1
|
Yamamoto T, Mulpuri Y, Izraylev M, Li Q, Simonian M, Kramme C, Schmidt BL, Seltzman HH, Spigelman I. Selective targeting of peripheral cannabinoid receptors prevents behavioral symptoms and sensitization of trigeminal neurons in mouse models of migraine and medication overuse headache. Pain 2021; 162:2246-2262. [PMID: 33534356 PMCID: PMC8277668 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Migraine affects ∼15% of the world's population greatly diminishing their quality of life. Current preventative treatments are effective in only a subset of migraine patients, and although cannabinoids seem beneficial in alleviating migraine symptoms, central nervous system side effects limit their widespread use. We developed peripherally restricted cannabinoids (PRCBs) that relieve chronic pain symptoms of cancer and neuropathies, without appreciable central nervous system side effects or tolerance development. Here, we determined PRCB effectiveness in alleviating hypersensitivity symptoms in mouse models of migraine and medication overuse headache. Long-term glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, 10 mg/kg) administration led to increased sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and increased expression of phosphorylated protein kinase A, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 proteins in trigeminal ganglia. Peripherally restricted cannabinoid pretreatment, but not posttreatment, prevented behavioral and biochemical correlates of GTN-induced sensitization. Low pH-activated and allyl isothiocyanate-activated currents in acutely isolated trigeminal neurons were reversibly attenuated by PRCB application. Long-term GTN treatment significantly enhanced these currents. Long-term sumatriptan treatment also led to the development of allodynia to mechanical and cold stimuli that was slowly reversible after sumatriptan discontinuation. Subsequent challenge with a previously ineffective low-dose GTN (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) revealed latent behavioral sensitization and increased expression of phosphorylated protein kinase A, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 proteins in trigeminal ganglia. Peripherally restricted cannabinoid pretreatment prevented all behavioral and biochemical correlates of allodynia and latent sensitization. Importantly, long-term PRCB treatment alone did not produce any behavioral or biochemical signs of sensitization. These data validate peripheral cannabinoid receptors as potential therapeutic targets in migraine and medication overuse headache.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yamamoto
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yatendra Mulpuri
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mikhail Izraylev
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Qianyi Li
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Menooa Simonian
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christian Kramme
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brian L. Schmidt
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Herbert H. Seltzman
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carroll FI, Lewin AH, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH, Reddy PA. Designer drugs: a medicinal chemistry perspective (II). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1489:48-77. [PMID: 32396701 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During 2012-2018, the clandestine manufacture of new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed to circumvent substance control regulations increased exponentially worldwide, with concomitant increase in fatalities. This review focuses on three compound classes identified as synthetic opioids, synthetic amphetamines, and synthetic cannabinoids and highlights the medicinal chemistry precedents utilized by clandestine laboratories to develop new NPS with increased brain penetration, longer duration of action, and greater potency. Chemical approaches to illicit drug abuse treatment options, particularly for opioid use disorder, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Anita H Lewin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Herbert H Seltzman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - P Anantha Reddy
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mulpuri Y, Marty VN, Munier JJ, Mackie K, Schmidt BL, Seltzman HH, Spigelman I. Synthetic peripherally-restricted cannabinoid suppresses chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy pain symptoms by CB1 receptor activation. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:85-97. [PMID: 29981335 PMCID: PMC6883926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a severe and dose-limiting side effect of cancer treatment that affects millions of cancer survivors throughout the world and current treatment options are extremely limited by their side effects. Cannabinoids are highly effective in suppressing pain symptoms of chemotherapy-induced and other peripheral neuropathies but their widespread use is limited by central nervous system (CNS)-mediated side effects. Here, we tested one compound from a series of recently developed synthetic peripherally restricted cannabinoids (PRCBs) in a rat model of cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Results show that local or systemic administration of 4-{2-[-(1E)-1[(4-propylnaphthalen-1-yl)methylidene]-1H-inden-3-yl]ethyl}morpholine (PrNMI) dose-dependently suppressed CIPN mechanical and cold allodynia. Orally administered PrNMI also dose-dependently suppressed CIPN allodynia symptoms in both male and female rats without any CNS side effects. Co-administration with selective cannabinoid receptor subtype blockers revealed that PrNMI's anti-allodynic effects are mediated by CB1 receptor (CB1R) activation. Expression of CB2Rs was reduced in dorsal root ganglia from CIPN rats, whereas expression of CB1Rs and various endocannabinoid synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes was unaffected. Daily PrNMI treatment of CIPN rats for two weeks showed a lack of appreciable tolerance to PrNMI's anti-allodynic effects. In an operant task which reflects cerebral processing of pain, PrNMI also dose-dependently suppressed CIPN pain behaviors. Our results demonstrate that PRCBs exemplified by PrNMI may represent a viable option for the treatment of CIPN pain symptoms.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/administration & dosage
- Cannabinoids/administration & dosage
- Cisplatin/adverse effects
- Cold Temperature
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Tolerance
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/pathology
- Male
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/metabolism
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Touch
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yatendra Mulpuri
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincent N Marty
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph J Munier
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Herbert H Seltzman
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lewin AH, Silinski P, Zhong D, Gilbert A, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of (6S)-5-formiminotetrahydrofolate; a reference standard for metabolomics. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5684-5690. [PMID: 30046777 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00245b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The one-carbon carrier of the formate oxidation level derived from the interaction of tetrahydrofolate and formiminoglutamate, which has been tentatively identified as 5-formiminoltetrahydrofolate, has been prepared by chemical synthesis. Treatment of a solution of (6S)-tetrahydrofolate in aqueous base with excess ethyl formimidate in the presence of anti-oxidant under anaerobic conditions afforded a gummy solid which, based on mass spectral analysis, conformed to a monoformimino derivative of tetrahydrofolate. Further physicochemical characterization by validated methods strongly suggested that the product of chemical synthesis was identical to the enzymatically produced material and that it was, in fact, (6S)-5-formiminotetrahydrofolate. Conditions and handling methods toward maintaining the integrity of this highly sensitive compound were identified and are described, as is analytical methodology, useful for research studies using it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Lewin
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zarkin AK, Elkins PD, Gilbert A, Jester TL, Seltzman HH. Synthesis of 13 C-labeled 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-[ 13 C 5 ] ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:820-825. [PMID: 29902835 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-[13 C5 ] ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate ([13 C5 ribose] AICAR-PO3 H2 ) (6) has been synthesized from [13 C5 ]adenosine. Incorporation of the mass-label into [13 C5 ribose] AICAR-PO3 H2 provides a useful standard to aid in metabolite identification and quantification in monitoring metabolic pathways. A synthetic route to the 13 C-labeled compound has not been previously reported. Our method employs a hybrid enzymatic, and chemical synthesis approach that applies an enzymatic conversion from adenosine to inosine followed by a ring-cleavage of the protected inosine. A direct phosphorylation of the resulting 2',3'-isopropylidine acadesine (5) was developed to yield the title compound in 99% purity following ion exchange chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda Gilbert
