyroid (DG) and double diamond (DD), metamaterials with exceptional optical and mechanical properties can be fabricated through the templating synthesis of functional materials. However, the volume fraction range of DG in block copolymers is significantly narrow, making it unable to vary its porosity and surface-to-volume ratio. Here, the theoretically limited structural volume of the DG phase in coil-coil copolymers is overcome by enlarging the conformational asymmetry through the association of mesogens, providing fast access to achieving flexible structured materials of ultra-high porosities. The new materials design, dual-extractable nanocomposite, is created by incorporating a photodegradable block with a solvent-extractable mesogen (m) into an accepting block, resulting in a new hollow gyroid (HG) with the largely increased surface-to-volume ratio and porosity of 77 vol%. The lightweight HG exhibits a low refractive index of 1.11 and a very high specific reduced modulus, almost two times that of the typical negative gyroid (porosity≈53%) and three times that of the positive gyroid (porosity≈24%). This novel concept can significantly extend the DG phase window of block copolymers and the corresponding surface-to-volume ratio, being applicable for nanotemplate-synthesized nanomaterials with a great gain of mechanical, catalytic, and optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ming Lin
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Chih-Ying Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wei-En Wang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chueh Hung
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yeo-Wan Chiang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
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3
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Subramanian V, Wu K, Feng X, Tsai E, Li R, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Sen A, Mcintosh A, Thomas EL. Cryo-FIB and Synchrotron SAXS/WAXS Studies of Confined Crystallization of PDMS in Tubular Network Block Copolymer Morphologies. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:523-525. [PMID: 37613248 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Subramanian
- Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ken Wu
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Esther Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Anindito Sen
- Microscopy and Imaging Centre (MIC), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Avery Mcintosh
- Microscopy and Imaging Centre (MIC), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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4
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Shan W, Xiao K, Thomas EL. Influence of Entanglements on Ultrahigh Strain Rate Deformation of Polystyrene Microprojectiles. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Shan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kailu Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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5
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Shan W, Weisbord I, Feng X, Hyon J, Manesi GM, Avgeropoulos A, Segal-Peretz T, Thomas EL. Layered Thin Film Deposition via Extreme Inter-Brush Slip in a Lamellar Block Copolymer. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Shan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Inbal Weisbord
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Jinho Hyon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Gkreti-Maria Manesi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Tamar Segal-Peretz
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
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Kang HS, Park C, Eoh H, Lee CE, Ryu DY, Kang Y, Feng X, Huh J, Thomas EL, Park C. Visualization of nonsingular defect enabling rapid control of structural color. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm5120. [PMID: 35275730 PMCID: PMC8916736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-interactive structural color (SC) of a block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystal (PC) uses reversible alteration of the PC using external fluids and applied forces. The origin of the diffusional pathways of a stimulating fluid into a BCP PC has not been examined. Here, we directly visualize the vertically oriented screw dislocations in a one-dimensional lamellar BCP PC that facilitate the rapid response of visible SC. To reveal the diffusional pathway of the solvent via the dislocations, BCP lamellae are swollen with an interpenetrated hydrogel network, allowing fixation of the swollen state and subsequent microscopic examination. The visualized defects are low-energy helicoidal screw dislocations having unique, nonsingular cores. Location and areal density of these dislocations are determined by periodic concentric topographic nanopatterns of the upper surface-reconstructed layer. The nonsingular nature of the interlayer connectivity in the core region demonstrates the beneficial nature of these defects on sensing dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongkyu Eoh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3003, USA
| | - Chang Eun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuenyan Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3003, USA
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (C.P.); (E.L.T.); (J.H.)
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3003, USA
- Corresponding author. (C.P.); (E.L.T.); (J.H.)
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Spin Convergence Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (C.P.); (E.L.T.); (J.H.)
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7
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Miller KA, Alemany LB, Roy S, Yan Q, Demingos PG, Singh CV, Alahakoon S, Egap E, Thomas EL, Ajayan PM. High-Strength, Microporous, Two-Dimensional Polymer Thin Films with Rigid Benzoxazole Linkage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:1861-1873. [PMID: 34978172 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) rigid polymers provide an opportunity to translate the high-strength, high-modulus mechanical performance of classic rigid-rod 1D polymers across a plane by extending covalent bonding into two dimensions while simultaneously reducing density due to microporosity by structural design. Thus far, this potential has remained elusive because of the challenge of producing high-quality 2D polymer thin films, particularly those with irreversible, rigid benzazole linkages. Here, we present a facile two-step process that allows the deposition of a uniform intermediate film network via reversible, non-covalent interactions, followed by a subsequent solid-state annealing step that facilitates the irreversible conversion to a 2D covalently bonded polymer product with benzoxazole linkages. We demonstrate the versatility of this synthesis method by producing films with four different aromatic core units. The resulting films show microporosity and anisotropy with a 2D layered structure that can be exfoliated into few-layer nanosheets using a freeze-thaw method. These films have promising mechanical properties with an in-plane ultimate tensile strength of nearly 40 MPa and axial tensile and transverse compressive elastic moduli on the scale of several GPa, rivaling the performance of solution-cast films of 1D polybenzoxazole, as well as several other 1D high-strength polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Miller
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lawrence B Alemany
- Department of Chemistry and Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Qianqian Yan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pedro Guerra Demingos
- Department wof Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department wof Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Sampath Alahakoon
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Eilaf Egap
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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8
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Bhaumik S, Shan W, Thomas EL, Hadjichristidis N. Synthesis and Characterization of Asymmetric A 1BA 2 Supramolecular Triblock Copolymers via Noncovalent Interactions: A Solution and Solid-State Study. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Bhaumik
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenpeng Shan
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Reddy
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gregory M. Grason
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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10
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Siddique SK, Lin TC, Chang CY, Chang YH, Lee CC, Chang SY, Tsai PC, Jeng YR, Thomas EL, Ho RM. Nanonetwork Thermosets from Templated Polymerization for Enhanced Energy Dissipation. Nano Lett 2021; 21:3355-3363. [PMID: 33856816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we aim to develop a facile method for the fabrication of mechanical metamaterials from templated polymerization of thermosets including phenolic and epoxy resins using self-assembled block copolymer, polystyrene-polydimethylsiloxane with tripod network (gyroid), and tetrapod network (diamond) structures, as templates. Nanoindentation studies on the nanonetwork thermosets fabricated reveal enhanced energy dissipation from intrinsic brittle thermosets due to the deliberate structuring; the calculated energy dissipation for gyroid phenolic resins is 0.23 nJ whereas the one with diamond structure gives a value of 0.33 nJ. Consistently, the gyroid-structured epoxy gives a high energy dissipation value of 0.57 nJ, and the one with diamond structure could reach 0.78 nJ. These enhanced properties are attributed to the isotropic periodicity of the nanonetwork texture with plastic deformation, and the higher number of struts in the tetrapod diamond network in contrast to tripod gyroid, as confirmed by the finite element analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail K Siddique
