1
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Bade R, van Herwerden D, Rousis N, Adhikari S, Allen D, Baduel C, Bijlsma L, Boogaerts T, Burgard D, Chappell A, Driver EM, Sodre FF, Fatta-Kassinos D, Gracia-Lor E, Gracia-Marín E, Halden RU, Heath E, Jaunay E, Krotulski A, Lai FY, Löve ASC, O'Brien JW, Oh JE, Pasin D, Castro MP, Psichoudaki M, Salgueiro-Gonzalez N, Gomes CS, Subedi B, Thomas KV, Thomaidis N, Wang D, Yargeau V, Samanipour S, Mueller J. Workflow to facilitate the detection of new psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse in influent urban wastewater. J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:133955. [PMID: 38457976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The complexity around the dynamic markets for new psychoactive substances (NPS) forces researchers to develop and apply innovative analytical strategies to detect and identify them in influent urban wastewater. In this work a comprehensive suspect screening workflow following liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry analysis was established utilising the open-source InSpectra data processing platform and the HighResNPS library. In total, 278 urban influent wastewater samples from 47 sites in 16 countries were collected to investigate the presence of NPS and other drugs of abuse. A total of 50 compounds were detected in samples from at least one site. Most compounds found were prescription drugs such as gabapentin (detection frequency 79%), codeine (40%) and pregabalin (15%). However, cocaine was the most found illicit drug (83%), in all countries where samples were collected apart from the Republic of Korea and China. Eight NPS were also identified with this protocol: 3-methylmethcathinone 11%), eutylone (6%), etizolam (2%), 3-chloromethcathinone (4%), mitragynine (6%), phenibut (2%), 25I-NBOH (2%) and trimethoxyamphetamine (2%). The latter three have not previously been reported in municipal wastewater samples. The workflow employed allowed the prioritisation of features to be further investigated, reducing processing time and gaining in confidence in their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Denice van Herwerden
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Rousis
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Sangeet Adhikari
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Darren Allen
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Institute of Environmental Geosciences (IGE), Grenoble, France
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dan Burgard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, United States
| | - Andrew Chappell
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre, 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Erin M Driver
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | | | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Gracia-Marín
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Rolf U Halden
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; OneWaterOneHealth, Arizona State University Foundation, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287-8101, United States
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute and International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emma Jaunay
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Krotulski
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, PA 19090, United States
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arndís Sue Ching Löve
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland; University of Iceland, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Pasin
- Forensic Laboratory Division, San Francisco Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1 Newhall St, San Francisco, CA 94124, United States
| | | | - Magda Psichoudaki
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bikram Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071-3300, United States
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Nikolaos Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Degao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; UvA Data Science Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Ugolini V, Lai FY. Novel, alternative analytical methodology for determination of antimicrobial chemicals in aquatic environments and public use assessment: Extraction sorbent, microbiological sensitivity, stability, and applicability. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1286:342029. [PMID: 38049233 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing antimicrobial chemicals from wastewater source to recipient water systems is crucial in planning effective, policy-related interventions for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) risk mitigation. However, the capability of related analytical methods for AMR assessment has not been explored previously. There is also a lack of knowledge on the effectiveness of alternative extraction sorbents with ion-exchange functions, and little information on chemical stability from sampling to analysis as well as preservative options. Hence, our study aims to address the clear need for advanced, broad-range and microbiologically-sensitive methodologies, paired with thorough stability assessments. RESULTS Oasis® WCX ion-exchange was for the first time employed in solid-phase extraction (SPE) for antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals and human metabolites in various water matrices. Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on a biphenyl analytical column. The optimized and validated method provided satisfactory accuracy, precision, and recovery for 53 compounds via LC-MS/MS direct injection and for up to 35 compounds via SPE-LC-MS/MS. Method quantification limits (MQLs) were determined in groundwater (0.33-54 ng L-1), surface water (0.53-75 ng L-1), effluent wastewater (2.5-470 ng L-1), and influent wastewater (11-650 ng L-1). As a novel approach, MQLs were compared with minimum inhibitory concentrations, to confirm our method's microbiological sensitivity for studying AMR. Stability assessment revealed that most compounds remained stable in standard solution at -80 °C for six months, in various waters at -20 °C for eight weeks, and during 24-h sampling at 4 °C. Sodium azide was a better preservative than sodium metabisulfite. SIGNIFICANCE Our study is an added value to the analytical methodology for water measurements of antimicrobial chemicals, in which it provides a novel, alternative method that is robust and overall more sensitive than others using generic Oasis® HLB sorbents and C18 analytical columns in SPE-LC-MS/MS. Also, the comprehensive data on antimicrobial stability helps reduce methodological uncertainty for future studies. Our method shows sufficient microbiologically-sensitivity and thus is suitable for future (inter)national regulatory water monitoring of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ugolini
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden.
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden.
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Nassazzi W, Wu TC, Jass J, Lai FY, Ahrens L. Phytoextraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the influence of supplements on the performance of short-rotation crops. Environ Pollut 2023; 333:122038. [PMID: 37321315 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic compounds threatening water quality and food safety worldwide. Phytoremediation is a nature-based, cost-effective, and scalable solution with high potential for treating PFAS-contaminated sites. However, there is a large knowledge gap regarding choice of plant species and methods to enhance performance. This study assessed the PFAS phytoextraction potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), mustard (Brassica juncea), and industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) in a greenhouse experiment, using inorganic fertilizer and a microbial mixture as supplements. PFAS concentrations were measured using UPLC-MS/MS, and bioconcentration factors for different plant tissues and removal efficiency were determined. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) accumulation was 0.4-360 times higher than that of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA) homologues of similar perfluorocarbon chain length. Inorganic fertilizer significantly (p < 0.001) reduced PFAS concentration in all plant tissues, whereas the microbial mixture tested did not affect PFAS concentration. PFAS uptake ranged from 0.2 to 33% per crop cycle. Overall, the potential number of crop cycles required for removal of 90% of individual PFAS ranged from six (PFPeA) to 232 (PFOA) using sunflower, 15 (PFPeA) to 466 (PFOS) using mustard and nine (PFPeA) to 420 (PFOS) using Hemp. In this study, the percentage of PFAS removal by plants was determined, and an estimation of the time required for PFAS phytoextraction was determined for the first time. This information is important for practical phytoremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Nassazzi
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tien-Chi Wu
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jana Jass
- The Life Science Center - Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Demissie N, Simha P, Lai FY, Ahrens L, Mussabek D, Desta A, Vinnerås B. Degradation of 75 organic micropollutants in fresh human urine and water by UV advanced oxidation process. Water Res 2023; 242:120221. [PMID: 37390654 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
In household wastewater, a large proportion of organic micropollutants (OMPs) load is attributed to human urine. OMPs could pose a risk to human and environmental health when urine collected in source-separating sanitation systems is recycled as crop fertiliser. This study evaluated degradation of 75 OMPs in human urine treated by a UV-based advanced oxidation process. Fresh urine and water samples were spiked with a broad range of OMPs and fed into a photoreactor equipped with a UV lamp (185 and 254 nm) that generated free radicals in situ. Degradation rate constant and the energy required to degrade 90% of all the OMPs in both matrices were determined. At a UV dose of 2060 J m-2, average ΣOMP degradation of 99% (±4%) in water and 55% (±36%) in fresh urine was achieved. The energy demand for removal of OMPs in water was <1500 J m-2, but for removal of OMPs in urine at least 10-fold more energy was needed. A combination of photolysis and photo-oxidation can explain the degradation of OMPs during UV treatment. Organic substances (e.g. urea, creatinine) likely inhibited degradation of OMPs in urine by competitively absorbing UV-light and scavenging free radicals. There was no reduction in the nitrogen content of urine during treatment. In summary, UV treatment can reduce the load of OMPs to urine recycling sanitation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natnael Demissie
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Prithvi Simha
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dauren Mussabek
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Box 118 SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Adey Desta
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Björn Vinnerås
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Löffler P, Escher BI, Baduel C, Virta MP, Lai FY. Antimicrobial Transformation Products in the Aquatic Environment: Global Occurrence, Ecotoxicological Risks, and Potential of Antibiotic Resistance. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37335844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is concerning for the health of humans, animals, and the environment in a One Health perspective. Assessments of AMR and associated environmental hazards mostly focus on antimicrobial parent compounds, while largely overlooking their transformation products (TPs). This review lists antimicrobial TPs identified in surface water environments and examines their potential for AMR promotion, ecological risk, as well as human health and environmental hazards using in silico models. Our review also summarizes the key transformation compartments of TPs, related pathways for TPs reaching surface waters and methodologies for studying the fate of TPs. The 56 antimicrobial TPs covered by the review were prioritized via scoring and ranking of various risk and hazard parameters. Most data on occurrences to date have been reported in Europe, while little is known about antibiotic TPs in Africa, Central and South America, Asia, and Oceania. Occurrence data on antiviral TPs and other antibacterial TPs are even scarcer. We propose evaluation of structural similarity between parent compounds and TPs for TP risk assessment. We predicted a risk of AMR for 13 TPs, especially TPs of tetracyclines and macrolides. We estimated the ecotoxicological effect concentrations of TPs from the experimental effect data of the parent chemical for bacteria, algae and water fleas, scaled by potency differences predicted by quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for baseline toxicity and a scaling factor for structural similarity. Inclusion of TPs in mixtures with their parent increased the ecological risk quotient over the threshold of one for 7 of the 24 antimicrobials included in this analysis, while only one parent had a risk quotient above one. Thirteen TPs, from which 6 were macrolide TPs, posed a risk to at least one of the three tested species. There were 12/21 TPs identified that are likely to exhibit a similar or higher level of mutagenicity/carcinogenicity, respectively, than their parent compound, with tetracycline TPs often showing increased mutagenicity. Most TPs with increased carcinogenicity belonged to sulfonamides. Most of the TPs were predicted to be mobile but not bioaccumulative, and 14 were predicted to be persistent. The six highest-priority TPs originated from the tetracycline antibiotic family and antivirals. This review, and in particular our ranking of antimicrobial TPs of concern, can support authorities in planning related intervention strategies and source mitigation of antimicrobials toward a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Löffler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38 050 Grenoble, France
| | - Marko P Virta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Multidisciplinary Center of Excellence in Antimicrobial Resistance Research, Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
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Caracciolo R, Escher BI, Lai FY, Nguyen TA, Le TMT, Schlichting R, Tröger R, Némery J, Wiberg K, Nguyen PD, Baduel C. Impact of a megacity on the water quality of a tropical estuary assessed by a combination of chemical analysis and in-vitro bioassays. Sci Total Environ 2023; 877:162525. [PMID: 36868276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tropical estuaries are threatened by rapid urbanization, which leads to the spread of thousands of micropollutants and poses an environmental risk to such sensitive aqueous ecosystems. In the present study, a combination of chemical and bioanalytical water characterization was applied to investigate the impact of Ho Chi Minh megacity (HCMC, 9.2 million inhabitants in 2021) on the Saigon River and its estuary and provide a comprehensive water quality assessment. Water samples were collected along a 140-km stretch integrating the river-estuary continuum from upstream HCMC down to the estuary mouth in the East Sea. Additional water samples were collected at the mouth of the four main canals of the city center. Chemical analysis was performed targeting up to 217 micropollutants (pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, PFASs, flame retardants, hormones, pesticides). Bioanalysis was performed using six in-vitro bioassays for hormone receptor-mediated effects, xenobiotic metabolism pathways and oxidative stress response, respectively, all accompanied by cytotoxicity measurement. A total of 120 micropollutants were detected and displayed high variability along the river continuum with total concentration ranging from 0.25 to 78 μg L-1. Among them, 59 micropollutants were ubiquitous (detection frequency ≥ 80 %). An attenuation was observed in concentration and effect profiles towards the estuary. The urban canals were identified as major sources of micropollutants and bioactivity to the river, and one canal (Bến Nghé) exceeded the effect-based trigger values derived for estrogenicity and xenobiotic metabolism. Iceberg modelling apportioned the contribution of the quantified and the unknown chemicals to the measured effects. Diuron, metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, daidzein, genistein, climbazole, mebendazole and telmisartan were identified as main risk drivers of the oxidative stress response and xenobiotic metabolism pathway activation. Our study reinforced the need for improved wastewater management and deeper evaluations of the occurrence and fate of micropollutants in urbanized tropical estuarine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romane Caracciolo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, Institute of Environmental Geosciences (IGE), 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Beate I Escher