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, NC, United States
| | - Teresa L Jester
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, NC, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lewin AH, Fix SE, Zhong D, Mayer LD, Burgess JP, Mascarella SW, Reddy PA, Seltzman HH, Carroll FI. Caged Naloxone: Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability of 3- O-(4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)carboxymethyl Naloxone (CNV-NLX). ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:563-567. [PMID: 29154536 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The photolabile analogue of the broad-spectrum opioid antagonist naloxone, 3- O-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)carboxymethyl naloxone (also referred to as "caged naloxone", 3- O-(α-carboxy-6-nitroveratryl)naloxone, CNV-NLX), has been found to be a valuable biochemical probe. While the synthesis of CNV-NLX is simple, its characterization is complicated by the fact that it is produced as a mixture of α R,5 R,9 R,13 S,14 S and α S,5 R,9 R,13 S,14 S diastereomers. Using long-range and heteronuclear NMR correlations, the 1H NMR and 13C NMR resonances of both diastereomers have been fully assigned, confirming the structures. Monitoring of solutions of CNV-NLX in saline buffer, in methanol, and in DMSO has shown CNV-NLX to be stable for over a week under fluorescent laboratory lights at room temperature. Exposure of such solutions to λ 365 nm from a hand-held UV lamp led to the formation of naloxone and CNV-related breakdown products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita H. Lewin
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Scott E. Fix
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Desong Zhong
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Louise D. Mayer
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jason P. Burgess
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - S. Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - P. Anantha Reddy
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Herbert H. Seltzman
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lewin AH, Silinski P, Hayes J, Gilbert A, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH. Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of the One-Carbon Carrier 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate; A Reference Standard for Metabolomics. Metabolomics 2017; 13:117. [PMID: 29399009 PMCID: PMC5791523 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics analysis depends on the identification and validation of specific metabolites. This task is significantly hampered by the absence of well-characterized reference standards. The one-carbon carrier 10-formyltetrahydrofolate acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism where it is a substrate in formyltransferase reactions in purine biosynthesis. It has been reported as an unstable substance and is currently unavailable as a reference standard for metabolomics analysis. OBJECTIVES The current study was undertaken to provide the metabolomics community thoroughly characterized 10-formyltetrahydrofolate along with analytical methodology and guidelines for its storage and handling. METHODS Anaerobic base treatment of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate chloride in the presence of anti-oxidant was utilized to prepare 10-formyltetrahydrofolate. RESULTS Pure 10-formyltetrahydrofolate has been prepared and physicochemically characterized. Conditions toward maintaining the stability of a solution of the dipotassium salt of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate in solution have been determined. CONCLUSION This study describes the facile preparation of pure (>90%) 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, its qualitative physicochemical characterization, as well as conditions to enable its use as a reference standard in physiologic samples.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
PIMSR is among the first neutral antagonists for the CB1R and was demonstrated pharmacologically to bind to the CB1R, yet not alter calcium flux. It was further shown computationally to be able to stabilize both the active and inactive states of CB1R revealing the molecular interactions that mechanistically afford the property of neutral antagonism. PIMSR shows dramatic positive effects in reducing weight, food intake, and adiposity as well as in improving glycemic control and lipid homeostasis in high-fat diet-induced obese mice, but also shows increased ALT and liver weight as markers of liver injury with chronic administration. Further, in a separate study, 3-day administration of PIMSR in C57BL/6J mice, hepatic steatosis from an acute administration of high of ethanol was significantly reduced. Also, it partially prevented alcohol-induced increases in ALT, AST, and LDH. The differences in ALT levels in obese and nonobese mice under different test paradigms are unlikely to be due to neutral antagonism itself since other neutral antagonists (AM6545) do not exhibit liver injury. The brain levels of low micromolar would support significant brain CB1 receptor occupancy (re: Ki=17nM), thus potentially including both CNS and peripheral influences on the observed weight loss. Overall, these studies suggest that marked improvements in aspects of metabolic disease and alcoholic steatosis can be realized with CB1R neutral antagonists and hence warrants the exploration of further members of this class of cannabinoid ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Seltzman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Patricia H Reggio
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Daniel Wesley
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Seltzman HH, Shiner C, Hirt EE, Gilliam AF, Thomas BF, Maitra R, Snyder R, Black SL, Patel PR, Mulpuri Y, Spigelman I. Peripherally Selective Cannabinoid 1 Receptor (CB1R) Agonists for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7525-43. [PMID: 27482723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alleviation of neuropathic pain by cannabinoids is limited by their central nervous system (CNS) side effects. Indole and indene compounds were engineered for high hCB1R affinity, peripheral selectivity, metabolic stability, and in vivo efficacy. An epithelial cell line assay identified candidates with <1% blood-brain barrier penetration for testing in a rat neuropathy induced by unilateral sciatic nerve entrapment (SNE). The SNE-induced mechanical allodynia was reversibly suppressed, partially or completely, after intraperitoneal or oral administration of several indenes. At doses that relieve neuropathy symptoms, the indenes completely lacked, while the brain-permeant CB1R agonist HU-210 (1) exhibited strong CNS side effects, in catalepsy, hypothermia, and motor incoordination assays. Pharmacokinetic findings of ∼0.001 cerebrospinal fluid:plasma ratio further supported limited CNS penetration. Pretreatment with selective CB1R or CB2R blockers suggested mainly CB1R contribution to an indene's antiallodynic effects. Therefore, this class of CB1R agonists holds promise as a viable treatment for neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Seltzman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Craig Shiner
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Erin E Hirt
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Anne F Gilliam
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rod Snyder
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Sherry L Black
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Purvi R Patel
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yatendra Mulpuri
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 63-078 CHS, Los Angeles, California 090095-1668, United States
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 63-078 CHS, Los Angeles, California 090095-1668, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang SD, Brieaddy LE, Harvey JD, Lewin AH, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH, Reddy PA, Decker AM, McElhinny CJ, Zhong D, Peterson EE, Navarro HA, Bruchas MR, Carroll FI. Novel Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of NOP Receptor Agonist 8-[(1S,3aS)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-Hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl]-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (Ro 64-6198). ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1956-64. [PMID: 26367173 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide (NOP) receptor is a widely expressed GPCR involved in the modulation of pain, anxiety, and motor behaviors. Dissecting the functional properties of this receptor is limited by the lack of systemically active ligands that are brain permeant. The small molecule NOP receptor-selective, full agonist 8-[(1S,3aS)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl]-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (Ro 64-6198) hydrochloride is an active, brain penetrant ligand, but its difficult and cost-prohibitive synthesis limits its widespread use and availability for animal studies. Here, we detail a more efficient and convenient method of synthesis, and use both in vitro and in vivo pharmacological assays to fully characterize this ligand. Specifically, we characterize the pharmacodynamics of Ro 64-6198 in cAMP and G-protein coupling in vitro and examine, for the first time, the effects of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and Ro 64-6198 in arrestin recruitment assays. Further, we examine the effects of Ro 64-6198 on analgesia, anxiety, and locomotor responses in vivo. This new synthesis and pharmacological characterization provide additional insights into the useful, systemically active, NOP receptor agonist Ro 64-6198.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Chang