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Chung Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chun Lee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yi Chang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chi Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yeau-Ren Jeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Material Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, United States
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Abstract
Periodic gyroid network materials have many interesting properties (band gaps, topologically protected modes, superior charge and mass transport, and outstanding mechanical properties) due to the space-group symmetries and their multichannel triply continuous morphology. The three-dimensional structure of a twin boundary in a self-assembled polystyrene-b-polydimethylsiloxane (PS-PDMS) double-gyroid (DG) forming diblock copolymer is directly visualized using dual-beam scanning microscopy. The reconstruction clearly shows that the intermaterial dividing surface (IMDS) is smooth and continuous across the boundary plane as the pairs of chiral PDMS networks suddenly change their handedness. The boundary plane therefore acts as a topological mirror. The morphology of the normally chiral nodes and strut loops within the networks is altered in the twin-boundary plane with the formation of three new types of achiral nodes and the appearance of two new classes of achiral loops. The boundary region shares a very similar surface/volume ratio and distribution of the mean and Gaussian curvatures of the IMDS as the adjacent ordered DG grain regions, suggesting the twin is a low-energy boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840
| | - Mujin Zhuo
- Department of Material Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Material Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840;
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Hyon J, Lawal O, Thevamaran R, Song YE, Thomas EL. Extreme Energy Dissipation via Material Evolution in Carbon Nanotube Mats. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2003142. [PMID: 33747728 PMCID: PMC7967058 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Thin layered mats comprised of an interconnected meandering network of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are subjected to a hypersonic micro-projectile impact test. The mat morphology is highly compliant and while this leads to rather modest quasi-static mechanical properties, at the extreme strain rates and large strains resulting from ballistic impact, the MWCNT structure has the ability to reconfigure resulting in extraordinary kinetic energy (KE) absorption. The KE of the projectile is dissipated via frictional interactions, adiabatic heating, tube stretching, and ultimately fracture of taut tubes and the newly formed fibrils. The energy absorbed per unit mass of the film can range from 7-12 MJ kg-1, much greater than any other material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Hyon
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Olawale Lawal
- Department of ChemistryUnited States Air Force AcademyEl PasoCO80840‐5002USA
| | | | - Ye Eun Song
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
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Krishnan A, Kogan C, Peters RT, Thomas EL, Critzer F. Microbial and physicochemical assessment of irrigation water treatment methods. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1555-1562. [PMID: 33594789 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The presence of foodborne pathogens in preharvest agricultural water has been identified as a potential contamination source in outbreak investigations, driving markets and auditing bodies to begin requiring water treatment for high-risk produce. Therefore, it is essential that we identify water treatment methods which are effective as well as practical in their application on farm. METHODS AND RESULTS In this work, we evaluated two sanitizers which are most prominent in preharvest agricultural water treatment (calcium hypochlorite (free chlorine: 3-5 ppm) and peracetic acid (PAA: 5 ppm)), an EPA registered antimicrobial device (ultraviolet light (UV)), in addition to a combination approach (chlorine + UV, PAA + UV). Treatments were evaluated for their ability to inactivate total coliforms and generic Escherichia coli and consistency in treatment efficacy over 1 h of operation. Physicochemical variables were measured along with microbial populations at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min of operation. Escherichia coli and coliform counts showed a significant (P < 0·05) reduction after treatment, with combination and singular treatments equally effective at inactivating E. coli and coliforms. A significant increase (P < 0·05) in oxidation-reduction potential was seen during water treatment (Chlorine; UV + Chlorine), and a significant reduction (P < 0·05) in pH was seen after PAA and PAA + UV treatments (60 min). CONCLUSION Overall, the results indicate that all treatments evaluated are equally efficacious for inactivating E. coli and coliforms present in surface agricultural water. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This information when paired with challenge studies targeting foodborne pathogens of interest can be used to support grower decisions when selecting and validating a preharvest agricultural water treatment programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krishnan
- School of Food Science and Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA
| | - C Kogan
- Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R T Peters
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA
| | - E L Thomas
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA
| | - F Critzer
- School of Food Science and Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA
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14
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Hyon J, Gonzales M, Streit JK, Fried O, Lawal O, Jiao Y, Drummy LF, Thomas EL, Vaia RA. Projectile Impact Shock-Induced Deformation of One-Component Polymer Nanocomposite Thin Films. ACS Nano 2021; 15:2439-2446. [PMID: 33503365 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-free assemblies of polymer-grafted nanoparticles (PGNs) enable mechanically robust materials for a variety of structural, electronic, and optical applications. Recent quasi-static mechanical studies have identified the key parameters that enhance canopy entanglement and promote plasticity of the PGNs below Tg. Here we experimentally explore the high-strain-rate shock impact behavior of polystyrene grafted NPs and compare their energy absorption capabilities to that of homopolystyrene for film thicknesses ranging from 75 to 550 nm and for impact velocities from 350 to 800 m/s. Modeling reveals that the initial shock compression results in a rapid temperature increase at the impact site. The uniformity of this heating is consistent with observations of greater kinetic energy absorption per mass (Ep*) of thinner films due to extensive visco-plastic deformation of molten film around the penetration site. Adiabatic heating is insufficient to raise the temperature at the exit surface of the thickest films resulting in increased strain localization at the impact periphery with less melt elongation. The extent and distribution of entanglements also influence Ep*. Structurally, each NP acts as a giant cross-link node, coupling surrounding nodes via the number of canopy chains per NP and the nature and number of entanglements between canopies anchored to different NPs. Load sharing via this dual network, along with geometrical factors such as film thickness, lead to extreme Ep* arising from the sequence of instantaneous adiabatic shock heating followed by visco-plastic drawing of the film by the projectile. These observations elucidate the critical factors necessary to create robust polymer-nanocomposite multifunctional films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Hyon
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Manny Gonzales
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Jason K Streit
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Omri Fried
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Olawale Lawal
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Lawrence F Drummy
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Richard A Vaia
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
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15
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Vasanthan J, Gurusamy N, Rajasingh S, Sigamani V, Kirankumar S, Thomas EL, Rajasingh J. Role of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regenerative Therapy. Cells 2020; 10:E54. [PMID: 33396426 PMCID: PMC7823630 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells which can proliferate and replace dead cells in the body. MSCs also secrete immunomodulatory molecules, creating a regenerative microenvironment that has an excellent potential for tissue regeneration. MSCs can be easily isolated and grown in vitro for various applications. For the past two decades, MSCs have been used in research, and many assays and tests have been developed proving that MSCs are an excellent cell source for therapy. This review focusses on quality control parameters required for applications of MSCs including colony formation, surface markers, differentiation potentials, and telomere length. Further, the specific mechanisms of action of MSCs under various conditions such as trans-differentiation, cell fusion, mitochondrial transfer, and secretion of extracellular vesicles are discussed. This review aims to underline the applications and benefits of MSCs in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayavardini Vasanthan
