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Koch E, Kämpe A, Alver M, Sigurðarson S, Einarsson G, Partanen J, Smith RL, Jaholkowski P, Taipale H, Lähteenvuo M, Steen NE, Smeland OB, Djurovic S, Molden E, Sigurdsson E, Stefánsson H, Stefánsson K, Palotie A, Milani L, O'Connell KS, Andreassen OA. Polygenic liability for antipsychotic dosage and polypharmacy - a real-world registry and biobank study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1113-1119. [PMID: 38184734 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Genomic prediction of antipsychotic dose and polypharmacy has been difficult, mainly due to limited access to large cohorts with genetic and drug prescription data. In this proof of principle study, we investigated if genetic liability for schizophrenia is associated with high dose requirements of antipsychotics and antipsychotic polypharmacy, using real-world registry and biobank data from five independent Nordic cohorts of a total of N = 21,572 individuals with psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other psychosis). Within regression models, a polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia was studied in relation to standardized antipsychotic dose as well as antipsychotic polypharmacy, defined based on longitudinal prescription registry data as well as health records and self-reported data. Meta-analyses across the five cohorts showed that PRS for schizophrenia was significantly positively associated with prescribed (standardized) antipsychotic dose (beta(SE) = 0.0435(0.009), p = 0.0006) and antipsychotic polypharmacy defined as taking ≥2 antipsychotics (OR = 1.10, CI = 1.05-1.21, p = 0.0073). The direction of effect was similar in all five independent cohorts. These findings indicate that genotypes may aid clinically relevant decisions on individual patients´ antipsychotic treatment. Further, the findings illustrate how real-world data have the potential to generate results needed for future precision medicine approaches in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Koch
- NORMENT, Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders Kämpe
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maris Alver
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Juulia Partanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert L Smith
- NORMENT, Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Piotr Jaholkowski
- NORMENT, Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Taipale
- Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT, Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B Smeland
- NORMENT, Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Espen Molden
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland and Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali, National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kevin S O'Connell
- NORMENT, Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Thorarinsdottir H, Gudmundsdottir B, Sigurdsson E. [MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD]. LAEKNABLADID 2024; 110:254-261. [PMID: 38713560 DOI: 10.17992/lbl.2024.05.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
MDMA is a potential novel treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our goal is to review current knowledge on MDMA and its use in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD. Literature searches were done on PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar and references reviewed in identified articles. MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD usually consists of a few preparatory sessions before two or three sessions where one or two oral doses of MDMA are given along with supportive psychotherapy. The therapy is delivered in the presence of two therapists for about eight hours each time. In addition, the patient receives up to 9 integrative sessions in due course. This use of MDMA as a part of psychotherapy for PTSD is proposed to lessen the psychological distress that often arises in the processing of traumatic events to facilitate the treatment process and reduce the risk of drop-out. Recent studies indicate that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy reduces PTSD symptoms and is generally well tolerated. These studies are necessary if this MDMA-assisted treatment is to be approved by licensing authorities. There is an urgent need for new effective treatments for PTSD and for comparisons between this MDMA-assisted psychotherapy and currently approved psychotherapies with and without MDMA-use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berglind Gudmundsdottir
- Mental Health Services, Landspitali University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Mental Health Services, Landspitali University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland
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Olafsson RP, Kvaran K, Ketilsdottir K, Hallgrimsdottir K, Sigurdsson EL, Sigurdsson E. [Psychedelics and treatment of mental disorders: A survey of attitudes and knowledge among psychiatrists, general practitioners and psychologists in Iceland]. LAEKNABLADID 2023; 109:495-503. [PMID: 37909445 DOI: 10.17992/lbl.2023.11.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interest in the use of psychedelics has increased following reports of their possible therapeutic potential. However, little is known about the knowledge of and attitudes towards the substances among health care professional who provide treatment for mental disorders in Iceland. An online survey was therefore conducted among members of the Icelandic associations of psychiatrists, general practitioners and psychologists. METHODS Respondents were 256 in total, including 177 psychologists, 38 psychiatrists and 41 general practitioners that provided information on their background, type of work, knowledge of and attitude towards different types of psychedelic substances and their views on optimal service delivery if psychedelics were approved by licencing authorities and used for treatment. RESULTS Around half of psychiatrists reported having received questions about treatment with psychedelics in their clinical work, compared to only 14,6% of general practitioners and 17,5% of psychologists. The majority of respondents had little, or no knowledge of the substances targeted in the survey. A majority also expressed negative attitudes towards treatment with psilocybin mushrooms, but was positive towards ongoing scientific research and felt that such a treatment should be prescribed and provided by psychiatrists. Moreover, the majority view was that psilocybin treatment should be provided in specialised clinics or psychiatric units in a hospital setting. Scientific articles on the topic, discussions with colleagues and information in the media were identified as having had most influence on respondents´ attitudes towards psychedelics. Most respondents were interested in further education on psychedelics. CONCLUSIONS Respondents among these three professions felt that the time has not yet come to use psychedelics in the treatment of mental disorders in Iceland but thought more education on psychedelics, their potential efficacy and adverse health effects is important given the increased interest in psychedelics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emil L Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Development Centre for Primary Healthcare in Iceland
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Reykjavik
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Holm H, Ivarsdottir EV, Olafsdottir T, Thorolfsdottir R, Eythorsson E, Norland K, Gisladottir R, Jonsdottir G, Unnsteinsdottir U, Sveinsdottir KE, Jonsson BA, Andresdottir M, Arnar DO, Arnthorsson AO, Birgisdottir K, Bjarnadottir K, Bjarnadottir S, Bjornsdottir G, Einarsson G, Eiriksdottir B, Gardarsdottir EE, Gislason T, Gottfredsson M, Gudmundsdottir S, Gudmundsson J, Gunnarsdottir K, Helgadottir A, Helgason D, Hinriksdottir I, Ingvarsson RF, Jonasdottir SS, Jonsdottir I, Karlsdottir TH, Kristinsdottir AM, Kristinsson SY, Kristjansdottir S, Love TJ, Ludviksdottir D, Masson G, Norddahl G, Olafsdottir T, Olafsson I, Rafnar T, Runolfsdottir HL, Saemundsdottir J, Sigurbjornsson S, Sigurdardottir K, Sigurdsson E, Sigurdsson MI, Sigurdsson EL, Steinthorsdottir V, Sveinbjornsson G, Thorarensen EA, Thorbjornsson B, Thorsteinsdottir B, Tragante V, Ulfarsson MO, Stefansson H, Gislason T, Kristjansson M, Palsson R, Sulem P, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thorgeirsson G, Gudbjartsson DF, Stefansson K. Physical and cognitive impact following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large population-based case-control study. Commun Med (Lond) 2023; 3:94. [PMID: 37414856 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent symptoms are common after SARS-CoV-2 infection but correlation with objective measures is unclear. METHODS We invited all 3098 adults who tested SARS-CoV-2 positive in Iceland before October 2020 to the deCODE Health Study. We compared multiple symptoms and physical measures between 1706 Icelanders with confirmed prior infection (cases) who participated, and 619 contemporary and 13,779 historical controls. Cases participated in the study 5-18 months after infection. RESULTS Here we report that 41 of 88 symptoms are associated with prior infection, most significantly disturbed smell and taste, memory disturbance, and dyspnea. Measured objectively, cases had poorer smell and taste results, less grip strength, and poorer memory recall. Differences in grip strength and memory recall were small. No other objective measure associated with prior infection including heart rate, blood pressure, postural orthostatic tachycardia, oxygen saturation, exercise tolerance, hearing, and traditional inflammatory, cardiac, liver, and kidney blood biomarkers. There was no evidence of more anxiety or depression among cases. We estimate the prevalence of long Covid to be 7% at a median of 8 months after infection. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that diverse symptoms are common months after SARS-CoV-2 infection but find few differences between cases and controls in objective parameters measured. These discrepancies between symptoms and physical measures suggest a more complicated contribution to symptoms related to prior infection than is captured with conventional tests. Traditional clinical assessment is not expected to be particularly informative in relating symptoms to a past SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | | | | | | | - Elias Eythorsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Rosa Gisladottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Humanities, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David O Arnar
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Solveig Bjarnadottir
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Thorarinn Gislason
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Magnus Gottfredsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Dadi Helgason
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Ragnar F Ingvarsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Sigurdur Yngvi Kristinsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Thorvardur J Love
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Dora Ludviksdottir
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Clinical Laboratory Services, Diagnostics and Blood Bank, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Hrafnhildur L Runolfsdottir
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Mental Health Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Martin I Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Perioperative Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Emil L Sigurdsson
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Development Centre for Primary Health Care in Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Magnus O Ulfarsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Mar Kristjansson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Runolfur Palsson
- Internal Medicine and Emergency Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gudmundur Thorgeirsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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5
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Gudbrandsdottir RK, Sigurdsson E, Ingimarsson O. [Methylphenidate-induced psychosis in a young adult with newly diagnosed ADHD: A case report]. LAEKNABLADID 2023; 109:346-349. [PMID: 37378652 DOI: 10.17992/lbl.2023.0708.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the ongoing rise of ADHD prescriptions among adults in Iceland, it is important that doctors are aware that psychosis is a rare but at times a serious adverse reaction to such treatment. In 2022 5% of adults were prescribed medication to treat ADHD in Iceland. In this case report we present a case of methylphenidate-induced psychosis in a young man with no previous history of psychotic episodes who required admission to the psychiatric intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services
| | - Oddur Ingimarsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services
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Trubetskoy V, Pardiñas AF, Qi T, Panagiotaropoulou G, Awasthi S, Bigdeli TB, Bryois J, Chen CY, Dennison CA, Hall LS, Lam M, Watanabe K, Frei O, Ge T, Harwood JC, Koopmans F, Magnusson S, Richards AL, Sidorenko J, Wu Y, Zeng J, Grove J, Kim M, Li Z, Voloudakis G, Zhang W, Adams M, Agartz I, Atkinson EG, Agerbo E, Al Eissa M, Albus M, Alexander M, Alizadeh BZ, Alptekin K, Als TD, Amin F, Arolt V, Arrojo M, Athanasiu L, Azevedo MH, Bacanu SA, Bass NJ, Begemann M, Belliveau RA, Bene J, Benyamin B, Bergen SE, Blasi G, Bobes J, Bonassi S, Braun A, Bressan RA, Bromet EJ, Bruggeman R, Buckley PF, Buckner RL, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Cahn W, Cairns MJ, Calkins ME, Carr VJ, Castle D, Catts SV, Chambert KD, Chan RCK, Chaumette B, Cheng W, Cheung EFC, Chong SA, Cohen D, Consoli A, Cordeiro Q, Costas J, Curtis C, Davidson M, Davis KL, de Haan L, Degenhardt F, DeLisi LE, Demontis D, Dickerson F, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Duan J, Ducci G, Dudbridge F, Eriksson JG, Fañanás L, Faraone SV, Fiorentino A, Forstner A, Frank J, Freimer NB, Fromer M, Frustaci A, Gadelha A, Genovese G, Gershon ES, Giannitelli M, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Godard S, Goldstein JI, González Peñas J, González-Pinto A, Gopal S, Gratten J, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Guillin O, Gülöksüz S, Gur RE, Gur RC, Gutiérrez B, Hahn E, Hakonarson H, Haroutunian V, Hartmann AM, Harvey C, Hayward C, Henskens FA, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Howrigan DP, Ikeda M, Iyegbe C, Joa I, Julià A, Kähler AK, Kam-Thong T, Kamatani Y, Karachanak-Yankova S, Kebir O, Keller MC, Kelly BJ, Khrunin A, Kim SW, Klovins J, Kondratiev N, Konte B, Kraft J, Kubo M, Kučinskas V, Kučinskiene ZA, Kusumawardhani A, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Landi S, Lazzeroni LC, Lee PH, Legge SE, Lehrer DS, Lencer R, Lerer B, Li M, Lieberman J, Light GA, Limborska S, Liu CM, Lönnqvist J, Loughland CM, Lubinski J, Luykx JJ, Lynham A, Macek M, Mackinnon A, Magnusson PKE, Maher BS, Maier W, Malaspina D, Mallet J, Marder SR, Marsal S, Martin AR, Martorell L, Mattheisen M, McCarley RW, McDonald C, McGrath JJ, Medeiros H, Meier S, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately RI, Metspalu A, Michie PT, Milani L, Milanova V, Mitjans M, Molden E, Molina E, Molto MD, Mondelli V, Moreno C, Morley CP, Muntané G, Murphy KC, Myin-Germeys I, Nenadić I, Nestadt G, Nikitina-Zake L, Noto C, Nuechterlein KH, O'Brien NL, O'Neill FA, Oh SY, Olincy A, Ota VK, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou GN, Parellada M, Paunio T, Pellegrino R, Periyasamy S, Perkins DO, Pfuhlmann B, Pietiläinen O, Pimm J, Porteous D, Powell J, Quattrone D, Quested D, Radant AD, Rampino A, Rapaport MH, Rautanen A, Reichenberg A, Roe C, Roffman JL, Roth J, Rothermundt M, Rutten BPF, Saker-Delye S, Salomaa V, Sanjuan J, Santoro ML, Savitz A, Schall U, Scott RJ, Seidman LJ, Sharp SI, Shi J, Siever LJ, Sigurdsson E, Sim K, Skarabis N, Slominsky P, So HC, Sobell JL, Söderman E, Stain HJ, Steen NE, Steixner-Kumar AA, Stögmann E, Stone WS, Straub RE, Streit F, Strengman E, Stroup TS, Subramaniam M, Sugar CA, Suvisaari J, Svrakic DM, Swerdlow NR, Szatkiewicz JP, Ta TMT, Takahashi A, Terao C, Thibaut F, Toncheva D, Tooney PA, Torretta S, Tosato S, Tura GB, Turetsky BI, Üçok A, Vaaler A, van Amelsvoort T, van Winkel R, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walter H, Waterreus A, Webb BT, Weiser M, Williams NM, Witt SH, Wormley BK, Wu JQ, Xu Z, Yolken R, Zai CC, Zhou W, Zhu F, Zimprich F, Atbaşoğlu EC, Ayub M, Benner C, Bertolino A, Black DW, Bray NJ, Breen G, Buccola NG, Byerley WF, Chen WJ, Cloninger CR, Crespo-Facorro B, Donohoe G, Freedman R, Galletly C, Gandal MJ, Gennarelli M, Hougaard DM, Hwu HG, Jablensky AV, McCarroll SA, Moran JL, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Neil AL, Nordentoft M, Pato MT, Petryshen TL, Pirinen M, Pulver AE, Schulze TG, Silverman JM, Smoller JW, Stahl EA, Tsuang DW, Vilella E, Wang SH, Xu S, Adolfsson R, Arango C, Baune BT, Belangero SI, Børglum AD, Braff D, Bramon E, Buxbaum JD, Campion D, Cervilla JA, Cichon S, Collier DA, Corvin A, Curtis D, Forti MD, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Escott-Price V, Esko T, Fanous AH, Gareeva A, Gawlik M, Gejman PV, Gill M, Glatt SJ, Golimbet V, Hong KS, Hultman CM, Hyman SE, Iwata N, Jönsson EG, Kahn RS, Kennedy JL, Khusnutdinova E, Kirov G, Knowles JA, Krebs MO, Laurent-Levinson C, Lee J, Lencz T, Levinson DF, Li QS, Liu J, Malhotra AK, Malhotra D, McIntosh A, McQuillin A, Menezes PR, Morgan VA, Morris DW, Mowry BJ, Murray RM, Nimgaonkar V, Nöthen MM, Ophoff RA, Paciga SA, Palotie A, Pato CN, Qin S, Rietschel M, Riley BP, Rivera M, Rujescu D, Saka MC, Sanders AR, Schwab SG, Serretti A, Sham PC, Shi Y, St Clair D, Stefánsson H, Stefansson K, Tsuang MT, van Os J, Vawter MP, Weinberger DR, Werge T, Wildenauer DB, Yu X, Yue W, Holmans PA, Pocklington AJ, Roussos P, Vassos E, Verhage M, Visscher PM, Yang J, Posthuma D, Andreassen OA, Kendler KS, Owen MJ, Wray NR, Daly MJ, Huang H, Neale BM, Sullivan PF, Ripke S, Walters JTR, O'Donovan MC. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia. Nature 2022; 604:502-508. [PMID: 35396580 PMCID: PMC9392466 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 386.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassily Trubetskoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ting Qi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julien Bryois
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte A Dennison
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lynsey S Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Max Lam
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet C Harwood
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Frank Koopmans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander L Richards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian Zeng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jakob Grove
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Georgios Voloudakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth G Atkinson
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Esben Agerbo
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mariam Al Eissa
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Madeline Alexander
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Thomas D Als
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Farooq Amin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Helena Azevedo
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Silviu A Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard A Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Judit Bene
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beben Benyamin
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Julio Bobes
- Área de Psiquiatría-Universidad de Oviedo, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma and San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter F Buckley
- Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Altrecht, General Menthal Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Castle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stanley V Catts
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberley D Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boris Chaumette
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - David Cohen
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), CNRS UMR7222, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Angèle Consoli
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Javier Costas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Charles Curtis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kenneth L Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lynn E DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ditte Demontis
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Dimitris Dikeos
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alessia Fiorentino
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Menachem Fromer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandra Frustaci
- Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, St Ann's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ary Gadelha
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marianna Giannitelli
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stephanie Godard
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human and Molecular Genetics, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital de la Pitiè-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline I Goldstein
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javier González Peñas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- BIOARABA Health Research Institute, OSI Araba, University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Srihari Gopal
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Guillin
- INSERM, Rouen, France
- Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, Rouen, France
- UFR Santé, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Sinan Gülöksüz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Blanca Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eric Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Leonard Madlyn Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research Clinical and Education Center (MIRECC), JJ Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carol Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frans A Henskens
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan Herms
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P Howrigan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake Aichi, Japan
| | - Conrad Iyegbe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Inge Joa
- Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Antonio Julià
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna K Kähler
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tony Kam-Thong
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sena Karachanak-Yankova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Oussama Kebir
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian J Kelly
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrey Khrunin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Janis Klovins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kraft
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Agung Kusumawardhani
- Psychiatry Department, University of Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova
- Department of Psychiatry, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Landi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura C Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phil H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie E Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernard Lerer
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miaoxin Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana Limborska
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carmel M Loughland
- Hunter New England Health and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Second Opinion Outpatient Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Lynham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Milan Macek
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Mackinnon
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacques Mallet
- Asfalia Biologics, iPEPS-ICM, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stephen R Marder
- Semel Institute for Neurosciene, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara Marsal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia R Martin
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John J McGrath
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helena Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Meier
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bela Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Raquelle I Mesholam-Gately