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, and Department of Anatomy
and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lawrence E. Brieaddy
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Joseph D. Harvey
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, and Department of Anatomy
and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Anita H. Lewin
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - S. Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Herbert H. Seltzman
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - P. Anantha Reddy
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Charles J. McElhinny
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Desong Zhong
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Elisha E. Peterson
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, and Department of Anatomy
and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Hernán A. Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, and Department of Anatomy
and Neurobiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shore DM, Baillie GL, Hurst DH, Navas F, Seltzman HH, Marcu JP, Abood ME, Ross RA, Reggio PH. Allosteric modulation of a cannabinoid G protein-coupled receptor: binding site elucidation and relationship to G protein signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:5828-45. [PMID: 24366865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.478495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid 1 (CB1) allosteric modulator, 5-chloro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid [2-(4-piperidin-1-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-amide) (ORG27569), has the paradoxical effect of increasing the equilibrium binding of [(3)H](-)-3-[2-hydroxyl-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-4-[3-hydroxylpropyl]cyclohexan-1-ol (CP55,940, an orthosteric agonist) while at the same time decreasing its efficacy (in G protein-mediated signaling). ORG27569 also decreases basal signaling, acting as an inverse agonist for the G protein-mediated signaling pathway. In ligand displacement assays, ORG27569 can displace the CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist, N-(piperidiny-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide(SR141716A). The goal of this work was to identify the binding site of ORG27569 at CB1. To this end, we used computation, synthesis, mutation, and functional studies to identify the ORG27569-binding site in the CB1 TMH3-6-7 region. This site is consistent with the results of K3.28(192)A, F3.36(200)A, W5.43(279)A, W6.48(356)A, and F3.25(189)A mutation studies, which revealed the ORG27569-binding site overlaps with our previously determined binding site of SR141716A but extends extracellularly. Additionally, we identified a key electrostatic interaction between the ORG27569 piperidine ring nitrogen and K3.28(192) that is important for ORG27569 to act as an inverse agonist. At this allosteric site, ORG27569 promotes an intermediate conformation of the CB1 receptor, explaining ORG27569's ability to increase equilibrium binding of CP55,940. This site also explains ORG27569's ability to antagonize the efficacy of CP55,940 in three complementary ways. 1) ORG27569 sterically blocks movements of the second extracellular loop that have been linked to receptor activation. 2) ORG27569 sterically blocks a key electrostatic interaction between the third extracellular loop residue Lys-373 and D2.63(176). 3) ORG27569 packs against TMH6, sterically hindering movements of this helix that have been shown to be important for receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Shore
- From the Center for Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kotsikorou E, Sharir H, Shore DM, Hurst DP, Lynch DL, Madrigal KE, Heynen-Genel S, Milan LB, Chung TDY, Seltzman HH, Bai Y, Caron MG, Barak LS, Croatt MP, Abood ME, Reggio PH. Identification of the GPR55 antagonist binding site using a novel set of high-potency GPR55 selective ligands. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9456-69. [PMID: 24274581 DOI: 10.1021/bi4008885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GPR55 is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been implicated in inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, metabolic disorder, bone development, and cancer. Initially deorphanized as a cannabinoid receptor, GPR55 has been shown to be activated by non-cannabinoid ligands such as l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). While there is a growing body of evidence of physiological and pathophysiological roles for GPR55, the paucity of specific antagonists has limited its study. In collaboration with the Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network initiative, we identified a series of GPR55 antagonists using a β-arrestin, high-throughput, high-content screen of ~300000 compounds. This screen yielded novel, GPR55 antagonist chemotypes with IC50 values in the range of 0.16-2.72 μM [Heynen-Genel, S., et al. (2010) Screening for Selective Ligands for GPR55: Antagonists (ML191, ML192, ML193) (Bookshelf ID NBK66153; PMID entry 22091481)]. Importantly, many of the GPR55 antagonists were completely selective, with no agonism or antagonism against GPR35, CB1, or CB2 up to 20 μM. Using a model of the GPR55 inactive state, we studied the binding of an antagonist series that emerged from this screen. These studies suggest that GPR55 antagonists possess a head region that occupies a horizontal binding pocket extending into the extracellular loop region, a central ligand portion that fits vertically in the receptor binding pocket and terminates with a pendant aromatic or heterocyclic ring that juts out. Both the region that extends extracellularly and the pendant ring are features associated with antagonism. Taken together, our results provide a set of design rules for the development of second-generation GPR55 selective antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Kotsikorou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas-Pan American , Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kotsikorou E, Navas F, Roche MJ, Gilliam AF, Thomas B, Seltzman HH, Kumar P, Song ZH, Hurst DP, Lynch DL, Reggio PH. The importance of hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking to the affinity and efficacy of cannabinoid receptor CB2 antagonist, 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-[(4-methylphenyl)methyl]-N-[(1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR144528). J Med Chem 2013; 56:6593-612. [PMID: 23855811 PMCID: PMC3804063 DOI: 10.1021/jm400070u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the therapeutic promise of the subnanomolar affinity cannabinoid CB2 antagonist, 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-[(4-methylphenyl)methyl]-N-[(1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR144528, 1), little is known about its binding site interactions and no primary interaction site for 1 at CB2 has been identified. We report here the results of Glide docking studies in our cannabinoid CB2 inactive state model that were then tested via compound synthesis, binding, and functional assays. Our results show that the amide functional group of 1 is critical to its CB2 affinity and efficacy and that aromatic stacking interactions in the TMH5/6 aromatic cluster of CB2 are also important. Molecular modifications that increased the positive electrostatic potential in the region between the fenchyl and aromatic rings led to more efficacious compounds. This result is consistent with the EC-3 loop negatively charged amino acid, D275 (identified via Glide docking studies) acting as the primary interaction site for 1 and its analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Navas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27609
| | | | - Anne F. Gilliam
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27609
| | - Brian Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27609
| | | | - Pritesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Zhao-Hui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Dow P. Hurst
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402
| | - Diane L. Lynch
