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Ying B, Darling TL, Desai P, Liang CY, Dmitriev IP, Soudani N, Bricker T, Kashentseva EA, Harastani H, Raju S, Liu M, Schmidt AG, Curiel DT, Boon ACM, Diamond MS. Author Correction: Mucosal vaccine-induced cross-reactive CD8 + T cells protect against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 respiratory tract infection. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:578. [PMID: 38360936 PMCID: PMC10907281 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tamarand L Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Traci Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Houda Harastani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meizi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Ying B, Darling TL, Desai P, Liang CY, Dmitriev IP, Soudani N, Bricker T, Kashentseva EA, Harastani H, Raju S, Liu M, Schmidt AG, Curiel DT, Boon ACM, Diamond MS. Mucosal vaccine-induced cross-reactive CD8 + T cells protect against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 respiratory tract infection. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:537-551. [PMID: 38337035 PMCID: PMC10907304 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A nasally delivered chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) is currently used in India (iNCOVACC). Here, we update this vaccine by creating ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-BA.5-S, which encodes a prefusion-stabilized BA.5 spike protein. Whereas serum neutralizing antibody responses induced by monovalent or bivalent adenoviral vaccines were poor against the antigenically distant XBB.1.5 strain and insufficient to protect in passive transfer experiments, mucosal antibody and cross-reactive memory T cell responses were robust, and protection was evident against WA1/2020 D614G and Omicron variants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in mice and hamsters. However, depletion of memory CD8+ T cells before XBB.1.5 challenge resulted in loss of protection against upper and lower respiratory tract infection. Thus, nasally delivered vaccines stimulate mucosal immunity against emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains, and cross-reactive memory CD8+ T cells mediate protection against lung infection by antigenically distant strains in the setting of low serum levels of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tamarand L Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Traci Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Houda Harastani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meizi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Geng K, Rice-Boucher PJ, Kashentseva EA, Dmitriev IP, Lu ZH, Goedegebuure SP, Gillanders WE, Curiel DT. Engineering a Novel Modular Adenoviral mRNA Delivery Platform Based on Tag/Catcher Bioconjugation. Viruses 2023; 15:2277. [PMID: 38005953 PMCID: PMC10674448 DOI: 10.3390/v15112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have attracted widespread research attention with clear advantages in terms of molecular flexibility, rapid development, and potential for personalization. However, current mRNA vaccine platforms have not been optimized for induction of CD4/CD8 T cell responses. In addition, the mucosal administration of mRNA based on lipid nanoparticle technology faces challenges in clinical translation. In contrast, adenovirus-based vaccines induce strong T cell responses and have been approved for intranasal delivery. To leverage the inherent strengths of both the mRNA and adenovirus platforms, we developed a novel modular adenoviral mRNA delivery platform based on Tag/Catcher bioconjugation. Specifically, we engineered adenoviral vectors integrating Tag/Catcher proteins at specific locales on the Ad capsid proteins, allowing us to anchor mRNA to the surface of engineered Ad viruses. In proof-of-concept studies, the Ad-mRNA platform successfully mediated mRNA delivery and could be optimized via the highly flexible modular design of both the Ad-mRNA and protein bioconjugation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Geng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.G.); (P.J.R.-B.); (E.A.K.); (I.P.D.); (Z.H.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
| | - Paul J. Rice-Boucher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.G.); (P.J.R.-B.); (E.A.K.); (I.P.D.); (Z.H.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
| | - Elena A. Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.G.); (P.J.R.-B.); (E.A.K.); (I.P.D.); (Z.H.L.)
| | - Igor P. Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.G.); (P.J.R.-B.); (E.A.K.); (I.P.D.); (Z.H.L.)
| | - Zhi Hong Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.G.); (P.J.R.-B.); (E.A.K.); (I.P.D.); (Z.H.L.)
| | - S. Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.P.G.); (W.E.G.)
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William E. Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.P.G.); (W.E.G.)
