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Nguyenla XH, Bates TA, Trank-Greene M, Wahedi M, Tafesse FG, Curlin M. Evaluating Humoral Immunity Elicited by XBB.1.5 Monovalent COVID-19 Vaccine. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30. [PMID: 38669121 DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.240051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Because novel SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, immunogenicity of XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccines against live clinical isolates needs to be evaluated. We report boosting of IgG (2.1×), IgA (1.5×), and total IgG/A/M (1.7×) targeting the spike receptor-binding domain and neutralizing titers against WA1 (2.2×), XBB.1.5 (7.4×), EG.5.1 (10.5×), and JN.1 (4.7×) variants.
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Nguyenla XH, Bates TA, Trank-Greene M, Wahedi M, Tafesse FG, Curlin M. Humoral Immunity Elicited by the XBB.1.5 Monovalent COVID-19 Vaccine. medRxiv 2024:2024.03.25.24304857. [PMID: 38585892 PMCID: PMC10996738 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.24304857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
As novel SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, the updated XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccines remain to be evaluated in terms of immunogenicity against live clinical isolates. We report boosting of IgG(2.1X), IgA(1.5X), and total IgG/A/M(1.7X) antibodies targeting the spike receptor-binding domain and neutralizing titers against WA1(2.2X), XBB.1.5(7.4X), EG.5.1(10.5X), and JN.1(4.7X) variants.
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3
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Bates TA, Trank-Greene M, Nguyenla X, Anastas A, Gurmessa SK, Merutka IR, Dixon SD, Shumate A, Groncki AR, Parson MAH, Ingram JR, Barklis E, Burke JE, Shinde U, Ploegh HL, Tafesse FG. ESAT-6 undergoes self-association at phagosomal pH and an ESAT-6 specific nanobody restricts M. tuberculosis growth in macrophages. bioRxiv 2024:2023.08.16.553641. [PMID: 37645775 PMCID: PMC10462100 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.16.553641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is known to survive within macrophages by compromising the integrity of the phagosomal compartment in which it resides. This activity primarily relies on the ESX-1 secretion system, predominantly involving the protein duo ESAT-6 and CFP-10. CFP-10 likely acts as a chaperone, while ESAT-6 likely disrupts phagosomal membrane stability via a largely unknown mechanism. we employ a series of biochemical analyses, protein modeling techniques, and a novel ESAT-6-specific nanobody to gain insight into the ESAT-6's mode of action. First, we measure the binding kinetics of the tight 1:1 complex formed by ESAT-6 and CFP-10 at neutral pH. Subsequently, we demonstrate a rapid self-association of ESAT-6 into large complexes under acidic conditions, leading to the identification of a stable tetrameric ESAT-6 species. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we pinpoint the most probable interaction interface. Furthermore, we show that cytoplasmic expression of an anti-ESAT-6 nanobody blocks Mtb replication, thereby underlining the pivotal role of ESAT-6 in intracellular survival. Together, these data suggest that ESAT-6 acts by a pH dependent mechanism to establish two-way communication between the cytoplasm and the Mtb-containing phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Xammy Nguyenla
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Aidan Anastas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Sintayehu K Gurmessa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ilaria R Merutka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Shandee D Dixon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Anthony Shumate
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Abigail R Groncki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Matthew AH Parson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Jessica R Ingram
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Eric Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Kulicke CA, Swarbrick GM, Ladd NA, Cansler M, Null M, Worley A, Lemon C, Ahmed T, Bennett J, Lust TN, Heisler CM, Huber ME, Krawic JR, Ankley LM, McBride SK, Tafesse FG, Olive AJ, Hildebrand WH, Lewinsohn DA, Adams EJ, Lewinsohn DM, Harriff MJ. Delivery of loaded MR1 monomer results in efficient ligand exchange to host MR1 and subsequent MR1T cell activation. Commun Biol 2024; 7:228. [PMID: 38402309 PMCID: PMC10894271 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
MR1-restricted T cells have been implicated in microbial infections, sterile inflammation, wound healing and cancer. Similar to other antigen presentation molecules, evidence supports multiple, complementary MR1 antigen presentation pathways. To investigate ligand exchange pathways for MR1, we used MR1 monomers and tetramers loaded with 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU) to deliver the antigen. Using MR1-deficient cells reconstituted with wild-type MR1 or MR1 molecules that cannot bind 5-OP-RU, we show that presentation of monomer-delivered 5-OP-RU is dependent on cellular MR1 and requires the transfer of ligand from the soluble molecule onto MR1 expressed by the antigen presenting cell. This mode of antigen delivery strengthens the evidence for post-ER ligand exchange pathways for MR1, which could represent an important avenue by which MR1 acquires antigens derived from endocytosed pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna A Kulicke
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Swarbrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nicole A Ladd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Meghan Cansler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Megan Null
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Aneta Worley
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Chance Lemon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tania Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Joshua Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Taylor N Lust
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Chelsea M Heisler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Megan E Huber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jason R Krawic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Laurisa M Ankley
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Andrew J Olive
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - William H Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Melanie J Harriff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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5
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Farley S, Stein F, Haberkant P, Tafesse FG, Schultz C. Trifunctional Sphinganine: A New Tool to Dissect Sphingolipid Function. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:336-347. [PMID: 38284972 PMCID: PMC10878393 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Functions and cell biology of the sphingolipids sphingosine and sphinganine in cells are not well understood. While some signaling roles for sphingosine have been elucidated, the closely related sphinganine has been described only insofar as it does not elicit many of the same signaling responses. Here, we prepared multifunctionalized derivatives of the two lipid species that differ only in a single double bond of the carbon backbone. Using these novel probes, we were able to define their spatiotemporal distributions within cells. Furthermore, we used these tools to systematically map the protein interactomes of both lipids. The lipid-protein conjugates, prepared through photo-crosslinking in live cells and extraction via click chemistry to azide beads, revealed significant differences in the captured proteins, highlighting their distinct roles in various cellular processes. This work elucidates mechanistic differences between these critical lipids and sets the foundation for further studies of the cellular functions of sphingosine and sphinganine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scotland Farley
- Department
of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
- Department
of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Frank Stein
- European
Molecular Biology Laboratory, Proteomics
Core Facility, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Per Haberkant
- European
Molecular Biology Laboratory, Proteomics
Core Facility, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department
of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Department
of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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6
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Adhikari EH, Lu P, Kang YJ, McDonald AR, Pruszynski JE, Bates TA, McBride SK, Trank-Greene M, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. Diverging Maternal and Cord Antibody Functions From SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination in Pregnancy. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:462-472. [PMID: 37815524 PMCID: PMC10873180 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immunity impacts the infant, but how is unclear. To understand the implications of the immune exposures of vaccination and infection in pregnancy for neonatal immunity, we evaluated antibody functions in paired peripheral maternal and cord blood. We compared those who in pregnancy received mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, were infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the combination. We found that vaccination enriched a subset of neutralizing activities and Fc effector functions that was driven by IgG1 and was minimally impacted by antibody glycosylation in maternal blood. In paired cord blood, maternal vaccination also enhanced IgG1. However, Fc effector functions compared to neutralizing activities were preferentially transferred. Moreover, changes in IgG posttranslational glycosylation contributed more to cord than peripheral maternal blood antibody functional potency. These differences were enhanced with the combination of vaccination and infection as compared to either alone. Thus, Fc effector functions and antibody glycosylation highlight underexplored maternal opportunities to safeguard newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Adhikari
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Parkland Health, Dallas Texas, USA
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ye Jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ann R McDonald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica E Pruszynski
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy A Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lenette L Lu
- Parkland Health, Dallas Texas, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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7
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Guzman GG, Farley S, Kyle JE, Bramer LM, Hoeltzl S, van den Dikkenberg J, Holthuis JCM, Tafesse FG. Systematic analysis of the sphingomyelin synthase family in C. elegans. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.25.550547. [PMID: 37546869 PMCID: PMC10402111 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a major component of mammalian cell membranes and particularly abundant in the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers. Its production is catalyzed by SM synthases SMS1 and SMS2, which interconvert phosphatidylcholine and ceramide to diacylglycerol and SM in the Golgi and at the plasma membrane, respectively. As the lipids participating in this reaction fulfill both structural and signaling functions, SMS enzymes have considerable potential to influence diverse important cellular processes. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an attractive model for studying both animal development and human disease. The organism contains five SMS homologues but none of these have been characterized in any detail. Here, we carried out the first systematic analysis of SMS family members in C. elegans . Using heterologous expression systems, genetic ablation, metabolic labeling and lipidome analyses, we show that C. elegans harbors at least three distinct SM synthases and one ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) synthase. Moreover, C. elegans SMS family members have partially overlapping but also unique subcellular distributions and together occupy all principal compartments of the secretory pathway. Our findings shed light on crucial aspects of sphingolipid metabolism in a valuable animal model and opens avenues for exploring the role of SM and its metabolic intermediates in organismal development.