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Patricia T Michie
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vihra Milanova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marina Mitjans
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Espen Molden
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Esther Molina
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Dolores Molto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher P Morley
- Departments of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Family Medicine, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gerard Muntané
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Department for Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cristiano Noto
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Niamh Louise O'Brien
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - F Anthony O'Neill
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sang-Yun Oh
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vanessa Kiyomi Ota
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christos Pantelis
- NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George N Papadimitriou
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mara Parellada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Renata Pellegrino
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Leonard Madlyn Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sathish Periyasamy
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bruno Pfuhlmann
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Weißer Hirsch, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan Pimm
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Powell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Digby Quested
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Allen D Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonio Rampino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Mark H Rapaport
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anna Rautanen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl Roe
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veikko Salomaa
- THL-Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julio Sanjuan
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcos Leite Santoro
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adam Savitz
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Mater Hospital, McAuley Centre, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology North, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sally Isabel Sharp
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larry J Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nora Skarabis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petr Slominsky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erik Söderman
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen J Stain
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
- TIPS - Network for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - William S Stone
- Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eric Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T Scott Stroup
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mythily Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- THL-Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dragan M Svrakic
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin P Szatkiewicz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thi Minh Tam Ta
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Florence Thibaut
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Cochin-Tarnier, Paris, France
- INSERM U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Draga Toncheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Silvia Torretta
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Battista Tura
- Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bruce I Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alp Üçok
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arne Vaaler
- Division of Mental Health, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - John Waddington
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Waterreus
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bradley T Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Nigel M Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brandon K Wormley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jing Qin Wu
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhida Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, GGz Centraal, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Yolken
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clement C Zai
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eşref Cem Atbaşoğlu
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University Kingston, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Benner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Donald W Black
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nancy G Buccola
- School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - William F Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei J Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University of Sevilla, CIBERSAM IBiS, Seville, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad del Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Assen V Jablensky
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amanda L Neil
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michele T Pato
- Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ann E Pulver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy M Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Debby W Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Shi-Heng Wang
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Celso Arango
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sintia Iole Belangero
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jorge A Cervilla
- Department of Psychiatry, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Banner-University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Anna Gareeva
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics of the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG UFRC RAS), Ufa, Russia
- Federal State Educational Institution of Highest Education Bashkir State Medical University of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation (BSMU), Ufa, Russia
| | - Micha Gawlik
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology and Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Vera Golimbet
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kyung Sue Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven E Hyman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake Aichi, Japan
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - René S Kahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics of the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG UFRC RAS), Ufa, Russia
- Federal State Educational Institution of Highest Education Bashkir State Medical University of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation (BSMU), Ufa, Russia
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Laurent-Levinson
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Dheeraj Malhotra
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paulo R Menezes
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera A Morgan
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bryan J Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robin M Murray
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brien P Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Margarita Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meram C Saka
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sibylle G Schwab
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pak C Sham
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dieter B Wildenauer
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peter A Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Pocklington
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Pain O, Hodgson K, Trubetskoy V, Ripke S, Marshe VS, Adams MJ, Byrne EM, Campos AI, Carrillo-Roa T, Cattaneo A, Als TD, Souery D, Dernovsek MZ, Fabbri C, Hayward C, Henigsberg N, Hauser J, Kennedy JL, Lenze EJ, Lewis G, Müller DJ, Martin NG, Mulsant BH, Mors O, Perroud N, Porteous DJ, Rentería ME, Reynolds CF, Rietschel M, Uher R, Wigmore EM, Maier W, Wray NR, Aitchison KJ, Arolt V, Baune BT, Biernacka JM, Bondolfi G, Domschke K, Kato M, Li QS, Liu YL, Serretti A, Tsai SJ, Turecki G, Weinshilboum R, McIntosh AM, Lewis CM, Kasper S, Zohar J, Souery D, Montgomery S, Albani D, Forloni G, Ferentinos P, Rujescu D, Mendlewicz J, Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Abdellaoui A, Adams MJ, Agerbo E, Air TM, Andlauer TF, Bacanu SA, Bækvad-Hansen M, Beekman AT, Bigdeli TB, Binder EB, Bryois J, Buttenschøn HN, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Cai N, Castelao E, Christensen JH, Clarke TK, Coleman JR, Colodro-Conde L, Couvy-Duchesne B, Craddock N, Crawford GE, Davies G, Deary IJ, Degenhardt F, Derks EM, Direk N, Dolan CV, Dunn EC, Eley TC, Escott-Price V, Hassan Kiadeh FF, Finucane HK, Foo JC, Forstner AJ, Frank J, Gaspar HA, Gill M, Goes FS, Gordon SD, Grove J, Hall LS, Hansen CS, Hansen TF, Herms S, Hickie IB, Hoffmann P, Homuth G, Horn C, Hottenga JJ, Hougaard DM, Howard DM, Ising M, Jansen R, Jones I, Jones LA, Jorgenson E, Knowles JA, Kohane IS, Kraft J, Kretzschmar WW, Kutalik Z, Li Y, Lind PA, MacIntyre DJ, MacKinnon DF, Maier RM, Maier W, Marchini J, Mbarek H, McGrath P, McGuffin P, Medland SE, Mehta D, Middeldorp CM, Mihailov E, Milaneschi Y, Milani L, Mondimore FM, Montgomery GW, Mostafavi S, Mullins N, Nauck M, Ng B, Nivard MG, Nyholt DR, O’Reilly PF, Oskarsson H, Owen MJ, Painter JN, Pedersen CB, Pedersen MG, Peterson RE, Peyrot WJ, Pistis G, Posthuma D, Quiroz JA, Qvist P, Rice JP, Riley BP, Rivera M, Mirza SS, Schoevers R, Schulte EC, Shen L, Shi J, Shyn SI, Sigurdsson E, Sinnamon GC, Smit JH, Smith DJ, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Tansey KE, Teismann H, Teumer A, Thompson W, Thomson PA, Thorgeirsson TE, Traylor M, Treutlein J, Trubetskoy V, Uitterlinden AG, Umbricht D, Van der Auwera S, van Hemert AM, Viktorin A, Visscher PM, Wang Y, Webb BT, Weinsheimer SM, Wellmann J, Willemsen G, Witt SH, Wu Y, Xi HS, Yang J, Zhang F, Arolt V, Baune BT, Berger K, Boomsma DI, Cichon S, Dannlowski U, de Geus E, DePaulo JR, Domenici E, Domschke K, Esko T, Grabe HJ, Hamilton SP, Hayward C, Heath AC, Kendler KS, Kloiber S, Lewis G, Li QS, Lucae S, Madden PA, Magnusson PK, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Metspalu A, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Nordentoft M, Nöthen MM, O’Donovan MC, Paciga SA, Pedersen NL, Penninx BW, Perlis RH, Porteous DJ, Potash JB, Preisig M, Rietschel M, Schaefer C, Schulze TG, Smoller JW, Stefansson K, Tiemeier H, Uher R, Völzke H, Weissman MM, Werge T, Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Breen G, Børglum AD, Sullivan PF. Identifying the Common Genetic Basis of Antidepressant Response. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2022; 2:115-126. [PMID: 35712048 PMCID: PMC9117153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antidepressants are a first-line treatment for depression. However, only a third of individuals experience remission after the first treatment. Common genetic variation, in part, likely regulates antidepressant response, yet the success of previous genome-wide association studies has been limited by sample size. This study performs the largest genetic analysis of prospectively assessed antidepressant response in major depressive disorder to gain insight into the underlying biology and enable out-of-sample prediction. Methods Genome-wide analysis of remission (n remit = 1852, n nonremit = 3299) and percentage improvement (n = 5218) was performed. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability was estimated using genome-wide complex trait analysis. Genetic covariance with eight mental health phenotypes was estimated using polygenic scores/AVENGEME. Out-of-sample prediction of antidepressant response polygenic scores was assessed. Gene-level association analysis was performed using MAGMA and transcriptome-wide association study. Tissue, pathway, and drug binding enrichment were estimated using MAGMA. Results Neither genome-wide association study identified genome-wide significant associations. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability was significantly different from zero for remission (h 2 = 0.132, SE = 0.056) but not for percentage improvement (h 2 = -0.018, SE = 0.032). Better antidepressant response was negatively associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia and positively associated with genetic propensity for educational attainment. Leave-one-out validation of antidepressant response polygenic scores demonstrated significant evidence of out-of-sample prediction, though results varied in external cohorts. Gene-based analyses identified ETV4 and DHX8 as significantly associated with antidepressant response. Conclusions This study demonstrates that antidepressant response is influenced by common genetic variation, has a genetic overlap schizophrenia and educational attainment, and provides a useful resource for future research. Larger sample sizes are required to attain the potential of genetics for understanding and predicting antidepressant response.
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Nawaz MS, Einarsson G, Bustamante M, Gisladottir RS, Walters GB, Jonsdottir GA, Skuladottir AT, Bjornsdottir G, Magnusson SH, Asbjornsdottir B, Unnsteinsdottir U, Sigurdsson E, Jonsson PV, Palmadottir VK, Gudjonsson SA, Halldorsson GH, Ferkingstad E, Jonsdottir I, Thorleifsson G, Holm H, Thorsteinsdottir U, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Stefansson H, Thorgeirsson TE, Ulfarsson MO, Stefansson K. Thirty novel sequence variants impacting human intracranial volume. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac271. [PMID: 36415660 PMCID: PMC9677475 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial volume, measured through magnetic resonance imaging and/or estimated from head circumference, is heritable and correlates with cognitive traits and several neurological disorders. We performed a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of intracranial volume (n = 79 174) and found 64 associating sequence variants explaining 5.0% of its variance. We used coding variation, transcript and protein levels, to uncover 12 genes likely mediating the effect of these variants, including GLI3 and CDK6 that affect cranial synostosis and microcephaly, respectively. Intracranial volume correlates genetically with volumes of cortical and sub-cortical regions, cognition, learning, neonatal and neurological traits. Parkinson's disease cases have greater and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cases smaller intracranial volume than controls. Our Mendelian randomization studies indicate that intracranial volume associated variants either increase the risk of Parkinson's disease and decrease the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and neuroticism or correlate closely with a confounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sulaman Nawaz
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Rosa S Gisladottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Humanities, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - G Bragi Walters
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali-National University Hospital, Hringbraut 101, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Palmi V Jonsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Hringbraut 101, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vala Kolbrun Palmadottir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Hringbraut 101, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Gisli H Halldorsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Taeknigardur, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Egil Ferkingstad
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Magnus O Ulfarsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Taeknigardur, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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9
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Jonsdottir GA, Einarsson G, Thorleifsson G, Magnusson SH, Gunnarsson AF, Frigge ML, Gisladottir RS, Unnsteinsdottir U, Gunnarsson B, Walters GB, Steinthorsdottir V, Helgadottir A, Jonsdottir I, Gislason T, Thorsteinsson HS, Sigurdsson E, Haraldsson M, Sigurdsson EL, Bjarnason R, Olafsson I, Thorgeirsson G, Sulem P, Holm H, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudbjartsson DF, Bjornsdottir G, Thorgeirsson TE, Stefansson H, Stefansson K. Genetic propensities for verbal and spatial ability have opposite effects on body mass index and risk of schizophrenia. Intelligence 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mullins N, Forstner AJ, O'Connell KS, Coombes B, Coleman JRI, Qiao Z, Als TD, Bigdeli TB, Børte S, Bryois J, Charney AW, Drange OK, Gandal MJ, Hagenaars SP, Ikeda M, Kamitaki N, Kim M, Krebs K, Panagiotaropoulou G, Schilder BM, Sloofman LG, Steinberg S, Trubetskoy V, Winsvold BS, Won HH, Abramova L, Adorjan K, Agerbo E, Al Eissa M, Albani D, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Anjorin A, Antilla V, Antoniou A, Awasthi S, Baek JH, Bækvad-Hansen M, Bass N, Bauer M, Beins EC, Bergen SE, Birner A, Bøcker Pedersen C, Bøen E, Boks MP, Bosch R, Brum M, Brumpton BM, Brunkhorst-Kanaan N, Budde M, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byerley W, Cairns M, Casas M, Cervantes P, Clarke TK, Cruceanu C, Cuellar-Barboza A, Cunningham J, Curtis D, Czerski PM, Dale AM, Dalkner N, David FS, Degenhardt F, Djurovic S, Dobbyn AL, Douzenis A, Elvsåshagen T, Escott-Price V, Ferrier IN, Fiorentino A, Foroud TM, Forty L, Frank J, Frei O, Freimer NB, Frisén L, Gade K, Garnham J, Gelernter J, Giørtz Pedersen M, Gizer IR, Gordon SD, Gordon-Smith K, Greenwood TA, Grove J, Guzman-Parra J, Ha K, Haraldsson M, Hautzinger M, Heilbronner U, Hellgren D, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Holmans PA, Huckins L, Jamain S, Johnson JS, Kalman JL, Kamatani Y, Kennedy JL, Kittel-Schneider S, Knowles JA, Kogevinas M, Koromina M, Kranz TM, Kranzler HR, Kubo M, Kupka R, Kushner SA, Lavebratt C, Lawrence J, Leber M, Lee HJ, Lee PH, Levy SE, Lewis C, Liao C, Lucae S, Lundberg M, MacIntyre DJ, Magnusson SH, Maier W, Maihofer A, Malaspina D, Maratou E, Martinsson L, Mattheisen M, McCarroll SA, McGregor NW, McGuffin P, McKay JD, Medeiros H, Medland SE, Millischer V, Montgomery GW, Moran JL, Morris DW, Mühleisen TW, O'Brien N, O'Donovan C, Olde Loohuis LM, Oruc L, Papiol S, Pardiñas AF, Perry A, Pfennig A, Porichi E, Potash JB, Quested D, Raj T, Rapaport MH, DePaulo JR, Regeer EJ, Rice JP, Rivas F, Rivera M, Roth J, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, Sánchez-Mora C, Schulte EC, Senner F, Sharp S, Shilling PD, Sigurdsson E, Sirignano L, Slaney C, Smeland OB, Smith DJ, Sobell JL, Søholm Hansen C, Soler Artigas M, Spijker AT, Stein DJ, Strauss JS, Świątkowska B, Terao C, Thorgeirsson TE, Toma C, Tooney P, Tsermpini EE, Vawter MP, Vedder H, Walters JTR, Witt SH, Xi S, Xu W, Yang JMK, Young AH, Young H, Zandi PP, Zhou H, Zillich L, Adolfsson R, Agartz I, Alda M, Alfredsson L, Babadjanova G, Backlund L, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Bengesser S, Berrettini WH, Blackwood DHR, Boehnke M, Børglum AD, Breen G, Carr VJ, Catts S, Corvin A, Craddock N, Dannlowski U, Dikeos D, Esko T, Etain B, Ferentinos P, Frye M, Fullerton JM, Gawlik M, Gershon ES, Goes FS, Green MJ, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Hauser J, Henskens F, Hillert J, Hong KS, Hougaard DM, Hultman CM, Hveem K, Iwata N, Jablensky AV, Jones I, Jones LA, Kahn RS, Kelsoe JR, Kirov G, Landén M, Leboyer M, Lewis CM, Li QS, Lissowska J, Lochner C, Loughland C, Martin NG, Mathews CA, Mayoral F, McElroy SL, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, Melle I, Michie P, Milani L, Mitchell PB, Morken G, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Mowry B, Müller-Myhsok B, Myers RM, Neale BM, Nievergelt CM, Nordentoft M, Nöthen MM, O'Donovan MC, Oedegaard KJ, Olsson T, Owen MJ, Paciga SA, Pantelis C, Pato C, Pato MT, Patrinos GP, Perlis RH, Posthuma D, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reif A, Reininghaus EZ, Ribasés M, Rietschel M, Ripke S, Rouleau GA, Saito T, Schall U, Schalling M, Schofield PR, Schulze TG, Scott LJ, Scott RJ, Serretti A, Shannon Weickert C, Smoller JW, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Stordal E, Streit F, Sullivan PF, Turecki G, Vaaler AE, Vieta E, Vincent JB, Waldman ID, Weickert TW, Werge T, Wray NR, Zwart JA, Biernacka JM, Nurnberger JI, Cichon S, Edenberg HJ, Stahl EA, McQuillin A, Di Florio A, Ophoff RA, Andreassen OA. Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology. Nat Genet 2021; 53:817-829. [PMID: 34002096 PMCID: PMC8192451 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a heritable mental illness with complex etiology. We performed a genome-wide association study of 41,917 bipolar disorder cases and 371,549 controls of European ancestry, which identified 64 associated genomic loci. Bipolar disorder risk alleles were enriched in genes in synaptic signaling pathways and brain-expressed genes, particularly those with high specificity of expression in neurons of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Significant signal enrichment was found in genes encoding targets of antipsychotics, calcium channel blockers, antiepileptics and anesthetics. Integrating expression quantitative trait locus data implicated 15 genes robustly linked to bipolar disorder via gene expression, encoding druggable targets such as HTR6, MCHR1, DCLK3 and FURIN. Analyses of bipolar disorder subtypes indicated high but imperfect genetic correlation between bipolar disorder type I and II and identified additional associated loci. Together, these results advance our understanding of the biological etiology of bipolar disorder, identify novel therapeutic leads and prioritize genes for functional follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Mullins
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kevin S O'Connell
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Brandon Coombes
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley BRC, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zhen Qiao
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas D Als
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sigrid Børte
- Research and Communication Unit for Musculoskeletal Health, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julien Bryois
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander W Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ole Kristian Drange
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health Care, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saskia P Hagenaars
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley BRC, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nolan Kamitaki
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristi Krebs
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Brian M Schilder
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura G Sloofman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Vassily Trubetskoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bendik S Winsvold
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hong-Hee Won
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Liliya Abramova
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mariam Al Eissa
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ney Alliey-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adebayo Anjorin
- Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, UK
| | - Verneri Antilla
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anastasia Antoniou
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ji Hyun Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva C Beins
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Armin Birner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erlend Bøen
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco P Boks
- Psychiatry, Brain Center UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Murielle Brum
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ben M Brumpton
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Brunkhorst-Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William Byerley
- Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Murray Cairns
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miquel Casas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Cervantes
- Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Alfredo Cuellar-Barboza
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julie Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David Curtis
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Piotr M Czerski