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Roche MJ, Madren SM, Tallent CR, Carroll FI, Seltzman HH. Mild acetal cleavage using B-chlorocatecholborane in the synthesis of rearrangement-sensitive 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Kotsikorou E, Madrigal KE, Hurst DP, Sharir H, Lynch DL, Heynen-Genel S, Milan LB, Chung TD, Seltzman HH, Bai Y, Caron MG, Barak L, Abood ME, Reggio PH. Identification of the GPR55 agonist binding site using a novel set of high-potency GPR55 selective ligands. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5633-47. [PMID: 21534610 PMCID: PMC3723401 DOI: 10.1021/bi200010k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana is the most widely abused illegal drug, and its spectrum of effects suggests that several receptors are responsible for the activity. Two cannabinoid receptor subtypes, CB1 and CB2, have been identified, but the complex pharmacological properties of exogenous cannabinoids and endocannabinoids are not fully explained by their signaling. The orphan receptor GPR55 binds a subset of CB1 and CB2 ligands and has been proposed as a cannabinoid receptor. This designation, however, is controversial as a result of recent studies in which lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) was identified as a GPR55 agonist. Defining a biological role for GPR55 requires GPR55 selective ligands that have been unavailable. From a β-arrestin, high-throughput, high-content screen of 300000 compounds run in collaboration with the Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network initiative (PubChem AID1965), we identified potent GPR55 selective agonists. By modeling of the GPR55 activated state, we compared the GPR55 binding conformations of three of the novel agonists obtained from the screen, CID1792197, CID1172084, and CID2440433 (PubChem Compound IDs), with that of LPI. Our modeling indicates the molecular shapes and electrostatic potential distributions of these agonists mimic those of LPI; the GPR55 binding site accommodates ligands that have inverted-L or T shapes with long, thin profiles that can fit vertically deep in the receptor binding pocket while their broad head regions occupy a horizontal binding pocket near the GPR55 extracellular loops. Our results will allow the optimization and design of second-generation GPR55 ligands and provide a means for distinguishing GPR55 selective ligands from those interacting with cannabinoid receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla E. Madrigal
- Center for Drug Discovery, UNCG Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA
| | - Dow P. Hurst
- Center for Drug Discovery, UNCG Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA
| | - Haleli Sharir
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Diane L. Lynch
- Center for Drug Discovery, UNCG Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA
| | - Susanne Heynen-Genel
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Loribelle B. Milan
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Thomas D.Y. Chung
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Herbert H. Seltzman
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - Yushi Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Marc G. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Larry Barak
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Mary E. Abood
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Seltzman HH, Fix SE, Risbood P. Deuterated batracylin: deuterium-hydrogen exchange during synthesis and mass spectral analysis. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
Zhang Y, Gilliam A, Maitra R, Damaj MI, Tajuba JM, Seltzman HH, Thomas BF. Synthesis and biological evaluation of bivalent ligands for the cannabinoid 1 receptor. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7048-60. [PMID: 20845959 DOI: 10.1021/jm1006676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dimerization or oligomerization of many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor, is now widely accepted and may have significant implications for medications development targeting these receptor complexes. A library of bivalent ligands composed of two identical CB1 antagonist pharmacophores derived from SR141716 linked by spacers of various lengths were developed. The affinities of these bivalent ligands at CB1 and CB2 receptors were determined using radiolabeled binding assays. Their functional activities were measured using GTP-γ-S accumulation and intracellular calcium mobilization assays. The results suggest that the nature of the linker and its length are crucial factors for optimum interactions of these ligands at CB1 receptor binding sites. Finally, selected bivalent ligands (5d and 7b) were able to attenuate the antinociceptive effects of the cannabinoid agonist CP55,940 (21) in a rodent tail-flick assay. These novel compounds may serve as probes that will enable further characterization of CB1 receptor dimerization and oligomerization and its functional significance and may prove useful in the development of new therapeutic approaches to G-protein-coupled receptor mediated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao P, Sharir H, Kapur A, Cowan A, Geller EB, Adler MW, Seltzman HH, Reggio PH, Heynen-Genel S, Sauer M, Chung TDY, Bai Y, Chen W, Caron MG, Barak LS, Abood ME. Targeting of the orphan receptor GPR35 by pamoic acid: a potent activator of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and β-arrestin2 with antinociceptive activity. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:560-8. [PMID: 20826425 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.066746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Known agonists of the orphan receptor GPR35 are kynurenic acid, zaprinast, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylproplyamino) benzoic acid, and lysophosphatidic acids. Their relatively low affinities for GPR35 and prominent off-target effects at other pathways, however, diminish their utility for understanding GPR35 signaling and for identifying potential therapeutic uses of GPR35. In a screen of the Prestwick Library of drugs and drug-like compounds, we have found that pamoic acid is a potent GPR35 agonist. Pamoic acid is considered by the Food and Drug Administration as an inactive compound that enables long-acting formulations of numerous drugs, such as the antihelminthics oxantel pamoate and pyrantel pamoate; the psychoactive compounds hydroxyzine pamoate (Vistaril) and imipramine pamoate (Tofranil-PM); and the peptide hormones triptorelin pamoate (Trelstar) and octreotide pamoate (OncoLar). We have found that pamoic acid induces a G(i/o)-linked, GPR35-mediated increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, recruitment of β-arrestin2 to GPR35, and internalization of GPR35. In mice, it attenuates visceral pain perception, indicating an antinociceptive effect, possibly through GPR35 receptors. We have also identified in collaboration with the Sanford-Burnham Institute Molecular Libraries Probe Production Center new classes of GPR35 antagonist compounds, including the nanomolar potency antagonist methyl-5-[(tert-butylcarbamothioylhydrazinylidene)methyl]-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylate (CID2745687). Pamoic acid and potent antagonists such as CID2745687 present novel opportunities for expanding the chemical space of GPR35, elucidating GPR35 pharmacology, and stimulating GPR35-associated drug development. Our results indicate that the unexpected biological functions of pamoic acid may yield potential new uses for a common drug constituent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingwei Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Walentiny DM, Vann RE, Warner JA, King LS, Seltzman HH, Navarro HA, Twine CE, Thomas BF, Gilliam AF, Gilmour BP, Carroll FI, Wiley JL. Kappa opioid mediation of cannabinoid effects of the potent hallucinogen, salvinorin A, in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 210:275-84. [PMID: 20354680 PMCID: PMC3013230 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Salvinorin A, the primary psychoactive derivative of the hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum, is a potent and highly selective kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist. Several recent studies, however, have suggested endocannabinoid system mediation of some of its effects. OBJECTIVES This study represents a systematic examination of this hypothesis. METHODS Salvinorin A was isolated from S. divinorum and was evaluated in a battery of in vitro and in vivo procedures designed to detect cannabinoid activity, including CB(1) receptor radioligand and [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding, calcium flux assay, in vivo cannabinoid screening tests, and drug discrimination. RESULTS Salvinorin A did not bind to nor activate CB(1) receptors. In vivo salvinorin A produced pronounced hypolocomotion and antinociception (and to a lesser extent, hypothermia). These effects were blocked by the selective KOR antagonist, JDTic, but not by the CB(1) receptor antagonist rimonabant. Interestingly, however, rimonabant attenuated KOR activation stimulated by U69,593 in a [(35)S]GTPgammaS assay. Salvinorin A did not substitute for Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in mice trained to discriminate THC. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that similarities in the pharmacological effects of salvinorin A and those of cannabinoids are mediated by its activation of KOR rather than by any direct action of salvinorin A on the endocannabinoid system. Further, the results suggest that rimonabant reversal of salvinorin A effects in previous studies may be explained in part by rimonabant attenuation of KOR activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Matthew Walentiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Robert E. Vann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Warner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Lindsey S. King
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Herbert H. Seltzman
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Hernán A. Navarro
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Charles E. Twine
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Anne F. Gilliam
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Brian P. Gilmour