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8
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Adhikari EH, Lu P, Kang YJ, McDonald AR, Pruszynski JE, Bates TA, McBride SK, Trank-Greene M, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. Diverging maternal and infant cord antibody functions from SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in pregnancy. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.01.538955. [PMID: 37205338 PMCID: PMC10187183 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.538955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunization in pregnancy is a critical tool that can be leveraged to protect the infant with an immature immune system but how vaccine-induced antibodies transfer to the placenta and protect the maternal-fetal dyad remains unclear. Here, we compare matched maternal-infant cord blood from individuals who in pregnancy received mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, were infected by SARS-CoV-2, or had the combination of these two immune exposures. We find that some but not all antibody neutralizing activities and Fc effector functions are enriched with vaccination compared to infection. Preferential transport to the fetus of Fc functions and not neutralization is observed. Immunization compared to infection enriches IgG1-mediated antibody functions with changes in antibody post-translational sialylation and fucosylation that impact fetal more than maternal antibody functional potency. Thus, vaccine enhanced antibody functional magnitude, potency and breadth in the fetus are driven more by antibody glycosylation and Fc effector functions compared to maternal responses, highlighting prenatal opportunities to safeguard newborns as SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Adhikari
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Parkland Health, Dallas TX
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ye jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ann R. McDonald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jessica E. Pruszynski
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Parkland Health, Dallas TX
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Immunology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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9
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Bates TA, Leier HC, McBride SK, Schoen D, Lyski ZL, Lee DX, Messer WB, Curlin ME, Tafesse FG. An extended interval between vaccination and infection enhances hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e165265. [PMID: 36701200 PMCID: PMC10077480 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2 will be important globally. Official weekly cases have not dropped below 2 million since September of 2020, and continued emergence of novel variants has created a moving target for our immune systems and public health alike. The temporal aspects of COVID-19 immunity, particularly from repeated vaccination and infection, are less well understood than short-term vaccine efficacy. In this study, we explored the effect of combined vaccination and infection, also known as hybrid immunity, and the timing thereof on the quality and quantity of antibodies elicited in a cohort of 96 health care workers. We found robust neutralizing antibody responses among those with hybrid immunity; these hybrid immune responses neutralized all variants, including BA.2. Neutralizing titers were significantly improved for those with longer vaccine-infection intervals of up to 400 days compared with those with shorter intervals. These results indicate that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses undergo continual maturation following primary exposure by either vaccination or infection for at least 400 days after last antigen exposure. We show that neutralizing antibody responses improved upon secondary boosting, with greater potency seen after extended intervals. Our findings may also extend to booster vaccine doses, a critical consideration in future vaccine campaign strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zoe L. Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
| | - David X. Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
- Division of Infectious Diseases, and
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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10
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Bates TA, Leier HC, McBride SK, Schoen D, Lyski ZL, Lee DX, Messer WB, Curlin ME, Tafesse FG. The time between vaccination and infection impacts immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. medRxiv 2023:2023.01.02.23284120. [PMID: 36656773 PMCID: PMC9844016 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.02.23284120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2 will be globally important. Official weekly cases have not dropped below 2 million since September of 2020, and continued emergence of novel variants have created a moving target for our immune systems and public health alike. The temporal aspects of COVID-19 immunity, particularly from repeated vaccination and infection, are less well understood than short-term vaccine efficacy. In this study, we explore the impact of combined vaccination and infection, also known as hybrid immunity, and the timing thereof on the quality and quantity of antibodies produced by a cohort of 96 health care workers. We find robust neutralizing antibody responses among those with hybrid immunity against all variants, including Omicron BA.2, and we further found significantly improved neutralizing titers with longer vaccine-infection intervals up to 400 days. These results indicate that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses undergo continual maturation following primary exposure by either vaccination or infection for at least 400 days after last antigen exposure. We show that neutralizing antibody responses improved upon secondary boosting with greater impact seen after extended intervals. Our findings may also extend to booster vaccine doses, a critical consideration in future vaccine campaign strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Hans C. Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Devin Schoen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Zoe L. Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - David X. Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Marcel E. Curlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
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11
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Abstract
Sphingolipids are a critical family of membrane lipids with diverse functions in eukaryotic cells, and a growing body of literature supports that these lipids play essential roles during the lifecycles of viruses. While small molecule inhibitors of sphingolipid synthesis and metabolism are widely used, the advent of CRISPR-based genomic editing techniques allows for nuanced exploration into the manners in which sphingolipids influence various stages of viral infections. Here we describe some of these critical considerations needed in designing studies utilizing genomic editing techniques for manipulating the sphingolipid metabolic pathway, as well as the current body of literature regarding how viruses depend on the products of this pathway. Here, we highlight the ways in which sphingolipids affect viruses as these pathogens interact with and influence their host cell and describe some of the many open questions remaining in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen Guzman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cameron Creek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Scotland Farley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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12
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Curlin ME, Bates TA, Guzman G, Schoen D, McBride SK, Carpenter SD, Tafesse FG. Omicron neutralizing antibody response following booster vaccination compared with breakthrough infection. Med (N Y) 2022; 3:827-837.e3. [PMID: 36198311 PMCID: PMC9492511 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of the vaccine-resistant Omicron severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants threatens unvaccinated and fully vaccinated individuals, and accelerated booster vaccination campaigns are underway to mitigate the ongoing wave of Omicron cases. The immunity provided by standard vaccine regimens, boosted regimens, and immune responses elicited by vaccination plus natural infection remain incompletely understood. The magnitude, quality, and durability of serological responses, and the likelihood of protection against future SARS-CoV-2 variants following these modes of exposure, are poorly characterized but are critical to the future trajectory of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS Ninety-nine individuals were semi-randomly selected from a larger vaccination cohort following vaccination and, in some cases, breakthrough infection. We analyzed spike receptor-binding domain-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, neutralizing antibody titers against live SARS-CoV-2 variants, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis. FINDINGS In 99 vaccinated adults, compared with responses after two doses of an mRNA regimen, the immune responses 3 months after a third vaccine dose and 1 month after breakthrough infection due to prior variants show dramatic increases in magnitude, potency, and breadth, including increased antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis and robust neutralization of the currently circulating Omicron BA.2 variant. CONCLUSIONS Boosters and natural infection substantially boost immune responses. As the number of Omicron sub-variant cases rise and as global vaccination and booster campaigns continue, an increasing proportion of the world's population will acquire potent immune responses that may be protective against future SARS-CoV-2 variants. FUNDING This work was funded by the M. J. Murdock Charitable Trust, the OHSU Foundation, the NIH (T32HL083808), and OHSU Innovative IDEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E. Curlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gaelen Guzman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Devin Schoen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Samuel D. Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,Corresponding author
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13
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Bates TA, Lu P, Kang YJ, Schoen D, Thornton M, McBride SK, Park C, Kim D, Messer WB, Curlin ME, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. BNT162b2-induced neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions against SARS-CoV-2 diminish with age. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111544. [PMID: 36252569 PMCID: PMC9533669 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Each severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant renews concerns about decreased vaccine neutralization weakening efficacy. However, while prevention of infection varies, protection from disease remains and implicates immunity beyond neutralization in vaccine efficacy. Polyclonal antibodies function through Fab domains that neutralize virus and Fc domains that induce non-neutralizing responses via engagement of Fc receptors on immune cells. To understand how vaccines promote protection, we leverage sera from 51 SARS-CoV-2 uninfected individuals after two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. We show that neutralizing activities against clinical isolates of wild-type and five SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron BA.2, link to FcγRIIIa/CD16 non-neutralizing effector functions. This is associated with post-translational afucosylation and sialylation of vaccine-specific antibodies. Further, polyfunctional neutralizing and non-neutralizing breadth, magnitude, and coordination diminish with age. Thus, studying Fc functions in addition to Fab-mediated neutralization provides greater insight into vaccine efficacy for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, against SARS-CoV-2 and novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ye Jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Devin Schoen
- Department of Occupational Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Micah Thornton
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Chanhee Park
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Marcel E Curlin
- Department of Occupational Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Lenette L Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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14