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David T. Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.G.); (P.J.R.-B.); (E.A.K.); (I.P.D.); (Z.H.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
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Gagne M, Flynn BJ, Andrew SF, Flebbe DR, Mychalowych A, Lamb E, Davis-Gardner ME, Burnett MR, Serebryannyy LA, Lin BC, Pessaint L, Todd JPM, Ziff ZE, Maule E, Carroll R, Naisan M, Jethmalani Y, Case JB, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Ying B, Dodson A, Kouneski K, Doria-Rose NA, O'Dell S, Godbole S, Laboune F, Henry AR, Marquez J, Teng IT, Wang L, Zhou Q, Wali B, Ellis M, Zouantchangadou S, Ry AV, Lewis MG, Andersen H, Kwong PD, Curiel DT, Foulds KE, Nason MC, Suthar MS, Roederer M, Diamond MS, Douek DC, Seder RA. Mucosal Adenoviral-vectored Vaccine Boosting Durably Prevents XBB.1.16 Infection in Nonhuman Primates. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.06.565765. [PMID: 37986823 PMCID: PMC10659340 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.565765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Waning immunity and continued virus evolution have limited the durability of protection from symptomatic infection mediated by intramuscularly (IM)-delivered mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 although protection from severe disease remains high. Mucosal vaccination has been proposed as a strategy to increase protection at the site of SARS-CoV-2 infection by enhancing airway immunity, potentially reducing rates of infection and transmission. Here, we compared protection against XBB.1.16 virus challenge 5 months following IM or mucosal boosting in non-human primates (NHP) that had previously received a two-dose mRNA-1273 primary vaccine regimen. The mucosal boost was composed of a bivalent chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored vaccine encoding for both SARS-CoV-2 WA1 and BA.5 spike proteins (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) and delivered either by an intranasal mist or an inhaled aerosol. An additional group of animals was boosted by the IM route with bivalent WA1/BA.5 spike-matched mRNA (mRNA-1273.222) as a benchmark control. NHP were challenged in the upper and lower airways 18 weeks after boosting with XBB.1.16, a heterologous Omicron lineage strain. Cohorts boosted with ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S by an aerosolized or intranasal route had low to undetectable virus replication as assessed by levels of subgenomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the lungs and nose, respectively. In contrast, animals that received the mRNA-1273.222 boost by the IM route showed minimal protection against virus replication in the upper airway but substantial reduction of virus RNA levels in the lower airway. Immune analysis showed that the mucosal vaccines elicited more durable antibody and T cell responses than the IM vaccine. Protection elicited by the aerosolized vaccine was associated with mucosal IgG and IgA responses, whereas protection elicited by intranasal delivery was mediated primarily by mucosal IgA. Thus, durable immunity and effective protection against a highly transmissible heterologous variant in both the upper and lower airways can be achieved by mucosal delivery of a virus-vectored vaccine. Our study provides a template for the development of mucosal vaccines that limit infection and transmission against respiratory pathogens. Graphical abstract
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Rice-Boucher PJ, Mendonça SA, Alvarez AB, Sturtz AJ, Lorincz R, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Lu ZH, Romano R, Selby M, Pingale K, Curiel DT. Adenoviral vectors infect B lymphocytes in vivo. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2600-2611. [PMID: 37452494 PMCID: PMC10492023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are the antibody-producing arm of the adaptive immune system and play a critical role in controlling pathogens. Several groups have now demonstrated the feasibility of using engineered B cells as a therapy, including infectious disease control and gene therapy of serum deficiencies. These studies have largely utilized ex vivo modification of the cells. Direct in vivo engineering would be of utility to the field, particularly in infectious disease control where the infrastructure needs of ex vivo cell modification would make a broad vaccination campaign highly challenging. In this study we demonstrate that engineered adenoviral vectors are capable of efficiently transducing murine and human primary B cells both ex vivo and in vivo. We found that unmodified human adenovirus C5 was capable of infecting B cells in vivo, likely due to interactions between the virus penton base protein and integrins. We further describe vector modification with B cell-specific gene promoters and successfully restrict transgene expression to B cells, resulting in a strong reduction in gene expression from the liver, the main site of human adenovirus C5 infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Rice-Boucher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samir Andrade Mendonça
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aluet Borrego Alvarez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria J Sturtz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reka Lorincz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhi Hong Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rosa Romano