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Narasimman Gurusamy
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
| | - Sheeja Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
| | - Vinoth Sigamani
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
| | - Shivaani Kirankumar
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (J.V.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (V.S.); (S.K.); (E.L.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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16
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Rangou S, Moschovas D, Moutsios I, Manesi GM, Tsitoni K, Bovsunovskaya PV, Ivanov DA, Thomas EL, Avgeropoulos A. Dendrons and Dendritic Terpolymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Self-Assembly Comparison. Molecules 2020; 25:E6030. [PMID: 33352785 PMCID: PMC7766238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this is the very first time that a thorough study of the synthetic procedures, molecular and thermal characterization, followed by structure/properties relationship for symmetric and non-symmetric second generation (2-G) dendritic terpolymers is reported. Actually, the synthesis of the non-symmetric materials is reported for the first time in the literature. Anionic polymerization enables the synthesis of well-defined polymers that, despite the architecture complexity, absolute control over the average molecular weight, as well as block composition, is achieved. The dendritic type macromolecular architecture affects the microphase separation, because different morphologies are obtained, which do not exhibit long range order, and various defects or dislocations are evident attributed to the increased number of junction points of the final material despite the satisfactory thermal annealing at temperatures above the highest glass transition temperature of all blocks. For comparison reasons, the initial dendrons (miktoarm star terpolymer precursors) which are connected to each other in order to synthesize the final dendritic terpolymers are characterized in solution and in bulk and their self-assembly is also studied. A major conclusion is that specific structures are adopted which depend on the type of the core connection between the ligand and the active sites of the dendrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Rangou
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Polymer Research, Max-Plank-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Moschovas
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.B.); (D.A.I.)
| | - Ioannis Moutsios
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Gkreti-Maria Manesi
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Konstantina Tsitoni
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Polina V. Bovsunovskaya
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.B.); (D.A.I.)
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dimitri A. Ivanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.B.); (D.A.I.)
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse–IS2M, CNRS UMR7361, 15 Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3003, USA;
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (S.R.); (D.M.); (I.M.); (G.-M.M.); (K.T.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.B.); (D.A.I.)
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17
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Wang HF, Chiu PT, Yang CY, Xie ZH, Hung YC, Lee JY, Tsai JC, Prasad I, Jinnai H, Thomas EL, Ho RM. Networks with controlled chirality via self-assembly of chiral triblock terpolymers. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/42/eabc3644. [PMID: 33055164 PMCID: PMC7556840 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanonetwork-structured materials can be found in nature and synthetic materials. A double gyroid (DG) with a pair of chiral networks but opposite chirality can be formed from the self-assembly of diblock copolymers. For triblock terpolymers, an alternating gyroid (GA) with two chiral networks from distinct end blocks can be formed; however, the network chirality could be positive or negative arbitrarily, giving an achiral phase. Here, by taking advantage of chirality transfer at different length scales, GA with controlled chirality can be achieved through the self-assembly of a chiral triblock terpolymer. With the homochiral evolution from monomer to multichain domain morphology through self-assembly, the triblock terpolymer composed of a chiral end block with a single-handed helical polymer chain gives the chiral network from the chiral end block having a particular handed network. Our real-space analyses reveal the preferred chiral sense of the network in the GA, leading to a chiral phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Fang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, R.O.C
| | - Po-Ting Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Ying Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, R.O.C
| | - Zhi-Hong Xie
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Chueh Hung
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Yu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, No.168, Sec. 1, University Rd., Minhsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan 62142, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Cherng Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, No.168, Sec. 1, University Rd., Minhsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan 62142, R.O.C
| | - Ishan Prasad
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, R.O.C.
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18
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is more common in non-Europeans and starts at a younger age and at lower BMI cut-offs. This review discusses the insights from genetic studies about pathophysiological mechanisms which determine risk of disease with a focus on the role of adiposity and body fat distribution in ethnic disparity in risk of type 2 diabetes. During the past decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 400 genetic variants associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. The Eurocentric nature of these genetic studies has made them less effective in identifying mechanisms that make non-Europeans more susceptible to higher risk of disease. One possible mechanism suggested by epidemiological studies is the role of ethnic difference in body fat distribution. Using genetic variants associated with an ability to store extra fat in a safe place, which is subcutaneous adipose tissue, we discuss how different ethnic groups could be genetically less susceptible to type 2 diabetes by developing a more favourable fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yaghootkar
- From the, Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.,School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Science, University of Westminster, London, UK.,Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - B Whitcher
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Science, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - J D Bell
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Science, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - E L Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Science, University of Westminster, London, UK
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19
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Moschovas D, Manesi GM, Karydis-Messinis A, Zapsas G, Ntetsikas K, Zafeiropoulos NE, Piryazev AA, Thomas EL, Hadjichristidis N, Ivanov DA, Avgeropoulos A. Alternating Gyroid Network Structure in an ABC Miktoarm Terpolymer Comprised of Polystyrene and Two Polydienes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1497. [PMID: 32751589 PMCID: PMC7466615 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, molecular and morphological characterization of a 3-miktoarm star terpolymer of polystyrene (PS, M¯n = 61.0 kg/mol), polybutadiene (PB, M¯n = 38.2 kg/mol) and polyisoprene (PI, M¯n = 29.2 kg/mol), corresponding to volume fractions (φ) of 0.46, 0.31 and 0.23 respectively, was studied. The major difference of the present material from previous ABC miktoarm stars (which is a star architecture bearing three different segments, all connected to a single junction point) with the same block components is the high 3,4-microstructure (55%) of the PI chains. The interaction parameter and the degree of polymerization of the two polydienes is sufficiently positive to create a three-phase microdomain structure as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These results in combination with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and birefringence experiments suggest a cubic tricontinuous network structure, based on the I4132 space group never reported previously for such an architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Moschovas
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (G.-M.M.); (A.K.-M.); (N.E.Z.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Gkreti-Maria Manesi
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (G.-M.M.); (A.K.-M.); (N.E.Z.)
| | - Andreas Karydis-Messinis
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (G.-M.M.); (A.K.-M.); (N.E.Z.)
| | - George Zapsas
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (K.N.); (N.H.)
| | - Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (K.N.); (N.H.)
| | - Nikolaos E. Zafeiropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (G.-M.M.); (A.K.-M.); (N.E.Z.)
| | - Alexey A. Piryazev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia;
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse—IS2M, CNRS UMR7361, 15 Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (K.N.); (N.H.)
| | - Dimitri A. Ivanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia;
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse—IS2M, CNRS UMR7361, 15 Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus-Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (G.-M.M.); (A.K.-M.); (N.E.Z.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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20
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Kang HS, Han SW, Park C, Lee SW, Eoh H, Baek J, Shin DG, Park TH, Huh J, Lee H, Kim DE, Ryu DY, Thomas EL, Koh WG, Park C. 3D touchless multiorder reflection structural color sensing display. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabb5769. [PMID: 32832673 PMCID: PMC7439647 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of a lightweight, low-power, user-interactive three-dimensional (3D) touchless display in which a human stimulus can be detected and simultaneously visualized in noncontact mode is of great interest. Here, we present a user-interactive 3D touchless sensing display based on multiorder reflection structural colors (SCs) of a thin, solid-state block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystal (PC). Full-visible-range SCs are developed in a BCP PC consisting of alternating lamellae, one of which contains a chemically cross-linked, interpenetrated hydrogel network. The absorption of a nonvolatile ionic liquid into the domains of the interpenetrated network allows for further manipulation of SC by using multiple-order photonic reflections, giving rise to unprecedented visible SCs arising from reflective color mixing. Furthermore, by using a hygroscopic ionic liquid ink, a printable 3D touchless interactive display is created where 3D position of a human finger is efficiently visualized in different SCs as a function of finger-to-display distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongkyu Eoh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyeok Baek
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gap Shin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsuk Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Material Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (C.P.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Spin Convergence Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (C.P.); (W.-G.K.)
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21
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Ntetsikas K, Zapsas G, Bilalis P, Gnanou Y, Feng X, Thomas EL, Hadjichristidis N. Complex Star Architectures of Well-Defined Polyethylene-Based Co/Terpolymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - George Zapsas
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Panayiotis Bilalis
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yves Gnanou
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Abstract
![]()
Spider silks are
remarkable materials designed by nature to have
extraordinary elasticity. Their elasticity, however, remains poorly
understood, as typical stress–strain experiments only allow
access to the axial Young’s modulus. In this work, micro-Brillouin
light spectroscopy (micro-BLS), a noncontact, nondestructive technique,
is utilized to probe the direction-dependent phonon propagation in
the Nephila pilipes spider silk and
hence solve its full elasticity. To the best of our knowledge, this
is the first demonstration on the determination of the anisotropic
Young’s moduli, shear moduli, and Poisson’s ratios of
a single spider fiber. The axial and lateral Young’s moduli
are found to be 20.9 ± 0.8 and 9.2 ± 0.3 GPa, respectively,
and the anisotropy of the Young’s moduli further increases
upon stretching. In contrast, the shear moduli and Poisson’s
ratios exhibit very weak anisotropy and are robust to stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyuan Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yu Cang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kremer
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nano-Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, F.O.R.T.H, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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23
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Panda A, Gurusamy N, Rajasingh S, Carter HK, Thomas EL, Rajasingh J. Non-viral reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiovascular therapy. Differentiation 2020; 112:58-66. [PMID: 31954271 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant effort devoted to developing new treatments and procedures, cardiac disease is still one of the leading causes of death in the world. The loss of myocytes due to ischemic injury remains a major therapeutic challenge. However, cell-based therapy to repair the injured heart has shown significant promise in basic and translation research and in clinical trials. Embryonic stem cells have been successfully used to improve cardiac outcomes. Unfortunately, treatment with these cells is complicated by ethical and legal issues. Recent progress in developing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using non-viral vectors has made it possible to derive cardiomyocytes for therapy. This review will focus on these non-integration-based approaches for reprogramming and their therapeutic advantages for cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Panda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Narasimman Gurusamy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheeja Rajasingh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Hannah-Kaye Carter
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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24
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Polymeropoulos G, Bilalis P, Feng X, Thomas EL, Gnanou Y, Hadjichristidis N. Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Well-Defined Star and Tadpole Homo-/Co-/Terpolymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Polymeropoulos
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Panayiotis Bilalis
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Nano-Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nano-Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yves Gnanou
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Thevamaran R, Branscomb RM, Makri E, Anzel P, Christodoulides D, Kottos T, Thomas EL. Asymmetric acoustic energy transport in non-Hermitian metamaterials. J Acoust Soc Am 2019; 146:863. [PMID: 31370575 DOI: 10.1121/1.5114919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control and direct acoustic energy is essential for many engineering applications such as vibration and noise control, invisibility cloaking, acoustic sensing, energy harvesting, and phononic switching and rectification. The realization of acoustic regulators requires overcoming fundamental challenges inherent to the time-reversal nature of wave equations. Typically, this is achieved by utilizing either a parameter that is odd-symmetric under time-reversal or by introducing passive nonlinearities. The former approach is power consuming while the latter has two major deficiencies: it has high insertion losses and the outgoing signal is harvested in a different frequency than that of the incident wave due to harmonic generation. Here, a unique approach is adopted that exploits spatially distributed linear and nonlinear losses in a fork-shaped resonant metamaterials. This compact metamaterial design demonstrates asymmetric acoustic reflectance and transmittance, and acoustic switching. In contrast to previous studies, the non-Hermitian metamaterials exhibit asymmetric transport with high frequency purity of the outgoing signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramathasan Thevamaran
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - Eleana Makri
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | | | - Demetrios Christodoulides
- Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers (CREOL), College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Tsampikos Kottos