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Bates TA, Lu P, Kang YJ, Schoen D, Thornton M, McBride SK, Park C, Kim D, Messer WB, Curlin ME, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. BNT162b2 induced neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions against SARSCoV-2 diminish with age. medRxiv 2022:2022.08.12.22278726. [PMID: 36032979 PMCID: PMC9413715 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.12.22278726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Each novel SARS-CoV-2 variant renews concerns about decreased vaccine efficacy caused by evasion of vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies. However, accumulating epidemiological data show that while vaccine prevention of infection varies, protection from severe disease and death remains high. Thus, immune responses beyond neutralization could contribute to vaccine efficacy. Polyclonal antibodies function through their Fab domains that neutralize virus directly, and Fc domains that induce non-neutralizing host responses via engagement of Fc receptors on immune cells. To understand how vaccine induced neutralizing and non-neutralizing activities synergize to promote protection, we leverage sera from 51 SARS-CoV-2 uninfected health-care workers after two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. We show that BNT162b2 elicits antibodies that neutralize clinical isolates of wildtype and five variants of SARS-CoV-2, including Omicron BA.2, and, critically, induce Fc effector functions. FcγRIIIa/CD16 activity is linked to neutralizing activity and associated with post-translational afucosylation and sialylation of vaccine specific antibodies. Further, neutralizing and non-neutralizing functions diminish with age, with limited polyfunctional breadth, magnitude and coordination observed in those ≥65 years old compared to <65. Thus, studying Fc functions in addition to Fab mediated neutralization provides greater insight into vaccine efficacy for vulnerable populations such as the elderly against SARS-CoV-2 and novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ye jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Devin Schoen
- Department of Occupational Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Micah Thornton
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Chanhee Park
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Marcel E. Curlin
- Department of Occupational Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Parkland Health & Hospital System
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15
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Schultz C, Farley SE, Tafesse FG. "Flash & Click": Multifunctionalized Lipid Derivatives as Tools To Study Viral Infections. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13987-13995. [PMID: 35900117 PMCID: PMC9377334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective article, we describe the current status of lipid tools for studying host lipid-virus interactions at the cellular level. We discuss the potential lipidomic changes that viral infections impose on host cells and then outline the tools available and the resulting options to investigate the host cell lipid interactome. The future outcome will reveal new targets for treating virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schultz
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University; 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States
| | - Scotland E Farley
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University; 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States
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16
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Farley SE, Kyle JE, Leier HC, Bramer LM, Weinstein JB, Bates TA, Lee JY, Metz TO, Schultz C, Tafesse FG. A global lipid map reveals host dependency factors conserved across SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3487. [PMID: 35715395 PMCID: PMC9203258 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of host dependency factors for SARS-CoV-2 remains elusive. Here, we map alterations in host lipids following SARS-CoV-2 infection using nontargeted lipidomics. We find that SARS-CoV-2 rewires host lipid metabolism, significantly altering hundreds of lipid species to effectively establish infection. We correlate these changes with viral protein activity by transfecting human cells with each viral protein and performing lipidomics. We find that lipid droplet plasticity is a key feature of infection and that viral propagation can be blocked by small-molecule glycerolipid biosynthesis inhibitors. We find that this inhibition was effective against the main variants of concern (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta), indicating that glycerolipid biosynthesis is a conserved host dependency factor that supports this evolving virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scotland E Farley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer E Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hans C Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jules B Weinstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joon-Yong Lee
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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17
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Gelanew T, Mulu A, Abebe M, Bates TA, Wassie L, Teferi M, Fentahun D, Alemu A, Tamiru F, Assefa G, Bayih AG, Tafesse FG, Mihret A, Abdissa A. A Single Dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine Elicits High Antibody Responses in Individuals with Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection Comparable to That of Two-Dose-Vaccinated, SARS-CoV-2-Infection-Naïve Individuals: A Longitudinal Study in Ethiopian Health Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:859. [PMID: 35746467 PMCID: PMC9229151 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-dose COVID-19 vaccines, mostly mRNA-based vaccines, are shown to induce robust antibody responses in individuals who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, suggesting the sufficiency of a single dose for those individuals in countries with limited vaccine supply. However, these important data are limited to developed nations. We conducted a prospective longitudinal study among Ethiopian healthcare workers who received a ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. We compared the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG antibodies in 39 SARS-CoV-2 naïve participants and 24 participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 (P.I.), who received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine across the two post-vaccination time points (at 8 to 12 weeks post single dose and two dose vaccinations). We noted that the GMT (1632.16) in naïve participants at 8-12 weeks post first dose were comparable to the GMT (1674.94) observed in P.I. participants prior to vaccination. Interestingly, P.I. participants had significantly higher antibody titers compared to naïve participants, after both the first (GMT, 4913.50 vs. 1632.16) and second doses (GMT, 9804.60 vs. 6607.30). Taken together, our findings show that a single ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose in previously SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals elicits similar, if not higher, antibody responses to those of two-dose-vaccinated naïve individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Gelanew
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Andargachew Mulu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA; (T.A.B.); (F.G.T.)
| | - Liya Wassie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Mekonnen Teferi
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Dessalegn Fentahun
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Aynalem Alemu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Frehiwot Tamiru
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Gebeyehu Assefa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Abebe Genetu Bayih
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA; (T.A.B.); (F.G.T.)
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Alemseged Abdissa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (M.A.); (L.W.); (M.T.); (D.F.); (A.A.); (F.T.); (G.A.); (A.G.B.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
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18
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Weinstein JB, Tafesse FG. Isolation of alpaca-derived single-domain antibodies against zika virus non-structural proteins to interrogate viral replication. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.64.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emergent flavivirus that triggered a global health emergency from 2015 to 2017. ZIKV and other impactful flaviviruses, including dengue virus, lack the antiviral treatments and vaccines needed to diminish their threat to communities world-wide. This is in part due to gaps in our understanding of the flavivirus lifecycle; despite numerous investigations into flavivirus non-structural (NS) protein function. I hope to forge a deeper understanding of crucial NS protein functions and interactions throughout the ZIKV replication cycle. I will use alpaca-derived variable heavy-chain-only (VHH) antibody fragments, isolated from an alpaca immunized with ZIKV NS proteins, to perturb the replication cycle and therefore identify key NS protein epitopes used during replication. I individually purified NS1, NS2b, NS3, NS4b, NS5 for use in alpaca immunization, phage display panning, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). From the alpaca peripheral blood I isolated RNA and amplified VHH genes, enriched for NS-protein binders with iterative phage display, and screened potential high binders via ELISA. I have isolated VHH sequences that interact with the ZIKV helicase, NS3, and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, NS5. I plan to purify each VHH and express them in ZIKA-permissive A549 cells as stable lines. Using purified VHH, I will analyze their binding ability in-vitro by ELISA and bio layer interferometry, and quantify in-vitro inhibition of NS3 protease and helicase activity for NS3 binders, and NS5 polymerase and methyltransferase activity. With the stable cells lines I will investigate each VHHs ability to impede ZIKV virus production and formation of replication complexes in infected cell lines.
Support from training grant "Interactions at the Microbe-Host Interface" T32AI007472
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules B Weinstein
- 1Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- 1Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University
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19
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Guzman GD, Leier H, Niekamp P, Holthuis J, Tafesse FG. Sphingolipids: A double-edged sword in the defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.58.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a pathogen with a massive global health impact, and yet fundamental questions remain regarding the underlying mechanisms of its entry and subversion of innate immune mechanisms – particularly the manners in which host lipids influence the course of an infection. This pathogen gains entry to host alveolar macrophages via phagocytosis and, within the phagosome, Mtb perturbs host lipid metabolism and distribution. Here, we've shown that Mtb relies on an intact sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway to gain entry to host cells but that sphingolipids restrict the intracellular growth of this pathogen. We used genetic ablation and small molecule inhibition to perturb sphingolipid biosynthesis, resulting in reduced Mtb uptake across multiple phagocytic cell types without affecting receptor mediated endocytosis. Mechanistically, we visualized the dynamics of several signaling events during phagocytosis to demonstrate that sphingolipid deficiency results in poor initiation of phagocytic signaling. Intriguingly, sphingolipid inhibition at later stages of infection may result in enhanced intracellular Mtb growth and accelerated lysosomal damage and subsequent phagolysosomal escape. This study has revealed that the sphingolipid family may constitute a double-edged sword which plays multiple roles during Mtb infection. In understanding the interplay between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host factors such as sphingolipids, we hope to identify novel methods of treatment for this ancient and global pathogen.