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Jenny L. Wiley
- Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Wei J, Rega MF, Kitada S, Yuan H, Zhai D, Risbood P, Seltzman HH, Twine CE, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. Synthesis and evaluation of Apogossypol atropisomers as potential Bcl-xL antagonists. Cancer Lett 2008; 273:107-13. [PMID: 18782651 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) have been recently validated as targets for the discovery of novel anti-cancer agents. We previously reported that racemic (+/-) Apogossypol, a semi-synthetic compound derived from the natural product Gossypol, binds and inhibits Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L)in vitro and in cell. Given that (+) and (-) Gossypol display different proapoptotic activities, here we report on the synthesis of (+) and (-) Apogossypol and the evaluation of their in vitro and cellular activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang Y, Burgess JP, Brackeen M, Gilliam A, Mascarella SW, Page K, Seltzman HH, Thomas BF. Conformationally constrained analogues of N-(piperidinyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716): design, synthesis, computational analysis, and biological evaluations. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3526-39. [PMID: 18512901 DOI: 10.1021/jm8000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships (SARs) of 1 (SR141716) have been extensively documented, however, the conformational properties of this class have received less attention. In an attempt to better understand ligand conformations optimal for receptor recognition, we have designed and synthesized a number of derivatives of 1, including a four-carbon-bridged molecule (11), to constrain rotation of the diaryl rings. Computational analysis of 11 indicates approximately 20 kcal/mol energy barrier for rotation of the two aryl rings. NMR studies have determined the energy barrier to be approximately 18 kcal/mol and suggested atropisomers could exist. Receptor binding and functional studies with these compounds displayed reduced affinity and potency when compared to 1. This indicates that our structural modifications either constrain the ring systems in a suboptimal orientation for receptor interaction or the introduction of steric bulk leads to disfavored steric interactions with the receptor, and/or the relatively modest alterations in the molecular electrostatic potentials results in disfavored Coulombic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fride E, Braun H, Matan H, Steinberg S, Reggio PH, Seltzman HH. Inhibition of milk ingestion and growth after administration of a neutral cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist on the first postnatal day in the mouse. Pediatr Res 2007; 62:533-6. [PMID: 17805201 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181559d42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that neonatal exposure to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant (SR141716) interfered with suckling and development. However, it was not clear whether the developmental deficiencies were induced by neutral CB1 receptor blockade, thereby inhibiting endogenous cannabinoid "tone," or by inverse agonist reduction of constitutive CB1 receptors. CB1 receptor blockade supports our hypothesis that low CB1 receptor concentrations and/or reduced endocannabinoid levels underlie infant nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT). Inverse agonism implies that lower constitutive CB1 receptor activity may be responsible for impaired food intake in newborns. In the present study, we injected the neutral CB1 receptor antagonist 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-[(E)-2-cyclohexylethenyl]-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole (VCHSR1) to 1-d-old mouse pups and recorded weight gain, gastric milk contents (milkbands), axillary temperature, and survival between age 1 and 10 d. The results showed a dose-related interference with all measures. These data show that (1) growth failure induced by rimonabant is generalized to another CB1 antagonist and (2) cannabinoid CB1 receptor activation by endocannabinoids is essential for normal milk ingestion and development in mice. This supports our hypothesis that endocannabinoid deficiency and perhaps CB1 receptor dysfunction represents the uncharacterized biologic vulnerability, which underlies NOFTT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Fride
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel 44837, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Thomas BF, Zhang Y, Brackeen M, Page KM, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH. Conformational characteristics of the interaction of SR141716A with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor as determined through the use of conformationally constrained analogs. AAPS J 2006; 8:E665-71. [PMID: 17233530 PMCID: PMC2751363 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in cannabinoid pharmacology increased dramatically upon the identification of the first cannabinoid receptor (CB1) in 1998 and continues to expand as additional endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors are discovered. Using CB1 receptor (CB1R) systems, medicinal chemistry programs began screening libraries searching for cannabinoid ligands, ultimately leading to the discovery of the first potent cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716A (Rimonabant). Its demonstrated efficacy in treating obesity and facilitating smoking cessation, among other impressive pharmacological activities, has furthered the interest in cannabinoid receptor antagonists as therapeutics, such that the number of patents and publications covering this class of compounds continues to grow at an impressive rate. At this time, medicinal chemistry approaches including combinatorial chemistry, conformational constraint, and scaffold hopping are continuing to generate a large number of cannabinoid antagonists. These molecules provide an opportunity to gain insight into the 3-dimensional structure-activity relationships that appear crucial for CB1R-ligand interaction. In particular, studies in which conformational constraints have been imposed on the various pyrazole ring substituents of SR141716A provide a direct opportunity to characterize changes in conformation/conformational freedom within a single class of compounds. While relatively few conformationally constrained molecules have been synthesized to date, the structure-activity information is often more readily interpreted than in studies where entire substituents are replaced. Thus, it is the focus of this mini-review to examine the structural properties of SR141716A, and to use conformationally constrained molecules to illustrate the importance of conformation and conformational freedom to CB1R affinity, selectivity, and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Seltzman HH, Odear DF, Laudeman CP, Carroll FI, Wyrick CD. Metallation/reduction as a new approach to tritium labeling. The synthesis of [3H]ibogaine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580340408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
28
|
Pitt CG, Seltzman HH, Setzer SR, Williams DL. The preparation of 5′-iodo-125I-Δ8-THC; a radioligand for the radioimmunoassay of cannabinoids. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580170510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Thomas BF, Francisco MEY, Seltzman HH, Thomas JB, Fix SE, Schulz AK, Gilliam AF, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA. Synthesis of long-chain amide analogs of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist N-(piperidinyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716) with unique binding selectivities and pharmacological activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5463-74. [PMID: 15994087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An extended series of alkyl carboxamide analogs of N-(piperidinyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl- 1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716; 5) was synthesized. Each compound was tested for its ability to displace the prototypical cannabinoid ligands ([3H]CP-55,940, [3H]2; [3H]SR141716, [3H]5; and [3H]WIN55212-2, [3H]3), and selected compounds were further characterized by determining their ability to affect guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-gamma-[35S] binding and their effects in the mouse vas deferens assay. This systematic evaluation has resulted in the discovery of novel compounds with unique binding properties at the central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) and distinctive pharmacological activities in CB1 receptor tissue preparations. Specifically, compounds with nanomolar affinity which are able to fully displace [3H]5 and [3H]2, but unable to displace [3H]3 at similar concentrations, have been synthesized. This selectivity in ligand displacement is unprecedented, in that previously, compounds in every structural class of cannabinoid ligands had always been shown to displace each of these radioligands in a competitive fashion. Furthermore, the selectivity of these compounds appears to impart unique pharmacological properties when tested in a mouse vas deferens assay for CB1 receptor antagonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Thomas