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Wang HF, Yang KC, Hsu WC, Lee JY, Hsu JT, Grason GM, Thomas EL, Tsai JC, Ho RM. Generalizing the effects of chirality on block copolymer assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4080-4089. [PMID: 30765528 PMCID: PMC6410856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812356116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the generality of the influence of segment chirality on the self-assembled structure of achiral-chiral diblock copolymers. Poly(cyclohexylglycolide) (PCG)-based chiral block copolymers (BCPs*), poly(benzyl methacrylate)-b-poly(d-cyclohexylglycolide) (PBnMA-PDCG) and PBnMA-b-poly(l-cyclohexyl glycolide) (PBnMA-PLCG), were synthesized for purposes of systematic comparison with polylactide (PLA)-based BCPs*, previously shown to exhibit chirality transfer from monomeric unit to the multichain domain morphology. Opposite-handed PCG helical chains in the enantiomeric BCPs* were identified by the vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) studies revealing transfer from chiral monomers to chiral intrachain conformation. We report further VCD evidence of chiral interchain interactions, consistent with some amounts of handed skew configurations of PCG segments in a melt state packing. Finally, we show by electron tomography [3D transmission electron microscope tomography (3D TEM)] that chirality at the monomeric and intrachain level ultimately manifests in the symmetry of microphase-separated, multichain morphologies: a helical phase (H*) of hexagonally, ordered, helically shaped tubular domains whose handedness agrees with the respective monomeric chirality. Critically, unlike previous PLA-based BCP*s, the lack of a competing crystalline state of the chiral PCGs allowed determination that H* is an equilibrium phase of chiral PBnMA-PCG. We compared different measures of chirality at the monomer scale for PLA and PCG, and argued, on the basis of comparison with mean-field theory results for chiral diblock copolymer melts, that the enhanced thermodynamic stability of the mesochiral H* morphology may be attributed to the relatively stronger chiral intersegment forces, ultimately tracing from the effects of a bulkier chiral side group on its main chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Fang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chieh Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tzu Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan
| | - Gregory M Grason
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Jing-Cherng Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan;
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
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Mojtahed A, Kelly CJ, Herlihy AH, Kin S, Wilman HR, McKay A, Kelly M, Milanesi M, Neubauer S, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Banerjee R, Harisinghani M. Reference range of liver corrected T1 values in a population at low risk for fatty liver disease-a UK Biobank sub-study, with an appendix of interesting cases. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2019; 44:72-84. [PMID: 30032383 PMCID: PMC6348264 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Corrected T1 (cT1) value is a novel MRI-based quantitative metric for assessing a composite of liver inflammation and fibrosis. It has been shown to distinguish between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, these studies were conducted in patients at high risk for liver disease. This study establishes the normal reference range of cT1 values for a large UK population, and assesses interactions of age and gender. Methods MR data were acquired on a 1.5 T system as part of the UK Biobank Imaging Enhancement study. Measures for Proton Density Fat Fraction and cT1 were calculated from the MRI data using a multiparametric MRI software application. Data that did not meet quality criteria were excluded from further analysis. Inter and intra-reader variability was estimated in a set of data. A cohort at low risk for NAFL was identified by excluding individuals with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and PDFF ≥ 5%. Of the 2816 participants with data of suitable quality, 1037 (37%) were classified as at low risk. Results The cT1 values in the low-risk population ranged from 573 to 852 ms with a median of 666 ms and interquartile range from 643 to 694 ms. Iron correction of T1 was necessary in 36.5% of this reference population. Age and gender had minimal effect on cT1 values. Conclusion The majority of cT1 values are tightly clustered in a population at low risk for NAFL, suggesting it has the potential to serve as a new quantitative imaging biomarker for studies of liver health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mojtahed
- Division of Abdominal Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | - S Kin
- Perspectum Diagnostics, Oxford, UK
| | - H R Wilman
- Perspectum Diagnostics, Oxford, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - A McKay
- Perspectum Diagnostics, Oxford, UK
| | - M Kelly
- Perspectum Diagnostics, Oxford, UK
| | | | - S Neubauer
- Perspectum Diagnostics, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E L Thomas
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - J D Bell
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | | | - M Harisinghani
- Division of Abdominal Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Kosgodage US, Mould R, Henley AB, Nunn AV, Guy GW, Thomas EL, Inal JM, Bell JD, Lange S. Cannabidiol (CBD) Is a Novel Inhibitor for Exosome and Microvesicle (EMV) Release in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:889. [PMID: 30150937 PMCID: PMC6099119 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and microvesicles (EMV) are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures, released by cells and involved in intercellular communication through transfer of proteins and genetic material. EMV release is also associated with various pathologies, including cancer, where increased EMV release is amongst other associated with chemo-resistance and active transfer of pro-oncogenic factors. Recent studies show that EMV-inhibiting agents can sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents and reduce cancer growth in vivo. Cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, and displays anti-proliferative activity. Here we report a novel role for CBD as a potent inhibitor of EMV release from three cancer cell lines: prostate cancer (PC3), hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG2) and breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231). CBD significantly reduced exosome release in all three cancer cell lines, and also significantly, albeit more variably, inhibited microvesicle release. The EMV modulating effects of CBD were found to be dose dependent (1 and 5 μM) and cancer cell type specific. Moreover, we provide evidence that this may be associated with changes in mitochondrial function, including modulation of STAT3 and prohibitin expression, and that CBD can be used to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. We suggest that the known anti-cancer effects of CBD may partly be due to the regulatory effects on EMV biogenesis, and thus CBD poses as a novel and safe modulator of EMV-mediated pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchini S Kosgodage
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys Mould
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aine B Henley
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair V Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey W Guy
- GW Research, Sovereign House Vision Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - E L Thomas
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jameel M Inal
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
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Prasad I, Jinnai H, Ho RM, Thomas EL, Grason GM. Anatomy of triply-periodic network assemblies: characterizing skeletal and inter-domain surface geometry of block copolymer gyroids. Soft Matter 2018; 14:3612-3623. [PMID: 29683466 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00078f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triply-periodic networks (TPNs), like the well-known gyroid and diamond network phases, abound in soft matter assemblies, from block copolymers (BCPs), lyotropic liquid crystals and surfactants to functional architectures in biology. While TPNs are, in reality, volume-filling patterns of spatially-varying molecular composition, physical and structural models most often reduce their structure to lower-dimensional geometric objects: the 2D interfaces between chemical domains; and the 1D skeletons that thread through inter-connected, tubular domains. These lower-dimensional structures provide a useful basis of comparison to idealized geometries based on triply-periodic minimal, or constant-mean curvature surfaces, and shed important light on the spatially heterogeneous packing of molecular constituents that form the networks. Here, we propose a simple, efficient and flexible method to extract a 1D skeleton from 3D volume composition data of self-assembled networks. We apply this method to both self-consistent field theory predictions as well as experimental electron microtomography reconstructions of the double-gyroid phase of an ABA triblock copolymer. We further demonstrate how the analysis of 1D skeleton, 2D inter-domain surfaces, and combinations therefore, provide physical and structural insight into TPNs, across multiple length scales. Specifically, we propose and compare simple measures of network chirality as well as domain thickness, and analyze their spatial and statistical distributions in both ideal (theoretical) and non-ideal (experimental) double gyroid assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Prasad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Material Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Gregory M Grason
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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Hsu CH, Yue K, Wang J, Dong XH, Xia Y, Jiang Z, Thomas EL, Cheng SZD. Thickness-Dependent Order-to-Order Transitions of Bolaform-like Giant Surfactant in Thin Films. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhang Jiang
- X-ray
Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department