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Truong An Nguyen
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, Institute of Environmental Geosciences (IGE), 38000 Grenoble, France; Asian Centre for Water Research (CARE)/HCMUT, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Minh Tam Le
- Asian Centre for Water Research (CARE)/HCMUT, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Rita Schlichting
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rikard Tröger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julien Némery
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, Institute of Environmental Geosciences (IGE), 38000 Grenoble, France; Asian Centre for Water Research (CARE)/HCMUT, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Phuoc Dan Nguyen
- Asian Centre for Water Research (CARE)/HCMUT, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Ho Chi Minh University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Christine Baduel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, Institute of Environmental Geosciences (IGE), 38000 Grenoble, France; Asian Centre for Water Research (CARE)/HCMUT, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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7
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Bade R, Rousis N, Adhikari S, Baduel C, Bijlsma L, Bizani E, Boogaerts T, Burgard DA, Castiglioni S, Chappell A, Covaci A, Driver EM, Sodre FF, Fatta-Kassinos D, Galani A, Gerber C, Gracia-Lor E, Gracia-Marín E, Halden RU, Heath E, Hernandez F, Jaunay E, Lai FY, Lee HJ, Laimou-Geraniou M, Oh JE, Olafsdottir K, Phung K, Castro MP, Psichoudaki M, Shao X, Salgueiro-Gonzalez N, Feitosa RS, Gomes CS, Subedi B, Löve ASC, Thomaidis N, Tran D, van Nuijs A, Verovšek T, Wang D, White JM, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Mueller JF. Three years of wastewater surveillance for new psychoactive substances from 16 countries. Water Res X 2023; 19:100179. [PMID: 37143710 PMCID: PMC10151418 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) over recent years has made their surveillance complex. The analysis of raw municipal influent wastewater can allow a broader insight into community consumption patterns of NPS. This study examines data from an international wastewater surveillance program that collected and analysed influent wastewater samples from up to 47 sites in 16 countries between 2019 and 2022. Influent wastewater samples were collected over the New Year period and analysed using validated liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry methods. Over the three years, a total of 18 NPS were found in at least one site. Synthetic cathinones were the most found class followed by phenethylamines and designer benzodiazepines. Furthermore, two ketamine analogues, one plant based NPS (mitragynine) and methiopropamine were also quantified across the three years. This work demonstrates that NPS are used across different continents and countries with the use of some more evident in particular regions. For example, mitragynine has highest mass loads in sites in the United States, while eutylone and 3-methylmethcathinone increased considerably in New Zealand and in several European countries, respectively. Moreover, 2F-deschloroketamine, an analogue of ketamine, has emerged more recently and could be quantified in several sites, including one in China, where it is considered as one of the drugs of most concern. Finally, some NPS were detected in specific regions during the initial sampling campaigns and spread to additional sites by the third campaign. Hence, wastewater surveillance can provide an insight into temporal and spatial trends of NPS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Nikolaos Rousis
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sangeet Adhikari
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, United States
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Erasmia Bizani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Daniel A. Burgard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, United States
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew Chappell
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre: 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erin M. Driver
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
- AquaVitas, LLC, Scottsdale, Arizona, 85251, United States
| | | | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Aikaterini Galani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Gracia-Marín
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, United States
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
- AquaVitas, LLC, Scottsdale, Arizona, 85251, United States
- OneWaterOneHealth, Arizona State University Foundation, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287-8101, United States
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute and International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Emma Jaunay
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heon-Jun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Laimou-Geraniou
- Jožef Stefan Institute and International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kristin Olafsdottir
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kaitlyn Phung
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre: 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Marco Pineda Castro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Abbreviation:
| | - Magda Psichoudaki
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Xueting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, P. R. China
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Bikram Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071-3300, United States
| | - Arndís Sue Ching Löve
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nikolaos Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Diana Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, United States
| | - Alexander van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Taja Verovšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute and International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Degao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, P. R. China
| | - Jason M. White
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Abbreviation:
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Jochen F. Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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8
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Morris IS, Taylor H, Fleet D, Y Lai F, Charlton M, Tang JW. Outcome of patients receiving V-V ECMO for SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory failure. Pulmonology 2023; 29:240-243. [PMID: 36717294 PMCID: PMC9837222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I S Morris
- Glenfield Adult Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS trust, UK; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Hospital. New South Wales, Australia
| | - H Taylor
- Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - D Fleet
- Glenfield Adult Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS trust, UK; Adult Intensive Care Unit, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - F Y Lai
- Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - M Charlton
- Glenfield Adult Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS trust, UK
| | - J W Tang
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS trust, UK; Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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9
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Menger F, Celma A, Schymanski EL, Lai FY, Bijlsma L, Wiberg K, Hernández F, Sancho JV, Ahrens L. Enhancing spectral quality in complex environmental matrices: Supporting suspect and non-target screening in zebra mussels with ion mobility. Environ Int 2022; 170:107585. [PMID: 36265356 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of bioaccumulating contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) via suspect and non-target screening remains a challenging task. In this study, ion mobility separation with high-resolution mass spectrometry (IM-HRMS) was used to investigate the effects of drift time (DT) alignment on spectrum quality and peak annotation for screening of CECs in complex sample matrices using data independent acquisition (DIA). Data treatment approaches (Binary Sample Comparison) and prioritisation strategies (Halogen Match, co-occurrence of features in biota and the water phase) were explored in a case study on zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Lake Mälaren, Sweden's largest drinking water reservoir. DT alignment evidently improved the fragment spectrum quality by increasing the similarity score to reference spectra from on average (±standard deviation) 0.33 ± 0.31 to 0.64 ± 0.30 points, thus positively influencing structure elucidation efforts. Thirty-two features were tentatively identified at confidence level 3 or higher using MetFrag coupled with the new PubChemLite database, which included predicted collision cross-section values from CCSbase. The implementation of predicted mobility data was found to support compound annotation. This study illustrates a quantitative assessment of the benefits of IM-HRMS on spectral quality, which will enhance the performance of future screening studies of CECs in complex environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Menger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Nassazzi W, Lai FY, Ahrens L. A novel method for extraction, clean-up and analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in different plant matrices using LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1212:123514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Gao J, Burgard DA, Tscharke BJ, Lai FY, O'Brien JW, Nguyen HD, Zheng Q, Li J, Du P, Li X, Wang D, Castiglioni S, Cruz-Cruz C, Baz-Lomba JA, Yargeau V, Emke E, Thomas KV, Mueller JF, Thai PK. Refining the estimation of amphetamine consumption by wastewater-based epidemiology. Water Res 2022; 225:119182. [PMID: 36215836 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of amphetamine and methamphetamine, two common illicit drugs, has been monitored by wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) in many countries over the past decade. There is potential for the estimated amount of amphetamine used to be skewed at locations where methamphetamine is also consumed, because amphetamine is also excreted to wastewater following methamphetamine consumption. The present study aims to review the available data in the literature to identify an average ratio of amphetamine/methamphetamine (AMP/METH) that is excreted to wastewater after methamphetamine consumption. This ratio could then be used to refine the estimation of amphetamine consumption in catchments where there is both amphetamine and methamphetamine use. Using data from more than 6000 wastewater samples from Australia where methamphetamine is the dominant illicit amphetamine-type substance on the market, we were able to subtract the contribution of legal sources of amphetamine contribution and obtain the median AMP/METH ratio in wastewater of 0.09. Using this value, the amphetamine derived from methamphetamine consumption can be calculated and subtracted from the total amphetamine mass loads in wastewater samples. Without considering the contribution of amphetamine from methamphetamine use, selected European catchments with comparable consumption of amphetamine and methamphetamine showed up to 83% overestimation of amphetamine use. For catchments with AMP/METH ratio greater than 1.00, the impact of amphetamine from methamphetamine would be negligible; for catchments with AMP/METH ratio in the range of 0.04-0.19, it will be difficult to accurately estimate amphetamine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Daniel A Burgard
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma Washington, 98416, United States.
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hien D Nguyen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiqing Li
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Degao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Copytzy Cruz-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Mexico; Servicios de Atención Psiquiatrica. Secretaría de Salud, Mexico
| | | | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610, University St., Montreal, H3A 0C5, QC, Canada
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Celma A, Gago-Ferrero P, Golovko O, Hernández F, Lai FY, Lundqvist J, Menger F, Sancho JV, Wiberg K, Ahrens L, Bijlsma L. Are preserved coastal water bodies in Spanish Mediterranean basin impacted by human activity? Water quality evaluation using chemical and biological analyses. Environ Int 2022; 165:107326. [PMID: 35696846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Spanish Mediterranean basin is particularly susceptible to climate change and human activities, making it vulnerable to the influence of anthropogenic contaminants. Therefore, conducting comprehensive and exhaustive water quality assessment in relevant water bodies of this basin is pivotal. In this work, surface water samples from coastal lagoons or estuaries were collected across the Spanish Mediterranean coastline and subjected to target and suspect screening of 1,585 organic micropollutants by liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility separation and high resolution mass spectrometry. In total, 91 organic micropollutants could be confirmed and 5 were tentatively identified, with pharmaceuticals and pesticides being the most prevalent groups of chemicals. Chemical analysis data was compared with data on bioanalysis of those samples (recurrent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation, and estrogenic receptor (ER) inhibition in wetland samples affected by wastewater streams). The number of identified organic contaminants containing aromatic rings could explain the AhR activation observed. For the ER antagonistic effects, predictions on estrogenic inhibition potency for the detected compounds were used to explain the activities observed. The integration of chemical analysis with bioanalytical observations allowed a comprehensive overview of the quality of the water bodies under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló E-12071, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló E-12071, Spain
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Menger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló E-12071, Spain
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló E-12071, Spain.