- Walking Fish Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Selby
- Walking Fish Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kunal Pingale
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Ying B, Darling TL, Desai P, Liang CY, Dmitriev IP, Soudani N, Bricker T, Kashentseva EA, Harastani H, Schmidt AG, Curiel DT, Boon AC, Diamond MS. A bivalent ChAd nasal vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 infection and disease in mice and hamsters. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.04.539332. [PMID: 37205450 PMCID: PMC10187308 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously described a nasally delivered monovalent adenoviral-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S, targeting Wuhan-1 spike [S]; iNCOVACC®) that is currently used in India as a primary or booster immunization. Here, we updated the mucosal vaccine for Omicron variants by creating ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-BA.5-S, which encodes for a pre-fusion and surface-stabilized S protein of the BA.5 strain, and then tested monovalent and bivalent vaccines for efficacy against circulating variants including BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5. Whereas monovalent ChAd-vectored vaccines effectively induced systemic and mucosal antibody responses against matched strains, the bivalent ChAd-vectored vaccine elicited greater breadth. However, serum neutralizing antibody responses induced by both monovalent and bivalent vaccines were poor against the antigenically distant XBB.1.5 Omicron strain and did not protect in passive transfer experiments. Nonetheless, nasally delivered bivalent ChAd-vectored vaccines induced robust antibody and spike-specific memory T cell responses in the respiratory mucosa, and conferred protection against WA1/2020 D614G and Omicron variants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of both mice and hamsters. Our data suggest that a nasally delivered bivalent adenoviral-vectored vaccine induces protective mucosal and systemic immunity against historical and emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains without requiring high levels of serum neutralizing antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tamarand L. Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Igor P. Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Traci Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Elena A. Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Houda Harastani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David T. Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Adrianus C.M. Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Lu ZH, Li J, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Curiel DT. Efficient Genome Editing Achieved via Plug-and-Play Adenovirus Piggyback Transport of Cas9/gRNA Complex on Viral Capsid Surface. ACS Nano 2022; 16:10443-10455. [PMID: 35749339 PMCID: PMC9330763 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to efficiently deliver the gene-editing enzyme complex to target cells is favored over other forms of gene delivery as it offers one-time hit-and-run gene editing, thus improving precision and safety and reducing potential immunogenicity against edited cells in clinical applications. Here we performed a proof-of-mechanism study and demonstrated that a simian adenoviral vector for DNA delivery can be repurposed as a robust intracellular delivery platform for a functional Cas9/guide RNA (gRNA) complex to recipient cells. In this system, the clinically relevant adenovirus was genetically engineered with a plug-and-display technology based on SpyTag003/SpyCatcher003 coupling chemistry. Under physiological conditions, an off-the-shelf mixture of viral vector with SpyTag003 incorporated into surface capsid proteins and Cas9 fused with SpyCatcher003 led to a rapid titration reaction yielding adenovirus carrying Cas9SpyCatcher003 on the virus surface. The Cas9 fusion protein-conjugated viruses in the presence of a reporter gRNA delivered gene-editing functions to cells with an efficiency comparable to that of a commercial CRISPR/Cas9 transfection reagent. Our data fully validate the adenoviral "piggyback" approach to deliver an intracellularly acting enzyme cargo and, thus, warrant the prospect of engineering tissue-targeted adenovirus carrying Cas9/gRNA for in vivo gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hong Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Igor P. Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Elena A. Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - David T. Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology,
Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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8