- Science and Engineering Group, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Seltzman HH, Foster MC, Wyrick CD, Burgess JP, Ivy Carroll F. Tritiation of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR144528 involving lithium aluminum tritide reduction; assessment of the kinetic isotope effect by3H-NMR. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
32
|
Basta PV, Adcock AF, Tallent CR, Fleming DN, Seltzman HH, Whisnant CC, Cook CE. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies reactive to the endogenous small molecule, anandamide. J Immunol Methods 2004; 285:181-95. [PMID: 14980433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of an easy and inexpensive immunoassay to measure the limited quantities of endogenous cannabinoids found in the body would be beneficial for both cannabinoid researchers and clinicians. This report describes the hapten design and carrier molecule strategy that we used to generate a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAB) to the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonylethanolamide, AEA). We designed and successfully prepared a hapten, N-arachidonyl-7-amino-6-hydroxy-heptanoic acid (AHA), which retained the basic characteristic features of anandamide--the carboxamide, the hydroxyl and the lipophilic arachidonyl moiety with its skipped double bond system, while still allowing attachment to protein. In addition, a secondary alcohol structure was added to reduce the potential for biological hydrolysis of the hapten. Because of the diverse responses obtained after coupling this hapten to four different carriers, we determined that the type of carrier molecule used was particularly important for generating anti-anandamide antibodies. Described in this report are the characteristics of a panel of 11 mAB, generated from four separate fusions, with a range of relative affinities and cross reactivities. Excellent selectivity for anandamide vs. two other endogenous cannabinoids and arachidonic acid was achieved this strategy (cross-reactivities <5%). In addition, at least one mAB maintained specificity for anandamide compared to two very closely related fatty acid amide molecules. However, the IC50 values in a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format (ca. 2-3 microM) indicate that improvement in antibody affinities or assay format will be required for an immunoassay to measure endogenous levels. Such work is underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Basta
- Proteomics Research Group, Science and Engineering, RTI International, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hurst DP, Lynch DL, Barnett-Norris J, Hyatt SM, Seltzman HH, Zhong M, Song ZH, Nie J, Lewis D, Reggio PH. N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716A) interaction with LYS 3.28(192) is crucial for its inverse agonism at the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62:1274-87. [PMID: 12435794 DOI: 10.1124/mol.62.6.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In superior cervical ganglion neurons, N-(piperidiny-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716A) competitively antagonizes the Ca(2+) current effect of the cannabinoid (CB) agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN55212-2), and behaves as an inverse agonist by producing opposite current effects when applied alone. In contrast, in neurons expressing CB1 with a K-->A mutation at residue 3.28(192) (i.e., K3.28A), SR141716A competitively antagonizes the effects of WIN55212-2, but behaves as a neutral antagonist by producing no current effects itself. Receptor modeling studies suggested that in the CB1 inactive (R) state, SR1417A16A stabilizes transmembrane helix 6 in its inactive conformation via aromatic stacking with F3.36/W6.48. In this binding site, SR141716A would exhibit higher affinity for CB1 R due to a hydrogen bond between the SR141716A C3 substituent and K3.28(192), a residue available to SR141716A only in R. To test this hypothesis, a "mutant thermodynamic cycle" was constructed that combined the evaluation of SR141716A affinity at WT CB1 and K3.28A with an evaluation of the wild-type CB1 and K3.28A affinities of an SR141716A analog, 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-[(E)-2-cyclohexylethenyl]-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole (VCHSR), that lacks hydrogen bonding potential at C3. Binding affinities suggested that K3.28 is involved in a strong interaction with SR141716A in WT CB1, but does not interact with VCHSR. Thermodynamic cycle calculations indicated that a direct interaction occurs between the C3 substituent of SR141716A and K3.28 in WT CB1. Consistent with these results, VCHSR acted as a neutral antagonist at WT CB1. These results support the hypothesis that hydrogen bonding of the SR141716A C3 substituent with K3.28 is responsible for its higher affinity for the inactive R state, leading to its inverse agonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dow P Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Francisco MEY, Seltzman HH, Gilliam AF, Mitchell RA, Rider SL, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA, Thomas BF. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of amide and hydrazide analogues of the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist N-(piperidinyl)- 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716). J Med Chem 2002; 45:2708-19. [PMID: 12061874 DOI: 10.1021/jm010498v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of the biaryl pyrazole N-(piperidinyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716; 5) were synthesized to investigate the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the aminopiperidine region. The structural modifications include the substitution of alkyl hydrazines, amines, and hydroxyalkylamines of varying lengths for the aminopiperidinyl moiety. Proximity and steric requirements at the aminopiperidine region were probed by the synthesis of analogues that substitute alkyl hydrazines of increasing chain length and branching. The corresponding amide analogues were compared to the hydrazides to determine the effect of the second nitrogen on receptor binding affinity. The N-cyclohexyl amide 14 represents a direct methine for nitrogen substitution for 5, reducing the potential for heteroatom interaction, while the morpholino analogue 15 adds the potential for an additional heteroatom interaction. The series of hydroxyalkyl amides of increasing chain length was synthesized to investigate the existence of additional receptor hydrogen binding sites. In displacement assays using the cannabinoid agonist [(3)H](1R,3R,4R)-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-4-(3-hydroxypropyl) cyclohexan-1-ol (CP 55 940; 2) or the antagonist [(3)H]5, 14 exhibited the highest CB(1) affinity. In general, increasing the length and bulk of the substituent was associated with increased receptor affinity and efficacy (as measured in a guanosine 5'-triphosphate-gamma-[(35)S] assay). However, in most instances, receptor affinity and efficacy increases were no longer observed after a certain chain length was reached. A quantitative SAR study was carried out to characterize the pharmacophoric requirements of the aminopiperidine region. This model indicates that ligands that exceed 3 A in length would have reduced potency and affinity with respect to 5 and that substituents with a positive charge density in the aminopiperidine region would be predicted to possess increased pharmacological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Y Francisco
- Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Seltzman HH, Chapman TM. Nucleophilic adducts of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylimine. Facile hydrolysis of imidazole-based adducts. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00904a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
|
38
|
Seltzman HH, Ivy Carroll F, Burgess JP, Wyrick CD, Burch DF. Tritiation of SR141716 by metallation-iodination-reduction: tritium-proton nOe study. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
39
|
Wang T, Burges JP, Reggio PH, Seltzman HH. Mild Generation ofo-Quinone Methides. Synthesis of (-)-Hexahydrocannabinol and Dihydrocannabidiol. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910008087171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Seltzman HH. Structure and receptor activity for classical cannabinoids. Curr Med Chem 1999; 6:685-704. [PMID: 10469886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
In this decade, classical cannabinoid SAR has increasingly been interpreted in terms of ligand-receptor interaction. Membrane receptor binding affinity, inhibition of receptor coupled processes, functional in vitro assays that distinguish between agonists and antagonists, transfected receptor systems, and distinction among receptor subtypes have been applied to cannabinoid pharmacology studies. These studies have revealed information about the pivotal receptor interaction that mediates the neurochemical system characterized by the receptor. The positive correlation between binding affinity and behavioral effects validates ligand-receptor interaction as a focus for developing new cannabinoids with the potential for selective pharmacological effects. Added to these direct receptor studies are the computational methods that compare active and inactive ligands for steric, electronic, and conformational similarities that reveal an SAR for activity with a sophistication and a perspective not possible before computer methodology. Merging these studies with knowledge of the receptor sequence, consequences of mutations of the receptor, and a calculated structure of the receptor are evolving a physical picture of the interaction of cannabinoids with its receptor(s). This picture of a ligand-receptor interaction guides medicinal chemists in their interpretation of classical cannabinoid SAR and the design of new analogs for selective pharmacological activity and as probes of the cannabinoid receptor. It is from a receptor perspective that this review of the SAR of classical cannabinoids is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Seltzman