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13
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Gao J, Li L, Duan L, Yang M, Zhou X, Zheng Q, Ou Y, Li Z, Lai FY. Exploring antibiotic consumption between urban and sub-urban catchments using both parent drugs and related metabolites in wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2022; 827:154171. [PMID: 35231503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of antibiotics leads to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Better knowledge of temporal and spatial consumption of antibiotics helps public health authorities to control their usage and combat antimicrobial resistance. However, measuring antibiotic consumption with population surveys, sales data, and production statistics remains challenging due to the complexity of prescription preference, patient compliance, and direct disposal of unused drugs. With the approach of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), this study aims to evaluate the consumption of eight commonly-used antibiotics between developed urban and developing sub-urban catchments in China and to characterise the ratios of parent drugs to metabolites in studying the consumption. Seven parent antibiotics were detected in all the wastewater samples (n = 56), whereas some metabolites were detected sporadically. The ratios of parent chemicals to metabolites varied among locations and were often higher than the ratios in pharmacokinetic studies. Estimated consumption of antibiotics ranged from 3.2 ± 2.0 mg/day/1000 inhabitants for trimethoprim to 28,400 ± 7800 mg/day/1000 inhabitants for roxithromycin in the studied catchments. Higher consumption of sulfapyridine, sulfadiazine and roxithromycin was observed in urban than suburban catchments, while consumption of sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin, and trimethoprim was higher in suburban than in urban catchments. Using the literature data, we found more than 95% reduction of antibiotic use in an urban catchment. Our study revealed the geographical pattern in antibiotic use across different urban and suburban catchments via WBE, and the potential of monitoring parent-to-metabolite ratios for WBE in estimating antibiotic use. These results provide a basis for health authorities to plan different drug-specific control policies between urban and suburban catchments, and for future WBE studies to be aware of other sources, such as animal husbandry and disposals of unused drugs, that can influence the estimated consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Yingjuan Ou
- College of Rosources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410028, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Bollinger E, Zubrod JP, Lai FY, Ahrens L, Filker S, Lorke A, Bundschuh M. Antibiotics as a silent driver of climate change? A case study investigating methane production in freshwater sediments. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 228:113025. [PMID: 34847437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2) and is inter alia produced in natural freshwater ecosystems. Given the rise in CH4 emissions from natural sources, researchers are investigating environmental factors and climate change feedbacks to explain this increment. Despite being omnipresent in freshwaters, knowledge on the influence of chemical stressors of anthropogenic origin (e.g., antibiotics) on methanogenesis is lacking. To address this knowledge gap, we incubated freshwater sediment under anaerobic conditions with a mixture of five antibiotics at four levels (from 0 to 5000 µg/L) for 42 days. Weekly measurements of CH4 and CO2 in the headspace, as well as their compound-specific δ13C, showed that the CH4 production rate was increased by up to 94% at 5000 µg/L and up to 29% at field-relevant concentrations (i.e., 50 µg/L). Metabarcoding of the archaeal and eubacterial 16S rRNA gene showed that effects of antibiotics on bacterial community level (i.e., species composition) may partially explain the observed differences in CH4 production rates. Despite the complications of transferring experimental CH4 production rates to realistic field conditions, the study indicated that chemical stressors contribute to the emissions of greenhouse gases by affecting the methanogenesis in freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bollinger
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany; Eusserthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
| | - J P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany; Eusserthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
| | - F Y Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
| | - L Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
| | - S Filker
- Department of Molecular Ecology, University of Technology Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - A Lorke
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
| | - M Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany; Eusserthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden.
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15
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Lai FY, Muziasari W, Virta M, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. Profiles of environmental antibiotic resistomes in the urban aquatic recipients of Sweden using high-throughput quantitative PCR analysis. Environ Pollut 2021; 287:117651. [PMID: 34426396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in aquatic ecosystems presents an environmental health issue worldwide. Urban recipient water quality is susceptible to effluent discharges with antibiotic resistance contaminants and needs to be protected, particularly for those as sources of drinking water production. Knowledge on aquatic resistome profiles in downstream of wastewater treatment plants allows a better understanding of the extent to which antibiotic resistance contaminants emerge and spread in recipient waters, but such information remains very limited in Sweden. The key objective of this study was to determine the resistome profiles of numerous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and other genes in urban recipient water systems connected to Sweden's major drinking water reservoir. This was achieved through analysis of surface water samples for 296 genes using high-throughput quantitative PCR arrays. A total of 167 genes were detected in at least one of the samples, including 150 ARGs conferring resistance to 11 classes of antibiotics, 7 integrase MGEs and 9 other genes. There was a spatial difference in the resistome profiles with the greatest average relative abundance of resistance genes observed in the water body of Västerås followed by Uppsala, Stockholm and Eskilstuna, as similar to the general pattern of the antibiotic sales for these regions. ARGs against β-lactams and sulfonamides showed the highest average relative abundance in the studied water bodies, while vancomycin resistance genes were only found in the Uppsala water environment. Generally, the recipient water bodies were detected with higher numbers of genes and greater relative abundances as compared to the upstream sites. Anthropogenic pollution, i.e., wastewater discharge, in the recipient water was also reflected by the finding of intI, sul1 and crAssphage. Overall, this study provided the first quantitative assessment of aquatic environmental resistomes in Sweden, highlighting the widespread of antibiotic resistance contaminants in urban recipient waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Windi Muziasari
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Resistomap Oy, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Virta
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lundy L, Fatta-Kassinos D, Slobodnik J, Karaolia P, Cirka L, Kreuzinger N, Castiglioni S, Bijlsma L, Dulio V, Deviller G, Lai FY, Alygizakis N, Barneo M, Baz-Lomba JA, Béen F, Cíchová M, Conde-Pérez K, Covaci A, Donner E, Ficek A, Hassard F, Hedström A, Hernandez F, Janská V, Jellison K, Hofman J, Hill K, Hong PY, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kolarević S, Krahulec J, Lambropoulou D, de Llanos R, Mackuľak T, Martinez-García L, Martínez F, Medema G, Micsinai A, Myrmel M, Nasser M, Niederstätter H, Nozal L, Oberacher H, Očenášková V, Ogorzaly L, Papadopoulos D, Peinado B, Pitkänen T, Poza M, Rumbo-Feal S, Sánchez MB, Székely AJ, Soltysova A, Thomaidis NS, Vallejo J, van Nuijs A, Ware V, Viklander M. Making Waves: Collaboration in the time of SARS-CoV-2 - rapid development of an international co-operation and wastewater surveillance database to support public health decision-making. Water Res 2021; 199:117167. [PMID: 34015748 PMCID: PMC8060897 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater was first reported in March 2020. Over the subsequent months, the potential for wastewater surveillance to contribute to COVID-19 mitigation programmes has been the focus of intense national and international research activities, gaining the attention of policy makers and the public. As a new application of an established methodology, focused collaboration between public health practitioners and wastewater researchers is essential to developing a common understanding on how, when and where the outputs of this non-invasive community-level approach can deliver actionable outcomes for public health authorities. Within this context, the NORMAN SCORE "SARS-CoV-2 in sewage" database provides a platform for rapid, open access data sharing, validated by the uploading of 276 data sets from nine countries to-date. Through offering direct access to underpinning meta-data sets (and describing its use in data interpretation), the NORMAN SCORE database is a resource for the development of recommendations on minimum data requirements for wastewater pathogen surveillance. It is also a tool to engage public health practitioners in discussions on use of the approach, providing an opportunity to build mutual understanding of the demand and supply for data and facilitate the translation of this promising research application into public health practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Lundy
- DRIZZLE Centre of Excellence, Luleå University of Technology, VA-Teknik, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Popi Karaolia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Lubos Cirka
- Environmental Institute, Okruzna 784/42, 97241, Kos, Slovakia; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinskeho 9, 81237, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Norbert Kreuzinger
- Technische Universität Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resources Management, Karlsplatz 13/226-1, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Valeria Dulio
- National Institute for Environment and Industrial Risks, Rue Jacques Taffanel, Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, 60550, France
| | | | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nikiforos Alygizakis
- Environmental Institute, Okruzna 784/42, 97241, Kos, Slovakia; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Manuela Barneo
- Unidad Predepartamental de Medicina (Facultad de Salud), Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Frederic Béen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Cíchová
- Water Research Institute, Nábrežie arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, 812 49, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kelly Conde-Pérez
- Microbiology Service, University Hospital-Biomedical Research Institute-University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erica Donner
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Building X, University Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrej Ficek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Francis Hassard
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Annelie Hedström
- DRIZZLE Centre of Excellence, Luleå University of Technology, VA-Teknik, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Félix Hernandez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Veronika Janská
- Water Research Institute, Nábrežie arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, 812 49, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristen Jellison
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University, 1 West Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jan Hofman
- University of Bath, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Innovation and Research Centre, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kelly Hill
- Water Research Australia Limited | Level 2, 250 Victoria Square / Tarntanyangga Adelaide SA 5000 | GPO Box 1751, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - Pei-Ying Hong
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Stoimir Kolarević
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department for Hydroecology and Water Protection, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jan Krahulec
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, GR-57001
| | - Rosa de Llanos
- Unidad Predepartamental de Medicina (Facultad de Salud), Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Tomáš Mackuľak
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lorena Martinez-García
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mette Myrmel
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Virology Unit, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mohammed Nasser
- Microbiology Service, University Hospital-Biomedical Research Institute-University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Harald Niederstätter
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leonor Nozal
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Virology Unit, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Věra Očenášková
- T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, p.r.i., Branch of Analysis and Assessment of Environmental Components, Podbabská 2582/30, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Leslie Ogorzaly
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research & Innovation department, 41 rue du Brill L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Beatriz Peinado
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Neulaniementie 4, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00014, Helsingin yliopisto, Finland
| | - Margarita Poza
- Microbiology Service, University Hospital-Biomedical Research Institute-University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soraya Rumbo-Feal
- Microbiology Service, University Hospital-Biomedical Research Institute-University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria Blanca Sánchez
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Anna J Székely
- Evolutionary Biology Centre, Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Soltysova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Juan Vallejo
- Microbiology Service, University Hospital-Biomedical Research Institute-University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alexander van Nuijs
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Vassie Ware
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University, 1 West Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Maria Viklander
- DRIZZLE Centre of Excellence, Luleå University of Technology, VA-Teknik, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