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Hassan AO, Shrihari S, Gorman MJ, Ying B, Yuan D, Raju S, Chen RE, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva E, Adams LJ, Mann C, Davis-Gardner ME, Suthar MS, Shi PY, Saphire EO, Fremont DH, Curiel DT, Alter G, Diamond MS. An intranasal vaccine durably protects against SARS-CoV-2 variants in mice. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109452. [PMID: 34289385 PMCID: PMC8270739 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants that attenuate antibody neutralization could jeopardize vaccine efficacy. We recently reported the protective activity of an intranasally administered spike protein-based chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) in animals, which has advanced to human trials. Here, we assessed its durability, dose response, and cross-protective activity in mice. A single intranasal dose of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S induced durably high neutralizing and Fc effector antibody responses in serum and S-specific IgG and IgA secreting long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow. Protection against a historical SARS-CoV-2 strain was observed across a 100-fold vaccine dose range and over a 200-day period. At 6 weeks or 9 months after vaccination, serum antibodies neutralized SARS-CoV-2 strains with B.1.351, B.1.1.28, and B.1.617.1 spike proteins and conferred almost complete protection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts after challenge with variant viruses. Thus, in mice, intranasal immunization with ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S provides durable protection against historical and emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew J Gorman
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dansu Yuan
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elena Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Colin Mann
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meredith E Davis-Gardner
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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9
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Lee M, Lu ZH, Shoemaker CB, Tremblay JM, St Croix B, Seaman S, Gonzalez-Pastor R, Kashentseva EA, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT. Advanced genetic engineering to achieve in vivo targeting of adenovirus utilizing camelid single domain antibody. J Control Release 2021; 334:106-113. [PMID: 33872627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
For the developing field of gene therapy the successful address of the basic requirement effective gene delivery has remained a critical barrier. In this regard, the "Holy Grail" vector envisioned by the field's pioneers embodied the ability to achieve efficient and specific in vivo gene delivery. Functional linkage of antibody selectivity with viral vector efficiency represented a logical strategy but has been elusive. Here we have addressed this key issue by developing the technical means to pair antibody-based targeting with adenoviral-mediated gene transfer. Our novel method allows efficient and specific gene delivery. Importantly, our studies validated the achievement of this key vectorology mandate in the context of in vivo gene delivery. Vectors capable of effective in vivo delivery embody the potential to dramatically expand the range of successful gene therapy cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungeun Lee
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhi Hong Lu
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Charles B Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Tremblay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Bradley St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rebeca Gonzalez-Pastor
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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10
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Agarwal P, Gammon EA, Sandey M, Lindley SS, Koehler JW, Matz BM, Smith AN, Kashentseva EA, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Smith BF. Evaluation of tumor immunity after administration of conditionally replicative adenoviral vector in canine osteosarcoma patients. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06210. [PMID: 33615011 PMCID: PMC7881234 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one among the most common neoplasms in dogs. Current treatments show limited efficacy and fail to prevent metastasis. Conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAd) replicate exclusively in targeted tumor cells and release new virus particles to infect additional cells. We proposed that OC-CAVE1 (CAV2 with the E1A promoter replaced with the osteocalcin promotor) may also enhance existing immunity against tumors by overcoming immune tolerance via exposure of new epitopes and cytokine signaling. Eleven client-owned dogs with spontaneously occurring osteosarcomas were enrolled in a pilot study. All dogs were injected with OC-CAVE1 following amputation of the affected limb or limb-sparing surgery. Dogs were monitored for viremia and viral shedding. There was minimal virus shedding in urine and feces by the 6th day and no virus was present in blood after 4 weeks. CAV-2 antibody-titers increased in all of the patients, post-CRAd injection. Immunological assays were performed to monitor 1) humoral response against tumors, 2) levels of circulatory CD11c + cells, 3) levels of regulatory T cells, and 4) cytotoxic activity of tumor specific T cells against autologous tumor cells between pre-CRAd administration and 4 weeks post-CRAd administration samples. Administration of the CRAd OC-CAVE1 resulted in alteration of some immune response parameters but did not appear to result in increased survival duration. However, 2 dogs in the study achieved survival times in excess of 1 year. Weak replication of OC-CAVE1 in metastatic cells and delay of chemotherapy following CRAd treatment may contribute to the lack of immune response and improvement in survival time of the clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Agarwal
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gammon
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Maninder Sandey