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Friederike S David
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amanda L Dobbyn
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Athanassios Douzenis
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - I Nicol Ferrier
- Academic Psychiatry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liz Forty
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Louise Frisén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katrin Gade
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julie Garnham
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ian R Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - José Guzman-Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Kyooseob Ha
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Hellgren
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter A Holmans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Laura Huckins
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Neuropsychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Jessica S Johnson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janos L Kalman
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - James A Knowles
- Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Maria Koromina
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ralph Kupka
- Psychiatry, Altrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Psychiatry, VU Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven A Kushner
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lawrence
- Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, UK
| | - Markus Leber
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil H Lee
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Catrin Lewis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Calwing Liao
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susanne Lucae
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Lundberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Donald J MacIntyre
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Adam Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eirini Maratou
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Attikon General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lina Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathaniel W McGregor
- Systems Genetics Working Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Peter McGuffin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James D McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Helena Medeiros
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niamh O'Brien
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claire O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lilijana Oruc
- Medical Faculty, School of Science and Technology, University Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Amy Perry
- Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Andrea Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evgenia Porichi
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - James B Potash
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Digby Quested
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Towfique Raj
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Raymond DePaulo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eline J Regeer
- Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorder, Altrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabio Rivas
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Margarita Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Julian Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Medicine, Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva C Schulte
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fanny Senner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sally Sharp
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul D Shilling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lea Sirignano
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claire Slaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine Søholm Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Soler Artigas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Dan J Stein
- SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John S Strauss
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Claudio Toma
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Tooney
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evangelia-Eirini Tsermpini
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Helmut Vedder
- Psychiatry, Psychiatrisches Zentrum Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany
| | - James T R Walters
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Xi
- Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Mei Kay Yang
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
| | - Hannah Young
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter P Zandi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lea Zillich
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gulja Babadjanova
- Institute of Pulmonology, Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lena Backlund
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, UMRS 1144, Paris, France
- APHP Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, GHU Saint Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Paris, France
| | - Susanne Bengesser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, CGPM, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley BRC, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stanley Catts
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dimitris Dikeos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Etain
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, UMRS 1144, Paris, France
- APHP Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, GHU Saint Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Paris, France
| | - Panagiotis Ferentinos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Micha Gawlik
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fernando S Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melissa J Green
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Frans Henskens
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kyung Sue Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Assen V Jablensky
- University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lisa A Jones
- Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Psychiatry, Brain Center UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John R Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - George Kirov
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Neuropsychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Maudsley BRC, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christine Lochner
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carol A Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patricia Michie
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bryan Mowry
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research/Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ketil J Oedegaard
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland Universitetssjukehus, Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - Carlos Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - George P Patrinos
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center of Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva Z Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Takeo Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Ulrich Schall
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rodney J Scott
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eystein Stordal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Namsos, Namsos, Norway
- Department of Neuroscience, Norges Teknisk Naturvitenskapelige Universitet Fakultet for Naturvitenskap og Teknologi, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arne E Vaaler
- Department of Psychiatry, Sankt Olavs Hospital Universitetssykehuset i Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John B Vincent
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irwin D Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John-Anker Zwart
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Arianna Di Florio
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Sighvatsson MB, Salkovskis PM, Sigurdsson E, Valdimarsdottir HB, Thorsdottir F, Sigurdsson JF. Evaluation of mechanism of change in transdiagnostic cognitive behaviour therapy using single case experimental design. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2021; 71:101634. [PMID: 33388441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Transdiagnostic mechanisms of change (txMOC) specific to cognitive behaviour therapy are poorly understood. Salkovskis (1996) proposed one such mechanism in terms of the shift towards an alternative, less negative view of their problems or cognitive flexibility. This hypothesis has been described as involving a shift in beliefs, from "theory A″ to "theory B". The objective of this research was to evaluate this hypothesis. METHODS Effectiveness of a novel txCBT and temporal changes in process and symptom measures were evaluated using a non-concurrent multiple baseline design and Tau-U calculations with thirteen participants (five with obsessive-compulsive disorder, two with panic disorder with agoraphobia and six with major depressive disorder). As a secondary analysis authors calculated Kendall's - Tau correlation between process and symptom measures, performed the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to assess treatment modules effect on negative thought and calculated Reliable change index (RCI). RESULTS The txCBT was clearly effective for eight participants. The results varied dependent on the stimuli evaluated as negative or threatening. Level and trend of the ratings of belief in theory A followed the level and trend of symptom measures to a greater extent than the (inverse) level and trend of belief in theory B. LIMITATIONS Only thirteen participants were recruited and evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the view that effective treatment may involve a txMOC characterized by the ability to shift from a relatively fixed negative view of their experience to a less negative psychologically focused alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Blondahl Sighvatsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargotu 2, 101, RVK, Iceland; Faculty of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, RVK, Iceland.
| | - Paul M Salkovskis
- Faculty of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, RVK, Iceland; Oxford Centre for Psychological Health, Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Oxford Cognitive Therapy Center, Warneford Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargotu 2, 101, RVK, Iceland; Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Iceland.
| | - Heiddis B Valdimarsdottir
- Faculty of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, RVK, Iceland; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Fanney Thorsdottir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Saemundargotu 2, 101, RVK, Iceland.
| | - Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargotu 2, 101, RVK, Iceland; Faculty of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegi 1, 101, RVK, Iceland.
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12
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Hess JL, Tylee DS, Mattheisen M, Børglum AD, Als TD, Grove J, Werge T, Mortensen PB, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Hougaard DM, Byberg-Grauholm J, Bækvad-Hansen M, Greenwood TA, Tsuang MT, Curtis D, Steinberg S, Sigurdsson E, Stefánsson H, Stefánsson K, Edenberg HJ, Holmans P, Faraone SV, Glatt SJ. A polygenic resilience score moderates the genetic risk for schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:800-815. [PMID: 31492941 PMCID: PMC7058518 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the discovery by the Resilience Project (Chen R. et al. Nat Biotechnol 34:531-538, 2016) of rare variants that confer resistance to Mendelian disease, and protective alleles for some complex diseases, we posited the existence of genetic variants that promote resilience to highly heritable polygenic disorders1,0 such as schizophrenia. Resilience has been traditionally viewed as a psychological construct, although our use of the term resilience refers to a different construct that directly relates to the Resilience Project, namely: heritable variation that promotes resistance to disease by reducing the penetrance of risk loci, wherein resilience and risk loci operate orthogonal to one another. In this study, we established a procedure to identify unaffected individuals with relatively high polygenic risk for schizophrenia, and contrasted them with risk-matched schizophrenia cases to generate the first known "polygenic resilience score" that represents the additive contributions to SZ resistance by variants that are distinct from risk loci. The resilience score was derived from data compiled by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, and replicated in three independent samples. This work establishes a generalizable framework for finding resilience variants for any complex, heritable disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Hess
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Daniel S Tylee
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Als
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grove
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Byberg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Curtis
- University College London Genetics Institute, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | | | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Kári Stefánsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter Holmans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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13
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Vidarsdottir OG, Twamley EW, Roberts DL, Sigurdsson E, Gudmundsdottir B, Magnusdottir BB. Integrative cognitive remediation for early psychosis: A 12-month follow-up. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288:112964. [PMID: 32361338 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a growing number of studies have attempted to treat social-cognitive impairment within neurocognitive remediation as means of improving outcome in psychotic disorders with promising results. However, the durability of the effects is still under debate and little is known about the long-term efficacy of integrated neuro- and social-cognitive remediation in early psychosis. The purpose of this study was to examine long-term effects of a 12-week integrative cognitive remediation (ICR) for early psychosis. Thirty-seven patients diagnosed with primary psychotic disorder and previously treated with ICR as part of their standard treatment were assessed on cognitive performance, psychopathology, and functional outcome at baseline, 3 months (posttest) and 12 months (follow-up). After participating in ICT, individuals showed significant improvements on most neurocognitive and social cognitive domains. A significant increase in number of participants employed was found at 12-month. The study suggests ICR may have favorable effect on long-term cognitive improvements and functional gains in early psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olina G Vidarsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Elizabeth W Twamley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, CA, United States; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - David L Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Community Recovery, Research and Training, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Berglind Gudmundsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Brynja B Magnusdottir
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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14
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Sighvatsson MB, Salkovskis PM, Sigurdsson E, Valdimarsdottir HB, Thorsdottir F, Sigurdsson JF. 'You should always look at the washing machine without actually being in it!' Thematic framework analysis of patients' understanding of transdiagnostic cognitive behaviour therapy and its mechanisms. Psychol Psychother 2020; 93:258-275. [PMID: 30734461 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transdiagnostic cognitive behaviour therapy (TCBT) is an efficacious treatment for anxiety and depression, but its mechanisms of change remain poorly understood. The current study used thematic framework analysis to analyse how patients, recruited in a recent trial on transdiagnostic group CBT (TGCBT), understood the treatment and its mechanisms. DESIGN Cross-sectional thematic framework analysis. METHOD The sample included 24 participants suffering from anxiety and/or depression, divided into two groups by treatment efficacy (i.e., group doing well and group doing not so well) in order to evaluate whether different understandings of the treatment affected its efficacy. The participants were interviewed and completed self-report measures. They were encouraged to discuss what they believed to be helpful and unhelpful in the TGCBT and what they believed to be the mechanisms of change in the treatment. Each interview was recorded, transcribed verbatim and themes were identified. RESULTS The analysis revealed four overarching themes and 18 subthemes. The overarching themes were as follows: Cognitive and behavioural flexibility, Awareness/understanding of symptoms and triggers, Therapeutic alliance and engagement, and finally Attitudes towards treatment. Four of the 18 subthemes corresponded to a differentiation between the groups: Cognitive flexibility and Comparison with others in the group on the one hand and Cognitive inflexibility and Negative attitudes towards treatment on the other. CONCLUSION The most important difference between the groups appeared to be CBT-specific, that is, cognitive flexibility that characterized the group doing well where thematic analysis did not indicate that other themes were important. PRACTITIONER POINTS Findings The analysis revealed four overarching themes and 18 subthemes, four of which corresponded to the difference between the two groups of participants based on treatment efficacy. The four differentiating subthemes were cognitive flexibility and comparison with others, which characterized the group doing well, and cognitive inflexibility and negative attitude towards treatment, which characterized the group doing less well. The theme evaluated as the most important for the efficacy of the transdiagnostic cognitive behaviour therapy and patients' understanding of the treatment was cognitive flexibility, which characterized the group doing well. Limitations Use of qualitative methodology restricts the generalizability of our results. Data are built on answers from only 24 participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | - Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
- University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Reykjavik University, Iceland.,Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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15
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Konte B, Walters JT, Giegling I, Legge S, Pardiña AF, Cohen D, Pirmohamed M, Tiihonen J, Hartmann AM, Bogers JP, van der Weide J, van der Weide K, Putkonen A, Repo-Tiihonen E, Hallikainen T, Silva E, Imgimarsson O, Sigurdsson E, Kennedy JL, Breen G, Sullivan PF, Rietschel M, Stefansson H, Collier DA, OʼDonovan MC, Rujescu D. HLA-DQB1 6672 G>C is associated with the risk of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in individuals of European ancestry. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3403016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Konte
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - JT Walters
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - I Giegling
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - S Legge
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - AF Pardiña
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - D Cohen
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - M Pirmohamed
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - J Tiihonen
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - AM Hartmann
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - JP Bogers
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | - A Putkonen
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - T Hallikainen
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - E Silva
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - O Imgimarsson
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - E Sigurdsson
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - JL Kennedy
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - G Breen
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - PF Sullivan
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - M Rietschel
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - H Stefansson
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - DA Collier
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - MC OʼDonovan
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - D Rujescu
- Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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16
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Vidarsdottir OG, Roberts DL, Twamley EW, Gudmundsdottir B, Sigurdsson E, Magnusdottir BB. Case Report: Successful Implementation of Integrative Cognitive Remediation for Early Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:624091. [PMID: 33519563 PMCID: PMC7840956 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.624091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many individuals demonstrate functionally relevant impairment in neurocognition as well as social cognition early on in the course of their psychotic disorder. There is robust evidence supporting cognitive remediation as an effective treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Increasingly it is accepted that earlier treatment is associated with better outcome and that it is important to systematically assess and treat cognitive dysfunction before the cognitive and functional disabilities are fully realized. However, the clinical availability of these interventions remains sparse. As we move forward with implementing evidence-based interventions into multi-component treatment for early psychosis, it is important to reflect on experience as well as evidence. This case report aims to describe the implementation of an integrative cognitive remediation program in coordinated specialty care (CSC) for early psychosis in Iceland and investigate whether the intervention is sustainable in a CSC setting. Data on the number of patients treated, facilitators trained, groups conducted, and funding was used to assess the sustainability. The results show that since initial implementation in 2016, the intervention has been routinely available as part of standard care, with over 100 patients having received the treatment. The report discusses key factors in the successful implementation of the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olina G Vidarsdottir
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali-The National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - David L Roberts
- Division of Community Recovery, Research and Training, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth W Twamley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Berglind Gudmundsdottir
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali-The National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali-The National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Brynja B Magnusdottir
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali-The National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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17
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Magnusdottir BB, Haraldsson HM, Sigurdsson E. Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency: Regression-Based Norms for the Icelandic Population. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 36:253-266. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to construct regression-based norms for 3 executive-function tests: the Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency.
Method
A sample of 1,034 healthy Icelandic adults (18–64 years) was used to calculate predicted scores for test measures from all 3 tests, controlled for the effects of age, gender, and education, as well as the interaction between these variables.
Results
The 3 demographic variables showed significant effects on most test measures and were included in the final equation for estimating predicted scores. An older age and less education predicted worse cognitive performances in most cases, and women tended to outperform men.