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Haalck I, Löffler P, Baduel C, Wiberg K, Ahrens L, Lai FY. Mining chemical information in Swedish wastewaters for simultaneous assessment of population consumption, treatment efficiency and environmental discharge of illicit drugs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13510. [PMID: 34188128 PMCID: PMC8241857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of illicit drugs poses health risks to the public and environment. Knowledge on their usage helps better implementations of intervention strategies to reduce drug-related harms in the society and also policies to limit their releases as emerging contaminants to recipient environments. This study aimed to investigate from the daily consumption to treatment efficiency and subsequent discharge of illicit drugs by the Swedish urban populations based on simultaneous collection and analysis of influent and effluent wastewater. Two different weekly monitoring campaigns showed similar drug prevalence in Stockholm and Uppsala, with amphetamine as the most popular drug. Almost all target drug residues were still measurable in effluent wastewater. High removal efficiencies (> 94%) were observed for amphetamine, cocaine and benzoylecgonine, whereas ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), mephedrone and methamphetamine were the least removed substances (< 64%), with the highest discharge observed for MDMA in both catchments (~ 3.0 g/day in Uppsala; ~ 18 g/day in Stockholm). Our study provides new insights into short-term changes in the use and related discharge of illicit drugs by urban populations. Such wastewater monitoring can provide useful information to public health, forensic and environmental authorities in planning future intervention and regulation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Haalck
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul Löffler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Baduel
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
- University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Tröger R, Ren H, Yin D, Postigo C, Nguyen PD, Baduel C, Golovko O, Been F, Joerss H, Boleda MR, Polesello S, Roncoroni M, Taniyasu S, Menger F, Ahrens L, Yin Lai F, Wiberg K. What's in the water? - Target and suspect screening of contaminants of emerging concern in raw water and drinking water from Europe and Asia. Water Res 2021; 198:117099. [PMID: 33930794 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is growing worry that drinking water can be affected by contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), potentially threatening human health. In this study, a wide range of CECs (n = 177), including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and other compounds, were analysed in raw water and in drinking water collected from drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Europe and Asia (n = 13). The impact of human activities was reflected in large numbers of compounds detected (n = 115) and high variation in concentrations in the raw water (range 15-7995 ng L-1 for ∑177CECs). The variation was less pronounced in drinking water, with total concentration ranging from 35 to 919 ng L-1. Treatment efficiency was on average 65 ± 28%, with wide variation between different DWTPs. The DWTP with the highest ∑CEC concentrations in raw water had the most efficient treatment procedure (average treatment efficiency 89%), whereas the DWTP with the lowest ∑177CEC concentration in the raw water had the lowest average treatment efficiency (2.3%). Suspect screening was performed for 500 compounds ranked high as chemicals of concern for drinking water, using a prioritisation tool (SusTool). Overall, 208 features of interest were discovered and three were confirmed with reference standards. There was co-variation between removal efficiency in DWTPs for the target compounds and the suspected features detected using suspect screening, implying that removal of known contaminants can be used to predict overall removal of potential CECs for drinking water production. Our results can be of high value for DWTPs around the globe in their planning for future treatment strategies to meet the increasing concern about human exposure to unknown CECs present in their drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Tröger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hanwei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental, and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Phuoc Dan Nguyen
- Centre Asiatique de Recherche sur l'Eau, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10; Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38 050 Grenoble, France
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3430BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Joerss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Maria Rosa Boleda
- Aigües de Barcelona - EMGCIA S.A, General Batet 1-7, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio (MB), Italy
| | | | - Sachi Taniyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Frank Menger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Golovko O, Örn S, Sörengård M, Frieberg K, Nassazzi W, Lai FY, Ahrens L. Occurrence and removal of chemicals of emerging concern in wastewater treatment plants and their impact on receiving water systems. Sci Total Environ 2021; 754:142122. [PMID: 32920399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered the main sources of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in aquatic environments, and can negatively impact aquatic ecosystems. In this study, WWTP influent, effluent, and sludge, and upstream and downstream waters from the WWTP recipient were investigated at 15 locations for a total of 164 CECs, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial chemicals, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and pesticides. In addition, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo toxicity tests (ZFET) were applied to WWTP influent and effluent, and upstream and downstream waters from WWTP recipients. A total of 119 CECs were detected in at least one sample, mean concentrations ranging from 0.11 ng/L (propylparaben) to 64,000 ng/L (caffeine), in wastewater samples and from 0.44 ng/L (ciprofloxacin) to 19,000 ng/L (metformin) in surface water samples. Large variations of CEC concentrations were found between the selected WWTPs, which can be explained by differences in CEC composition in influent water and WWTP treatment process. The sludge-water partitioning coefficient (Kd) of CECs showed a significant linear correlation to octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW) (p < 0.001), and thus could be used for predicting their fate in the aqueous and solid phase. The ΣCEC concentrations in WWTPs declined by on average 60%, based on comparisons of WWTP influent and effluent concentrations. The high concentrations of CECs in WWTP effluent resulted in, on average, 50% higher concentrations of CECs in water downstream of WWTPs compared with upstream. Some WWTP samples showed toxicity in ZFET compared with the respective control group, but no individual CECs or groups of CECs could explain this toxicity. These results could provide a theoretical basis for optimization of existing treatment systems of different designs, and could significantly contribute to protecting recipient waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Golovko
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Sörengård
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kim Frieberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Winnie Nassazzi
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Gao J, Zheng Q, Lai FY, Gartner C, Du P, Ren Y, Li X, Wang D, Mueller JF, Thai PK. Using wastewater-based epidemiology to estimate consumption of alcohol and nicotine in major cities of China in 2014 and 2016. Environ Int 2020; 136:105492. [PMID: 31999969 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the use of alcohol and tobacco in the population is important for public health planning and evaluating the efficacy of intervention strategies. The aim of this study was to use wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to estimate alcohol and tobacco consumption in a number of major cities across China and compare WBE estimates with other data sources. Daily composite influent wastewater samples were collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across China in 2014 (n = 53) and 2016 (n = 45). The population-normalized daily consumption estimated by WBE were compared with other data sources where available. The average consumption of alcohol was 8.1 ± 7.0 mL ethanol/person aged 15+/day (EPD) in the investigated cities of 2016 while those involved in 2014 had an average consumption of 4.7 ± 3.0 EPD. The average tobacco consumption was estimated to be 3.7 ± 2.2 cigarettes/person aged 15+/day (CPD) in 2016 and 3.1 ± 1.9 CPD in 2014. The changes in the average consumption in those cities from 2014 to 2016 were supported by the results from a limited number of WWTPs where samples were collected in both years. Consumption of alcohol and tobacco in urban China is at a medium level compared with other countries on a per capita basis. WBE estimates of tobacco consumption were relatively comparable with results of traditional surveys and sales statistics. WBE estimates of alcohol consumption were lower than WHO survey results, probably due to EtS degradation and uncertainty in the EtS excretion factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Coral Gartner
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Peng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yuan Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiqing Li
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Degao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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21
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van den Ameele S, van Nuijs AL, Lai FY, Schuermans J, Verkerk R, van Diermen L, Coppens V, Fransen E, de Boer P, Timmers M, Sabbe B, Morrens M. A mood state-specific interaction between kynurenine metabolism and inflammation is present in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2020; 22:59-69. [PMID: 31398273 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cytokines are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of psychiatric symptoms by kynurenine pathway activation. Kynurenine metabolites affect neurotransmission and can cause neurotoxicity. We measured inflammatory markers in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and studied their relation to kynurenine metabolites and mood. METHODS Patients with BD suffering from an acute mood episode were assigned to the depressive (n = 35) or (hypo)manic (n = 32) subgroup. Plasma levels of inflammatory markers [cytokines, C-reactive protein] and kynurenine metabolites [tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), quinolinic acid (QA), kynurenic acid (KYNA)] were measured on 6 time points during 8 months follow-up. Biological marker levels in patients were compared to controls (n = 35) and correlated to scores on mood scales. Spearman correlations and linear mixed models were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Twenty patients of the manic subgroup, 29 of the depressive subgroup, and 30 controls completed the study. The manic subgroup had a rapid remission of mood symptoms, but in the depressive subgroup subsyndromal symptoms persisted. No differences in inflammation were found between groups. A strong correlation between tumor necrosis factor-α and KYN, KYN/TRP, 3-HK and QA (ρ > 0.60) was specific for the manic group, but only at baseline (during mania). The depressive subgroup had a lower neuroprotective ratio (KYNA/3-HK, P = .0004) and a strong association between interferon-y and kynurenine pathway activation (P < .0001). KYNA was low in both patient groups versus controls throughout the whole follow-up (P = .0008). CONCLUSIONS Mania and chronic depressive symptoms in BD are accompanied by a strong interaction between inflammation and a potentially neurotoxic kynurenine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seline van den Ameele
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Scientific Institute for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel - VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium.,Department of Psychiatry, CHU Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexander Ln van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeroen Schuermans
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Scientific Institute for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel - VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Robert Verkerk
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Linda van Diermen
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Scientific Institute for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel - VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Violette Coppens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Scientific Institute for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel - VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Centre for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter de Boer
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Scientific Institute for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel - VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Manuel Morrens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Scientific Institute for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel - VZW Emmaüs, Duffel, Belgium
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22
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González‐Mariño I, Baz‐Lomba JA, Alygizakis NA, Andrés‐Costa MJ, Bade R, Barron LP, Been F, Berset J, Bijlsma L, Bodík I, Brenner A, Brock AL, Burgard DA, Castrignanò E, Christophoridis CE, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Devault DA, Dias MJ, Emke E, Fatta‐Kassinos D, Fedorova G, Fytianos K, Gerber C, Grabic R, Grüner S, Gunnar T, Hapeshi E, Heath E, Helm B, Hernández F, Kankaanpaa A, Karolak S, Kasprzyk‐Hordern B, Krizman‐Matasic I, Lai FY, Lechowicz W, Lopes A, López de Alda M, López‐García E, Löve ASC, Mastroianni N, McEneff GL, Montes R, Munro K, Nefau T, Oberacher H, O'Brien JW, Olafsdottir K, Picó Y, Plósz BG, Polesel F, Postigo C, Quintana JB, Ramin P, Reid MJ, Rice J, Rodil R, Senta I, Simões SM, Sremacki MM, Styszko K, Terzic S, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV, Tscharke BJ, van Nuijs ALN, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Ort C, Terzic S, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV, Tscharke BJ, Udrisard R, van Nuijs ALN, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Ort C. Spatio-temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring. Addiction 2020; 115:109-120. [PMID: 31642141 PMCID: PMC6973045 DOI: 10.1111/add.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wastewater-based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population-normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011-17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data. DESIGN Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries. MEASUREMENTS Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world-wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011-13 drug loads versus 2014-17 loads. FINDINGS Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North-Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real-time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González‐Mariño
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain,Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and BromatologyUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | | | - Nikiforos A. Alygizakis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | | | - Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Leon P. Barron
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research InstituteNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | | | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Igor Bodík
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of TechnologyBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Asher Brenner
- Unit of Environmental EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Andreas L. Brock
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Erika Castrignanò
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathBathUK,Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesToxicological CenterAntwerpBelgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- IBEDUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Damien A. Devault
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Mário J. Dias