Supported by grants from NIH (R21 3R21AI124225-01A1 and R01 1R01AI14154 9-01A1)
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen D Guzman
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University
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20
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Bates TA, McBride SK, Leier HC, Lyski ZL, Messer WB, Curlin ME, Tafesse FG. Hybrid immunity and vaccine breakthrough lead to robust humoral response and antibodies that effectively neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.65.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Current COVID-19 vaccines significantly reduce overall morbidity and mortality and are vitally important to halting the pandemic; individuals who previously recovered from COVID-19 display enhanced immune responses after vaccination (hybrid immunity) compared to their naïve-vaccinated peers. However, the effects of vaccine breakthrough infections on humoral immune response remain to be determined. Here, we measure neutralizing antibody responses from 104 vaccinated individuals including those with breakthrough infections, hybrid immunity, and no infection history. We find that human immune sera collected after either a breakthrough infection or a vaccination post-natural infection will both broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants to a similar degree. While age negatively correlates with antibody response after vaccination alone, no such association was found in breakthrough or hybrid immune groups. Together, our data suggest that the additional antigen exposure from natural infection substantially boosts the quantity, quality, and breadth of humoral immune response regardless of whether it occurs before or after vaccination.
Supported by grants from the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust, OHSU Innovative IDEA grant (1018784), NIH (R01AI145835, T32HL083808), and an unrestricted grant from the OHSU Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Savannah K McBride
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | | | - Zoe L Lyski
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - William B Messer
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University
- 3Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Marcel E Curlin
- 3Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- 1Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University
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21
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Song X, Coulter FJ, Yang M, Smith JL, Tafesse FG, Messer WB, Reif JH. A lyophilized colorimetric RT-LAMP test kit for rapid, low-cost, at-home molecular testing of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7043. [PMID: 35487969 PMCID: PMC9052177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to fast and reliable nucleic acid testing continues to play a key role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in the context of increased vaccine break-through risks due to new variants. We report a rapid, low-cost (~ 2 USD), simple-to-use nucleic acid test kit for self-administered at-home testing without lab instrumentation. The entire sample-to-answer workflow takes < 60 min, including noninvasive sample collection, one-step RNA preparation, reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) in a thermos, and direct visual inspection of a colorimetric test result. To facilitate long-term storage without cold-chain, a fast one-pot lyophilization protocol was developed to preserve all required biochemical reagents of the colorimetric RT-LAMP test in a single microtube. Notably, the lyophilized RT-LAMP assay demonstrated reduced false positives as well as enhanced tolerance to a wider range of incubation temperatures compared to solution-based RT-LAMP reactions. We validated our RT-LAMP assay using simulated infected samples, and detected a panel of SARS-CoV-2 variants with successful detection of all variants that were available to us at the time. With a simple change of the primer set, our lyophilized RT-LAMP home test can be easily adapted as a low-cost surveillance platform for other pathogens and infectious diseases of global public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. .,Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Felicity J Coulter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jessica L Smith
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Program in Epidemiology, OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - John H Reif
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. .,Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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22
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Curlin ME, Bates TA, Guzman G, Schoen D, McBride SK, Carpenter SD, Tafesse FG. Omicron neutralizing antibody response following booster vaccination compared with breakthrough infection. medRxiv 2022. [PMID: 35441177 PMCID: PMC9016649 DOI: 10.1101/2022.04.11.22273694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of the vaccine-resistant Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 presents a renewed threat to both unvaccinated and fully vaccinated individuals, and accelerated booster vaccination campaigns are underway to mitigate the ongoing wave of Omicron cases. The degree of immunity provided by standard vaccine regimens, boosted regimens, and immune responses elicited by the combination of vaccination and natural infection remain incompletely understood. The relative magnitude, quality and durability of serological responses, and the likelihood of neutralizing protection against future SARS-CoV-2 variants following these modes of exposure are unknown but are critical to the future trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study of 99 vaccinated adults, we find that compared with responses after two doses of an mRNA regimen, the immune responses three months after a third vaccine dose and one month after breakthrough infection due to prior variants show dramatic increases in magnitude, potency, and breadth, including increased antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis and robust neutralization of the recently circulating Omicron variant. These results suggest that as the number of Omicron cases rise and as global vaccination and booster campaigns continue, an increasing proportion of the world’s population will acquire potent immune responses that may be protective against future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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23
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Gelanew T, Seyoum B, Mulu A, Mihret A, Abebe M, Wassie L, Gelaw B, Sorsa A, Merid Y, Muchie Y, Teklemariam Z, Tesfaye B, Osman M, Jebessa G, Atinafu A, Hailu T, Habte A, Kenea D, Gadisa A, Admasu D, Tesfaye E, Bates TA, Bulcha JT, Tschopp R, Tsehay D, Mullholand K, Howe R, Genetu A, Tafesse FG, Abdissa A. High seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among Ethiopian healthcare workers. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:261. [PMID: 35296265 PMCID: PMC8926102 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 pandemic has a devastating impact on the economies and health care system of sub-Saharan Africa. Healthcare workers (HWs), the main actors of the health system, are at higher risk because of their occupation. Serology-based estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HWs represent a measure of HWs' exposure to the virus and could be used as a guide to the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the community and valuable in combating COVID-19. This information is currently lacking in Ethiopia and other African countries. This study aimed to develop an in-house antibody testing assay, assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among Ethiopian high-risk frontline HWs. METHODS We developed and validated an in-house Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for specific detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain immunoglobin G (IgG) antibodies. We then used this assay to assess the seroprevalence among HWs in five public hospitals located in different geographic regions of Ethiopia. From consenting HWs, blood samples were collected between December 2020 and February 2021, the period between the two peaks of COVID-19 in Ethiopia. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using questionnaire-based interviews. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the overall and post-stratified seroprevalence and the association between seropositivity and potential risk factors. RESULTS Our successfully developed in-house assay sensitivity was 100% in serum samples collected 2- weeks after the first onset of symptoms whereas its specificity in pre-COVID-19 pandemic sera was 97.7%. Using this assay, we analyzed a total of 1997 sera collected from HWs. Of 1997 HWs who provided a blood sample, and demographic and clinical data, 51.7% were females, 74.0% had no symptoms compatible with COVID-19, and 29.0% had a history of contact with suspected or confirmed patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The overall seroprevalence was 39.6%. The lowest (24.5%) and the highest (48.0%) seroprevalence rates were found in Hiwot Fana Specialized Hospital in Harar and ALERT Hospital in Addis Ababa, respectively. Of the 821 seropositive HWs, 224(27.3%) of them had a history of symptoms consistent with COVID-19 while 436 (> 53%) of them had no contact with COVID-19 cases as well as no history of COVID-19 like symptoms. A history of close contact with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 cases is associated with seropositivity (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.8; p = 0.015). CONCLUSION High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence levels were observed in the five Ethiopian hospitals. These findings highlight the significant burden of asymptomatic infection in Ethiopia and may reflect the scale of transmission in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berhanu Seyoum
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Liya Wassie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Baye Gelaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Sorsa
- Arsi University, Asella College of Health Sciences, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Yared Merid
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Yilkal Muchie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Teklemariam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mahlet Osman
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gutema Jebessa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abay Atinafu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Hailu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Antenehe Habte
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dagaga Kenea
- Arsi University, Asella College of Health Sciences, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Anteneh Gadisa
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Admasu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Emnet Tesfaye
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jote Tafese Bulcha
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rea Tschopp
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Kim Mullholand
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Genetu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
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24