of Materials Science and Nano Engineering and Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, United States
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Kang HS, Lee J, Cho SM, Park TH, Kim MJ, Park C, Lee SW, Kim KL, Ryu DY, Huh J, Thomas EL, Park C. Printable and Rewritable Full Block Copolymer Structural Color. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1700084. [PMID: 28556348 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors (SCs) of photonic crystals (PCs) arise from selective constructive interference of incident light. Here, an ink-jet printable and rewritable block copolymer (BCP) SC display is demonstrated, which can be quickly written and erased over 50 times with resolution nearly equivalent to that obtained with a commercial office ink-jet printer. Moreover, the writing process employs an easily modified printer for position- and concentration-controlled deposition of a single, colorless, water-based ink containing a reversible crosslinking agent, ammonium persulfate. Deposition of the ink onto a self-assembled BCP PC film comprising a 1D stack of alternating layers enables differential swelling of the written BCP film and produces a full-colored SC display of characters and images. Furthermore, the information can be readily erased and the system can be reset by application of hydrogen bromide. Subsequently, new information can be rewritten, resulting in a chemically rewritable BCP SC display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Man Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Lib Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Liang G, Abouraddy A, Christodoulides D, Thomas EL. Asymmetric diffraction from two-component optical gratings made of passive and lossy materials. Opt Express 2016; 24:30164-30172. [PMID: 28059293 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction with asymmetric enhancement and suppression, and alternating contrast for symmetric diffraction orders is demonstrated from planar two-component optical gratings made of passive/lossy materials. Simulations agree well with the experimental diffraction pattern of the fabricated sample. Our fabrication approach uses simple, standard planar micro/nano lithography employing one photoresist and one dye. No 3D profiling is needed. The phenomena is due to the left-right asymmetric material distribution in the periodic grating, which gives rise to non-reciprocal light coupling for diffraction to the positive and negative orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Noro
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yushu Matsushita
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, United States
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Shojaee-Moradie F, Cuthbertson DJ, Barrett M, Jackson NC, Herring R, Thomas EL, Bell J, Kemp GJ, Wright J, Umpleby AM. Exercise Training Reduces Liver Fat and Increases Rates of VLDL Clearance But Not VLDL Production in NAFLD. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4219-4228. [PMID: 27583475 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Randomized controlled trials in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have shown that regular exercise, even without calorie restriction, reduces liver steatosis. A previous study has shown that 16 weeks of supervised exercise training in NAFLD did not affect total very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) kinetics. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the effect of exercise training on intrahepatocellular fat (IHCL) and the kinetics of large triglyceride (TG)-rich VLDL1 and smaller denser VLDL2, which has a lower TG content. DESIGN This was a 16-week randomized controlled trial. PATIENTS A total of 27 sedentary patients with NAFLD participated in the trial. INTERVENTION The intervention was composed of supervised exercise with moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or conventional lifestyle advice (control). MAIN OUTCOME VLDL1 and VLDL2-TG and apolipoprotein B (apoB) kinetics were investigated using stable isotopes before and after the intervention. RESULTS In the exercise group, maximal oxygen uptake increased by 31% ± 6% (mean ± SEM) and IHCL decreased from 19.6% (14.8%, 30.0%) to 8.9% (5.4%, 17.3%) (median [interquartile range]) with no significant change in maximal oxygen uptake or IHCL in the control group (change between groups, P < .001 and P = .02, respectively). Exercise training increased VLDL1-TG and apoB fractional catabolic rates, a measure of clearance, (change between groups, P = .02 and P = .01, respectively), and VLDL1-apoB production rate (change between groups, P = .006), with no change in VLDL1-TG production rate. Plasma TG did not change in either group. CONCLUSION An increased clearance of VLDL1 may contribute to the significant decrease in liver fat after 16 weeks of exercise in NAFLD. A longer duration or higher-intensity exercise interventions may be needed to lower the plasma TG and VLDL production rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shojaee-Moradie
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine (F.S.-M., M.B., N.C.J., A.M.U.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (D.J.C., G.J.K.), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (E.L.T., J.B.), University of Westminster, London W1B2UW United Kingdom; and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research (R.H., J.W.), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
| | - D J Cuthbertson
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine (F.S.-M., M.B., N.C.J., A.M.U.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (D.J.C., G.J.K.), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (E.L.T., J.B.), University of Westminster, London W1B2UW United Kingdom; and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research (R.H., J.W.), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
| | - M Barrett
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine (F.S.-M., M.B., N.C.J., A.M.U.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (D.J.C., G.J.K.), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (E.L.T., J.B.), University of Westminster, London W1B2UW United Kingdom; and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research (R.H., J.W.), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
| | - N C Jackson
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine (F.S.-M., M.B., N.C.J., A.M.U.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (D.J.C., G.J.K.), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (E.L.T., J.B.), University of Westminster, London W1B2UW United Kingdom; and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research (R.H., J.W.), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
| | - R Herring
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine (F.S.-M., M.B., N.C.J., A.M.U.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (D.J.C., G.J.K.), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (E.L.T., J.B.), University of Westminster, London W1B2UW United Kingdom; and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research (R.H., J.W.), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
| | - E L Thomas
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine (F.S.-M., M.B., N.C.J., A.M.U.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (D.J.C., G.J.K.), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (E.L.T., J.B.), University of Westminster, London W1B2UW United Kingdom; and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research (R.H., J.W.), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
| | - J Bell
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine (F.S.-M., M.B., N.C.J., A.M.U.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (D.J.C., G.J.K.), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (E.L.T., J.B.), University of Westminster, London W1B2UW United Kingdom; and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research (R.H., J.W.), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
| | - G J Kemp
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine (F.S.-M., M.B., N.C.J., A.M.U.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (D.J.C., G.J.K.), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (E.L.T., J.B.), University of Westminster, London W1B2UW United Kingdom; and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research (R.H., J.W.), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
| | - J Wright
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine (F.S.-M., M.B., N.C.J., A.M.U.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (D.J.C., G.J.K.), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (E.L.T., J.B.), University of Westminster, London W1B2UW United Kingdom; and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research (R.H., J.W.), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
| | - A M Umpleby
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine (F.S.-M., M.B., N.C.J., A.M.U.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (D.J.C., G.J.K.), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, United Kingdom; Section of Investigative Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (E.L.T., J.B.), University of Westminster, London W1B2UW United Kingdom; and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Research (R.H., J.W.), Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