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesLisbonPortugal
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Water Research InstituteNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | - Despo Fatta‐Kassinos
- NIREAS‐International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersUniversity of South Bohemia in Ceske BudejoviceZatisiCzech Republic
| | - Konstantinos Fytianos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry DepartmentAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersUniversity of South Bohemia in Ceske BudejoviceZatisiCzech Republic
| | - Stefan Grüner
- Chair of Urban Water ManagementTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Teemu Gunnar
- Forensic ToxicologyNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- NIREAS‐International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental SciencesJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Björn Helm
- Chair of Urban Water ManagementTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Aino Kankaanpaa
- Forensic ToxicologyNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Sara Karolak
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | | | - Ivona Krizman‐Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UppsalaSweden
| | | | - Alvaro Lopes
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ester López‐García
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Arndís S. C. Löve
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Nicola Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Gillian L. McEneff
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rosa Montes
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Kelly Munro
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas Nefau
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility MetabolomicsMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jake W. O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Kristin Olafsdottir
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research GroupUniversity of ValenciaMoncadaSpain
| | - Benedek G. Plósz
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark,Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Fabio Polesel
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark,Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Jack Rice
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Susana M. Simões
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesLisbonPortugal
| | - Maja M. Sremacki
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational SafetyUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental SciencesAGH University of Science and TechnologyKrakowPoland
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)OsloNorway,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Ben J. Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | | | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontreal, QuebecCanada
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | | | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Urban Water ManagementSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Robin Udrisard
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Urban Water Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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23
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López-Serna R, García D, Bolado S, Jiménez JJ, Lai FY, Golovko O, Gago-Ferrero P, Ahrens L, Wiberg K, Muñoz R. Photobioreactors based on microalgae-bacteria and purple phototrophic bacteria consortia: A promising technology to reduce the load of veterinary drugs from piggery wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2019; 692:259-266. [PMID: 31349167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional swine manure treatments are not fully effective in the removal of veterinary drugs. Moreover, they are costly and entail a significant carbon footprint in many cases. Innovative biological approaches based on phototrophic microorganisms have recently emerged as promising alternatives to overcome those limitations. This work evaluated the removal of 19 veterinary drugs (i.e., 16 antibiotics, 1 analgesic, 1 anti-parasitic and 1 hormone) from piggery wastewater (PWW) in two open photobioreactors (PBR) operated with a consortium of microalgae-bacteria (AB-PBR) and purple photosynthetic bacteria (PPB-PBR). Multiple hydraulic retention times (HRT), in particular 11, 8 and 4 days, were tested during stage I, II and III, respectively. Ten out of 19 target compounds were detected with inlet drug concentrations ranging from 'non-detected' (n.d.) to almost 23,000 ng L-1 for the antibiotic oxytetracycline. Moreover, three of the antibiotics (i.e., enrofloxacin, sulfadiazine and oxytetracycline) were found at concentrations above the analytical linearity range in some or all of the samples under study. AB-PBR supported higher removal efficiencies (REs) than PPB-PBR, except for danofloxacin. Overall, REs progressively decreased when decreasing the HRT. The highest REs (>90%) were observed for doxycycline (95 ± 3%) and oxytetracycline (93 ± 3%) in AB-PBR during stage I. The other drugs, except sulfadimidine that was the most recalcitrant, showed REs above 70% during stage I in the same photobioreactor. In contrast, no removal was observed for danofloxacin in AB-PBR during stage III, sulfadimidine in PPB-PBR during stage III or marbofloxacin in PPB-PBR during the entire experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca López-Serna
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineerings, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Dimas García
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineerings, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Centro para la Investigación en Recursos Acuáticos de Nicaragua, CIRA/UNAN, Managua 4598, Nicaragua
| | - Silvia Bolado
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineerings, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan José Jiménez
- Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101-E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineerings, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes (ISP), Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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24
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Sörengård M, Campos-Pereira H, Ullberg M, Lai FY, Golovko O, Ahrens L. Mass loads, source apportionment, and risk estimation of organic micropollutants from hospital and municipal wastewater in recipient catchments. Chemosphere 2019; 234:931-941. [PMID: 31519102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the occurrence and sources of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in aquatic environments is essential for environmental risk assessment and adequate interventions to secure good status of aquatic environments. The occurrence and source apportionment of 77 OMPs in the River Fyris catchment (Uppsala, Sweden) were investigated by comparing hospital wastewater, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and surface water. Hospital wastewater was identified as an important source for some classes of OMPs, e.g., antibiotics (number of OMPs (n) = 6) and antidepressants (n = 4), contributing 38% and 31%, respectively, of the mass loads in total WWTP influent. Painkillers (n = 5) and hormones (n = 3), originating mainly from urban Uppsala, contributed 94% and 95%, respectively. WWTP removal efficiency varied from 100% for acetaminophen to <0% for i.e. clindamycin, lamotrigine, bicalutamide, and sucralose. In the recipient River Fyris, the ΣOMP concentration downstream of the WWTP (738 ng L-1) was more than double that upstream (338 ng L-1), demonstrating the high impact of the WWTP on recipient water quality. Surface water risk quotients (RQs) showed a moderate risk of adverse chronic effects (RQ > 0.1) for trimethoprim, norsertraline, and metoprolol downstream of the WWTP, and for norsertraline in the recipient river upstream and Lake Ekoln downstream of the WWTP. Recipient metoprolol and trimethoprim, compounds poorly removed in the WWTP, mainly (>90%) originated from wastewater from urban Uppsala, whereas recipient norsertraline originated upstream of the city. No risk compound was apparently sourced from hospital wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Sörengård
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hugo Campos-Pereira
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Ullberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Baduel C, Lai FY, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Suspect and Nontargeted Strategies to Investigate in Vitro Human Biotransformation Products of Emerging Environmental Contaminants: The Benzotriazoles. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10462-10469. [PMID: 31204474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole derivatives (BTRs) are high production volume chemicals involved in a wide range of applications and consumer products resulting in their ubiquitous presence in environmental matrices. Yet, the human exposure assessment to these chemicals is limited since it is based only on the analysis of parent compounds in biological matrices. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro human biotransformation for three widely used BTRs and to stepwise examine the role of Phase I and II enzymes (cytochrome P450 (CYP), uridine glucuronic acid transferase (UGT), and sulfotransferase (SULT)) in their biotransformation. Extracts with generated biotransformation products (bioTPs) were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), followed by their identification based on a workflow combining suspect and nontargeted strategies. Ten bioTPs were identified for 1H-benzotriazole, 14 for tolyltriazole, and 14 for 5-chloro-1H-benzotriazole. Most of the proposed bioTPs were identified and structurally elucidated for the first time. Based on these findings, possible bioTPs and metabolic transformation pathways were subsequently predicted for other structurally close BTR derivatives. Our findings provide new identified in vitro biotransformation products for future biomonitoring studies and emphasize that it is important to investigate the biotransformation pathway to assess overall exposure to xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Baduel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE , 38 050 Grenoble , France
- Université Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR 5280 , F-69100 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Center , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp , Belgium
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Center , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp , Belgium
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26
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Xu F, Eulaers I, Alves A, Papadopoulou E, Padilla-Sanchez JA, Lai FY, Haug LS, Voorspoels S, Neels H, Covaci A. Human exposure pathways to organophosphate flame retardants: Associations between human biomonitoring and external exposure. Environ Int 2019; 127:462-472. [PMID: 30978481 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) have largely replaced the market of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Concerns about PFR contamination and its impact on human health have consequently increased. A comprehensive investigation on the human exposure pathways to PFRs is to be endeavoured. This study investigated the occurrence of PFR metabolites in human urine, serum and hair, correlating them with external exposure data that was presented in our previous studies. Participants from Oslo (n = 61) provided a set of samples, including dust, air, handwipes, food, urine, serum and hair. Associations between PFR metabolites analyzed in the biological samples and the PFRs in environmental samples were explored. Different sampling strategies for dosimeters (e.g. floor/surface dust, personal/stationary air) were also compared to understand which is better for predicting human exposure to PFRs. Seven out of the eleven target PFR metabolites, including diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)-1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP), were frequently detected (DF > 30%) in urine. DPHP was the most frequently detected metabolite in both serum and hair. Several PFR metabolites had higher levels in morning urine than in afternoon urine. Floor dust appeared to be a better proxy for estimating PFR internal exposure than surface dust, air, and handwipes. Some PFRs in handwipes and air were also correlated with their metabolites in urine and hair. Age, beverage consumption and food consumption were negatively associated with DPHP levels in urine. Discrepancies observed between the external and internal exposure for some PFRs call for further investigation on PFR bioaccessibility and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Xu
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andreia Alves
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO box 222, Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Juan Antonio Padilla-Sanchez
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO box 222, Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO box 222, Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Lundqvist J, Mandava G, Lungu-Mitea S, Lai FY, Ahrens L. In vitro bioanalytical evaluation of removal efficiency for bioactive chemicals in Swedish wastewater treatment plants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7166. [PMID: 31073202 PMCID: PMC6509133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical contamination of wastewater is a problem of great environmental concern, as it poses a hazard to both the ecosystem and to human health. In this study, we have performed a bioanalytical evaluation of the presence and removal efficiency for bioactive chemicals in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), using in vitro assays for toxicity endpoints of high relevance for human health. Water samples were collected at the inlet and outlet of five Swedish WWTPs, all adopting a treatment technology including pretreatment, primary treatment (sedimenation), seconday treatment (biological processes), post-sedimentation, and sludge handling. The water samples were analyzed for cytotoxicity, estrogenicity, androgenicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity, oxidative stress response (Nrf2) and the ability to activate NFĸB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling. We observed clear androgenic and estrogenic activities in all inlet samples. Androgenic and estrogenic activities were also observed in all outlet samples, but the activities were lower than the respective inlet sample. AhR activity was observed in all samples, with higher activities in the inlet samples compared to the outlet samples. The removal efficiency was found to be high for androgenic (>99% for two plants and 50–60% for two plants) and estrogenic (>90% for most plants) compounds, while the removal efficiency for AhR-inducing compounds was 50–60% for most plants and 16% for one plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Geeta Mandava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lungu-Mitea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Michiels EDG, Vergauwen L, Lai FY, Town RM, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN, Van Cruchten SJ, Knapen D. Advancing the Zebrafish embryo test for endocrine disruptor screening using micro-injection: Ethinyl estradiol as a case study. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:533-547. [PMID: 30569562 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fish (embryo) toxicity test guidelines are mostly based on aquatic exposures. However, in some cases, other exposure routes can be more practical and relevant. Micro-injection into the yolk of fish embryos could offer a particular advantage for administering hydrophobic compounds, such as many endocrine disruptors. Single-dose micro-injection was compared with continuous aquatic exposure in terms of compound accumulation and biological responses. 17α-Ethinyl estradiol (EE2) was used as a model compound. First, the optimal solvent and droplet size were optimized, and needle variation was assessed. Next, biological endpoints were evaluated. The accumulated internal dose of EE2 decreased over time in both exposure scenarios. Estrogen receptor activation was concentration/injected dose dependent, increased daily, and was related to esr2b transcription. Transcription of vitellogenin 1 (vtg1) and brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) was induced in both scenarios, but the cyp19a1b transcription pattern differed between routes. Injection caused an increase in cyp19a1b transcripts from 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) onward, whereas after aquatic exposure the main increase occurred between 96 and 120 hpf. Some malformations only occurred after injection, whereas others were present for both scenarios. We conclude that responses can differ between exposure routes and therefore micro-injection is not a direct substitute for, but can be complementary to aquatic exposure. Nevertheless, vtg1and cyp19a1b transcription and estrogen receptor activation are suitable biomarkers for endocrine disruptor screening in both scenarios. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:533-547. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D G Michiels