- Chemistry & Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 Cornwallis Road, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhong D, Kotian P, Wyrick CD, Seltzman HH, Kepler JA, Kuhar MJ, Boja JW, Carroll FI. Synthesis of 3β-(4-[125I]iodophenyl)tropane-2-β-pyrrolidine carboxamide ([125I]RTI-229). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(199903)42:3<281::aid-jlcr188>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
43
|
Reggio PH, Basu-Dutt S, Barnett-Norris J, Castro MT, Hurst DP, Seltzman HH, Roche MJ, Gilliam AF, Thomas BF, Stevenson LA, Pertwee RG, Abood ME. The bioactive conformation of aminoalkylindoles at the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors: insights gained from (E)- and (Z)-naphthylidene indenes. J Med Chem 1998; 41:5177-87. [PMID: 9857088 DOI: 10.1021/jm9801197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aminoalkylindoles (AAIs) are agonists at both the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. To determine whether the s-trans or s-cis form of AAIs is their receptor-appropriate conformation, two pairs of rigid AAI analogues were studied. These rigid analogues are naphthylidene-substituted aminoalkylindenes that lack the carbonyl oxygen of the AAIs. Two pairs of (E)- and (Z)-naphthylidene indenes (C-2 H and C-2 Me) were considered. In each pair, the E geometric isomer is intended to mimic the s-trans form of the AAIs, while the Z geometric isomer is intended to mimic the s-cis form. Complete conformational analyses of two AAIs, pravadoline (2) and WIN-55, 212-2 (1), and of each indene were performed using the semiempirical method AM1. S-trans and s-cis conformations of 1 and 2 were identified. AM1 single-point energy calculations revealed that when 1 and each indene were overlayed at their corresponding indole/indene rings, the (E)- and (Z)-indenes were able to overlay naphthyl rings with the corresponding s-trans or s-cis conformer of 1 with an energy expense of 1.13/0.69 kcal/mol for the C-2 H (E/Z)-indenes and 0.82/0.74 kcal/mol for the C-2 Me (E/Z)-indenes. On the basis of the hypothesis that aromatic stacking is the predominant interaction of AAIs such as 1 at the CB receptors and on the demonstration that the C-2 H (E/Z)- and C-2 Me (E/Z)-indene isomers can mimic the positions of the aromatic systems in the s-trans and s-cis conformers of 1, the modeling results support the previously established use of indenes as rigid analogues of the AAIs. A synthesis of the naphthylidene indenes was developed using Horner-Wittig chemistry that afforded the Z isomer in the C-2 H series, which was not produced in significant amounts from an earlier reported indene/aldehyde condensation reaction. This approach was extended to the C-2 Me series as well. Photochemical interconversions in both the C-2 H and C-2 Me series were also successful in obtaining the less favored isomer. Thus, the photochemical process can be used to provide quantities of the minor isomers C-2 H/Z and C-2 Me/E. The CB1 and CB2 affinities as well as the activity of each compound in the twitch response of the guinea pig ileum (GPI) assay were assessed. The E isomer in each series was found to have the higher affinity for both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. In the rat brain membrane assay versus [3H]CP-55,940, the Ki's for the C-2 H/C-2 Me series were 2.72/2.89 nM (E isomer) and 148/1945 nM (Z isomer). In membrane assays versus [3H]SR141716A, a two-site model was indicated for the C-2 H/C-2 Me (E isomers) with Ki's of 10. 8/9.44 nM for the higher-affinity site and 611/602 nM for the lower-affinity site. For the Z isomers, a one-site model was indicated with Ki's of 928/2178 nM obtained for the C2 H/C-2 Me analogues, respectively. For the C-2 H/C-2 Me series, the CB2 Ki's obtained using a cloned cell line were 2.72/2.05 nM (E isomer) and 132/658 nM (Z isomer). In the GPI assay, the relative order of potency was C-2 H E > C-2 Me E > C-2 H Z > C-2 Me Z. The C-2 H E isomer was found to be equipotent with 1, while the C-2 Me Z isomer was inactive at concentrations up to 3.16 microM. Thus, results indicate that the E geometric isomer in each pair of analogues is the isomer with the higher CB1 and CB2 affinities and the higher pharmacological potency. Taken together, results reported here support the hypothesis that the s-trans conformation of AAIs such as 1 is the preferred conformation for interaction at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors and that aromatic stacking may be an important interaction for AAIs at these receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Reggio
- Department of Chemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Seltzman HH, Roche MJ, Laudeman CP, Wyrick CD, Carroll FI. Protection of the allylic alcohol double bond from catalytic reduction in the preparation of [1-3H]morphine and [1-3H]codeine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(1998090)41:9<811::aid-jlcr132>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
45
|
Thomas BF, Gilliam AF, Burch DF, Roche MJ, Seltzman HH. Comparative receptor binding analyses of cannabinoid agonists and antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 285:285-92. [PMID: 9536023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To further characterize neuronal cannabinoid receptors, we compared the ability of known and novel cannabinoid analogs to compete for receptor sites labeled with either [3H]SR141716A or [3H]CP-55,940. These efforts were also directed toward extending the structure-activity relationships for cannabinoid agonists and antagonists. A series of alternatively halogenated analogs of SR141716A were synthesized and tested in rat brain membrane binding assays along with the classical cannabinoids, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, cannabidiol, the nonclassical cannabinoid CP-55,940, the aminoalkylindole WIN55212-2 and the endogenous fatty acid ethanolamide, anandamide. Saturation binding isotherms were performed with both radioligands, as were displacement studies, allowing an accurate comparison to be made between the binding of these various compounds. Competition studies demonstrated that all of the compounds were able to displace the binding of [3H]CP-55,940 with rank order potencies that agreed with previous studies. However, the rank order potencies of these compounds in competition studies with [3H]SR141716A differed significantly from those determined with [3H]CP-55,940. These results suggest that CP-55,940, WIN55212-2 and other agonists interact with cannabinoid binding sites within the brain which are distinguishable from the population of binding sites for SR141716A, its analogs and cannabidiol. Structural modification of SR141716A significantly altered the affinity of the compound and its relative ability to displace either [3H]CP-55,940 or [3H]SR141716A preferentially within the rat brain receptor membrane preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Seltzman HH, Fleming DN, Thomas BF, Gilliam AF, McCallion DS, Pertwee RG, Compton DR, Martin BR. Synthesis and pharmacological comparison of dimethylheptyl and pentyl analogs of anandamide. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3626-34. [PMID: 9357529 DOI: 10.1021/jm9702950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
(Dimethylheptyl)anandamide [(16,16-dimethyldocosa-cis-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl)ethanolamine ] (17a) and its amide analogs were synthesized by Wittig coupling of a ylide derived from a fragment of arachidonic acid. These amides were compared to the endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, 2a) and its amide analogs in pharmacological assays for potential enhancement of cannabimimetic activities. The receptor affinity to rat brain membranes of the dimethylheptyl (DMH) analogs increased by an order of magnitude in most comparisons to the corresponding anandamides in displacement assays versus the cannabinoid agonist [3H]CP 55,940 or antagonist [3H]SR141716A, for which rank order differences in affinity were observed. An order of magnitude enhancement of potency with comparable or higher efficacy in behavioral assays in the mouse tetrad of tests of cannabinoid activity was observed in 17a versus 2a. In contrast, no enhancement in potency for the pentyl to DMH side chain exchange was seen in the mouse vas deferens assay. The data indicate a structural equivalence between classical plant cannabinoids and 2a as well as different receptor-ligand interactions that characterize multiple receptor sites or binding modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Seltzman