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Lyski ZL, Brunton AE, Strnad MI, Sullivan PE, Siegel SAR, Tafesse FG, Slifka MK, Messer WB. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-Specific Memory B Cells From Individuals With Diverse Disease Severities Recognize SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern. J Infect Dis 2022; 225:947-956. [PMID: 34865053 PMCID: PMC8922005 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has called for substantial investigations into the capacity of the human immune system to protect against reinfection and keep pace with the evolution of SARS-CoV-2. We evaluated the magnitude and durability of the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses against parental WA-1 SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and a representative variant of concern (VoC) RBD using antibodies from 2 antibody compartments: long-lived plasma cell-derived plasma antibodies and antibodies encoded by SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells (MBCs). Thirty-five participants naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated; although only 25 of 35 participants had VoC RBD-reactive plasma antibodies, 34 of 35 (97%) participants had VoC RBD-reactive MBC-derived antibodies. Our finding that 97% of previously infected individuals have MBCs specific for variant RBDs provides reason for optimism regarding the capacity of vaccination, prior infection, and/or both, to elicit immunity with the capacity to limit disease severity and transmission of VoCs as they arise and circulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe L Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Amanda E Brunton
- Oregon Health and Science University–Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matt I Strnad
- Oregon Health and Science University–Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Peter E Sullivan
- Oregon Health and Science University–Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sarah A R Siegel
- Oregon Health and Science University–Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Oregon Health and Science University–Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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25
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Weinstein JB, Bates TA, Leier HC, McBride SK, Barklis E, Tafesse FG. A potent alpaca-derived nanobody that neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants. iScience 2022; 25:103960. [PMID: 35224467 PMCID: PMC8863326 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 engages with human ACE 2 to facilitate infection. Here, we describe an alpaca-derived heavy chain antibody fragment (VHH), saRBD-1, that disrupts this interaction by competitively binding to the spike protein receptor-binding domain. We further generated an engineered bivalent nanobody construct engineered by a flexible linker and a dimeric Fc conjugated nanobody construct. Both multivalent nanobodies blocked infection at picomolar concentrations and demonstrated no loss of potency against emerging variants of concern including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Epsilon (B.1.427/429), and Delta (B.1.617.2). saRBD-1 tolerates elevated temperature, freeze-drying, and nebulization, making it an excellent candidate for further development into a therapeutic approach for COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 variants effectively neutralized by saRBD-1 VHH with picomolar affinity saRBD-1 neutralization increases when expressed as a bivalent or Fc construct saRBD-1 binds SARS-CoV-2 RBD as a likely class 1 neutralizing antibody saRBD-1 retains binding, neutralization after heat and nebulization treatments
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules B Weinstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Hans C Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Eric Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
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26
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Bates TA, McBride SK, Leier HC, Guzman G, Lyski ZL, Schoen D, Winders B, Lee JY, Lee DX, Messer WB, Curlin ME, Tafesse FG. Vaccination before or after SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to robust humoral response and antibodies that effectively neutralize variants. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabn8014. [PMID: 35076258 PMCID: PMC8939472 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn8014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines effectively reduce overall morbidity and mortality and are vitally important to controlling the pandemic. Individuals who previously recovered from COVID-19 have enhanced immune responses after vaccination (hybrid immunity) compared with their naïve-vaccinated peers; however, the effects of post-vaccination breakthrough infections on humoral immune response remain to be determined. Here, we measure neutralizing antibody responses from 104 vaccinated individuals, including those with breakthrough infections, hybrid immunity, and no infection history. We find that human immune sera after breakthrough infection and vaccination after natural infection broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2) variants to a similar degree. Although age negatively correlates with antibody response after vaccination alone, no correlation with age was found in breakthrough or hybrid immune groups. Together, our data suggest that the additional antigen exposure from natural infection substantially boosts the quantity, quality, and breadth of humoral immune response regardless of whether it occurs before or after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Hans C. Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Gaelen Guzman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Zoe L. Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Devin Schoen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Bradie Winders
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Joon-Yong Lee
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States
| | - David Xthona Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Marcel E. Curlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
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27
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Farley SE, Kyle JE, Leier HC, Bramer LM, Weinstein J, Bates TA, Lee JY, Metz TO, Schultz C, Tafesse FG. A global lipid map reveals host dependency factors conserved across SARS-CoV-2 variants. bioRxiv 2022:2022.02.14.480430. [PMID: 35194611 PMCID: PMC8863149 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.14.480430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of host dependency factors for SARS-CoV-2 remains elusive. We mapped alterations in host lipids following SARS-CoV-2 infection using nontargeted lipidomics. We found that SARS-CoV-2 rewires host lipid metabolism, altering 409 lipid species up to 64-fold relative to controls. We correlated these changes with viral protein activity by transfecting human cells with each viral protein and performing lipidomics. We found that lipid droplet plasticity is a key feature of infection and that viral propagation can be blocked by small-molecule glycerolipid biosynthesis inhibitors. We found that this inhibition was effective against the main variants of concern (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta), indicating that glycerolipid biosynthesis is a conserved host dependency factor that supports this evolving virus.
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28
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van Breemen RB, Muchiri RN, Bates TA, Weinstein JB, Leier HC, Farley S, Tafesse FG. Cannabinoids Block Cellular Entry of SARS-CoV-2 and the Emerging Variants. J Nat Prod 2022; 85:176-184. [PMID: 35007072 PMCID: PMC8768006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As a complement to vaccines, small-molecule therapeutic agents are needed to treat or prevent infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants, which cause COVID-19. Affinity selection-mass spectrometry was used for the discovery of botanical ligands to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Cannabinoid acids from hemp (Cannabis sativa) were found to be allosteric as well as orthosteric ligands with micromolar affinity for the spike protein. In follow-up virus neutralization assays, cannabigerolic acid and cannabidiolic acid prevented infection of human epithelial cells by a pseudovirus expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and prevented entry of live SARS-CoV-2 into cells. Importantly, cannabigerolic acid and cannabidiolic acid were equally effective against the SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant B.1.1.7 and the beta variant B.1.351. Orally bioavailable and with a long history of safe human use, these cannabinoids, isolated or in hemp extracts, have the potential to prevent as well as treat infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus
Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College
of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ruth N. Muchiri
- Linus
Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College
of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Timothy A. Bates
- Molecular
Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health
& Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Jules B. Weinstein
- Molecular
Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health
& Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Hans C. Leier
- Molecular
Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health
& Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Scotland Farley
- Molecular
Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health
& Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Molecular
Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health
& Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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29
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Abstract
This study of fully vaccinated health care workers examines antibody levels and variant cross-neutralization after COVID-19 breakthrough infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Bradie Winders
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Devin Schoen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Marcel E. Curlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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30
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Bates TA, Leier HC, Lyski ZL, McBride SK, Coulter FJ, Weinstein JB, Goodman JR, Lu Z, Siegel SAR, Sullivan P, Strnad M, Brunton AE, Lee DX, Adey AC, Bimber BN, O'Roak BJ, Curlin ME, Messer WB, Tafesse FG. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent and BNT162b2 vaccinated serum. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5135. [PMID: 34446720 PMCID: PMC8390486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and its variants continue to infect hundreds of thousands every day despite the rollout of effective vaccines. Therefore, it is essential to understand the levels of protection that these vaccines provide in the face of emerging variants. Here, we report two demographically balanced cohorts of BNT162b2 vaccine recipients and COVID-19 patients, from which we evaluate neutralizing antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 as well as the B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta) variants. We show that both B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 are less well neutralized by serum from vaccinated individuals, and that B.1.351, but not B.1.1.7, is less well neutralized by convalescent serum. We also find that the levels of variant-specific anti-spike antibodies are proportional to neutralizing activities. Together, our results demonstrate the escape of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants from neutralization by serum antibodies, which may lead to reduced protection from re-infection or increased risk of vaccine breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hans C Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zoe L Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Felicity J Coulter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jules B Weinstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Zhengchun Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sarah A R Siegel
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Sullivan
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matt Strnad
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amanda E Brunton
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David X Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrew C Adey
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Brian J O'Roak
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marcel E Curlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA.
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA.