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Raewyn M Town
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven J Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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O'Brien JW, Grant S, Banks APW, Bruno R, Carter S, Choi PM, Covaci A, Crosbie ND, Gartner C, Hall W, Jiang G, Kaserzon S, Kirkbride KP, Lai FY, Mackie R, Marshall J, Ort C, Paxman C, Prichard J, Thai P, Thomas KV, Tscharke B, Mueller JF. A National Wastewater Monitoring Program for a better understanding of public health: A case study using the Australian Census. Environ Int 2019; 122:400-411. [PMID: 30554870 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater contains a large range of biological and chemical markers of human activity and exposures. Through systematic collection and analysis of these markers within wastewater samples it is possible to measure the public health of whole populations. The analysis of effluent and biosolids can also be used to understand the release of chemicals from wastewater treatment plants into the environment. Wastewater analysis and comparison with catchment specific data (e.g. demographics) however remains largely unexplored. This manuscript describes a national wastewater monitoring study that combines influent, effluent and biosolids sampling with the Australian Census. An archiving program allows estimation of per capita exposure to and consumption of chemicals, public health information, as well as per capita release of chemicals into the environment. The paper discusses the study concept, critical steps in setting up a coordinated national approach and key logistical and other considerations with a focus on lessons learnt and future applications. The unique combination of archived samples, analytical data and associated census-derived population data will provide a baseline dataset that has wide and potentially increasing applications across many disciplines that include public health, epidemiology, criminology, toxicology and sociology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Sharon Grant
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew P W Banks
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Stephen Carter
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Phil M Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicholas D Crosbie
- Melbourne Water, 990 La Trobe Street, Docklands, Victoria 2008, Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sarit Kaserzon
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - K Paul Kirkbride
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rachel Mackie
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Judi Marshall
- Phycotec Environmental Management, Clifton Beach, Tasmania 7020, Australia
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Paxman
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jeremy Prichard
- Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Phong Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ben Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Vervliet P, Mortelé O, Gys C, Degreef M, Lanckmans K, Maudens K, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN, Lai FY. Suspect and non-target screening workflows to investigate the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoid 5Cl-THJ-018. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:479-491. [PMID: 30242979 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of synthetic cannabinoids causes similar effects as Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and long-term (ab)use can lead to health hazards and fatal intoxications. As most investigated synthetic cannabinoids undergo extensive biotransformation, almost no parent compound can be detected in urine, which hampers forensic investigations. Limited information about the biotransformation products of new synthetic cannabinoids makes the detection of these drugs in various biological matrices challenging. This study aimed to identify the main in vitro biotransformation pathways of 5Cl-THJ-018 and to compare these findings with an authentic urine sample of a 5Cl-THJ-018 user. The synthetic cannabinoid was incubated with pooled human liver microsomes and cytosol to simulate phase I and phase II biotransformations. Resulting extracts were analyzed with liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Three different data analysis workflows were applied to identify biotransformation products. A suspect screening workflow used an in-house database built from literature data and in silico biotransformation predictions. Two non-target screening workflows used a commercially available software and an open-source software for mass spectrometry data processing. A total of 23 in vitro biotransformation products were identified, with hydroxylation, oxidative dechlorination, and dihydrodiol formation pathways as the main phase I reactions. Additionally, five glucuronidated and three sulfated phase II conjugates were identified. The predominant in vivo pathway was through oxidative dechlorination and in total six metabolites of 5Cl-THJ-018 were identified. Biotransformation products both in vitro and in vivo were successfully identified using complementary suspect and non-target screening workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Mortelé
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Celine Gys
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten Degreef
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Kristof Maudens
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Gys C, Kovačič A, Huber C, Lai FY, Heath E, Covaci A. Suspect and untargeted screening of bisphenol S metabolites produced by in vitro human liver metabolism. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lai FY, Lympousi K, Been F, Benaglia L, Udrisard R, Delémont O, Esseiva P, Thomaidis NS, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in raw wastewater as an innovative perspective for investigating population-wide exposure to third-hand smoke. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13254. [PMID: 30185880 PMCID: PMC6125383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the major cause of many chronic diseases, especially lung cancer. Knowledge about population-wide tobacco use and exposure is essential to characterise its burden on public health and evaluate policy efficacy. Obtaining such knowledge remains challenging with current methods (e.g., surveys, biomonitoring) but can be achievable with wastewater analysis, a promising tool of retrieving epidemiology information. This study examined population-wide exposure to tobacco toxicants and carcinogens through wastewater analysis and explored relationships among these chemicals. Cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, anabasine, anatabine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were analysed in samples from Greece, Switzerland and Belgium, where tobacco control policies are different. Measured per-capita mass loads were ranked as: nicotine biomarkers ≫ tobacco markers > carcinogens. Relationships between nicotine biomarkers and tobacco markers implied substantial use of non-tobacco nicotine items besides tobacco products. Geographic profiles of tobacco markers revealed higher levels in Geneva and Athens than Geraardsbergen and Ninove. Environmental third-hand smoke led to NNK detection, with elevated levels observed in Athens where indoor smoking is widespread, posing potential health risks to the population. Our novel outcomes are relevant for public health authorities as they provide indications about external exposure and can thus be used to plan and evaluate tobacco control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Katerina Lympousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisa Benaglia
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Udrisard
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delémont
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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Bruno R, Edirisinghe M, Hall W, Mueller JF, Lai FY, O'Brien JW, Thai PK. Association between purity of drug seizures and illicit drug loads measured in wastewater in a South East Queensland catchment over a six year period. Sci Total Environ 2018; 635:779-783. [PMID: 29710601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine associations between the annual average purity of seized illicit drugs and their corresponding load measured in wastewater. Daily loads (averaging 81 samples/year) and purity of seized methamphetamine (average 287 samples/year), cocaine (50/year) and MDMA (70/year) were collected from a catchment that serviced approximately 220,000 persons in Queensland, Australia during 2010-2015. Using regression models for mass load and purity data, we found a strong linear increase in the mass load of methamphetamine detected across study years (363-1126 mg/1000 people/day, R2 = 0.89). Strong linear increases in methamphetamine purity were also apparent (19-69%), and were closely correlated with detected mass load (r > 0.9). When differences in purity were controlled for, the linear trend in mass load over time was no longer significant (p > 0.27). For cocaine and MDMA there were no statistically significant trends in either mass load or drug purity over the study period. Our study demonstrates that purity changes may have accounted for a substantial proportion of increases of methamphetamine load measured in wastewater of the studied catchment. Wherever possible, when examining temporal trends in drug loads, or when making comparisons between geographic regions, purity trends should also be examined, as this can aid appropriate interpretation of findings by stakeholders and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimondo Bruno
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Methsiri Edirisinghe
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 4000 Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Been F, O'Brien J, Lai FY, Morelato M, Vallely P, McGowan J, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A, Mueller JF. Analysis of N,N-dimethylamphetamine in wastewater - a pyrolysis marker and synthesis impurity of methamphetamine. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1590-1598. [PMID: 29877063 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The increased availability of high purity crystalline methamphetamine (MA) in Australia raised concerns because of high dosages and its potential consumption through inhalation. The present work investigates the possibility of using wastewater levels of N,N-dimethylamphetamine (DMA), a pyrolysis by-product, as an indirect indicator of MA smoking. A dedicated liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) method was set up to detect and quantify DMA in wastewater samples. Wastewater samples were collected from 8 locations across Australia during the period 2011-2016. Data about the abundance of DMA in MA seizures as well as in residues from drug paraphernalia were obtained from forensic laboratories in Australia. DMA/MA ratios measured in wastewater ranged from 0.0001 to 0.09 (median 0.007). DMA/MA ratios in bulk seizures are generally below 0.0025, with a median value of 0.0004, whilst residues in paraphernalia ranged from 0.031 to 3.37. DMA/MA ratios in wastewater decreased between 2011 and 2016, in parallel to an increase in MA loads. Furthermore, wastewater analyses highlighted a strong positive correlation between DMA/MA ratios and per capita MA use (Pearson's correlation ρ= 0.61, p-value <0.001). Nonetheless, geographical specificities could be highlighted between the investigated locations. The obtained data could help authorities detect hot spots of drug use as well as to plan specific intervention campaigns to tackle the issue. In future, simultaneous analysis of DMA and MA in both wastewater and seizures could improve our understanding about MA use and its consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marie Morelato
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Vallely
- Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jenny McGowan
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Australia
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Wilkins C, Lai FY, O'Brien J, Thai P, Mueller JF. Comparing methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, codeine and methadone use between the Auckland region and four Australian states using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). N Z Med J 2018; 131:12-20. [PMID: 30001302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To compare levels of drug use in Auckland with four Australian major cities using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). METHODS A week of daily wastewater samples were selected from two Auckland and eight Australian urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) during 2014 and 2015. Samples were analysed for drug residues using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Consumption of methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, codeine and methadone (mg/day/1,000 people) was estimated for each WWTP from mass loads using an internationally validated back-calculation formula. RESULTS Cocaine was not detected at either of the two Auckland WTTPs, and MDMA was detected on only one day of the sampled week in each of the Auckland WWTPs. In contrast, cocaine and MDMA was detected on every day at all eight Australian WWTPs. Methamphetamine was detected on every day at both the New Zealand and Australian WWTPs. Levels of methamphetamine consumption at the Auckland WWTPs were lower than five of the Australian WWTPs. Lower levels of codeine and methadone consumption were detected in Auckland than Australian sites. CONCLUSIONS MDMA and cocaine use is low in Auckland compared to sampled Australia cities. Both Auckland and the selected Australian cities have significant methamphetamine problems compared to many European cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Wilkins
- Drug Research Team Leader, SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Honorary Research Fellow, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellow (EU Commission), Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Australia; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Phong Thai
- Research Fellow, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Group Leader, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Australia