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Reggio PH, Wang T, Brown AE, Fleming DN, Seltzman HH, Griffin G, Pertwee RG, Compton DR, Abood ME, Martin BR. Importance of the C-1 substituent in classical cannabinoids to CB2 receptor selectivity: synthesis and characterization of a series of O,2-propano-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol analogs. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3312-8. [PMID: 9379452 DOI: 10.1021/jm970136g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The separation of the mood-altering effects of cannabinoids from their therapeutic effects has been long sought. Results reported here for a series of C-9 analogs of the cyclic ether O,2-propano-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol (O,2-propano-delta 8-THC) point to the C-1 position in classical cannabinoids as a position for which CB2 subtype selectivity occurs within the cannabinoid receptors. O,2-Propano-11-delta 8-THC, O,2-propano delta 9,11-THC, O,2-propano-9-oxo-11-nor-hexahydrocannabinol (O,2-propano-9-oxo-11-nor-HHC), and O,2-propano-9 alpha- and O,2-propano-9 beta-OH-11-nor-HHC were synthesized and evaluated in radioligand displacement assays for affinity at the CB1 and CB2 receptors and in the mouse vas deferens in vitro assay and the mouse tetrad in vivo assay for cannabinoid activity. Evaluation of binding affinity at the CB1 and CB2 receptors revealed that each compound possesses a modest increased affinity for the CB2 receptor. Analogs which contained an oxygen attached to C-9 (i.e., oxo and hydroxy derivatives) showed the highest affinity and selectivity for CB2 (for O,2-propano-9-oxo-11-nor-HHC, Ki(CB1) = 90 nM, Ki(CB2) = 23 nM, selectivity ratio 3.9; for O,2-propano-9 beta-OH-11-nor-HHC, Ki(CB1) = 26 nM, Ki(CB2) = 5.8 nM, selectivity ratio 4.5). Each compound was found to produce a dose-dependent inhibition of electrically-evoked contractions of the mouse isolated vas deferens when administered at submicromolar concentrations. This inhibition could readily be prevented by the selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR-141716A. The analogs exhibited unique in vivo profiles with O,2-propano-delta 9,11-THC exhibiting antinociception with reduced activity in three other in vivo measures and O,2-propano-9 beta-OH-HHC exhibiting lack of dose responsiveness in all measures. The CB2 selectivities in the O,2-propano analogs may be due to differences in solvation/desolvation that occur when the ligands enter the CB1 vs CB2 binding site. Alternatively, the CB2 selectivities may be a results of an amino acid change from a hydrogen bond-accepting residue in CB1 to a hydrogen bond-donating residue in CB2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Reggio
- Department of Chemistry, Kennesaw State University, Georgia 30144, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lever JR, Scheffel U, Stathis M, Seltzman HH, Wyrick CD, Abraham P, Parham K, Thomas BF, Boja JW, Kuhar MJ, Carroll FI. Synthesis and in vivo studies of a selective ligand for the dopamine transporter: 3 beta-(4-[125I]iodophenyl) tropan-2 beta-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester ([125I]RTI-121). Nucl Med Biol 1996; 23:277-84. [PMID: 8782237 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(95)02074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A selective ligand for the dopamine transporter 3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropan-2 beta-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester (RTI-121) has been labeled with iodine-125 by electrophilic radioiododestannylation. The [125I]RTI-121 was obtained in good yield (86 +/- 7%, n = 3) with high radiochemical purity (> 99%) and specific radioactivity (1210-1950 mCi/mumol). After i.v. administration of [125I]RTI-121 to mice, the rank order of regional brain tissue radioactivity (striatum > olfactory tubercles > > cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum) was consistent with dopamine transporter labeling. Specific in vivo binding in striatum and olfactory tubercles was saturable, and was blocked by the dopamine transporter ligands GBR 12,909 and (+/-)-nomifensine. By contrast, binding was not reduced by paroxetine, a serotonin transporter inhibitor, or desipramine, a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor. A variety of additional drugs having high affinities for recognition sites other than the neuronal dopamine transporter also had no effect. The [125I]RTI-121 binding in striatum and olfactory tubercles was inhibited by d-amphetamine in dose-dependent fashion. Nonmetabolized radioligand represents 85% of the signal observed in extracts of whole mouse brain. Thus, [125I]RTI-121 is readily prepared, and is a useful tracer for dopamine transporter studies in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Lever
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Staley JK, Boja JW, Carroll FI, Seltzman HH, Wyrick CD, Lewin AH, Abraham P, Mash DC. Mapping dopamine transporters in the human brain with novel selective cocaine analog [125I]RTI-121. Synapse 1995; 21:364-72. [PMID: 8869167 DOI: 10.1002/syn.890210412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The novel cocaine analog RTI-121 [3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane-2 beta-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester] was evaluated as a probe for the in vitro labeling and localization of the dopamine transporter in the human brain. Saturation binding experiments conducted in sucrose-phosphate buffer (10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4, 0.32 M sucrose) revealed high- and low-affinity binding components with affinity values (KD) of 0.25 +/- 0.04 and 4.9 +/- 1.6 nM (mean +/- SE) and densities (Bmax) of 56.8 +/- 13.8 and 147.7 +/- 23.4 pmol/g tissue, respectively. In contrast, when saturation binding experiments were performed in phosphate-buffered saline (10 mM Na2HPO4, 1.8 mM KH2PO4, 136 mM NaCl, 2.8 mM KCl, 10 mM NaI, pH 7.4), a 9-fold decrease in the density of the low-affinity component was noted, suggesting that the low-affinity RTI-121 binding site is associated with the region of the transporter involved in the ionic dependence of substrate recognition and/or uptake. The rank order of potency for inhibition of [125I]RTI-121 binding to human caudate membranes demonstrates that the radioligand selectively labels the dopamine transporter (GBR 12909 > RTI-121 > mazindol > nomifensine > (-) cocaine > desipramine > citalopram). Autoradiographic mapping of [125I]RTI-121 revealed very high densities of cocaine recognition sites over areas known to be rich in dopaminergic innervation, including the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. Moderate densities were also observed over the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. Low-to-background labeling of [125]RTI-121 was seen throughout the cerebral cortex, amygdaloid nuclei, globus pallidus, and thalamus. In comparison with the autoradiographic distribution of the cocaine analogs [3H]WIN 35,428 (or CFT) and [125I]RTI-55 (or beta-CIT), the labeling pattern for [125I]RTI-121 was more restricted. These studies demonstrate that [125I]RTI-121 labels dopamine-rich brain regions with greater selectivity than other currently available cocaine analogs, which makes it a potentially superior imaging probe for mapping the dopamine transporter in the human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Staley
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Reggio PH, Bramblett RD, Yuknavich H, Seltzman HH, Fleming DN, Fernando SR, Stevenson LA, Pertwee RG. The design, synthesis and testing of desoxy-CBD: further evidence for a region of steric interference at the cannabinoid receptor. Life Sci 1995; 56:2025-32. [PMID: 7776828 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)00185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol CBD, a non-psychoactive constituent of marihuana, has been reported to possess essentially no affinity for cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding sites in the brain. Our hypothesis concerning CBD's lack of affinity for the cannabinoid CB1 receptor is that CBD is not capable of clearing a region of steric interference at the CB1 receptor and thereby not able to bind to this receptor. We have previously characterized this region of steric interference at the CB1 receptor [P.H. Reggio, A.M. Panu, S. Miles J. Med. Chem. 36, 1761-1771 (1993)] in three dimensions using the Active Analog Approach. We report here a conformational analysis of CBD which, in turn, led to the design of a new analog, desoxy-CBD. Modeling results for desoxy-CBD predict that this compound is capable of clearing the region of steric interference by expending 3.64 kcal/mol of energy in contrast to the 12.39 kcal/mol expenditure required by CBD. Desoxy-CBD was synthesized by condensation of 3-pentylphenol with p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol mediated by DMF-dineopental acetal. Desoxy-CBD was found to behave as a partial agonist in the mouse vas deferens assay, an assay which is reported to detect the presence of cannabinoid receptors. The compound produced a concentration related inhibition of electrically-evoked contractions of the mouse vas deferens, possessing an IC50 of 30.9 nM in this assay. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis of the existence of a region of steric interference at the CB1 receptor. While the energy expenditure to clear this region was too high for the parent compound, CBD, the removal of the C6' hydroxyl of CBD produced a molecule (desoxy-CBD) able to clear this region and produce activity, albeit at a reduced level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Reggio
- Department of Chemistry, Kennesaw State College, Marietta, GA 30061, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|