Conclusion
These results highlight the importance of adjusting for age, gender, and educational level when constructing normative data. Controlling for age alone may be insufficient or misleading in clinical-practice settings. A simple, user-friendly program for predicting executive-function test scores is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Magnusdottir
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - H M Haraldsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - E Sigurdsson
- School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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18
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Gudmundsson OO, Walters GB, Ingason A, Johansson S, Zayats T, Athanasiu L, Sonderby IE, Gustafsson O, Nawaz MS, Jonsson GF, Jonsson L, Knappskog PM, Ingvarsdottir E, Davidsdottir K, Djurovic S, Knudsen GPS, Askeland RB, Haraldsdottir GS, Baldursson G, Magnusson P, Sigurdsson E, Gudbjartsson DF, Stefansson H, Andreassen OA, Haavik J, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Stefansson K. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder shares copy number variant risk with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:258. [PMID: 31624239 PMCID: PMC6797719 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder. Some rare copy number variations (CNVs) affect multiple neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia and ADHD. The aim of this study is to determine to what extent ADHD shares high risk CNV alleles with schizophrenia and ASD. We compiled 19 neuropsychiatric CNVs and test 14, with sufficient power, for association with ADHD in Icelandic and Norwegian samples. Eight associate with ADHD; deletions at 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 15q11.2, 15q13.3 (BP4 & BP4.5-BP5) and 22q11.21, and duplications at 1q21.1 distal, 16p11.2 proximal, 16p13.11 and 22q11.21. Six of the CNVs have not been associated with ADHD before. As a group, the 19 CNVs associate with ADHD (OR = 2.43, P = 1.6 × 10-21), even when comorbid ASD and schizophrenia are excluded from the sample. These results highlight the pleiotropic effect of the neuropsychiatric CNVs and add evidence for ADHD, ASD and schizophrenia being related neurodevelopmental disorders rather than distinct entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olafur O. Gudmundsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland ,0000 0004 0640 0021grid.14013.37Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland ,0000 0000 9894 0842grid.410540.4Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - G. Bragi Walters
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland ,0000 0004 0640 0021grid.14013.37Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Stefan Johansson
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bDepartment of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDepartment of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tetyana Zayats
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bK.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Elken Sonderby
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Muhammad S. Nawaz
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland ,0000 0004 0640 0021grid.14013.37Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Lina Jonsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland ,0000 0000 9919 9582grid.8761.8Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Morten Knappskog
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bDepartment of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDepartment of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ester Ingvarsdottir
- The Centre for Child Development and Behaviour, Capital Area Primary Health Care, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Katrin Davidsdottir
- The Centre for Child Development and Behaviour, Capital Area Primary Health Care, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Kirkeveien 166, 424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gun Peggy Strømstad Knudsen
- 0000 0001 1541 4204grid.418193.6Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P. O. Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragna Bugge Askeland
- 0000 0001 1541 4204grid.418193.6Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P. O. Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gyda S. Haraldsdottir
- The Centre for Child Development and Behaviour, Capital Area Primary Health Care, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gisli Baldursson
- 0000 0000 9894 0842grid.410540.4Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pall Magnusson
- 0000 0000 9894 0842grid.410540.4Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland ,0000 0000 9894 0842grid.410540.4Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- 0000 0004 0640 0021grid.14013.37Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland ,0000 0000 9894 0842grid.410540.4Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Daniel F. Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland ,0000 0004 0640 0021grid.14013.37School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Ole A. Andreassen
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bK.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDivision of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- 0000 0001 1541 4204grid.418193.6Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P. O. Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
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19
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Pardiñas AF, Holmans P, Pocklington AJ, Escott-Price V, Ripke S, Carrera N, Legge SE, Bishop S, Cameron D, Hamshere ML, Han J, Hubbard L, Lynham A, Mantripragada K, Rees E, MacCabe JH, McCarroll SA, Baune BT, Breen G, Byrne EM, Dannlowski U, Eley TC, Hayward C, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Plomin R, Porteous DJ, Wray NR, Caballero A, Geschwind DH, Huckins LM, Ruderfer DM, Santiago E, Sklar P, Stahl EA, Won H, Agerbo E, Als TD, Andreassen OA, Bækvad-Hansen M, Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Børglum AD, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Djurovic S, Durmishi N, Pedersen MG, Golimbet V, Grove J, Hougaard DM, Mattheisen M, Molden E, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Hansen CS, Stefansson K, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Tosato S, Werge T, Collier DA, Rujescu D, Kirov G, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Walters JTR. Publisher Correction: Common schizophrenia alleles are enriched in mutation-intolerant genes and in regions under strong background selection. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1193. [PMID: 31160808 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Pocklington
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noa Carrera
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie E Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie Bishop
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Darren Cameron
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marian L Hamshere
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jun Han
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Leon Hubbard
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Amy Lynham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kiran Mantripragada
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James H MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Maudsley Hospital and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thalia C Eley
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Plomin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Armando Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología. Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura M Huckins
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Enrique Santiago
- Departamento de Biología Funcional. Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyejung Won
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Als
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine- Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine- Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Naser Durmishi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinic of Psychiatry, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vera Golimbet
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jakob Grove
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine- Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine- Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Espen Molden
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Teimuraz Silagadze
- Department of Psychiatry and Drug Addiction, Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Christine Søholm Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - David A Collier
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Discovery Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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20
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Vidarsdottir OG, Twamley EW, Roberts DL, Gudmundsdottir B, Sigurdsson E, Magnusdottir BB. Social and non-social measures of cognition for predicting self-reported and informant-reported functional outcomes in early psychosis. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60:295-303. [PMID: 31111499 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to investigate the individual contributions of neurocognitive and social-cognitive domains to self-reported and informant-reported functional outcome in early psychosis. We also sought to further characterize the nature of cognitive impairments in this sample and explore the interrelationships between the social-cognitive measures and how they correlate with measures of neurocognition and clinical symptoms. In this study, 70 patients (mean age: 24.1; 87.1% males) with primary psychotic disorder diagnosed in the previous 5 years were assessed on multiple neurocognitive (processing speed, attention, working memory, immediate verbal memory, delayed recall, visual reasoning, inhibition, planning, cognitive flexibility), and social-cognitive domains (theory of mind (ToM), emotion recognition, attributional style, metacognitive overconfidence) as well as measures of clinical symptoms. Functional outcome was assessed with three self-reports and two informant-reports. On average, patients performed one or more SD below healthy controls on measures of delayed recall, ToM and metacognitive overconfidence. Emotion recognition and ToM were intercorrelated and correlated with multiple neurocognitive domains and negative symptoms. Attributional style correlated with positive symptoms. In the context of multiple variables, self-reported functional outcomes were predicted by attributional style, whereas emotion recognition and immediate verbal memory predicted variance in informant-reported community functioning. These results support the suggestion of a likely distinction between the predictive factors for self-reported and informant-reported functional outcome in early psychosis and suggest that consideration of self-assessment of functional outcome is critical when attempting to evaluate the effects attributional style has on functional disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olina G Vidarsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Elizabeth W Twamley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David L Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Community Recovery, Research and Training, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Berglind Gudmundsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Brynja B Magnusdottir
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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21
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Stahl EA, Breen G, Forstner AJ, McQuillin A, Ripke S, Trubetskoy V, Mattheisen M, Wang Y, Coleman JRI, Gaspar HA, de Leeuw CA, Steinberg S, Pavlides JMW, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Pers TH, Holmans PA, Richards AL, Abbott L, Agerbo E, Akil H, Albani D, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Als TD, Anjorin A, Antilla V, Awasthi S, Badner JA, Bækvad-Hansen M, Barchas JD, Bass N, Bauer M, Belliveau R, Bergen SE, Pedersen CB, Bøen E, Boks MP, Boocock J, Budde M, Bunney W, Burmeister M, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byerley W, Casas M, Cerrato F, Cervantes P, Chambert K, Charney AW, Chen D, Churchhouse C, Clarke TK, Coryell W, Craig DW, Cruceanu C, Curtis D, Czerski PM, Dale AM, de Jong S, Degenhardt F, Del-Favero J, DePaulo JR, Djurovic S, Dobbyn AL, Dumont A, Elvsåshagen T, Escott-Price V, Fan CC, Fischer SB, Flickinger M, Foroud TM, Forty L, Frank J, Fraser C, Freimer NB, Frisén L, Gade K, Gage D, Garnham J, Giambartolomei C, Pedersen MG, Goldstein J, Gordon SD, Gordon-Smith K, Green EK, Green MJ, Greenwood TA, Grove J, Guan W, Guzman-Parra J, Hamshere ML, Hautzinger M, Heilbronner U, Herms S, Hipolito M, Hoffmann P, Holland D, Huckins L, Jamain S, Johnson JS, Juréus A, Kandaswamy R, Karlsson R, Kennedy JL, Kittel-Schneider S, Knowles JA, Kogevinas M, Koller AC, Kupka R, Lavebratt C, Lawrence J, Lawson WB, Leber M, Lee PH, Levy SE, Li JZ, Liu C, Lucae S, Maaser A, MacIntyre DJ, Mahon PB, Maier W, Martinsson L, McCarroll S, McGuffin P, McInnis MG, McKay JD, Medeiros H, Medland SE, Meng F, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Mühleisen TW, Mullins N, Nguyen H, Nievergelt CM, Adolfsson AN, Nwulia EA, O'Donovan C, Loohuis LMO, Ori APS, Oruc L, Ösby U, Perlis RH, Perry A, Pfennig A, Potash JB, Purcell SM, Regeer EJ, Reif A, Reinbold CS, Rice JP, Rivas F, Rivera M, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, Ryu E, Sánchez-Mora C, Schatzberg AF, Scheftner WA, Schork NJ, Shannon Weickert C, Shehktman T, Shilling PD, Sigurdsson E, Slaney C, Smeland OB, Sobell JL, Søholm Hansen C, Spijker AT, St Clair D, Steffens M, Strauss JS, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Szelinger S, Thompson RC, Thorgeirsson TE, Treutlein J, Vedder H, Wang W, Watson SJ, Weickert TW, Witt SH, Xi S, Xu W, Young AH, Zandi P, Zhang P, Zöllner S, Adolfsson R, Agartz I, Alda M, Backlund L, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Berrettini WH, Biernacka JM, Blackwood DHR, Boehnke M, Børglum AD, Corvin A, Craddock N, Daly MJ, Dannlowski U, Esko T, Etain B, Frye M, Fullerton JM, Gershon ES, Gill M, Goes F, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Hauser J, Hougaard DM, Hultman CM, Jones I, Jones LA, Kahn RS, Kirov G, Landén M, Leboyer M, Lewis CM, Li QS, Lissowska J, Martin NG, Mayoral F, McElroy SL, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, Melle I, Metspalu A, Mitchell PB, Morken G, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Myers RM, Neale BM, Nimgaonkar V, Nordentoft M, Nöthen MM, O'Donovan MC, Oedegaard KJ, Owen MJ, Paciga SA, Pato C, Pato MT, Posthuma D, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M, Rietschel M, Rouleau GA, Schalling M, Schofield PR, Schulze TG, Serretti A, Smoller JW, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Stordal E, Sullivan PF, Turecki G, Vaaler AE, Vieta E, Vincent JB, Werge T, Nurnberger JI, Wray NR, Di Florio A, Edenberg HJ, Cichon S, Ophoff RA, Scott LJ, Andreassen OA, Kelsoe J, Sklar P. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nat Genet 2019; 51:793-803. [PMID: 31043756 PMCID: PMC6956732 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 20,352 cases and 31,358 controls of European descent, with follow-up analysis of 822 variants with P < 1 × 10-4 in an additional 9,412 cases and 137,760 controls. Eight of the 19 variants that were genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10-8) in the discovery GWAS were not genome-wide significant in the combined analysis, consistent with small effect sizes and limited power but also with genetic heterogeneity. In the combined analysis, 30 loci were genome-wide significant, including 20 newly identified loci. The significant loci contain genes encoding ion channels, neurotransmitter transporters and synaptic components. Pathway analysis revealed nine significantly enriched gene sets, including regulation of insulin secretion and endocannabinoid signaling. Bipolar I disorder is strongly genetically correlated with schizophrenia, driven by psychosis, whereas bipolar II disorder is more strongly correlated with major depressive disorder. These findings address key clinical questions and provide potential biological mechanisms for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli A Stahl
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Ripke
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vassily Trubetskoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Héléna A Gaspar
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christiaan A de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tune H Pers
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter A Holmans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Alexander L Richards
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Liam Abbott
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ney Alliey-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas D Als
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Adebayo Anjorin
- Department of Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, UK
| | - Verneri Antilla
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith A Badner
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jack D Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erlend Bøen
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco P Boks
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - James Boocock
- Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - William Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miquel Casas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felecia Cerrato
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pablo Cervantes
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Program, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kimberly Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander W Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danfeng Chen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Claire Churchhouse
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - William Coryell
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Program, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - David Curtis
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Piotr M Czerski
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simone de Jong
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jurgen Del-Favero
- Applied Molecular Genomics Unit, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Raymond DePaulo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amanda L Dobbyn
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Dumont
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sascha B Fischer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Flickinger
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liz Forty
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Fraser
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Louise Frisén
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katrin Gade
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diane Gage
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julie Garnham
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Claudia Giambartolomei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jaqueline Goldstein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Elaine K Green
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Weihua Guan
- Biostatistics, University of Minnesota System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - José Guzman-Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Marian L Hamshere
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Hipolito
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Holland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura Huckins
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Jessica S Johnson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anders Juréus
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radhika Kandaswamy
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James A Knowles
- Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Anna C Koller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralph Kupka
- Psychiatry, Altrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Psychiatry, VU Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lawrence
- Department of, rth East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, UK
| | - William B Lawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Markus Leber
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geropsychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Phil H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Anna Maaser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Donald J MacIntyre
- Mental Health, NHS 24, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela B Mahon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lina Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steve McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James D McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Helena Medeiros
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fan Meng
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Derek W Morris
- Discipline of Biochemistry, Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG) Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Niamh Mullins
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research/Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Evaristus A Nwulia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claire O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anil P S Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lilijana Oruc
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Urban Ösby
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Perry
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Andrea Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - James B Potash
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eline J Regeer
- Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorder, Altrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Céline S Reinbold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabio Rivas
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Margarita Rivera
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Medicine, Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Euijung Ryu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatyana Shehktman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Shilling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Claire Slaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine Søholm Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David St Clair
- Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Michael Steffens
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - John S Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Helmut Vedder
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatrisches Zentrum Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Xi
- Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allan H Young
- Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lena Backlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France
- UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Mark J Daly
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Etain
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Lisa A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Kirov
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Ketil J Oedegaard
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland Universitetssjukehus, Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eystein Stordal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Namsos, Namsos, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arne E Vaaler
- Department of Psychiatry, Sankt Olavs Hospital Universitetssykehuset i Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John B Vincent
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arianna Di Florio
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Vidarsdottir OG, Roberts DL, Twamley EW, Gudmundsdottir B, Sigurdsson E, Magnusdottir BB. Integrative cognitive remediation for early psychosis: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:690-698. [PMID: 31207854 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Early application of cognitive remediation may help prevent the development of long-term functional impairments that characterize psychotic disorders. Interventions that encompass both neurocognitive and social-cognitive training may work synergistically to bridge the gap between cognitive gains and functional outcomes in early psychosis. We integrated three cognitive remediation approaches: Neuropsychological Educational Approach to Remediation (NEAR), Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT), and Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT), and evaluated the effects on cognition, clinical symptoms, self-assessed and informant-assessed social functioning in early psychosis. A total of 49 patients diagnosed with primary psychotic disorder seeking service at an early-intervention service in Iceland were randomized to either a waiting-list control group (n = 24) or a 12-week group-based integrative cognitive remediation (n = 25). Neurocognition, social cognition, community functioning and clinical symptoms were assessed at baseline and post-treatment. The intervention group showed significant improvements in verbal memory, cognitive flexibility, working memory, ToM and a significant reduction in hostile attributions, compared to those receiving standard treatment alone, but there were no differences between groups on measures of social functioning or clinical symptoms. The intervention was well tolerated and received high treatment satisfaction ratings. Findings indicate that integrated cognitive remediation has potential to improve neurocognition and social cognition in early psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olina G Vidarsdottir
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - David L Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Community Recovery, Research and Training, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Elizabeth W Twamley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Berglind Gudmundsdottir
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Brynja B Magnusdottir
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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23
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Valsdottir V, Haraldsson M, Gylfason HF, Sigurdsson E, Magnusdottir BB. Schizophrenia, cognition, and aging: cognitive deficits and the relationship between test performance and aging. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2019; 27:40-51. [PMID: 30707655 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1572100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Most measures of cognitive function decline with age during adulthood. Research indicates that people with schizophrenia experience considerable cognitive deficits. These deficits appear to become more troublesome with increasing age, but this has been debated. The aim of this research was to better understand the age related cognitive deficits of Icelandic subjects with schizophrenia in comparison to healthy individuals. Cognition of individuals 18 to 64 years of age was evaluated with 10 neuropsychological tests. People with schizophrenia performed significantly worse on all tests, as expected, indicating widespread cognitive deficits compared to healthy individuals, independent of age. Furthermore, the results suggest that people with schizophrenia follow a similar age-related trajectory of cognitive decline as healthy individuals. Overall, we conclude that the cognitive difficulties often experienced by older people with schizophrenia are better explained by lower cognitive function at the time of diagnosis than by faster cognitive decline with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magnus Haraldsson
- School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Brynja Bjork Magnusdottir
- Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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24
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose of the article: Clozapine is the only evidence based treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Constipation is a well known side effect of clozapine treatment. The aims of this study are to describe the prevalence of constipation and ileus during clozapine treatment of patients with schizophrenia in Iceland and to assess the concomitant use of medication that can cause constipation, and laxatives used to treat constipation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified 188 patients treated with clozapine by searching the electronic health records of Landspitali, the National University Hospital, during the study period 1.1.1998 - 21.11.2014. Cases of constipation and ileus were identified using an electronic search with keywords related to ileus in the patients' electronic health records. Detailed medication use was available for 154 patients that used clozapine for at least one year. RESULTS Four out of 188 patients were diagnosed with ileus that resulted in admission to hospital. Two of these required a permanent stoma as a consequence of their ileus. Laxatives were prescribed for 24 out of 154 patients (15.4%) while on clozapine. In total 40.9% of the patients either had laxatives prescribed or had constipation documented in the medical records. Apart from clozapine, other medications known to cause constipation were prescribed to 28 out of 154 patients (18.2%). CONCLUSIONS Constipation is a common problem during clozapine treatment which can progress to full-blown ileus which can be fatal. Clinicians need to monitor signs of constipation during treatment with clozapine and respond to it with lifestyle advice and laxative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddur Ingimarsson
- a Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences , University of Reykjavik, Iceland.,b Mental Health Services , Landspitali University Hospital , 101 Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - James H MacCabe
- c Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , King's College London , UK.,d South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- a Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences , University of Reykjavik, Iceland.,b Mental Health Services , Landspitali University Hospital , 101 Reykjavik , Iceland
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25
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Ni G, Moser G, Wray NR, Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Corvin A, Walters JT, Farh KH, Holmans PA, Lee P, Bulik-Sullivan B, Collier DA, Huang H, Pers TH, Agartz I, Agerbo E, Albus M, Alexander M, Amin F, Bacanu SA, Begemann M, Belliveau RA, Bene J, Bergen SE, Bevilacqua E, Bigdeli TB, Black DW, Bruggeman R, Buccola NG, Buckner RL, Byerley W, Cahn W, Cai G, Campion D, Cantor RM, Carr VJ, Carrera N, Catts SV, Chambert KD, Chan RC, Chen RY, Chen EY, Cheng W, Cheung EF, Chong SA, Cloninger CR, Cohen D, Cohen N, Cormican P, Craddock N, Crowley JJ, Curtis D, Davidson M, Davis KL, Degenhardt F, Del Favero J, Demontis D, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drapeau E, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Durmishi N, Eichhammer P, Eriksson J, Escott-Price V, Essioux L, Fanous AH, Farrell MS, Frank J, Franke L, Freedman R, Freimer NB, Friedl M, Friedman JI, Fromer M, Genovese G, Georgieva L, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Godard S, Goldstein JI, Golimbet V, Gopal S, Gratten J, de Haan L, Hammer C, Hamshere ML, Hansen M, Hansen T, Haroutunian V, Hartmann AM, Henskens FA, Herms S, Hirschhorn JN, Hoffmann P, Hofman A, Hollegaard MV, Hougaard DM, Ikeda M, Joa I, Juliá A, Kahn RS, Kalaydjieva L, Karachanak-Yankova S, Karjalainen J, Kavanagh D, Keller MC, Kennedy JL, Khrunin A, Kim Y, Klovins J, Knowles JA, Konte B, Kucinskas V, Kucinskiene ZA, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Kähler AK, Laurent C, Keong JLC, Legge SE, Lerer B, Li M, Li T, Liang KY, Lieberman J, Limborska S, Loughland CM, Lubinski J, Lönnqvist J, Macek M, Magnusson PK, Maher BS, Maier W, Mallet J, Marsal S, Mattheisen M, Mattingsda M, McCarley RW, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, Meier S, Meijer CJ, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately RI, Metspalu A, Michie PT, Milani L, Milanova V, Mokrab Y, Morris DW, Mors O, Murphy KC, Murray RM, Myin-Germeys I, Müller-Myhsok B, Nelis M, Nenadic I, Nertney DA, Nestadt G, Nicodemus KK, Nikitina-Zake L, Nisenbaum L, Nordin A, O’Callaghan E, O’Dushlaine C, O’Neill FA, Oh SY, Olinc A, Olsen L, Van Os J, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou GN, Papio S, Parkhomenko E, Pato MT, Paunio T, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Perkins DO, Pietiläinenl O, Pimm J, Pocklington AJ, Powell J, Price A, Pulver AE, Purcell SM, Quested D, Rasmussen HB, Reichenberg A, Reimers MA, Richards AL, Roffman JL, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Schall U, Schubert CR, Schulze TG, Schwab SG, Scolnick EM, Scott RJ, Seidman LJ, Shi J, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Silverman JM, Sim K, Slominsky P, Smoller JW, So HC, Spencer CC, Stah EA, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stogmann E, Straub RE, Strengman E, Strohmaier J, Stroup TS, Subramaniam M, Suvisaari J, Svrakic DM, Szatkiewicz JP, Söderman E, Thirumalai S, Toncheva D, Tosato S, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walsh D, Wang D, Wang Q, Webb BT, Weiser M, Wildenauer DB, Williams NM, Williams S, Witt SH, Wolen AR, Wong EH, Wormley BK, Xi HS, Zai CC, Zheng X, Zimprich F, Stefansson K, Visscher PM, Adolfsson R, Andreassen OA, Blackwood DH, Bramon E, Buxbaum JD, Børglum AD, Cichon S, Darvasi A, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Esko T, Gejman PV, Gill M, Gurling H, Hultman CM, Iwata N, Jablensky AV, Jönsson EG, Kendler KS, Kirov G, Knight J, Lencz T, Levinson DF, Li QS, Liu J, Malhotra AK, McCarrol SA, McQuillin A, Moran JL, Mortensen PB, Mowry BJ, Nöthen MM, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Palotie A, Pato CN, Petryshen TL, Posthuma D, Rietsche M, Riley BP, Rujescu D, Sham PC, Sklar P, St Clair D, Weinberger DR, Wendland JR, Werge T, Daly MJ, Sullivan PF, O’Donovan MC. Estimation of Genetic Correlation via Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and Genomic Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:1185-1194. [PMID: 29754766 PMCID: PMC5993419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic correlation is a key population parameter that describes the shared genetic architecture of complex traits and diseases. It can be estimated by current state-of-art methods, i.e., linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and genomic restricted maximum likelihood (GREML). The massively reduced computing burden of LDSC compared to GREML makes it an attractive tool, although the accuracy (i.e., magnitude of standard errors) of LDSC estimates has not been thoroughly studied. In simulation, we show that the accuracy of GREML is generally higher than that of LDSC. When there is genetic heterogeneity between the actual sample and reference data from which LD scores are estimated, the accuracy of LDSC decreases further. In real data analyses estimating the genetic correlation between schizophrenia (SCZ) and body mass index, we show that GREML estimates based on ∼150,000 individuals give a higher accuracy than LDSC estimates based on ∼400,000 individuals (from combined meta-data). A GREML genomic partitioning analysis reveals that the genetic correlation between SCZ and height is significantly negative for regulatory regions, which whole genome or LDSC approach has less power to detect. We conclude that LDSC estimates should be carefully interpreted as there can be uncertainty about homogeneity among combined meta-datasets. We suggest that any interesting findings from massive LDSC analysis for a large number of complex traits should be followed up, where possible, with more detailed analyses with GREML methods, even if sample sizes are lesser.
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Wray NR, Ripke S, Mattheisen M, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Abdellaoui A, Adams MJ, Agerbo E, Air TM, Andlauer TMF, Bacanu SA, Bækvad-Hansen M, Beekman AFT, Bigdeli TB, Binder EB, Blackwood DRH, Bryois J, Buttenschøn HN, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Cai N, Castelao E, Christensen JH, Clarke TK, Coleman JIR, Colodro-Conde L, Couvy-Duchesne B, Craddock N, Crawford GE, Crowley CA, Dashti HS, Davies G, Deary IJ, Degenhardt F, Derks EM, Direk N, Dolan CV, Dunn EC, Eley TC, Eriksson N, Escott-Price V, Kiadeh FHF, Finucane HK, Forstner AJ, Frank J, Gaspar HA, Gill M, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Goes FS, Gordon SD, Grove J, Hall LS, Hannon E, Hansen CS, Hansen TF, Herms S, Hickie IB, Hoffmann P, Homuth G, Horn C, Hottenga JJ, Hougaard DM, Hu M, Hyde CL, Ising M, Jansen R, Jin F, Jorgenson E, Knowles JA, Kohane IS, Kraft J, Kretzschmar WW, Krogh J, Kutalik Z, Lane JM, Li Y, Li Y, Lind PA, Liu X, Lu L, MacIntyre DJ, MacKinnon DF, Maier RM, Maier W, Marchini J, Mbarek H, McGrath P, McGuffin P, Medland SE, Mehta D, Middeldorp CM, Mihailov E, Milaneschi Y, Milani L, Mill J, Mondimore FM, Montgomery GW, Mostafavi S, Mullins N, Nauck M, Ng B, Nivard MG, Nyholt DR, O'Reilly PF, Oskarsson H, Owen MJ, Painter JN, Pedersen CB, Pedersen MG, Peterson RE, Pettersson E, Peyrot WJ, Pistis G, Posthuma D, Purcell SM, Quiroz JA, Qvist P, Rice JP, Riley BP, Rivera M, Saeed Mirza S, Saxena R, Schoevers R, Schulte EC, Shen L, Shi J, Shyn SI, Sigurdsson E, Sinnamon GBC, Smit JH, Smith DJ, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stockmeier CA, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Tansey KE, Teismann H, Teumer A, Thompson W, Thomson PA, Thorgeirsson TE, Tian C, Traylor M, Treutlein J, Trubetskoy V, Uitterlinden AG, Umbricht D, Van der Auwera S, van Hemert AM, Viktorin A, Visscher PM, Wang Y, Webb BT, Weinsheimer SM, Wellmann J, Willemsen G, Witt SH, Wu Y, Xi HS, Yang J, Zhang F, Arolt V, Baune BT, Berger K, Boomsma DI, Cichon S, Dannlowski U, de Geus ECJ, DePaulo JR, Domenici E, Domschke K, Esko T, Grabe HJ, Hamilton SP, Hayward C, Heath AC, Hinds DA, Kendler KS, Kloiber S, Lewis G, Li QS, Lucae S, Madden PFA, Magnusson PK, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Metspalu A, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Nordentoft M, Nöthen MM, O'Donovan MC, Paciga SA, Pedersen NL, Penninx BWJH, Perlis RH, Porteous DJ, Potash JB, Preisig M, Rietschel M, Schaefer C, Schulze TG, Smoller JW, Stefansson K, Tiemeier H, Uher R, Völzke H, Weissman MM, Werge T, Winslow AR, Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Breen G, Børglum AD, Sullivan PF. Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nat Genet 2018; 50:668-681. [PMID: 29700475 PMCID: PMC5934326 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1625] [Impact Index Per Article: 270.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common illness accompanied by considerable morbidity, mortality, costs, and heightened risk of suicide. We conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis based in 135,458 cases and 344,901 controls and identified 44 independent and significant loci. The genetic findings were associated with clinical features of major depression and implicated brain regions exhibiting anatomical differences in cases. Targets of antidepressant medications and genes involved in gene splicing were enriched for smaller association signal. We found important relationships of genetic risk for major depression with educational attainment, body mass, and schizophrenia: lower educational attainment and higher body mass were putatively causal, whereas major depression and schizophrenia reflected a partly shared biological etiology. All humans carry lesser or greater numbers of genetic risk factors for major depression. These findings help refine the basis of major depression and imply that a continuous measure of risk underlies the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tracy M Air
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Till M F Andlauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aartjan F T Beekman
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Julien Bryois
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henriette N Buttenschøn
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Na Cai
- Statistical Genomics and Systems Genetics, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Enrique Castelao
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Jane Hvarregaard Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan I R Coleman
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lucía Colodro-Conde
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nick Craddock
- Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gregory E Crawford
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cheynna A Crowley
- Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hassan S Dashti
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eske M Derks
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nese Direk
- Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
- Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conor V Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erin C Dunn
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thalia C Eley
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Hilary K Finucane
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Héléna A Gaspar
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Fernando S Goes
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jakob Grove
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lynsey S Hall
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Christine Søholm Hansen
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carsten Horn
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ming Hu
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Craig L Hyde
- Statistics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fulai Jin
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - James A Knowles
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Isaac S Kohane
- Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Kraft
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jesper Krogh
- Department of Endocrinology at Herlev University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline M Lane
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yihan Li
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yun Li
- Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leina Lu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Donald J MacIntyre
- Mental Health, NHS 24, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dean F MacKinnon
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert M Maier
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick McGrath
- Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Divya Mehta
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Francis M Mondimore
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Niamh Mullins
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthias Nauck
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, University Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernard Ng
- Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul F O'Reilly
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jodie N Painter
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Roseann E Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wouter J Peyrot
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Per Qvist
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brien P Riley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Margarita Rivera
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Richa Saxena
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Schoevers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva C Schulte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany
| | - Ling Shen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stanley I Shyn
- Behavioral Health Services, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Grant B C Sinnamon
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katherine E Tansey
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Henning Teismann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wesley Thompson
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pippa A Thomson
- Medical Genetics Section, CGEM, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Chao Tian
- Research, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Traylor
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vassily Trubetskoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Umbricht
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Medicine Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Albert M van Hemert
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Viktorin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bradley T Webb
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shantel Marie Weinsheimer
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hualin S Xi
- Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Futao Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - E C J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Raymond DePaulo
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steven P Hamilton
- Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Pamela F A Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrik K Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Department of Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, CGEM, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Catherine Schaefer
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany
- Human Genetics Branch, NIMH Division of Intramural Research Programs, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ashley R Winslow
- Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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27