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Cappelle D, Lai FY, Covaci A, Vermassen A, Crunelle CL, Neels H, van Nuijs ALN. Assessment of ethyl sulphate in hair as a marker for alcohol consumption using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1566-1572. [PMID: 29923331 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS) are 2 non-oxidative and direct metabolites of ethanol. EtG is known to accumulate in hair and has proved to be a reliable biomarker for detection of chronic alcohol consumption. EtS has been analysed in blood and urine but has never been reported in hair. This article presents the first analytical assay based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of EtS in hair. Sample preparation, chromatographic, and mass spectrometric parameters, such as solid-phase extraction, column type, and transitions were optimised. The method was validated according to the guidelines of the European Medicine Agency, fulfilling the requirements for limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, accuracy, precision, carry-over, matrix effects, and recovery. Linearity ranged from 5 to 500 pg mg-1 and the LOQ was achieved at 5 pg mg-1 . The novel method was successfully applied to hair samples (n = 40) from patients treated for alcohol use disorders. EtS concentrations in hair ranged from 24 to 1776 pg mg-1 , while EtG concentrations in hair ranged from 1 to 1149 pg mg-1 . Hair concentrations of EtS and EtG were compared to assess the relationship between both biomarkers. There was a significant and positive correlation between EtS and EtG in hair, suggesting that EtS can be used as a biomarker for alcohol consumption. Relatively high basal EtS levels were observed in alcohol-abstinent persons, comparable to what has been reported for EtG. The developed analytical procedure offers an alternative method to prove alcohol consumption using hair analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Been F, Bastiaensen M, Lai FY, Libousi K, Thomaidis NS, Benaglia L, Esseiva P, Delémont O, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Mining the Chemical Information on Urban Wastewater: Monitoring Human Exposure to Phosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:6996-7005. [PMID: 29798668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
At the individual level, exposure to contaminants is generally assessed through the analysis of specific biomarkers in biological matrices. However, these studies are costly and logistically demanding, limiting their applicability to monitor population-wide exposure over time and space. By focusing on a selection of exposure biomarkers to phosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs), this study aims to explore the possibility of using wastewater as a complementary source of information about exposure. Wastewater samples were collected from five cities in Europe and analyzed using a previously established method. Substantial differences in biomarker levels were observed between the investigated catchments, suggesting differences in exposure. Time trends in biomarkers observed between 2013 and 2016 were found to agree with results from human biomonitoring studies and reports about production volumes. Using Monte Carlo simulations, average urinary concentrations were estimated. These were generally higher compared to results from human biomonitoring studies. Various explanations for these differences were formulated (i.e., other excretion routes, external sources and different sampling approaches). Obtained results show that wastewater analysis provides unique information about geographical and temporal differences in exposure, which would be difficult to gather using other monitoring tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Katerina Libousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Lisa Benaglia
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delémont
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
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van Nuijs AL, Lai FY, Been F, Andres-Costa MJ, Barron L, Baz-Lomba JA, Berset JD, Benaglia L, Bijlsma L, Burgard D, Castiglioni S, Christophoridis C, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Emke E, Fatta-Kassinos D, Fick J, Hernandez F, Gerber C, González-Mariño I, Grabic R, Gunnar T, Kannan K, Karolak S, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kokot Z, Krizman-Matasic I, Li A, Li X, Löve AS, Lopez de Alda M, McCall AK, Meyer MR, Oberacher H, O'Brien J, Quintana JB, Reid M, Schneider S, Simoes SS, Thomaidis NS, Thomas K, Yargeau V, Ort C. Multi-year inter-laboratory exercises for the analysis of illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater: Development of a quality control system. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lai FY, Gartner C, Hall W, Carter S, O'Brien J, Tscharke BJ, Been F, Gerber C, White J, Thai P, Bruno R, Prichard J, Kirkbride KP, Mueller JF. Measuring spatial and temporal trends of nicotine and alcohol consumption in Australia using wastewater-based epidemiology. Addiction 2018; 113:1127-1136. [PMID: 29333692 DOI: 10.1111/add.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tobacco and alcohol consumption remain priority public health issues world-wide. As participation in population-based surveys has fallen, it is increasingly challenging to estimate accurately the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an alternative approach for estimating substance use at the population level that does not rely upon survey participation. This study examined spatio-temporal patterns in nicotine (a proxy for tobacco) and alcohol consumption in the Australian population via WBE. METHODS Daily wastewater samples (n = 164) were collected at 18 selected wastewater treatment plants across Australia, covering approximately 45% of the total population. Nicotine and alcohol metabolites in the samples were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily consumption of nicotine and alcohol and its associated uncertainty were computed using Monte Carlo simulations. Nation-wide daily average and weekly consumption of these two substances were extrapolated using ordinary least squares and mixed-effect models. FINDINGS Nicotine and alcohol consumption was observed in all communities. Consumption of these substances in rural towns was three to four times higher than in urban communities. The spatial consumption pattern of these substances was consistent across the monitoring periods in 2014-15. Nicotine metabolites significantly reduced by 14-25% (P = 0.001-0.008) (2014-15) in some catchments. Alcohol consumption remained constant over the studied periods. Strong weekly consumption patterns were observed for alcohol but not nicotine. Nation-wide, the daily average consumption per person (aged 15-79 years) was estimated at approximately 2.5 cigarettes and 1.3-2.0 standard drinks (weekday-weekend) of alcohol. These estimates were close to the sale figure and apparent consumption, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Wastewater-based epidemiology is a feasible method for objectively evaluating the geographic, temporal and weekly profiles of nicotine and alcohol consumption in different communities nationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), formerly National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia.,Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Coral Gartner
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Steve Carter
- Queensland Health Forensic Scientific Services (QHFSS), Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), formerly National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), formerly National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jason White
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Phong Thai
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jeremy Prichard
- Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - K Paul Kirkbride
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), formerly National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
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Banks APW, Lai FY, Mueller JF, Jiang G, Carter S, Thai PK. Potential impact of the sewer system on the applicability of alcohol and tobacco biomarkers in wastewater-based epidemiology. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:530-538. [PMID: 28688172 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the actual consumption of alcohol and tobacco in the population is important for forming public health policy. For this purpose, wastewater-based epidemiology has been applied as a complementary method to estimate the overall alcohol and tobacco consumption in different communities. However, the stability of their consumption biomarkers - ethyl sulfate, ethyl glucuronide, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine - in the sewer system has not yet been assessed. This study aimed to conduct such assessment using sewer reactors mimicking conditions of rising main, gravity sewer, and wastewater alone, over a 12-hour period. The results show that cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine are relatively stable under all sewer conditions while ethyl sulfate was only stable in wastewater alone and gradually degraded in rising main and gravity sewer conditions. Ethyl glucuronide quickly degraded in all reactors. These findings suggest that cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine are good biomarkers to estimate tobacco consumption; ethyl sulfate may be used as a biomarker to estimate alcohol consumption, but its in-sewer loss should be accounted for in the calculation of consumption estimates. Ethyl glucuronide, and probably most of glucuronide compounds, are not suitable biomarkers to be used in wastewater-based epidemiology due to their in-sewer instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P W Banks
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Coopers Plains QLD, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Coopers Plains QLD, The University of Queensland, Australia
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Coopers Plains QLD, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Steve Carter
- Queensland Health Forensic Scientific Services, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Gao J, Banks A, Li J, Jiang G, Lai FY, Mueller JF, Thai PK. Evaluation of in-sewer transformation of selected illicit drugs and pharmaceutical biomarkers. Sci Total Environ 2017; 609:1172-1181. [PMID: 28787791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is considered to be a useful tool for monitoring chemical consumption in the population. However, the lack of information on potential transformation of biomarkers in the sewer system can compromise the accuracy of the consumption estimation. The present study contributes to addressing this issue by investigating the in-sewer stability of biomarkers from a number of commonly used drugs using laboratory sewer reactors that can mimic different sewer conditions. A stable and an unstable chemical (carbamazepine and caffeine) were also used as benchmarking chemicals to reflect the chemical degradation potential in different sewer conditions. The results suggested that ketamine and norketamine were unstable in gravity and rising main sewers, ketamine was unstable in bulk liquid while norketamine was stable under the same condition. Similarly, mephedrone and methylone were unstable in sewer conditions with considerable deviation. Significant loss of buprenorphine, methadone, oxycodone and codeine was observed in the rising main sewer. Morphine and codeine glucuronide were found to be deconjugated from their glucuronides quickly in the presence of biofilms. This study indicates that it is important to evaluate the stability of biomarkers in the sewer system before using them in WBE for estimating consumption/exposure to reduce uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Gao
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Andrew Banks
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Advanced Water Management Center, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- Advanced Water Management Center, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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Been F, Bastiaensen M, Lai FY, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Biomarkers of Exposure to Phosphorus Flame Retardants in Wastewater to Monitor Community-Wide Exposure. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10045-10053. [PMID: 28836434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) are increasingly used in consumer goods, from which they can leach and pose potential threats to human health. Monitoring human exposure to these compounds is thus highly relevant. Current assessment of exposure through analysis of biological matrices is, however, tedious as well as logistically and financially demanding. Analysis of selected biomarkers of exposure to PFRs in wastewater could be a simple and complementary approach to monitoring, over space and time, exposure at the population level. An analytical procedure, based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, was developed and validated to monitor the occurrence in wastewater of human exposure biomarkers of 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Various SPE sorbents and extraction protocols were evaluated, and for the optimized method, absolute extraction recoveries ranged between 46% and 100%. Accuracy and precision were satisfactory for the selected compounds. Method detection limits ranged from 1.6 to 19 ng L-1. Biomarkers of exposure to PFRs were measured for the first time in influent wastewater. Concentrations in samples collected in Belgium ranged from below the limit of quantitation to 1072 ng L-1, with 2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate (EHPHP) and TCEP being the most abundant. Per capita loads of target biomarkers varied greatly, suggesting potential differences in exposure between the investigated communities. The developed method allowed implementation of the concepts of human biomonitoring at the community scale, opening the possibility to assess population-wide exposure to PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Lai FY, Been F, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Novel Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Approach Based on Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Assessing Population Exposure to Tobacco-Specific Toxicants and Carcinogens. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9268-9278. [PMID: 28737035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking remains an important public health issue worldwide. Assessment of exposure to tobacco-related toxicants and carcinogens at the population level is thus an essential population health indicator. This can be achieved by wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), which relies on the analysis of biomarkers in wastewater. However, required analytical methods for the simultaneous measurement of tobacco-related toxicants and carcinogens in wastewater are not available. In this study, a new analytical procedure was developed and validated to measure tobacco-related alkaloids, carcinogens, and their metabolites in raw wastewater, including anabasine (ANABA), anatabine (ANATA), cotinine (COT), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (COT-OH), N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), NNAL-N-β-glucuronide, and NNAL-O-β-glucuronide. Different parameters were optimized for the solid-phase extraction procedure and instrumental analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The optimized method was fully validated, resulting in acceptable within-run and between-run precision (<8% and <10% relative standard deviation, respectively) and accuracy (<9% and <13% bias, respectively). Method quantification limits were at 0.5-120 ng/L in wastewater. Target analytes were stable in wastewater at 4 and 20 °C over 24 h. The developed method was applied to wastewater samples from two Belgian cities. Average concentrations of COT, COT-OH, ANATA, ANABA, and NAT were 5200, 2600, 30, 10, and 0.6 ng/L, respectively, while NAB, NNN, NNK, and NNAL were not detected in the samples. With the developed robust analytical method, our study provided the first insight into the population exposure to both toxicants and carcinogens resulting from tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Phung D, Mueller J, Lai FY, O'Brien J, Dang N, Morawska L, Thai PK. Can wastewater-based epidemiology be used to evaluate the health impact of temperature? - An exploratory study in an Australian population. Environ Res 2017; 156:113-119. [PMID: 28342346 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ambient temperature is known to have impact on population health but assessing its impact by the traditional cohort approach is resource intensive. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) could be an alternative for the traditional approach. This study was to provide the first evaluation to see if WBE can be used to assess the impact of temperature exposure to a population in South East Queensland, Australia using selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as biomarkers. Daily loads of eight PPCPs in wastewater collected from a wastewater treatment plant were measured from February 2011 to June 2012. Corresponding daily weather data were obtained from the closest weather station. Missing data of PPCPs were handled using the multiple imputation (MI) method, then we used a one-way between-groups analysis of variance to examine the seasonal effect on daily variation of PPCPs by seasons. Finally, an MI estimate was performed to evaluate the continuous relationship between daily average temperature and each multiply-imputed PPCP using time-series regression analysis. The results indicated that an increase of 1°C in average temperature associated with decrease at 1.3g/d (95% CI: -2.2 to (-0.4), p<0.05) for atenolol, increase at 36.5g/d (95% CI: 25.2-47.8, p<0.01) for acesulfame, and increase at 0.8g/d (95% CI: 0.02-1.55, p=0.05) for naproxen. No significant association was observed between temperature and the remaining PPCPs, comprising: caffeine, carbamazepine, codeine, hydrochlorothiazide, and salicylic acid. The findings suggested that consumption of sweetened drinks, risk of worsening cardiovascular conditions and pains are associated with variation in ambient temperature. WBE can thus be used as a complementary method to traditional cohort studies in epidemiological evaluation of the association between environmental factors and health outcomes provided that specific biomarkers of such health outcomes can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nhung Dang