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Thevamaran R, Lawal O, Yazdi S, Jeon SJ, Lee JH, Thomas EL. Dynamic creation and evolution of gradient nanostructure in single-crystal metallic microcubes. Science 2016; 354:312-316. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aag1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Schneider D, Gomopoulos N, Koh CY, Papadopoulos P, Kremer F, Thomas EL, Fytas G. Nonlinear control of high-frequency phonons in spider silk. Nat Mater 2016; 15:1079-83. [PMID: 27454046 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Spider dragline silk possesses superior mechanical properties compared with synthetic polymers with similar chemical structure due to its hierarchical structure comprised of partially crystalline oriented nanofibrils. To date, silk's dynamic mechanical properties have been largely unexplored. Here we report an indirect hypersonic phononic bandgap and an anomalous dispersion of the acoustic-like branch from inelastic (Brillouin) light scattering experiments under varying applied elastic strains. We show the mechanical nonlinearity of the silk structure generates a unique region of negative group velocity, that together with the global (mechanical) anisotropy provides novel symmetry conditions for gap formation. The phononic bandgap and dispersion show strong nonlinear strain-dependent behaviour. Exploiting material nonlinearity along with tailored structural anisotropy could be a new design paradigm to access new types of dynamic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Gomopoulos
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cheong Y Koh
- Functional and Smart Materials Laboratory, Emerging Systems, DSO National Laboratories, S117605 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Periklis Papadopoulos
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Friedrich Kremer
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Linnéstr. 5, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nano-Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Materials Science University of Crete and IESL-F.O.R.T.H, 77110 Heraklion, Greece
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Jung J, Lin CH, Yoon YJ, Malak ST, Zhai Y, Thomas EL, Vardeny V, Tsukruk VV, Lin Z. Crafting Core/Graded Shell-Shell Quantum Dots with Suppressed Re-absorption and Tunable Stokes Shift as High Optical Gain Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5071-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehan Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Chun Hao Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Young Jun Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Sidney T. Malak
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Yaxin Zhai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering; Rice University; Houston TX 77251 USA
| | - Valy Vardeny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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38
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Jung J, Lin CH, Yoon YJ, Malak ST, Zhai Y, Thomas EL, Vardeny V, Tsukruk VV, Lin Z. Crafting Core/Graded Shell-Shell Quantum Dots with Suppressed Re-absorption and Tunable Stokes Shift as High Optical Gain Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehan Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Chun Hao Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Young Jun Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Sidney T. Malak
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Yaxin Zhai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering; Rice University; Houston TX 77251 USA
| | - Valy Vardeny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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Hsu CH, Dong XH, Lin Z, Ni B, Lu P, Jiang Z, Tian D, Shi AC, Thomas EL, Cheng SZD. Tunable Affinity and Molecular Architecture Lead to Diverse Self-Assembled Supramolecular Structures in Thin Films. ACS Nano 2016; 10:919-929. [PMID: 26623661 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly behavior of specifically designed giant surfactants is systematically studied in thin films using grazing incidence X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy, focusing on the effects of molecular nanoparticle (MNP) functionalities and molecular architectures on nanostructure formation. Two MNPs with different surface functionalities, i.e., hydrophilic carboxylic acid functionalized [60]fullerene (AC60) and omniphobic fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FPOSS), are utilized as the head portions of the giant surfactants. By covalently tethering these functional MNPs onto the end point or junction point of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) diblock copolymer, linear and star-like giant surfactants with different molecular architectures are constructed. With fixed length of the PEO block, changing the molecular weight of the PS block leads to the formation of various ordered phases and phase transitions. Due to the distinct affinity, the AC60-based and FPOSS-based giant surfactants form two- or three-component morphologies, respectively. A stretching parameter for the PS block is introduced to characterize the PS chain conformation in the different morphologies. The highly diverse self-assembled nanostructures with high etch resistance between components in small dimensions obtained from the giant surfactant thin films suggest that these macromolecules could provide a promising and robust platform for nanolithography applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Hsu
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Xue-Hui Dong
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Bo Ni
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Pengtao Lu
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Zhang Jiang
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ding Tian
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada , L8S 4M1
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Brown School of Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77251, United States
| | - Stephen Z D Cheng
- Department of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Park TJ, Hwang SK, Park S, Cho SH, Park TH, Jeong B, Kang HS, Ryu DY, Huh J, Thomas EL, Park C. Electrically Tunable Soft-Solid Block Copolymer Structural Color. ACS Nano 2015; 9:12158-12167. [PMID: 26505787 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional photonic crystals based on the periodic stacking of two different dielectric layers have been widely studied, but the fabrication of mechanically flexible polymer structural color (SC) films, with electro-active color switching, remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate free-standing electric field tunable ionic liquid (IL) swollen block copolymer (BCP) films. Placement of a polymer/ionic liquid film-reservoir adjacent to a self-assembled poly(styrene-block-quaternized 2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-QP2VP) copolymer SC film allowed the development of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) full-color SC block copolymer films by swelling of the QP2VP domains by the ionic liquid associated with water molecules. The IL-polymer/BCP SC film is mechanically flexible with excellent color stability over several days at ambient conditions. The selective swelling of the QP2VP domains could be controlled by both the ratio of the IL to a polymer in the gel-like IL reservoir layer and by an applied voltage in the range of -3 to +6 V using a metal/IL reservoir/SC film/IL reservoir/metal capacitor type device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Joon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kak Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomjin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University , Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin L Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Singer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Rutgers University; 98 Brett Road, B235 Piscataway New Jersey 08854
| | - Steven E. Kooi
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 500 Technology Square, NE47-400 Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- George R. Brown School of Engineering; 6100 Main Street, Duncan Hall Room 1016 Houston Texas 77005