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Pardiñas AF, Holmans P, Pocklington AJ, Escott-Price V, Ripke S, Carrera N, Legge SE, Bishop S, Cameron D, Hamshere ML, Han J, Hubbard L, Lynham A, Mantripragada K, Rees E, MacCabe JH, McCarroll SA, Baune BT, Breen G, Byrne EM, Dannlowski U, Eley TC, Hayward C, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Plomin R, Porteous DJ, Wray NR, Caballero A, Geschwind DH, Huckins LM, Ruderfer DM, Santiago E, Sklar P, Stahl EA, Won H, Agerbo E, Als TD, Andreassen OA, Bækvad-Hansen M, Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Børglum AD, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Djurovic S, Durmishi N, Pedersen MG, Golimbet V, Grove J, Hougaard DM, Mattheisen M, Molden E, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Hansen CS, Stefansson K, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Tosato S, Werge T, Collier DA, Rujescu D, Kirov G, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Walters JTR. Common schizophrenia alleles are enriched in mutation-intolerant genes and in regions under strong background selection. Nat Genet 2018; 50:381-389. [PMID: 29483656 PMCID: PMC5918692 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 950] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric condition often associated with poor quality of life and decreased life expectancy. Lack of progress in improving treatment outcomes has been attributed to limited knowledge of the underlying biology, although large-scale genomic studies have begun to provide insights. We report a new genome-wide association study of schizophrenia (11,260 cases and 24,542 controls), and through meta-analysis with existing data we identify 50 novel associated loci and 145 loci in total. Through integrating genomic fine-mapping with brain expression and chromosome conformation data, we identify candidate causal genes within 33 loci. We also show for the first time that the common variant association signal is highly enriched among genes that are under strong selective pressures. These findings provide new insights into the biology and genetic architecture of schizophrenia, highlight the importance of mutation-intolerant genes and suggest a mechanism by which common risk variants persist in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Pocklington
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noa Carrera
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie E Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sophie Bishop
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Darren Cameron
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marian L Hamshere
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jun Han
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Leon Hubbard
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Amy Lynham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kiran Mantripragada
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James H MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Maudsley Hospital and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thalia C Eley
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Plomin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Armando Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología. Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura M Huckins
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Enrique Santiago
- Departamento de Biología Funcional. Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyejung Won
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Als
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Naser Durmishi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinic of Psychiatry, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vera Golimbet
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jakob Grove
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Espen Molden
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Teimuraz Silagadze
- Department of Psychiatry and Drug Addiction, Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Christine Søholm Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David A Collier
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Discovery Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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28
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Reginsson GW, Ingason A, Euesden J, Bjornsdottir G, Olafsson S, Sigurdsson E, Oskarsson H, Tyrfingsson T, Runarsdottir V, Hansdottir I, Steinberg S, Stefansson H, Gudbjartsson DF, Thorgeirsson TE, Stefansson K. Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associate with addiction. Addict Biol 2018; 23:485-492. [PMID: 28231610 PMCID: PMC5811785 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We use polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) to predict smoking, and addiction to nicotine, alcohol or drugs in individuals not diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Using PRSs for 144 609 subjects, including 10 036 individuals admitted for in‐patient addiction treatment and 35 754 smokers, we find that diagnoses of various substance use disorders and smoking associate strongly with PRSs for SCZ (P = 5.3 × 10−50–1.4 × 10−6) and BPD (P = 1.7 × 10−9–1.9 × 10−3), showing shared genetic etiology between psychosis and addiction. Using standardized scores for SCZ and BPD scaled to a unit increase doubling the risk of the corresponding disorder, the odds ratios for alcohol and substance use disorders range from 1.19 to 1.31 for the SCZ‐PRS, and from 1.07 to 1.29 for the BPD‐PRS. Furthermore, we show that as regular smoking becomes more stigmatized and less prevalent, these biological risk factors gain importance as determinants of the behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack Euesden
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London; UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit; Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, University of Bristol; BS8 2EG UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ingunn Hansdottir
- SAA-National Center of Addiction Medicine; Iceland
- Faculty of Psychology; University of Iceland; Iceland
| | | | | | - Daniel F. Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen; Iceland
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences; University of Iceland; Iceland
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen; Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Iceland; Iceland
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29
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Ingimarsson O, MacCabe JH, Haraldsson M, Jónsdóttir H, Sigurdsson E. Risk of diabetes and dyslipidemia during clozapine and other antipsychotic drug treatment of schizophrenia in Iceland. Nord J Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28632422 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1334821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and raised blood lipids are associated with the use of antipsychotics, not least clozapine. AIMS To describe the prevalence of high blood glucose levels, T2D, and dyslipidemia, in association with the use of clozapine or other antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia in Iceland. METHOD This study identified 188 patients treated with clozapine and 395 patients never treated with clozapine by searching the electronic health records of Landspitali, the National University Hospital. The comparison group consisted of Icelandic population controls. Data were obtained on blood glucose, HbA1c, and blood lipid levels from these health records. RESULTS The prevalence of T2D was 14.3% in the clozapine group, where the mean age was 51.2 years, and 13.7% in the never-on-clozapine group, where the mean age was 58.6 years. Males on clozapine were 2.3-times more likely and females 4.4-times more likely to have developed T2D than controls from an age-adjusted Icelandic cohort, while males on other antipsychotics were 1.5-times more likely and females 2.3-times as likely to have T2D than controls. Only one case of ketoacidosis was identified. Triglyceride levels were significantly higher in both treatment groups compared to controls in the age-adjusted Icelandic cohort. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians must take active steps to reduce the risk of T2D and raised triglycerides in patients with schizophrenia. Antipsychotics were associated with a greater risk of T2D developing in females compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddur Ingimarsson
- a Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences , University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland.,b Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - James H MacCabe
- c Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , Kings College , London , UK.,d National Psychosis Unit , Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Magnús Haraldsson
- a Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences , University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland.,b Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - Halldóra Jónsdóttir
- a Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences , University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland.,b Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- a Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences , University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland.,b Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services , Reykjavik , Iceland
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30
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Bjarnadottir GD, Johannsson M, Magnusson A, Rafnar BO, Sigurdsson E, Steingrimsson S, Asgrimsson V, Snorradottir I, Bragadottir H, Haraldsson HM. Methylphenidate disintegration from oral formulations for intravenous use by experienced substance users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017. [PMID: 28651152 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Methylphenidate (MPH) is a prescription stimulant used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. MPH is currently the preferred substance among most intravenous (i.v.) substance users in Iceland. Four types of MPH preparations were available in Iceland at the time of study: Immediate-release (IR), sustained-release (SR), osmotic controlled-release oral delivery (OROS) tablet and osmotic-controlled release (OCR). MPH OROS has previously been rated the least desirable by i.v. users and we hypothesized that this was associated with difficulty of disintegrating MPH from OROS formulation. The aim of the study was to measure the amount of MPH and the viscosity of the disintegrated solutions that were made from the four MPH formulations by four i.v.-users and non-users. METHODS A convenience sample of four i.v. substance users and 12 non-users. Non-users imitated the methods applied by experienced i.v. substance users for disintegrated MPH formulations. RESULTS Both groups managed to disintegrate over 50% of MPH from IR and SR formulations but only 20% from OROS (p<0.0001). The viscosity of the disintegrated MPH was significantly higher for MPH OROS and MPH OCR and the preparation was significantly more time-consuming than for the other MPH samples. No differences were observed between users and non-users. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of viscosity and the amount of disintegrated MPH from prescription drugs for i.v. use. The results indicate that the ease of disintegration, amount of MPH and viscosity may explain the difference in popularity for i.v. use between different MPH formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Bjarnadottir
- Mental Health Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - M Johannsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A Magnusson
- Department of Psychiatry, Akureyri Hospital, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - B O Rafnar
- Mental Health Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - E Sigurdsson
- Mental Health Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - S Steingrimsson
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), Sahlgrenska Academy, The University of Gothenburg, 41677 Gothenburg, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - V Asgrimsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - I Snorradottir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - H Bragadottir
- Mental Health Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - H M Haraldsson
- Mental Health Services, Landspitali - The National University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
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Steinberg S, Gudmundsdottir S, Sveinbjornsson G, Suvisaari J, Paunio T, Torniainen-Holm M, Frigge ML, Jonsdottir GA, Huttenlocher J, Arnarsdottir S, Ingimarsson O, Haraldsson M, Tyrfingsson T, Thorgeirsson TE, Kong A, Norddahl GL, Gudbjartsson DF, Sigurdsson E, Stefansson H, Stefansson K. Truncating mutations in RBM12 are associated with psychosis. Nat Genet 2017. [PMID: 28628109 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thus far, a handful of highly penetrant mutations conferring risk of psychosis have been discovered. Here we used whole-genome sequencing and long-range phasing to investigate an Icelandic kindred containing ten individuals with psychosis (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or psychotic bipolar disorder). We found that all affected individuals carry RBM12 (RNA-binding-motif protein 12) c.2377G>T (P = 2.2 × 10-4), a nonsense mutation that results in the production of a truncated protein lacking a predicted RNA-recognition motif. We replicated the association in a Finnish family in which a second RBM12 truncating mutation (c.2532delT) segregates with psychosis (P = 0.020). c.2377G>T is not fully penetrant for psychosis; however, we found that carriers unaffected by psychosis resemble patients with schizophrenia in their non-psychotic psychiatric disorder and neuropsychological test profile (P = 0.0043) as well as in their life outcomes (including an increased chance of receiving disability benefits, P = 0.011). As RBM12 has not previously been linked to psychosis, this work provides new insight into psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jaana Suvisaari
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Torniainen-Holm
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Johanna Huttenlocher
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sunna Arnarsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Oddur Ingimarsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Magnus Haraldsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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32
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Mullins N, Ingason A, Porter H, Euesden J, Gillett A, Ólafsson S, Gudbjartsson DF, Lewis CM, Sigurdsson E, Saemundsen E, Gudmundsson ÓÓ, Frigge ML, Kong A, Helgason A, Walters GB, Gustafsson O, Stefansson H, Stefansson K. Reproductive fitness and genetic risk of psychiatric disorders in the general population. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15833. [PMID: 28607503 PMCID: PMC5474730 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of common, heritable psychiatric disorders that reduce reproductive fitness is an evolutionary paradox. Here, we investigate the selection pressures on sequence variants that predispose to schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, major depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using genomic data from 150,656 Icelanders, excluding those diagnosed with these psychiatric diseases. Polygenic risk of autism and ADHD is associated with number of children. Higher polygenic risk of autism is associated with fewer children and older age at first child whereas higher polygenic risk of ADHD is associated with having more children. We find no evidence for a selective advantage of a high polygenic risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Rare copy-number variants conferring moderate to high risk of psychiatric illness are associated with having fewer children and are under stronger negative selection pressure than common sequence variants. Why genetic variants that confer risk for psychiatric disorders persist in the genome is an evolutionary conundrum. Here, Mullins et al. report association of polygenic risk for autism with having fewer children and polygenic risk for ADHD with higher reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Mullins
- deCODE genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | | | - Heather Porter
- deCODE genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jack Euesden
- deCODE genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Oakfield House, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2EG, UK
| | - Alexandra Gillett
- deCODE genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sigurgeir Ólafsson
- deCODE genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Cathryn M Lewis
- deCODE genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.,Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Evald Saemundsen
- The State Diagnostic and Counselling Centre, 200 Kópavogur, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Agnar Helgason
- deCODE genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - G Bragi Walters
- deCODE genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Ulfarsson MO, Walters GB, Gustafsson O, Steinberg S, Silva A, Doyle OM, Brammer M, Gudbjartsson DF, Arnarsdottir S, Jonsdottir GA, Gisladottir RS, Bjornsdottir G, Helgason H, Ellingsen LM, Halldorsson JG, Saemundsen E, Stefansdottir B, Jonsson L, Eiriksdottir VK, Eiriksdottir GR, Johannesdottir GH, Unnsteinsdottir U, Jonsdottir B, Magnusdottir BB, Sulem P, Thorsteinsdottir U, Sigurdsson E, Brandeis D, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Stefansson H, Stefansson K. 15q11.2 CNV affects cognitive, structural and functional correlates of dyslexia and dyscalculia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1109. [PMID: 28440815 PMCID: PMC5416713 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several copy number variants have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and these variants have been shown to also influence cognitive abilities in carriers unaffected by psychiatric disorders. Previously, we associated the 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion with specific learning disabilities and a larger corpus callosum. Here we investigate, in a much larger sample, the effect of the 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion on cognitive, structural and functional correlates of dyslexia and dyscalculia. We report that the deletion confers greatest risk of the combined phenotype of dyslexia and dyscalculia. We also show that the deletion associates with a smaller left fusiform gyrus. Moreover, tailored functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments using phonological lexical decision and multiplication verification tasks demonstrate altered activation in the left fusiform and the left angular gyri in carriers. Thus, by using convergent evidence from neuropsychological testing, and structural and functional neuroimaging, we show that the 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion affects cognitive, structural and functional correlates of both dyslexia and dyscalculia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Ulfarsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland,deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. E-mail: or
| | | | | | | | - A Silva
- Cardiff University Brain Imaging Research Center, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - O M Doyle
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - M Brammer
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - D F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - S Arnarsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - H Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - L M Ellingsen
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - J G Halldorsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - E Saemundsen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland,The State Diagnosis and Counselling Center, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | | | - L Jonsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - B B Magnusdottir
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland,School of Business, University of Reykjavik, Reykavik, Iceland
| | - P Sulem
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - U Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - E Sigurdsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - D Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - K Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland,deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. E-mail: or
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Ingimarsson O, MacCabe JH, Haraldsson M, Jónsdóttir H, Sigurdsson E. Neutropenia and agranulocytosis during treatment of schizophrenia with clozapine versus other antipsychotics: an observational study in Iceland. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:441. [PMID: 27955666 PMCID: PMC5153901 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the haematological outcomes of patients who continue clozapine treatment following neutropenia are very rare as even mild neutropenia results in mandatory discontinuation of clozapine in most countries. However, in Iceland where clozapine monitoring is less stringent allows an observational study to be done on the risk of agranulocytosis and neutropenia during treatment with clozapine compared with other antipsychotics among patients with schizophrenia. METHODS The present study is a part of a wider ongoing longitudinal study of schizophrenia in Iceland. We identified 201 patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine and 410 patients with schizophrenia who had never been on clozapine by searching the electronic health records of Landspitali, the National University Hospital. Neutrophil counts were searched in electronic databases to identify patients who developed neutropenia/agranulocytosis and the frequency of neutrophil measurements was examined as well. RESULTS The median number of days between neutrophil measurements during the first 18 weeks of clozapine treatment was 25 days but after the first 18 weeks on the drug the median became 124 days. Thirty four cases of neutropenia were identified during clozapine treatment with an average follow up time of 9.2 years. The majority, 24 individuals developed mild neutropenia (1500-1900 neutrophils/mm3). None of these progressed to agranulocytosis. The remaining 10 patients developed neutropenia in the range 500-1400 /mm3 of whom one developed agranulocytosis, three stopped clozapine use and 6 patients continued on clozapine for at least a year without developing agranulocytosis. Unexpectedly, schizophrenia patients on other antipsychotics had an equal risk of developing neutropenia as those on clozapine. CONCLUSIONS Neutropenia is common both in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment and in those never on clozapine. Therefore a large part of neutropenia during clozapine treatment is probably not caused by clozapine. These findings have implications in assessing the balance between the risk of progression from neutropenia to agranulocytosis against the morbidity resulting from the premature discontinuation of clozapine under the current monitoring regulations in the US and in most of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddur Ingimarsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland ,Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - James H. MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College, London, UK ,National Psychosis Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Magnús Haraldsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland ,Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Halldóra Jónsdóttir