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Bates TA, Leier HC, Lyski ZL, Goodman JR, Curlin ME, Messer WB, Tafesse FG. Age-Dependent Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and P.1 Variant by Vaccine Immune Serum Samples. JAMA 2021; 326:2782428. [PMID: 34287620 PMCID: PMC8295896 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.11656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Hans C. Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Zoe L. Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - James R. Goodman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Marcel E. Curlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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Gelanew T, Seyoum B, Mulu A, Mihret A, Abebe M, Wassie L, Gelaw B, Sorsa A, Merid Y, Muchie Y, Teklemariam Z, Tesfaye B, Osman M, Jebessa G, Atinafu A, Hailu T, Habte A, Kenea D, Gadissa A, Admasu D, Tesfaye E, Bates TA, Bulcha J, Tschopp R, Tsehay D, Mullholand K, Howe R, Genetu A, Tafesse FG, Abdissa A. High Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Among Ethiopian Healthcare Workers. Res Sq 2021:rs.3.rs-676935. [PMID: 34312618 PMCID: PMC8312903 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-676935/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 pandemic has a devastating impact on the economies and health care system of sub-Saharan Africa. Healthcare workers (HWs), the main actors of the health system, are at higher-risk because of their occupation. Serology-based estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HWs represent a measure of HWs’ exposure to the virus and a guide to the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the community. This information is currently lacking in Ethiopia and other African countries. This study aimed to develop an in-house antibody testing assay, assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among Ethiopian high-risk frontline HWs. Methods A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted among HWs in five public hospitals located in different geographic regions of Ethiopia. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using questionnaire-based interviews. From consenting HWs, blood samples were collected between December 2020 and February 2021, the period between the two peaks of COVID-19 in Ethiopia. The collected sera were tested using an in-house immunoglobin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies on sera collected from HWs. Results Of 1,997 HWs who provided a blood sample, demographic and clinical data, 50.5% were female, 74.0% had no symptoms compatible with COVID-19, and 29.0% had history of contact with suspected or confirmed patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The overall seroprevalence was 39.6%. The lowest (24.5%) and the highest (48.0%) seroprevalence rates were found in Hiwot Fana Specialized Hospital in Harar and ALERT Hospital in Addis Ababa, respectively. Of the 821 seropositive HWs, 224(27.3%) had history of symptoms consistent with COVID-19. A history of close contact with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 cases was strongly associated with seropositivity (Adjusted odds Ratio (AOR) =1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.8; p=0.015). Conclusion High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence levels were observed in the five Ethiopian hospitals. These findings highlight the significant burden of asymptomatic infection in Ethiopia, and may reflect the scale of transmission in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abebe Sorsa
- Arsi University, Asella College of Health Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dagaga Kenea
- Arsi University, Asella College of Health Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kim Mullholand
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Alfadhli A, Romanaggi C, Barklis RL, Merutka I, Bates TA, Tafesse FG, Barklis E. Capsid-specific nanobody effects on HIV-1 assembly and infectivity. Virology 2021; 562:19-28. [PMID: 34246112 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The capsid (CA) domain of the HIV-1 precursor Gag (PrGag) protein plays multiple roles in HIV-1 replication, and is central to the assembly of immature virions, and mature virus cores. CA proteins themselves are composed of N-terminal domains (NTDs) and C-terminal domains (CTDs). We have investigated the interactions of CA with anti-CA nanobodies, which derive from the antigen recognition regions of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. The one CA NTD-specific and two CTD-specific nanobodies we analyzed proved sensitive and specific HIV-1 CA detection reagents in immunoassays. When co-expressed with HIV-1 Gag proteins in cells, the NTD-specific nanobody was efficiently assembled into virions and did not perturb virus assembly. In contrast, the two CTD-specific nanobodies reduced PrGag processing, virus release and HIV-1 infectivity. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of Gag-targeted nanobody inhibition of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayna Alfadhli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - CeAnn Romanaggi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Robin Lid Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Ilaria Merutka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
| | - Eric Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
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Lyski ZL, Brunton AE, Strnad MI, Sullivan PE, Siegel SA, Tafesse FG, Slifka MK, Messer WB. SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B-cells from individuals with diverse disease severities recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. medRxiv 2021:2021.05.28.21258025. [PMID: 34100028 PMCID: PMC8183027 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.28.21258025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation we examined the magnitude, breadth, and durability of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in two distinct B-cell compartments: long-lived plasma cell-derived antibodies in the plasma, and peripheral memory B-cells along with their associated antibody profiles elicited after in vitro stimulation. We found that magnitude varied amongst individuals, but was the highest in hospitalized subjects. Variants of concern (VoC) -RBD-reactive antibodies were found in the plasma of 72% of samples in this investigation, and VoC-RBD-reactive memory B-cells were found in all but 1 subject at a single time-point. This finding, that VoC-RBD-reactive MBCs are present in the peripheral blood of all subjects including those that experienced asymptomatic or mild disease, provides a reason for optimism regarding the capacity of vaccination, prior infection, and/or both, to limit disease severity and transmission of variants of concern as they continue to arise and circulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe L. Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Matt I. Strnad
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | | | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mark K. Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
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35
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Leier HC, Bates TA, Lyski ZL, McBride SK, Lee DX, Coulter FJ, Goodman JR, Lu Z, Curlin ME, Messer WB, Tafesse FG. Previously infected vaccinees broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants. medRxiv 2021:2021.04.25.21256049. [PMID: 33948601 PMCID: PMC8095208 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.25.21256049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We compared the serum neutralizing antibody titers before and after two doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in ten individuals who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination to 20 individuals with no history of infection, against clinical isolates of B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and the original SARS-CoV-2 virus. Vaccination boosted pre-existing levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies 10-fold in previously infected individuals, but not to levels significantly higher than those of uninfected vaccinees. However, neutralizing antibody titers increased in previously infected vaccinees relative to uninfected vaccinees against every variant tested: 5.2-fold against B.1.1.7, 6.5-fold against B.1.351, 4.3-fold against P.1, and 3.4-fold against original SARS-CoV-2. Our study indicates that a first-generation COVID-19 vaccine provides broad protection from SARS-CoV-2 variants in individuals with previous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C. Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Zoe L. Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - David X. Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Felicity J. Coulter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - James R. Goodman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Zhengchun Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Marcel E. Curlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Portland, OR 97239, United States
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36
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Bates TA, Leier HC, Lyski ZL, McBride SK, Coulter FJ, Weinstein JB, Goodman JR, Lu Z, Siegel SAR, Sullivan P, Strnad M, Brunton AE, Lee DX, Curlin ME, Messer WB, Tafesse FG. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent and vaccinated serum. medRxiv 2021:2021.04.04.21254881. [PMID: 33851185 PMCID: PMC8043482 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.04.21254881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We tested human sera from large, demographically balanced cohorts of BNT162b2 vaccine recipients (n=51) and COVID-19 patients (n=44) for neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. Although the effect is more pronounced in the vaccine cohort, both B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 show significantly reduced levels of neutralization by vaccinated and convalescent sera. Age is negatively correlated with neutralization in vaccinee, and levels of variant-specific RBD antibodies are proportional to neutralizing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hans C. Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zoe L. Lyski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Felicity J. Coulter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jules B. Weinstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - James R. Goodman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zhengchun Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sarah A. R. Siegel
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR 97339
| | - Peter Sullivan
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR 97339
| | - Matt Strnad
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR 97339
| | - Amanda E. Brunton
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR 97339
| | - David X. Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Marcel E. Curlin
- USA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Program in Epidemiology, Portland, OR 97339
- USA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
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37
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Barklis E, Alfadhli A, Kyle JE, Bramer LM, Bloodsworth KJ, Barklis RL, Leier HC, Petty RM, Zelnik ID, Metz TO, Futerman AH, Tafesse FG. Ceramide synthase 2 deletion decreases the infectivity of HIV-1. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100340. [PMID: 33515546 PMCID: PMC7949126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid composition of HIV-1 virions is enriched in sphingomyelin (SM), but the roles that SM or other sphingolipids (SLs) might play in the HIV-1 replication pathway have not been elucidated. In human cells, SL levels are regulated by ceramide synthase (CerS) enzymes that produce ceramides, which can be converted to SMs, hexosylceramides, and other SLs. In many cell types, CerS2, which catalyzes the synthesis of very long chain ceramides, is the major CerS. We have examined how CerS2 deficiency affects the assembly and infectivity of HIV-1. As expected, we observed that very long chain ceramide, hexosylceramide, and SM were reduced in CerS2 knockout cells. CerS2 deficiency did not affect HIV-1 assembly or the incorporation of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein into virus particles, but it reduced the infectivites of viruses produced in the CerS2-deficient cells. The reduced viral infection levels were dependent on HIV-1 Env, since HIV-1 particles that were pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein did not exhibit reductions in infectivity. Moreover, cell-cell fusion assays demonstrated that the functional defect of HIV-1 Env in CerS2-deficient cells was independent of other viral proteins. Overall, our results indicate that the altered lipid composition of CerS2-deficient cells specifically inhibit the HIV-1 Env receptor binding and/or fusion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Ayna Alfadhli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer E Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- Computing and Analytics Division, National Security Directorate PNNL, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Kent J Bloodsworth