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Hosn KN, Jefferson MM, Leding C, Shokouh‐Amiri S, Thomas EL. Inhibitors of bacterial protease enzymes for periodontal therapy. Clin Exp Dent Res 2015; 1:18-25. [PMID: 29744136 PMCID: PMC5839262 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally applied therapeutic agents have become established in the treatment of periodontal disease. Inhibition of human metalloproteases by metal-chelating antibiotics contributes to the utility of local therapy. Adding inhibitors of bacterial proteases might extend and improve local therapy. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) produces two extracellular cysteine proteases (gingipains Rgp and Kgp) that are virulence factors and contribute to destruction of oral tissues. Our aims were to compare efficacy of protease inhibitors against gingipains and evaluate bactericidal activity of the inhibitors. Protease activity was measured in fluorescent assays with specific Rgp and Kgp substrates. Bacterial viability was measured with BacLight™ (Invitrogen, Inc., Carlsbad, CA) reagents. Pairs of inhibitors of Rgp and Kgp, respectively, were leupeptin and cathepsin B inhibitor II, KYT-1 and KYT-36, and PPACK and Z-FK-ck. The cysteine-protease inhibitor E64 was also tested. Rgp activity was higher than Kgp activity, and activity was higher in Pg 33277 and 49417 cell suspensions than in media. Concentrations required for 50% inhibition of Rgp in cell suspensions were 2 × 10-9, 2 × 10-9, 2 × 10-8, and 5 × 10-5 M for KYT-1, PPACK, leupeptin, and E64, respectively. Concentrations required for 50% Kgp inhibition were 5 × 10-10, 1 × 10-9, and 5 × 10-8 M for Z-FK-ck, KYT-36, and cathepsin B inhibitor II. E64 did not inhibit Kgp. Inhibition of Rgp could be accounted for by competition for binding between the arginine residue of the substrate and the guanidinobutane portion of E64. PPACK was the least selective, with a 10-fold difference in concentrations that inhibited Rgp and Kgp. KYT-1 and Z-FK-ck inhibited both Rgp and Kgp, but inhibitory concentrations differed by 10,000-fold. At up to 1 × 10-4 M, only Z-FK-ck was bactericidal. KYT-1 and KYT-36 were remarkably effective even when used in cell suspensions in which bacterial proteins could bind inhibitors or compete for binding to gingipains. These inhibitors might prove useful as an addition to locally applied therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalid N. Hosn
- Periodontology DepartmentUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Mary Margaret Jefferson
- Bioscience Research Department, College of DentistryUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Carlton Leding
- Bioscience Research Department, College of DentistryUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Solomon Shokouh‐Amiri
- Bioscience Research Department, College of DentistryUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Bioscience Research Department, College of DentistryUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry DepartmentUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
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Chiang YW, Chou CY, Wu CS, Lin EL, Yoon J, Thomas EL. Large-Area Block Copolymer Photonic Gel Films with Solvent-Evaporation-Induced Red- and Blue-Shift Reflective Bands. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Wan Chiang
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Chou
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Sian Wu
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - En-Li Lin
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jongseung Yoon
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department
of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Jeon SJ, Lee JH, Thomas EL. Polyol synthesis of silver nanocubes via moderate control of the reaction atmosphere. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 435:105-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Phillip E. Loya
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jun Lou
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Abstract
Ionic interactions between proteins and polyelectrolytes are demonstrated as a method to trigger responsive transitions in block copolymer (BCP) photonic gels containing one neutral hydrophobic block and one cationic hydrophilic block. Poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) blocks in lamellar poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) block copolymer thin films are quaternized with primary bromides to yield swollen gels that show strong reflectivity peaks in the visible range; exposure to aqueous solutions of various proteins alters the swelling ratios of the quaternized P2VP (QP2VP) gel layers in the PS-QP2VP materials due to the ionic interactions between proteins and the polyelectrolyte. Parameters such as charge density, hydrophobicity, and cross-link density of the QP2VP gel layers as well as the charge and size of the proteins play significant roles on the photonic responses of the BCP gels. Differences in the size and pH-dependent charge of proteins provide a basis for fingerprinting proteins based on their temporal and equilibrium photonic response. The results demonstrate that the BCP gels and their photonic effect provide a robust and visually interpretable method to differentiate different proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Abstract
Oxide-based two-terminal resistive random access memory (RRAM) is considered one of the most promising candidates for next-generation nonvolatile memory. We introduce here a new RRAM memory structure employing a nanoporous (NP) silicon oxide (SiOx) material which enables unipolar switching through its internal vertical nanogap. Through the control of the stochastic filament formation at low voltage, the NP SiOx memory exhibited an extremely low electroforming voltage (∼ 1.6 V) and outstanding performance metrics. These include multibit storage ability (up to 9-bits), a high ON-OFF ratio (up to 10(7) A), a long high-temperature lifetime (≥ 10(4) s at 100 °C), excellent cycling endurance (≥ 10(5)), sub-50 ns switching speeds, and low power consumption (∼ 6 × 10(-5) W/bit). Also provided is the room temperature processability for versatile fabrication without any compliance current being needed during electroforming or switching operations. Taken together, these metrics in NP SiOx RRAM provide a route toward easily accessed nonvolatile memory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunuk Wang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, §Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and ∥Department of Computer Science, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Smith L, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Hamer M. The association between objectively measured sitting and standing with body composition: a pilot study using MRI. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005476. [PMID: 24916091 PMCID: PMC4067859 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between objectively measured sitting and standing, using a postural allocation technique, with MRI-assessed body composition. DESIGN The present study was a cross-sectional pilot study. SETTING Participants were examined at one centre located in London, UK. PARTICIPANTS Normal weight Caucasian women (30.9±6.1 years; body mass index (BMI), 22.9±3.4 kg/m(2)) with desk-bound occupations were recruited to minimise variability in body composition outcomes. A convenience sample of 12 women was recruited in January 2014 from University College London. OUTCOME MEASURES For each participant a number of body composition variables were attained from a single whole-body MRI session. Main outcome variables included: total and liver adiposity, visceral/subcutaneous fat ratio and BMI. Main exposure variables included: average sitting time, standing:sitting ratio and step count. Pearson correlations were carried out to examine associations between different activity categories and body composition variables. RESULTS There were significant correlations between average daily sitting and liver adiposity and visceral/subcutaneous abdominal fat ratio (r=0.66 and 0.64, respectively); standing:sitting ratio was moderately correlated with liver adiposity and visceral/subcutaneous abdominal fat ratio (r=-0.53 and -0.45); average daily step count was moderately correlated with liver adiposity, total adiposity and visceral/subcutaneous abdominal fat ratio (r=-0.45, -0.46 and -0.51, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study has provided preliminary evidence of relationships between objectively measured sitting and standing and precise measures of body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - E L Thomas
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J D Bell
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Hamer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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Noro A, Tomita Y, Shinohara Y, Sageshima Y, Walish JJ, Matsushita Y, Thomas EL. Photonic Block Copolymer Films Swollen with an Ionic Liquid. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500517e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Noro
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuya Shinohara
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sageshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Joseph J. Walish
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yushu Matsushita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, United States
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50
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Hsueh HY, Ling YC, Wang HF, Chien LYC, Hung YC, Thomas EL, Ho RM. Shifting networks to achieve subgroup symmetry properties. Adv Mater 2014; 26:3225-3229. [PMID: 24677175 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for the preparation of nanomaterials with new functionality by physical displacement of a network phase is suggested, giving a change in space group symmetry and hence properties. A double gyroid structure made by the self-assembly of block copolymers is used as a model system for the demonstration of shifting networks to achieve single gyroid-like scattering properties. Free-standing single gyroid-like network materials can be fabricated to give nanophotonic properties, similar to the photonic properties of a butterfly wing structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Hsueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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