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland ,Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. .,Landspitali University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Ingimarsson O, MacCabe JH, Haraldsson M, Jónsdóttir H, Sigurdsson E. Clozapine treatment and discontinuation in Iceland: A national longitudinal study using electronic patient records. Nord J Psychiatry 2016; 70:450-5. [PMID: 27049594 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2016.1155234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clozapine is the only drug approved for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. There is evidence that clozapine is underutilized. AIMS To evaluate the initiation and discontinuation of clozapine at Landspitali University Hospital in Iceland and the prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy in clozapine-treated patients. METHODS The study is a part of an ongoing longitudinal study of schizophrenia in Iceland. We identified 201 patients on clozapine or who have been on clozapine by using a keyword search in the electronic health records and by reviewing their medical records. RESULTS Mean age at first treatment with clozapine was 37.8 years. Mean follow-up period on clozapine was 11 years. After 20 years of treatment 71.2% of patients were still on clozapine. After one year of treatment 84.4% of patients were still receiving clozapine treatment. We estimate that 11.4% of patients with schizophrenia in Iceland are taking clozapine and that 16% have been treated with clozapine at some point. Polypharmacy is common, since nearly 2/3, 65.6%, of patients taking clozapine use at least one other antipsychotic and 16.9% are also receiving depot injections. CONCLUSIONS We need to increase the awareness of psychiatrists in Iceland with regard to treatment with clozapine, since only about half of the estimated population of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia in Iceland have ever been treated with clozapine. Nearly two thirds of patients who are prescribed clozapine in Iceland remain on it long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddur Ingimarsson
- a Faculty of Medicine , School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland ;,b Mental Health Services, Landspitali University Hospital , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - James H MacCabe
- c Kings College London , UK ;,d National Psychosis Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Magnús Haraldsson
- a Faculty of Medicine , School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland ;,b Mental Health Services, Landspitali University Hospital , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - Halldóra Jónsdóttir
- a Faculty of Medicine , School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland ;,b Mental Health Services, Landspitali University Hospital , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- a Faculty of Medicine , School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland ;,b Mental Health Services, Landspitali University Hospital , Reykjavik , Iceland
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Bjarnadottir GD, Haraldsson HM, Rafnar BO, Sigurdsson E, Steingrimsson S, Johannsson M, Bragadottir H, Magnusson A. Prevalent intravenous abuse of methylphenidate among treatment-seeking patients with substance abuse disorders: a descriptive population-based study. J Addict Med 2016; 9:188-94. [PMID: 25748561 PMCID: PMC4450903 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Prescription rates of methylphenidate (MPH) are sharply rising in most Western countries. Although it has been reported that MPH has abuse potential, little is known about the prevalence of intravenous (IV) abuse of MPH. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of IV MPH abuse among treatment-seeking IV substance abusers in Iceland. Methods: This is a descriptive population-based study using a semistructured interview assessing sociodemographics, substance abuse history, and the method of administration of 108 IV substance abusers. During 1 year, consecutively admitted adult inpatients with substance use disorder at any detoxification center in Iceland that reported any IV substance abuse in the past 30 days were invited to participate. Abuse was defined as nontherapeutic use of a substance to gain psychological or physiological effect. Results: Prevalence of any IV MPH abuse among participants was 88% in the last 30 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-0.94) and MPH was the most commonly abused substance (65%) and the preferred substance (63%). Around one third (30%) reported MPH as the first IV substance ever abused. However, among those reporting a shorter history than 10 years of IV abuse, 42% reported MPH as the first IV substance ever abused. Conclusions: This first nationwide study on IV abuse of MPH shows that it is common among treatment-seeking IV abusers in Iceland and suggests that MPH has high abuse potential. Therefore, both the use and possible abuse of MPH in those with high abuse potential should be monitored, especially in countries where MPH prescriptions rates are on the rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun D Bjarnadottir
- From the Mental Health Services, Landspitali-the National University Hospital (GDB, HMH, BOR, ES, HB), Reykjavik, Iceland; Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (SS), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, The University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Health Sciences (GDB, HMH, BOR, ES, AM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (MJ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Bjarnadottir GD, Magnusson A, Rafnar BO, Sigurdsson E, Steingrimsson S, Johannsson M, Bragadottir H, Haraldsson HM. Intravenous Use of Prescription Psychostimulants; A Comparison of the Pattern and Subjective Experience between Different Methylphenidate Preparations, Amphetamine and Cocaine. Eur Addict Res 2016; 22:259-67. [PMID: 27287610 DOI: 10.1159/000446428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Methylphenidate (MPH) has been the most commonly used intravenous (i.v.) substance in Iceland in recent years. In Iceland, MPH is available in 3 forms: immediate-release (IR) tablets (MPH IR, short-acting), sustainable-release (SR) capsules (MPH SR, long-acting) and osmotic-release (OROS) tablets (MPH OROS, long-acting). The aims of the study were to compare the pattern and subjective effects of i.v. MPH use to other i.v. psychostimulants and examine whether the pattern of use differs among MPH preparations. METHODS This is a nationwide descriptive study. Information was collected from 95 i.v. substance users undergoing inpatient detoxification and reporting i.v. MPH use in the last 30 days using a semi-structured interview. RESULTS MPH SR was both the most commonly used (96%) and preferred i.v. psychostimulant (57%). The intensity and duration of 'euphoria' did not differ between cocaine and MPH SR. No participant reported MPH OROS as their preferred substance even though a third had used it in the past month. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of i.v. MPH use is similar to other psychostimulants among treatment seeking patients. MPH OROS was the least preferred i.v. psychostimulant, despite having the largest market share in Iceland. The results indicate that MPH OROS has less abuse potential than other MPH preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun D Bjarnadottir
- Mental Health Services, Landspitali - National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Kristjánsdóttir H, Salkovskis PM, Sigurdsson BH, Sigurdsson E, Agnarsdóttir A, Sigurdsson JF. Transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural treatment and the impact of co-morbidity: An open trial in a cohort of primary care patients. Nord J Psychiatry 2016; 70:215-23. [PMID: 26403998 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2015.1081404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of initiatives to improve access to psychological therapies has been driven by the realization that untreated anxiety and depression are both very common and costly to individuals as well as society. Effective and efficient treatments, mostly in the form of cognitive behavioural therapies (CBT), can be used in ways which enhance their acceptability and accessibility. To date, numbers of group therapies have been developed to improve cost efficiency, but in spite of growing interest in transdiagnostic approaches, group therapies have so far mostly been diagnosis specific. AIMS This study is aimed at evaluating a brief transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural group therapy (TCBGT) designed to treat both anxiety and depression among patients in primary care. METHOD The participants were 287 adult patients in primary care with diagnoses of depression and/or anxiety disorders. They underwent a 5-week TCBGT. A mixed design ANOVA was used to evaluate differential effects of treatment according to diagnostic groups (anxiety versus depression) and number of diagnoses (co-morbidity). RESULTS Pre-post differences were significant and the treatment was equally effective for both anxiety disorders and depression. Number of diagnoses did not affect the outcome. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates feasibility of the brief transdiagnostic group therapy for a wide range of mood and anxiety disorders in primary care. The results indicate that low intensity, brief transdiagnostic group therapies may be a feasible way to improve access to psychological therapies for a large number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir
- a Faculty of Medicine , School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland , Reykyavik , Iceland.,b Department of Sport Science , School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University , Reykyavik , Iceland
| | | | | | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- a Faculty of Medicine , School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland , Reykyavik , Iceland.,d Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykyavik , Iceland
| | - Agnes Agnarsdóttir
- d Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykyavik , Iceland
| | - Jón Fridrik Sigurdsson
- a Faculty of Medicine , School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland , Reykyavik , Iceland.,d Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland , Reykyavik , Iceland.,e Department of Psychology , School Buisness, Reykjavik University , Reykjavik , Iceland
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Vilhjálmsson B, Yang J, Finucane H, Gusev A, Lindström S, Ripke S, Genovese G, Loh PR, Bhatia G, Do R, Hayeck T, Won HH, Kathiresan S, Pato M, Pato C, Tamimi R, Stahl E, Zaitlen N, Pasaniuc B, Belbin G, Kenny EE, Schierup MH, De Jager P, Patsopoulos NA, McCarroll S, Daly M, Purcell S, Chasman D, Neale B, Goddard M, Visscher PM, Kraft P, Patterson N, Price AL, Ripke S, Neale B, Corvin A, Walters J, Farh KH, Holmans P, Lee P, Bulik-Sullivan B, Collier D, Huang H, Pers T, Agartz I, Agerbo E, Albus M, Alexander M, Amin F, Bacanu S, Begemann M, Belliveau R, Bene J, Bergen S, Bevilacqua E, Bigdeli T, Black D, Bruggeman R, Buccola N, Buckner R, Byerley W, Cahn W, Cai G, Campion D, Cantor R, Carr V, Carrera N, Catts S, Chambert K, Chan R, Chen R, Chen E, Cheng W, Cheung E, Chong S, Cloninger C, Cohen D, Cohen N, Cormican P, Craddock N, Crowley J, Curtis D, Davidson M, Davis K, Degenhardt F, Del Favero J, DeLisi L, Demontis D, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drapeau E, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Durmishi N, Eichhammer P, Eriksson J, Escott-Price V, Essioux L, Fanous A, Farrell M, Frank J, Franke L, Freedman R, Freimer N, Friedl M, Friedman J, Fromer M, Genovese G, Georgieva L, Gershon E, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodrguez P, Godard S, Goldstein J, Golimbet V, Gopal S, Gratten J, Grove J, de Haan L, Hammer C, Hamshere M, Hansen M, Hansen T, Haroutunian V, Hartmann A, Henskens F, Herms S, Hirschhorn J, Hoffmann P, Hofman A, Hollegaard M, Hougaard D, Ikeda M, Joa I, Julia A, Kahn R, Kalaydjieva L, Karachanak-Yankova S, Karjalainen J, Kavanagh D, Keller M, Kelly B, Kennedy J, Khrunin A, Kim Y, Klovins J, Knowles J, Konte B, Kucinskas V, Kucinskiene Z, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Kahler A, Laurent C, Keong J, Lee S, Legge S, Lerer B, Li M, Li T, Liang KY, Lieberman J, Limborska S, Loughland C, Lubinski J, Lnnqvist J, Macek M, Magnusson P, Maher B, Maier W, Mallet J, Marsal S, Mattheisen M, Mattingsdal M, McCarley R, McDonald C, McIntosh A, Meier S, Meijer C, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately R, Metspalu A, Michie P, Milani L, Milanova V, Mokrab Y, Morris D, Mors O, Mortensen P, Murphy K, Murray R, Myin-Germeys I, Mller-Myhsok B, Nelis M, Nenadic I, Nertney D, Nestadt G, Nicodemus K, Nikitina-Zake L, Nisenbaum L, Nordin A, O’Callaghan E, O’Dushlaine C, O’Neill F, Oh SY, Olincy A, Olsen L, Van Os J, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou G, Papiol S, Parkhomenko E, Pato M, Paunio T, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Perkins D, Pietilinen O, Pimm J, Pocklington A, Powell J, Price A, Pulver A, Purcell S, Quested D, Rasmussen H, Reichenberg A, Reimers M, Richards A, Roffman J, Roussos P, Ruderfer D, Salomaa V, Sanders A, Schall U, Schubert C, Schulze T, Schwab S, Scolnick E, Scott R, Seidman L, Shi J, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Silverman J, Sim K, Slominsky P, Smoller J, So HC, Spencer C, Stahl E, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stogmann E, Straub R, Strengman E, Strohmaier J, Stroup T, Subramaniam M, Suvisaari J, Svrakic D, Szatkiewicz J, Sderman E, Thirumalai S, Toncheva D, Tooney P, Tosato S, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walsh D, Wang D, Wang Q, Webb B, Weiser M, Wildenauer D, Williams N, Williams S, Witt S, Wolen A, Wong E, Wormley B, Wu J, Xi H, Zai C, Zheng X, Zimprich F, Wray N, Stefansson K, Visscher P, Adolfsson R, Andreassen O, Blackwood D, Bramon E, Buxbaum J, Børglum A, Cichon S, Darvasi A, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Esko T, Gejman P, Gill M, Gurling H, Hultman C, Iwata N, Jablensky A, Jonsson E, Kendler K, Kirov G, Knight J, Lencz T, Levinson D, Li Q, Liu J, Malhotra A, McCarroll S, McQuillin A, Moran J, Mortensen P, Mowry B, Nthen M, Ophoff R, Owen M, Palotie A, Pato C, Petryshen T, Posthuma D, Rietschel M, Riley B, Rujescu D, Sham P, Sklar P, St. Clair D, Weinberger D, Wendland J, Werge T, Daly M, Sullivan P, O’Donovan M, Kraft P, Hunter DJ, Adank M, Ahsan H, Aittomäki K, Baglietto L, Berndt S, Blomquist C, Canzian F, Chang-Claude J, Chanock SJ, Crisponi L, Czene K, Dahmen N, Silva IDS, Easton D, Eliassen AH, Figueroa J, Fletcher O, Garcia-Closas M, Gaudet MM, Gibson L, Haiman CA, Hall P, Hazra A, Hein R, Henderson BE, Hofman A, Hopper JL, Irwanto A, Johansson M, Kaaks R, Kibriya MG, Lichtner P, Lindström S, Liu J, Lund E, Makalic E, Meindl A, Meijers-Heijboer H, Müller-Myhsok B, Muranen TA, Nevanlinna H, Peeters PH, Peto J, Prentice RL, Rahman N, Sánchez MJ, Schmidt DF, Schmutzler RK, Southey MC, Tamimi R, Travis R, Turnbull C, Uitterlinden AG, van der Luijt RB, Waisfisz Q, Wang Z, Whittemore AS, Yang R, Zheng W. Modeling Linkage Disequilibrium Increases Accuracy of Polygenic Risk Scores. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:576-92. [PMID: 26430803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 773] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygenic risk scores have shown great promise in predicting complex disease risk and will become more accurate as training sample sizes increase. The standard approach for calculating risk scores involves linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based marker pruning and applying a p value threshold to association statistics, but this discards information and can reduce predictive accuracy. We introduce LDpred, a method that infers the posterior mean effect size of each marker by using a prior on effect sizes and LD information from an external reference panel. Theory and simulations show that LDpred outperforms the approach of pruning followed by thresholding, particularly at large sample sizes. Accordingly, predicted R(2) increased from 20.1% to 25.3% in a large schizophrenia dataset and from 9.8% to 12.0% in a large multiple sclerosis dataset. A similar relative improvement in accuracy was observed for three additional large disease datasets and for non-European schizophrenia samples. The advantage of LDpred over existing methods will grow as sample sizes increase.
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Sigurdsson E, Ingimarsson O. Polygenetic Risk Scores and Metabolic Side Effects in Clozapine Treatment of Schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(15)30077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Collier D, Achilla E, Breen G, Curran S, Dima D, Flanagan R, Frank J, Frangou S, Gasse C, Giegling I, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Maccabe J, McCrone P, Mill J, Sigurdsson E, Stefansson H, Walters J, Verbelen M, Helthuis M. How Can Pharmacogenomics Biomarkers Be Translated into Patient Benefit. Eur Psychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(15)30078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Gusev A, Lee S, Trynka G, Finucane H, Vilhjálmsson B, Xu H, Zang C, Ripke S, Bulik-Sullivan B, Stahl E, Kähler AK, Hultman CM, Purcell SM, McCarroll SA, Daly M, Pasaniuc B, Sullivan PF, Neale BM, Wray NR, Raychaudhuri S, Price AL, Ripke S, Neale B, Corvin A, Walters J, Farh KH, Holmans P, Lee P, Bulik-Sullivan B, Collier D, Huang H, Pers T, Agartz I, Agerbo E, Albus M, Alexander M, Amin F, Bacanu S, Begemann M, Belliveau R, Bene J, Bergen S, Bevilacqua E, Bigdeli T, Black D, Børglum A, Bruggeman R, Buccola N, Buckner R, Byerley W, Cahn W, Cai G, Campion D, Cantor R, Carr V, Carrera N, Catts S, Chambert K, Chan R, Chen R, Chen E, Cheng W, Cheung E, Chong S, Cloninger C, Cohen D, Cohen N, Cormican P, Craddock N, Crowley J, Curtis D, Davidson M, Davis K, Degenhardt F, Del Favero J, DeLisi L, Demontis D, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drapeau E, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Durmishi N, Eichhammer P, Eriksson J, Escott-Price V, Essioux L, Fanous A, Farrell M, Frank J, Franke L, Freedman R, Freimer N, Friedl M, Friedman J, Fromer M, Genovese G, Georgieva L, Gershon E, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodrguez P, Godard S, Goldstein J, Golimbet V, Gopal S, Gratten J, Grove J, de Haan L, Hammer C, Hamshere M, Hansen M, Hansen T, Haroutunian V, Hartmann A, Henskens F, Herms S, Hirschhorn J, Hoffmann P, Hofman A, Hollegaard M, Hougaard D, Ikeda M, Joa I, Julià A, Kahn R, Kalaydjieva L, Karachanak-Yankova S, Karjalainen J, Kavanagh D, Keller M, Kelly B, Kennedy J, Khrunin A, Kim Y, Klovins J, Knowles J, Konte B, Kucinskas V, Kucinskiene Z, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Kähler A, Laurent C, Keong J, Lee S, Legge S, Lerer B, Li M, Li T, Liang KY, Lieberman J, Limborska S, Loughland C, Lubinski J, Lnnqvist J, Macek M, Magnusson P, Maher B, Maier W, Mallet J, Marsal S, Mattheisen M, Mattingsdal M, McCarley R, McDonald C, McIntosh A, Meier S, Meijer C, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately R, Metspalu A, Michie P, Milani L, Milanova V, Mokrab Y, Morris D, Mors O, Mortensen P, Murphy K, Murray R, Myin-Germeys I, Mller-Myhsok B, Nelis M, Nenadic I, Nertney D, Nestadt G, Nicodemus K, Nikitina-Zake L, Nisenbaum L, Nordin A, O’Callaghan E, O’Dushlaine C, O’Neill F, Oh SY, Olincy A, Olsen L, Van Os J, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou G, Papiol S, Parkhomenko E, Pato M, Paunio T, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Perkins D, Pietilinen O, Pimm J, Pocklington A, Powell J, Price A, Pulver A, Purcell S, Quested D, Rasmussen H, Reichenberg A, Reimers M, Richards A, Roffman J, Roussos P, Ruderfer D, Salomaa V, Sanders A, Schall U, Schubert C, Schulze T, Schwab S, Scolnick E, Scott R, Seidman L, Shi J, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Silverman J, Sim K, Slominsky P, Smoller J, So HC, Spencer C, Stahl E, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stogmann E, Straub R, Strengman E, Strohmaier J, Stroup T, Subramaniam M, Suvisaari J, Svrakic D, Szatkiewicz J, Sderman E, Thirumalai S, Toncheva D, Tooney P, Tosato S, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walsh D, Wang D, Wang Q, Webb B, Weiser M, Wildenauer D, Williams N, Williams S, Witt S, Wolen A, Wong E, Wormley B, Wu J, Xi H, Zai C, Zheng X, Zimprich F, Wray N, Stefansson K, Visscher P, Adolfsson R, Andreassen O, Blackwood D, Bramon E, Buxbaum J, Brglum A, Cichon S, Darvasi A, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Esko T, Gejman P, Gill M, Gurling H, Hultman C, Iwata N, Jablensky A, Jönsson E, Kendler K, Kirov G, Knight J, Lencz T, Levinson D, Li Q, Liu J, Malhotra A, McCarroll S, McQuillin A, Moran J, Mortensen P, Mowry B, Nthen M, Ophoff R, Owen M, Palotie A, Pato C, Petryshen T, Posthuma D, Rietschel M, Riley B, Rujescu D, Sham P, Sklar P, St. Clair D, Weinberger D, Wendland J, Werge T, Daly M, Sullivan P, O’Donovan M, Ripke S, O’Dushlaine C, Chambert K, Moran JL, Kähler AK, Akterin S, Bergen S, Magnusson PK, Neale BM, Ruderfer D, Scolnick E, Purcell S, McCarroll S, Sklar P, Hultman CM, Sullivan PF. Partitioning heritability of regulatory and cell-type-specific variants across 11 common diseases. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:535-52. [PMID: 25439723 PMCID: PMC4225595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory and coding variants are known to be enriched with associations identified by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of complex disease, but their contributions to trait heritability are currently unknown. We applied variance-component methods to imputed genotype data for 11 common diseases to partition the heritability explained by genotyped SNPs (hg(2)) across functional categories (while accounting for shared variance due to linkage disequilibrium). Extensive simulations showed that in contrast to current estimates from GWAS summary statistics, the variance-component approach partitions heritability accurately under a wide range of complex-disease architectures. Across the 11 diseases DNaseI hypersensitivity sites (DHSs) from 217 cell types spanned 16% of imputed SNPs (and 24% of genotyped SNPs) but explained an average of 79% (SE = 8%) of hg(2) from imputed SNPs (5.1× enrichment; p = 3.7 × 10(-17)) and 38% (SE = 4%) of hg(2) from genotyped SNPs (1.6× enrichment, p = 1.0 × 10(-4)). Further enrichment was observed at enhancer DHSs and cell-type-specific DHSs. In contrast, coding variants, which span 1% of the genome, explained <10% of hg(2) despite having the highest enrichment. We replicated these findings but found no significant contribution from rare coding variants in independent schizophrenia cohorts genotyped on GWAS and exome chips. Our results highlight the value of analyzing components of heritability to unravel the functional architecture of common disease.