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Robin Lid Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hans C Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - R Max Petty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Iris D Zelnik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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38
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Bates TA, Weinstein JB, Farley S, Leier HC, Messer WB, Tafesse FG. Cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV structural protein antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108737. [PMID: 33545052 PMCID: PMC7835103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there remain unanswered questions regarding the nature and significance of the humoral immune response toward other coronavirus infections. Here, we investigate the cross-reactivity of antibodies raised against the first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) for their reactivity toward SARS-CoV-2. We extensively characterize a selection of 10 antibodies covering all of the SARS-CoV structural proteins: spike, membrane, nucleocapsid, and envelope. Although nearly all of the examined SARS-CoV antibodies display some level of reactivity to SARS-CoV-2, we find only partial cross-neutralization for the spike antibodies. The implications of our work are two-fold. First, we establish a set of antibodies with known reactivity to both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, which will allow further study of both viruses. Second, we provide empirical evidence of the high propensity for antibody cross-reactivity between distinct strains of human coronaviruses, which is critical information for designing diagnostic and vaccine strategies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jules B Weinstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Scotland Farley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hans C Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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39
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Leier HC, Weinstein JB, Kyle JE, Lee JY, Bramer LM, Stratton KG, Kempthorne D, Navratil AR, Tafesse EG, Hornemann T, Messer WB, Dennis EA, Metz TO, Barklis E, Tafesse FG. A global lipid map defines a network essential for Zika virus replication. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3652. [PMID: 32694525 PMCID: PMC7374707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus of global concern, remodels intracellular membranes to form replication sites. How ZIKV dysregulates lipid networks to allow this, and consequences for disease, is poorly understood. Here, we perform comprehensive lipidomics to create a lipid network map during ZIKV infection. We find that ZIKV significantly alters host lipid composition, with the most striking changes seen within subclasses of sphingolipids. Ectopic expression of ZIKV NS4B protein results in similar changes, demonstrating a role for NS4B in modulating sphingolipid pathways. Disruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis in various cell types, including human neural progenitor cells, blocks ZIKV infection. Additionally, the sphingolipid ceramide redistributes to ZIKV replication sites, and increasing ceramide levels by multiple pathways sensitizes cells to ZIKV infection. Thus, we identify a sphingolipid metabolic network with a critical role in ZIKV replication and show that ceramide flux is a key mediator of ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jules B Weinstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jennifer E Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Joon-Yong Lee
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- Computing and Analytics Division, National Security Directorate, PNNL, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Kelly G Stratton
- Computing and Analytics Division, National Security Directorate, PNNL, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Douglas Kempthorne
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Center for Diversity and Inclusion, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Aaron R Navratil
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Endale G Tafesse
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- University Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Eric Barklis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Abstract
Phagocytosis by phagocytes such as neutrophils is a crucial part of the host innate immune response against invading pathogens. Phagocytosis is a complex process that initiates with the binding of the particles on the cell surface of the phagocytes through the interaction of pattern recognition receptors with ligands on the surface of the pathogens. During this process, phagocytes undergo extensive membrane reorganization and cytoskeleton rearrangement at their cell surface. To gain better insight about the molecular mechanisms of this dynamic cellular process, visualization and quantification in a high-throughput manner is essential. Here, we describe a microscope-based method to visualize and quantify phagocytic uptake of pathogens (such as bacteria and fungi) and model particulates that are larger than 0.5 μm (such as Zymosan A and IgG-coated beads).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen Guzman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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41
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Dadsena S, Bockelmann S, Mina JGM, Hassan DG, Korneev S, Razzera G, Jahn H, Niekamp P, Müller D, Schneider M, Tafesse FG, Marrink SJ, Melo MN, Holthuis JCM. Ceramides bind VDAC2 to trigger mitochondrial apoptosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1832. [PMID: 31015432 PMCID: PMC6478893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramides draw wide attention as tumor suppressor lipids that act directly on mitochondria to trigger apoptotic cell death. However, molecular details of the underlying mechanism are largely unknown. Using a photoactivatable ceramide probe, we here identify the voltage-dependent anion channels VDAC1 and VDAC2 as mitochondrial ceramide binding proteins. Coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations reveal that both channels harbor a ceramide binding site on one side of the barrel wall. This site includes a membrane-buried glutamate that mediates direct contact with the ceramide head group. Substitution or chemical modification of this residue abolishes photolabeling of both channels with the ceramide probe. Unlike VDAC1 removal, loss of VDAC2 or replacing its membrane-facing glutamate with glutamine renders human colon cancer cells largely resistant to ceramide-induced apoptosis. Collectively, our data support a role of VDAC2 as direct effector of ceramide-mediated cell death, providing a molecular framework for how ceramides exert their anti-neoplastic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Dadsena
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Svenja Bockelmann
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John G M Mina
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
- School of Science, Engineering and Design, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK.
| | - Dina G Hassan
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sergei Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Guilherme Razzera
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Helene Jahn
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Patrick Niekamp
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Dagmar Müller
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Markus Schneider
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Plant Physiology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Artilleriestraße 77, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel N Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
- Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Artilleriestraße 77, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Tafesse FG, Leier HC, Weinstein JB, Navratil AR, Messer WB, Dennis EA, Barklis E. Defining the roles of host lipids in flavivirus infection. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.654.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C. Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William B. Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Bachran C, Schröder M, Conrad L, Cragnolini JJ, Tafesse FG, Helming L, Ploegh HL, Swee LK. The activity of myeloid cell-specific VHH immunotoxins is target-, epitope-, subset- and organ dependent. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17916. [PMID: 29263417 PMCID: PMC5738442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The central role of myeloid cells in driving autoimmune diseases and cancer has raised interest in manipulating their function or depleting them for therapeutic benefits. To achieve this, antibodies are used to antagonize differentiation, survival and polarization signals or to kill target cells, for example in the form of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). The action of ADC in vivo can be hard to predict based on target expression pattern alone. The biology of the targeted receptor as well as its interplay with the ADC can have drastic effects on cell apoptosis versus survival. Here we investigated the efficacy of CD11b or Ly-6C/Ly-6G-specific variable fragments of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies (VHH) conjugated to Pseudomonas exotoxin A to deplete myeloid cells in vitro and in vivo. Our data highlight striking differences in cell killing in vivo, depending on the cell subset and organs targeted, but not antigen expression level or VHH affinity. We observed striking differences in depletion efficiency of monocytes versus granulocytes in mice. Despite similar binding of Ly-6C/Ly-6G-specific VHH immunotoxin to granulocytes and monocytes, granulocytes were significantly more sensitive than monocytes to immunotoxins treatment. Our results illustrate the need of early, thorough in vivo characterization of ADC candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Schröder
- BioMed X Innovation Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Conrad
- BioMed X Innovation Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juan J Cragnolini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lee Kim Swee
- BioMed X Innovation Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kol M, Panatala R, Nordmann M, Swart L, van Suijlekom L, Cabukusta B, Hilderink A, Grabietz T, Mina JGM, Somerharju P, Korneev S, Tafesse FG, Holthuis JCM. Switching head group selectivity in mammalian sphingolipid biosynthesis by active-site-engineering of sphingomyelin synthases. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:962-973. [PMID: 28336574 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m076133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SM is a fundamental component of mammalian cell membranes that contributes to mechanical stability, signaling, and sorting. Its production involves the transfer of phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine onto ceramide, a reaction catalyzed by SM synthase (SMS)1 in the Golgi and SMS2 at the plasma membrane. Mammalian cells also synthesize trace amounts of the SM analog, ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), but the physiological relevance of CPE production is unclear. Previous work revealed that SMS2 is a bifunctional enzyme producing both SM and CPE, whereas a closely related enzyme, SMS-related protein (SMSr)/SAMD8, acts as a monofunctional CPE synthase in the endoplasmic reticulum. Using domain swapping and site-directed mutagenesis on enzymes expressed in defined lipid environments, we here identified structural determinants that mediate the head group selectivity of SMS family members. Notably, a single residue adjacent to the catalytic histidine in the third exoplasmic loop profoundly influenced enzyme specificity, with Glu permitting SMS-catalyzed CPE production and Asp confining the enzyme to produce SM. An exchange of exoplasmic residues with SMSr proved sufficient to convert SMS1 into a bulk CPE synthase. This allowed us to establish mammalian cells that produce CPE rather than SM as the principal phosphosphingolipid and provide a model of the molecular interactions that impart catalytic specificity among SMS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Kol
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany .,Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Radhakrishnan Panatala
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.,Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjana Nordmann
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Leoni Swart
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie van Suijlekom
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birol Cabukusta
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Angelika Hilderink
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tanja Grabietz
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John G M Mina
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pentti Somerharju
- Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sergei Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany .,Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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46
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Abstract
The mammalian body is equipped with various layers of mechanisms that help to defend itself from pathogen invasions. Professional phagocytes of the immune system - such as neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages - retain the innate ability to detect and clear such invading pathogens through phagocytosis1. Phagocytosis involves choreographed events of membrane reorganization and actin remodeling at the cell surface2,3. Phagocytes successfully internalize and eradicate foreign molecules only when all stages of phagocytosis are fulfilled. These steps include recognition and binding of the pathogen by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) residing at the cell surface, formation of phagocytic cup through actin-enriched membranous protrusions (pseudopods) to surround the particulate, and scission of the phagosome followed by phagolysosome maturation that results in the killing of the pathogen3,4. Imaging and quantification of various stages of phagocytosis is instrumental for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this cellular process. The present manuscript reports methods to study the different phases of phagocytosis. We describe a microscope-based approach to visualize and quantify the binding, phagocytic cup formation, and the internalization of particulate by phagocytes. As phagocytosis occurs when innate receptors on phagocytic cells encounter ligands on a target particle bigger than 0.5 µm, the assays we present here comprise the use of pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and other particulates such as zymosan and IgG-coated beads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard;
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47
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Kol M, Panatala R, Nordmann M, Swart L, van Suijlekom L, Cabukusta B, Hilderink A, Grabietz T, Mina JGM, Somerharju P, Korneev S, Tafesse FG, Holthuis JCM. Switching head group selectivity in mammalian sphingolipid biosynthesis by active-site engineering of sphingomyelin synthases. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1273-85. [PMID: 27165857 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SM is a fundamental component of mammalian cell membranes that contributes to mechanical stability, signaling, and sorting. Its production involves the transfer of phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine onto ceramide, a reaction catalyzed by SM synthase (SMS) 1 in the Golgi and SMS2 at the plasma membrane. Mammalian cells also synthesize trace amounts of the SM analog ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), but the physiological relevance of CPE production is unclear. Previous work revealed that SMS2 is a bifunctional enzyme producing both SM and CPE, whereas a closely related enzyme, sphingomyelin synthase-related protein (SMSr)/SAMD8, acts as a monofunctional CPE synthase in the endoplasmatic reticulum. Using domain swapping and site-directed mutagenesis on enzymes expressed in defined lipid environments, we here identified structural determinants that mediate head group selectivity of SMS family members. Notably, a single residue adjacent to the catalytic histidine in the third exoplasmic loop profoundly influenced enzyme specificity, with glutamic acid permitting SMS-catalyzed CPE production and aspartic acid confining the enzyme to produce SM. An exchange of exoplasmic residues with SMSr proved sufficient to convert SMS1 into a bulk CPE synthase. This allowed us to establish mammalian cells that produce CPE rather than SM as the principal phosphosphingolipid and provide a model of the molecular interactions that impart catalytic specificity among SMS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Kol
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Radhakrishnan Panatala
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjana Nordmann
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Leoni Swart
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie van Suijlekom
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birol Cabukusta
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Angelika Hilderink
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tanja Grabietz
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John G M Mina
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pentti Somerharju
- Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sergei Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Jahan AS, Lestra M, Swee LK, Fan Y, Lamers MM, Tafesse FG, Theile CS, Spooner E, Bruzzone R, Ploegh HL, Sanyal S. Usp12 stabilizes the T-cell receptor complex at the cell surface during signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E705-14. [PMID: 26811477 PMCID: PMC4760780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521763113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications are central to the spatial and temporal regulation of protein function. Among others, phosphorylation and ubiquitylation are known to regulate proximal T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Here we used a systematic and unbiased approach to uncover deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) that participate during TCR signaling in primary mouse T lymphocytes. Using a C-terminally modified vinyl methyl ester variant of ubiquitin (HA-Ub-VME), we captured DUBs that are differentially recruited to the cytosol on TCR activation. We identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase (Usp) 12 and Usp46, which had not been previously described in this pathway. Stimulation with anti-CD3 resulted in phosphorylation and time-dependent translocation of Usp12 from the nucleus to the cytosol. Usp12(-/-) Jurkat cells displayed defective NFκB, NFAT, and MAPK activities owing to attenuated surface expression of TCR, which were rescued on reconstitution of wild type Usp12. Proximity-based labeling with BirA-Usp12 revealed several TCR adaptor proteins acting as interactors in stimulated cells, of which LAT and Trat1 displayed reduced expression in Usp12(-/-) cells. We demonstrate that Usp12 deubiquitylates and prevents lysosomal degradation of LAT and Trat1 to maintain the proximal TCR complex for the duration of signaling. Our approach benefits from the use of activity-based probes in primary cells without any previous genome modification, and underscores the importance of ubiquitin-mediated regulation to refine signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhee S Jahan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Maxime Lestra
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lee Kim Swee
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ying Fan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mart M Lamers
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Eric Spooner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
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49
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Tafesse FG, Rashidfarrokhi A, Schmidt FI, Freinkman E, Dougan S, Dougan M, Esteban A, Maruyama T, Strijbis K, Ploegh HL. Disruption of Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Blocks Phagocytosis of Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005188. [PMID: 26431038 PMCID: PMC4592247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of phagocytes to clear pathogens is an essential attribute of the innate immune response. The role of signaling lipid molecules such as phosphoinositides is well established, but the role of membrane sphingolipids in phagocytosis is largely unknown. Using a genetic approach and small molecule inhibitors, we show that phagocytosis of Candida albicans requires an intact sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. Blockade of serine-palmitoyltransferase (SPT) and ceramide synthase-enzymes involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis- by myriocin and fumonisin B1, respectively, impaired phagocytosis by phagocytes. We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to generate Sptlc2-deficient DC2.4 dendritic cells, which lack serine palmitoyl transferase activity. Sptlc2-/- DC2.4 cells exhibited a stark defect in phagocytosis, were unable to bind fungal particles and failed to form a normal phagocytic cup to engulf C. albicans. Supplementing the growth media with GM1, the major ganglioside present at the cell surface, restored phagocytic activity of Sptlc2-/- DC2.4 cells. While overall membrane trafficking and endocytic pathways remained functional, Sptlc2-/- DC2.4 cells express reduced levels of the pattern recognition receptors Dectin-1 and TLR2 at the cell surface. Consistent with the in vitro data, compromised sphingolipid biosynthesis in mice sensitizes the animal to C. albicans infection. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is therefore critical for phagocytosis and in vivo clearance of C. albicans. The fungus Candida albicans is not only a commensal of the digestive system, but also a common cause of human opportunistic infections. Macrophages and dendritic cells can eliminate C. albicans by phagocytosis, a complex process that involves extensive membrane reorganization at the cell surface. The extent to which membrane lipids, including sphingolipids, contribute to the proper execution of phagocytosis remains largely unknown. Pharmacological blockade of sphingolipid biosynthesis by the small molecule inhibitors myriocin and fumonisin B1 impairs phagocytosis of C. albicans. DC2.4 dendritic cells genetically deficient in Sptlc2, the enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway, are likewise defective in phagocytosis of C. albicans. Sptlc2-/- DC2.4 cells showed reduced binding of C. albicans, but overall membrane transport and protein secretion remained functional. Sptlc2-deficient cells express reduced levels of the receptors Dectin-1 and TLR2 at the cell surface, and are unable to form a normal phagocytic cup. Exogenous addition of the major ganglioside GM1 restored phagocytic ability of Sptlc2-/- DC2.4 cells. Mice with compromised sphingolipid production upon in vivo treatment with fumonisin B1 fail to eradicate C. albicans, consistent with the in vitro results. Sphingolipids are thus essential for clearance of fungal infection through phagocytosis, and hence indispensable for the proper functioning of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Ali Rashidfarrokhi
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Florian I. Schmidt
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizaveta Freinkman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Dougan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Dougan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Esteban
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Maruyama
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karin Strijbis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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50
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Tafesse FG, Guimaraes CP, Maruyama T, Carette JE, Lory S, Brummelkamp TR, Ploegh HL. GPR107, a G-protein-coupled receptor essential for intoxication by Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, localizes to the Golgi and is cleaved by furin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24005-18. [PMID: 25031321 PMCID: PMC4148833 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of toxins, including exotoxin A (PE) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. PE kills by ADP-ribosylation of the translation elongation factor 2, but many of the host factors required for entry, membrane translocation, and intracellular transport remain to be elucidated. A genome-wide genetic screen in human KBM7 cells was performed to uncover host factors used by PE, several of which were confirmed by CRISPR/Cas9-gene editing in a different cell type. Several proteins not previously implicated in the PE intoxication pathway were identified, including GPR107, an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor. GPR107 localizes to the trans-Golgi network and is essential for retrograde transport. It is cleaved by the endoprotease furin, and a disulfide bond connects the two cleaved fragments. Compromising this association affects the function of GPR107. The N-terminal region of GPR107 is critical for its biological function. GPR107 might be one of the long-sought receptors that associates with G-proteins to regulate intracellular vesicular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikadu G Tafesse
- From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Carla P Guimaraes
- From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Takeshi Maruyama
- From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jan E Carette
- the Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Stephen Lory
- the Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Thijn R Brummelkamp
- the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,
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