- Dermatology Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Lai FY, Wilkins C, Thai P, Mueller JF. An exploratory wastewater analysis study of drug use in Auckland, New Zealand. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 36:597-601. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Chris Wilkins
- SHORE and Whariki Research Centre; Massey University; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Phong Thai
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Jochen F. Mueller
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
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Gracia-Lor E, Castiglioni S, Bade R, Been F, Castrignanò E, Covaci A, González-Mariño I, Hapeshi E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kinyua J, Lai FY, Letzel T, Lopardo L, Meyer MR, O'Brien J, Ramin P, Rousis NI, Rydevik A, Ryu Y, Santos MM, Senta I, Thomaidis NS, Veloutsou S, Yang Z, Zuccato E, Bijlsma L. Measuring biomarkers in wastewater as a new source of epidemiological information: Current state and future perspectives. Environ Int 2017; 99:131-150. [PMID: 28038971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The information obtained from the chemical analysis of specific human excretion products (biomarkers) in urban wastewater can be used to estimate the exposure or consumption of the population under investigation to a defined substance. A proper biomarker can provide relevant information about lifestyle habits, health and wellbeing, but its selection is not an easy task as it should fulfil several specific requirements in order to be successfully employed. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge related to the most relevant biomarkers used so far. In addition, some potential wastewater biomarkers that could be used for future applications were evaluated. For this purpose, representative chemical classes have been chosen and grouped in four main categories: (i) those that provide estimates of lifestyle factors and substance use, (ii) those used to estimate the exposure to toxicants present in the environment and food, (iii) those that have the potential to provide information about public health and illness and (iv) those used to estimate the population size. To facilitate the evaluation of the eligibility of a compound as a biomarker, information, when available, on stability in urine and wastewater and pharmacokinetic data (i.e. metabolism and urinary excretion profile) has been reviewed. Finally, several needs and recommendations for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gracia-Lor
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain.
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Erika Castrignanò
- Deparment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | | | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Analytical Group, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Luigi Lopardo
- Deparment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Jake O'Brien
- National Research Center for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Axel Rydevik
- Deparment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre for marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal; FCUP-Dept of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ivan Senta
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Sofia Veloutsou
- Analytical Group, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Zhugen Yang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G128LT Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain.
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Lai FY, O'Brien JW, Thai PK, Hall W, Chan G, Bruno R, Ort C, Prichard J, Carter S, Anuj S, Kirkbride KP, Gartner C, Humphries M, Mueller JF. Cocaine, MDMA and methamphetamine residues in wastewater: Consumption trends (2009-2015) in South East Queensland, Australia. Sci Total Environ 2016; 568:803-809. [PMID: 27325011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater analysis, or wastewater-based epidemiology, has become a common tool to monitor trends of illicit drug consumption around the world. In this study, we examined trends in cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine consumption by measuring their residues in wastewater from two wastewater treatment plants in Australia (specifically, an urban and a rural catchment, both in South East Queensland) between 2009 and 2015. With direct injection of the samples, target analytes were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cocaine and MDMA residues and metabolites were mainly quantifiable in the urban catchment while methamphetamine residues were consistently detected in both urban and rural catchments. There was no consistent trend in the population normalised mass loads observed for cocaine and MDMA at the urban site between 2009 and 2015. In contrast, there was a five-fold increase in methamphetamine consumption over this period in this catchment. For methamphetamine consumption, the rural area showed a very similar trend as the urban catchment starting at a lower baseline. The observed increase in per capita loads of methamphetamine via wastewater analysis over the past six years in South East Queensland provides objective evidence for increased methamphetamine consumption in the Australian population while the use of other illicit stimulants remained relatively stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Gary Chan
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Christoph Ort
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) Urban Water Management, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH 8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Prichard
- Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Steve Carter
- Queensland Health Forensic Scientific Services, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Shalona Anuj
- Queensland Health Forensic Scientific Services, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - K Paul Kirkbride
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Melissa Humphries
- School of Physical Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
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Lai FY, O'Brien J, Bruno R, Hall W, Prichard J, Kirkbride P, Gartner C, Thai P, Carter S, Lloyd B, Burns L, Mueller J. Spatial variations in the consumption of illicit stimulant drugs across Australia: A nationwide application of wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2016; 568:810-818. [PMID: 27267725 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining representative information on illicit drug use and patterns across a country remains difficult using surveys because of low response rates and response biases. A range of studies have used wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as a complementary approach to monitor community-wide illicit drug use. In Australia, no large-scale WBE studies have been conducted to date to reveal illicit drug use profiles in a national context. In this study, we performed the first Australia-wide WBE monitoring to examine spatial patterns in the use of three illicit stimulants (cocaine, as its human metabolite benzoylecgonine; methamphetamine; and 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)). A total of 112 daily composite wastewater samples were collected from 14 wastewater treatment plants across four states and two territories. These covered approximately 40% of the Australian population. We identified and quantified illicit drug residues using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. There were distinctive spatial patterns of illicit stimulant use in Australia. Multivariate analyses showed that consumption of cocaine and MDMA was higher in the large cities than in rural areas. Also, cocaine consumption differed significantly between different jurisdictions. Methamphetamine consumption was more similar between urban and rural locations. Only a few cities had elevated levels of use. Extrapolation of the WBE estimates suggested that the annual consumption was 3tonnes for cocaine and 9tonnes combined for methamphetamine and MDMA, which outweighed the annual seizure amount by 25 times and 45 times, respectively. These ratios imply the difficulty of detecting the trafficking of these stimulants in Australia, possibly more so for methamphetamine than cocaine. The obtained spatial pattern of use was compared with that in the most recent national household survey. Together both WBE and survey methods provide a more comprehensive evaluation of drug use that can assist governments in developing policies to reduce drug use and harm in the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Jake O'Brien
- The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | | | - Paul Kirkbride
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Steve Carter
- Queensland Health Forensic Scientific Services, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Belinda Lloyd
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Lucy Burns
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Jochen Mueller
- The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
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49
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Ryu Y, Barceló D, Barron LP, Bijlsma L, Castiglioni S, de Voogt P, Emke E, Hernández F, Lai FY, Lopes A, de Alda ML, Mastroianni N, Munro K, O'Brien J, Ort C, Plósz BG, Reid MJ, Yargeau V, Thomas KV. Comparative measurement and quantitative risk assessment of alcohol consumption through wastewater-based epidemiology: An international study in 20 cities. Sci Total Environ 2016; 565:977-983. [PMID: 27188267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative measurement of drug consumption biomarkers in wastewater can provide objective information on community drug use patterns and trends. This study presents the measurement of alcohol consumption in 20 cities across 11 countries through the use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), and reports the application of these data for the risk assessment of alcohol on a population scale using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. Raw 24-h composite wastewater samples were collected over a one-week period from 20 cities following a common protocol. For each sample a specific and stable alcohol consumption biomarker, ethyl sulfate (EtS) was determined by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The EtS concentrations were used for estimation of per capita alcohol consumption in each city, which was further compared with international reports and applied for risk assessment by MOE. The average per capita consumption in 20 cities ranged between 6.4 and 44.3L/day/1000 inhabitants. An increase in alcohol consumption during the weekend occurred in all cities, however the level of this increase was found to differ. In contrast to conventional data (sales statistics and interviews), WBE revealed geographical differences in the level and pattern of actual alcohol consumption at an inter-city level. All the sampled cities were in the "high risk" category (MOE<10) and the average MOE for the whole population studied was 2.5. These results allowed direct comparisons of alcohol consumption levels, patterns and risks among the cities. This study shows that WBE can provide timely and complementary information on alcohol use and alcohol associated risks in terms of exposure at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsuk Ryu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO box 1078 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Leon P Barron
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Boxs 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Boxs 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Alvaro Lopes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicola Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kelly Munro
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jake O'Brien
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Benedek G Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 113, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Malcolm J Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montreal, QC J3N 1V3, Canada
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
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50
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Been F, Lai FY, Kinyua J, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Profiles and changes in stimulant use in Belgium in the period of 2011-2015. Sci Total Environ 2016; 565:1011-1019. [PMID: 27251771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adapting illicit drug policy strategies requires detailed knowledge on types and amounts of substances consumed by the target population. In this study, we applied wastewater-based epidemiology to detect spatio-temporal changes in the relative amounts of stimulants (amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine) used in seven locations in Belgium over 2011-2015. Clear geographical differences were observed with stimulant users in large cities (Antwerp, Brussels) showing a preference for cocaine, while amphetamine use was most abundant in smaller cities (Geraardsbergen, Koksijde, Lier, Ninove, Ostend). Results obtained across õdifferent years revealed that the investigated substances had a stable share in the total amount of stimulants used, suggesting that habits of stimulant use remained constant, although differences in absolute amounts were observed across years. Investigation of the weekly pattern in stimulant use showed an increase in the use of MDMA on the weekends compared to cocaine and amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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