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Steinberg S, de Jong S, Mattheisen M, Costas J, Demontis D, Jamain S, Pietiläinen OPH, Lin K, Papiol S, Huttenlocher J, Sigurdsson E, Vassos E, Giegling I, Breuer R, Fraser G, Walker N, Melle I, Djurovic S, Agartz I, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Suvisaari J, Lönnqvist J, Paunio T, Olsen L, Hansen T, Ingason A, Pirinen M, Strengman E, Hougaard DM, Ørntoft T, Didriksen M, Hollegaard MV, Nordentoft M, Abramova L, Kaleda V, Arrojo M, Sanjuán J, Arango C, Etain B, Bellivier F, Méary A, Schürhoff F, Szoke A, Ribolsi M, Magni V, Siracusano A, Sperling S, Rossner M, Christiansen C, Kiemeney LA, Franke B, van den Berg LH, Veldink J, Curran S, Bolton P, Poot M, Staal W, Rehnstrom K, Kilpinen H, Freitag CM, Meyer J, Magnusson P, Saemundsen E, Martsenkovsky I, Bikshaieva I, Martsenkovska I, Vashchenko O, Raleva M, Paketchieva K, Stefanovski B, Durmishi N, Milovancevic MP, Tosevski DL, Silagadze T, Naneishvili N, Mikeladze N, Surguladze S, Vincent JB, Farmer A, Mitchell PB, Wright A, Schofield PR, Fullerton JM, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Rubino IA, van Winkel R, Kenis G, De Hert M, Réthelyi JM, Bitter I, Terenius L, Jönsson EG, Bakker S, van Os J, Jablensky A, Leboyer M, Bramon E, Powell J, Murray R, Corvin A, Gill M, Morris D, O’Neill FA, Kendler K, Riley B, Craddock N, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Ehrenreich H, Carracedo A, Golimbet V, Andreassen OA, Børglum AD, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Werge T, Ophoff RA, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Cichon S, Ruggeri M, Tosato S, Palotie A, St Clair D, Rujescu D, Collier DA, Stefansson H, Stefansson K. Common variant at 16p11.2 conferring risk of psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:108-14. [PMID: 23164818 PMCID: PMC3872086 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and genetic data support the notion that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share genetic risk factors. In our previous genome-wide association study, meta-analysis and follow-up (totaling as many as 18 206 cases and 42 536 controls), we identified four loci showing genome-wide significant association with schizophrenia. Here we consider a mixed schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (psychosis) phenotype (addition of 7469 bipolar disorder cases, 1535 schizophrenia cases, 333 other psychosis cases, 808 unaffected family members and 46 160 controls). Combined analysis reveals a novel variant at 16p11.2 showing genome-wide significant association (rs4583255[T]; odds ratio=1.08; P=6.6 × 10(-11)). The new variant is located within a 593-kb region that substantially increases risk of psychosis when duplicated. In line with the association of the duplication with reduced body mass index (BMI), rs4583255[T] is also associated with lower BMI (P=0.0039 in the public GIANT consortium data set; P=0.00047 in 22 651 additional Icelanders).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone de Jong
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Javier Costas
- Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine-SERGAS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine, Human Genetics, and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INSERM U 955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
| | - Olli P H Pietiläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kuang Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College, London, UK
| | - Sergi Papiol
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Huttenlocher
- deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Ina Giegling
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - René Breuer
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gillian Fraser
- Department of Mental Health, University of Aberdeen, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Ingrid Melle
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare THL, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Line Olsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct Hans & Copenhagen University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct Hans & Copenhagen University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andres Ingason
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct Hans & Copenhagen University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eric Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - David M Hougaard
- Section of Neonatal Screening and Hormones, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Ørntoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mads V Hollegaard
- Section of Neonatal Screening and Hormones, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lilia Abramova
- Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily Kaleda
- Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Service of Psychiatry, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julio Sanjuán
- Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Network Center of Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Valencia, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Etain
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INSERM U 955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INSERM U 955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Alexandre Méary
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INSERM U 955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil France
| | - Franck Schürhoff
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INSERM U 955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Andrei Szoke
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INSERM U 955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil France
| | - Michele Ribolsi
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Magni
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Siracusano
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Swetlana Sperling
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Rossner
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Veldink
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Curran
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London UK
| | - Patrick Bolton
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London UK
| | - Martin Poot
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Staal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karola Rehnstrom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helena Kilpinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jobst Meyer
- Department of Neurobehavioural Genetics, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Pall Magnusson
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Igor Martsenkovsky
- Department of Child, Adolescent Psychiatry and Medical-Social Rehabilitation, Ukrainian Research Institute of Social, Forensic Psychiatry and Drug Abuse, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Iana Bikshaieva
- Department of Child, Adolescent Psychiatry and Medical-Social Rehabilitation, Ukrainian Research Institute of Social, Forensic Psychiatry and Drug Abuse, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Inna Martsenkovska
- Department of Child, Adolescent Psychiatry and Medical-Social Rehabilitation, Ukrainian Research Institute of Social, Forensic Psychiatry and Drug Abuse, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olesya Vashchenko
- Department of Child, Adolescent Psychiatry and Medical-Social Rehabilitation, Ukrainian Research Institute of Social, Forensic Psychiatry and Drug Abuse, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Marija Raleva
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Kamka Paketchieva
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Branislav Stefanovski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Naser Durmishi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | | | - Dusica Lecic Tosevski
- Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teimuraz Silagadze
- Department of Psychiatry and Drug Addiction, Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Naneishvili
- Department of Psychiatry and Drug Addiction, Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nina Mikeladze
- Department of Psychiatry and Drug Addiction, Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Simon Surguladze
- Social & Affective Neuroscience Lab, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - John B Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne Farmer
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam Wright
- Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - I Alex Rubino
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- University Psychiatric Center, Catholic University Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network (SEARCH), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network (SEARCH), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc De Hert
- University Psychiatric Center, Catholic University Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - János M Réthelyi
- Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Bitter
- Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven Bakker
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Assen Jablensky
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry (CCRN), Graylands Hospital, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
- INSERM U 955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Mental Health Sciences Unit and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Powell
- Department of Neuroscience, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College, London, UK
| | - Robin Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College, London, UK
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek Morris
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Ken Kendler
- Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brien Riley
- Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Nick Craddock
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Genomic Medicine Group - Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine-Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vera Golimbet
- Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Human Genetics, and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct Hans & Copenhagen University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Bonn Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Tosato
- Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Genetic Analysis Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David St Clair
- Department of Mental Health, University of Aberdeen, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - David A Collier
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Stefansson H, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Steinberg S, Magnusdottir B, Morgen K, Arnarsdottir S, Bjornsdottir G, Walters GB, Jonsdottir GA, Doyle OM, Tost H, Grimm O, Kristjansdottir S, Snorrason H, Davidsdottir SR, Gudmundsson LJ, Jonsson GF, Stefansdottir B, Helgadottir I, Haraldsson M, Jonsdottir B, Thygesen JH, Schwarz AJ, Didriksen M, Stensbøl TB, Brammer M, Kapur S, Halldorsson JG, Hreidarsson S, Saemundsen E, Sigurdsson E, Stefansson K. CNVs conferring risk of autism or schizophrenia affect cognition in controls. Nature 2013; 505:361-6. [PMID: 24352232 DOI: 10.1038/nature12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In a small fraction of patients with schizophrenia or autism, alleles of copy-number variants (CNVs) in their genomes are probably the strongest factors contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. These CNVs may provide an entry point for investigations into the mechanisms of brain function and dysfunction alike. They are not fully penetrant and offer an opportunity to study their effects separate from that of manifest disease. Here we show in an Icelandic sample that a few of the CNVs clearly alter fecundity (measured as the number of children by age 45). Furthermore, we use various tests of cognitive function to demonstrate that control subjects carrying the CNVs perform at a level that is between that of schizophrenia patients and population controls. The CNVs do not all affect the same cognitive domains, hence the cognitive deficits that drive or accompany the pathogenesis vary from one CNV to another. Controls carrying the chromosome 15q11.2 deletion between breakpoints 1 and 2 (15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion) have a history of dyslexia and dyscalculia, even after adjusting for IQ in the analysis, and the CNV only confers modest effects on other cognitive traits. The 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion affects brain structure in a pattern consistent with both that observed during first-episode psychosis in schizophrenia and that of structural correlates in dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hreinn Stefansson
- 1] deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland [2]
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- 1] Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Germany [2]
| | - Stacy Steinberg
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Brynja Magnusdottir
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Katrin Morgen
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sunna Arnarsdottir
- 1] deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland [2] Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - G Bragi Walters
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Orla M Doyle
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Heike Tost
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Solveig R Davidsdottir
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Isafold Helgadottir
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Magnus Haraldsson
- 1] Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland [2] University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Johan H Thygesen
- Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Boserupvej 2, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Adam J Schwarz
- Tailored Therapeutics, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center DC 1940, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Brammer
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Shitij Kapur
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jonas G Halldorsson
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Stefan Hreidarsson
- The State Diagnostic and Counselling Centre, Digranesvegur 5, IS-200 Kópavogur, Iceland
| | - Evald Saemundsen
- 1] University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland [2] The State Diagnostic and Counselling Centre, Digranesvegur 5, IS-200 Kópavogur, Iceland
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- 1] Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland [2] University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
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Spencer B, Prainsack B, Rujescu D, Giegling I, Collier D, Gaughran F, MacCabe JH, Barr CL, Sigurdsson E, Stovring H, Malhotra A, Curran SR. Opening Pandora’s box in the UK: a hypothetical pharmacogenetic test for clozapine. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:1907-14. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine is a uniquely efficacious antipsychotic drug in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Its use is restricted due to adverse effects including a rare but dangerous reduction in neutrophils (agranulocytosis) and the mandatory hematological monitoring this entails in many countries. We review the statistical, ethical and legal issues arising from a hypothetical pharmacogenetic test for clozapine, using the UK as an exemplary case for consideration. Our key findings include: a consideration of the probabilistic results that a pharmacogenetic test may return; the impact on drug licensing; and the potential for pharmacogenetic tests for clozapine being used without consent under the UK’s legal framework. We make recommendations regarding regulatory changes applicable to the special case of pharmacogenetic testing in clozapine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Prainsack
- Department of Social Science, Health & Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Germany
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Germany
| | - David A Collier
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
- Eli Lilly & Company Ltd, Erl Wood, UK
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - James H MacCabe
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy L Barr
- The Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Anil K Malhotra
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hemptead, NY, USA
| | - Sarah R Curran
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
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Kristjánsdóttir H, Sigurðsson BH, Salkovskis P, Ólason D, Sigurdsson E, Evans C, Gylfadóttir ED, Sigurðsson JF. Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Icelandic Version of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure, its Transdiagnostic Utility and Cross-Cultural Validation. Clin Psychol Psychother 2013; 22:64-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir
- University of Iceland; Reykjavík Iceland
- Reykjavík University; Reykjavík Iceland
- Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland; Reykjavík Iceland
| | - Baldur Heiðar Sigurðsson
- Reykjavík University; Reykjavík Iceland
- Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland; Reykjavík Iceland
| | | | | | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- University of Iceland; Reykjavík Iceland
- Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland; Reykjavík Iceland
| | | | | | - Jón Friðrik Sigurðsson
- University of Iceland; Reykjavík Iceland
- Reykjavík University; Reykjavík Iceland
- Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland; Reykjavík Iceland
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Ripke S, O'Dushlaine C, Chambert K, Moran JL, Kähler AK, Akterin S, Bergen SE, Collins AL, Crowley JJ, Fromer M, Kim Y, Lee SH, Magnusson PKE, Sanchez N, Stahl EA, Williams S, Wray NR, Xia K, Bettella F, Borglum AD, Bulik-Sullivan BK, Cormican P, Craddock N, de Leeuw C, Durmishi N, Gill M, Golimbet V, Hamshere ML, Holmans P, Hougaard DM, Kendler KS, Lin K, Morris DW, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Neale BM, O'Neill FA, Owen MJ, Milovancevic MP, Posthuma D, Powell J, Richards AL, Riley BP, Ruderfer D, Rujescu D, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Smit AB, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Suvisaari J, Tosato S, Verhage M, Walters JT, Levinson DF, Gejman PV, Kendler KS, Laurent C, Mowry BJ, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Pulver AE, Riley BP, Schwab SG, Wildenauer DB, Dudbridge F, Holmans P, Shi J, Albus M, Alexander M, Campion D, Cohen D, Dikeos D, Duan J, Eichhammer P, Godard S, Hansen M, Lerer FB, Liang KY, Maier W, Mallet J, Nertney DA, Nestadt G, Norton N, O'Neill FA, Papadimitriou GN, Ribble R, Sanders AR, Silverman JM, Walsh D, Williams NM, Wormley B, Arranz MJ, Bakker S, Bender S, Bramon E, Collier D, Crespo-Facorro B, Hall J, Iyegbe C, Jablensky A, Kahn RS, Kalaydjieva L, Lawrie S, Lewis CM, Lin K, Linszen DH, Mata I, McIntosh A, Murray RM, Ophoff RA, Powell J, Rujescu D, Van Os J, Walshe M, Weisbrod M, Wiersma D, Donnelly P, Barroso I, Blackwell JM, Bramon E, Brown MA, Casas JP, Corvin AP, Deloukas P, Duncanson A, Jankowski J, Markus HS, Mathew CG, Palmer CNA, Plomin R, Rautanen A, Sawcer SJ, Trembath RC, Viswanathan AC, Wood NW, Spencer CCA, Band G, Bellenguez C, Freeman C, Hellenthal G, Giannoulatou E, Pirinen M, Pearson RD, Strange A, Su Z, Vukcevic D, Donnelly P, Langford C, Hunt SE, Edkins S, Gwilliam R, Blackburn H, Bumpstead SJ, Dronov S, Gillman M, Gray E, Hammond N, Jayakumar A, McCann OT, Liddle J, Potter SC, Ravindrarajah R, Ricketts M, Tashakkori-Ghanbaria A, Waller MJ, Weston P, Widaa S, Whittaker P, Barroso I, Deloukas P, Mathew CG, Blackwell JM, Brown MA, Corvin AP, McCarthy MI, Spencer CCA, Bramon E, Corvin AP, O'Donovan MC, Stefansson K, Scolnick E, Purcell S, McCarroll SA, Sklar P, Hultman CM, Sullivan PF. Genome-wide association analysis identifies 13 new risk loci for schizophrenia. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1150-9. [PMID: 23974872 PMCID: PMC3827979 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1134] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heritable disorder with substantial public health
impact. We conducted a multi-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) for
schizophrenia beginning with a Swedish national sample (5,001 cases, 6,243
controls) followed by meta-analysis with prior schizophrenia GWAS (8,832 cases,
12,067 controls) and finally by replication of SNPs in 168 genomic regions in
independent samples (7,413 cases, 19,762 controls, and 581 trios). In total, 22
regions met genome-wide significance (14 novel and one previously implicated in
bipolar disorder). The results strongly implicate calcium signaling in the
etiology of schizophrenia, and include genome-wide significant results for
CACNA1C and CACNB2 whose protein products
interact. We estimate that ∼8,300 independent and predominantly common
SNPs contribute to risk for schizophrenia and that these collectively account
for most of its heritability. Common genetic variation plays an important role
in the etiology of schizophrenia, and larger studies will allow more detailed
understanding of this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ripke
- 1] Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3]
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Bjarnadottir G, Rafnar B, Sigurdsson E, Steingrimsson S, Bragadottir H, Haraldsson M, Magnusson A. 703 – Methylphenidate abuse among icelandic i.v. substance abusers. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)75928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Vassos E, Steinberg S, Cichon S, Breen G, Sigurdsson E, Andreassen OA, Djurovic S, Morken G, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Diaconu CC, Czerski PM, Hauser J, Babadjanova G, Abramova LI, Mühleisen TW, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, McGuffin P, St Clair D, Gustafsson O, Melle I, Pietiläinen OPH, Ruggeri M, Tosato S, Werge T, Ophoff RA, Rujescu D, Børglum AD, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Demontis D, Hollegaard MV, van Winkel R, Kenis G, De Hert M, Réthelyi JM, Bitter I, Rubino IA, Golimbet V, Kiemeney LA, van den Berg LH, Franke B, Jönsson EG, Farmer A, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Collier DA. Replication study and meta-analysis in European samples supports association of the 3p21.1 locus with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:645-50. [PMID: 22560537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common genetic polymorphisms at chromosome 3p21.1, including rs2251219 in polybromo 1 (PBRM1), have been implicated in susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder (BP) through genome-wide association studies. Subsequent studies have suggested that this is also a risk locus for other psychiatric phenotypes, including major depression and schizophrenia. METHODS To replicate the association, we studied 2562 cases with BP and 25,439 control subjects collected from seven cohorts with either genome-wide association or individual genotyping of rs2251219 and tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms across the PBRM1 gene. Results from the different case-control groups were combined with the inverse variance weighting method. RESULTS In our dataset, rs2251219 was associated with BP (odds ratio [OR] = .89, p = .003), and meta-analysis of previously published data with our nonoverlapping new data confirmed genome-wide significant association (OR = .875, p = 2.68 × 10(-9)). Genotypic data from the SGENE-plus consortium were used to examine the association of the same variant with schizophrenia in an overall sample of 8794 cases and 25,457 control subjects, but this was not statistically significant (OR = .97, p = .21). CONCLUSIONS There is strong evidence of association of rs2251219 with BP. However, our data do not support association of this marker with schizophrenia. Because the region of association has high linkage disequilibrium, forming a large haplotype block across many genes, it is not clear which gene is causally implicated in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Vassos
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Carrera N, Arrojo M, Sanjuán J, Ramos-Ríos R, Paz E, Suárez-Rama JJ, Páramo M, Agra S, Brenlla J, Martínez S, Rivero O, Collier DA, Palotie A, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Sigurdsson E, St Clair D, Tosato S, Werge T, Stefansson K, González JC, Valero J, Gutiérrez-Zotes A, Labad A, Martorell L, Vilella E, Carracedo Á, Costas J. Association study of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:169-77. [PMID: 22078303 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies using several hundred thousand anonymous markers present limited statistical power. Alternatively, association studies restricted to common nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) have the advantage of strongly reducing the multiple testing problem, while increasing the probability of testing functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). METHODS We performed a case-control association study of common nsSNPs in Galician (northwest Spain) samples using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human 20k cSNP Kit, followed by a replication study of the more promising results. After quality control procedures, the discovery sample consisted of 5100 nsSNPs at minor allele frequency >5% analyzed in 476 schizophrenia patients and 447 control subjects. The replication sample consisted of 4069 cases and 15,128 control subjects of European origin. We also performed multilocus analysis, using aggregated scores of nsSNPs at liberal significance thresholds and cross-validation procedures. RESULTS The 5 independent nsSNPs with false discovery rate q ≤ .25, as well as 13 additional nsSNPs at p < .01 and located in functional candidate genes, were genotyped in the replication samples. One SNP, rs13107325, located at the metal ions transporter gene SLC39A8, reached significance in the combined sample after Bonferroni correction (trend test, p = 2.7 × 10(-6), allelic odds ratio = 1.32). This SNP presents minor allele frequency of 5% to 10% in many European populations but is rare outside Europe. We also confirmed the polygenic component of susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Taking into account that another metal ions transporter gene, SLC39A3, is associated to bipolar disorder, our findings reveal a role for brain metal homeostasis in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Carrera
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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