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Stephanie S Lindley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Jey W Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Brad M Matz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Annette N Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA
| | - Bruce F Smith
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
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11
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Hassan AO, Kafai NM, Dmitriev IP, Fox JM, Smith BK, Harvey IB, Chen RE, Winkler ES, Wessel AW, Case JB, Kashentseva E, McCune BT, Bailey AL, Zhao H, VanBlargan LA, Dai YN, Ma M, Adams LJ, Shrihari S, Danis JE, Gralinski LE, Hou YJ, Schäfer A, Kim AS, Keeler SP, Weiskopf D, Baric RS, Holtzman MJ, Fremont DH, Curiel DT, Diamond MS. A Single-Dose Intranasal ChAd Vaccine Protects Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts against SARS-CoV-2. Cell 2020; 183:169-184.e13. [PMID: 32931734 PMCID: PMC7437481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has made deployment of an effective vaccine a global health priority. We evaluated the protective activity of a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding a prefusion stabilized spike protein (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) in challenge studies with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Intramuscular dosing of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S induces robust systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protects against lung infection, inflammation, and pathology but does not confer sterilizing immunity, as evidenced by detection of viral RNA and induction of anti-nucleoprotein antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. In contrast, a single intranasal dose of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies, promotes systemic and mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and T cell responses, and almost entirely prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Intranasal administration of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S is a candidate for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission and curtailing pandemic spread.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Respiratory Mucosa/virology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brittany K Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian B Harvey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alex W Wessel
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elena Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ya-Nan Dai
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Meisheng Ma
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan E Danis
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yixuan J Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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12
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Lee M, Lu ZH, Li J, Kashentseva EA, Dmitriev IP, Mendonca SA, Curiel DT. Targeting Tumor Neoangiogenesis via Targeted Adenoviral Vector to Achieve Effective Cancer Gene Therapy for Disseminated Neoplastic Disease. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:966-971. [PMID: 31907220 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of cancer gene therapy has heretofore been restricted to local, or locoregional, neoplastic disease contexts. This is owing to the lack of gene transfer vectors, which embody the requisite target cell selectivity in vivo required for metastatic disease applications. To this end, we have explored novel vector engineering paradigms to adapt adenovirus for this purpose. Our novel strategy exploits three distinct targeting modalities that operate in functional synergy. Transcriptional targeting is achieved via the hROBO4 promoter, which restricts transgene expression to proliferative vascular endothelium. Viral binding is modified by incorporation of an RGD4C peptide in the HI loop of the fiber knob for recognition of cellular integrins. Liver sequestration is mitigated by ablation of factor X binding to the major capsid protein hexon by a serotype swap approach. The combination of these technologies into the context of a single-vector agent represents a highly original approach. Studies in a murine model of disseminated cancer validated the in vivo target cell selectivity of our vector agent. Of note, clear gains in therapeutic index accrued these vector modifications. Whereas there is universal recognition of the value of vector targeting, very few reports have validated its direct utility in the context of cancer gene therapy. In this regard, our article validates the direct gains that may accrue these methods in the stringent delivery context of disseminated neoplastic disease. Efforts to improve vector targeting thus represent a critical direction to fully realize the promise of cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungeun Lee
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Zhi Hong Lu
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jie Li
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Samir A Mendonca
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David T Curiel
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. .,Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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13
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Hassan AO, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Zhao H, Brough DE, Fremont DH, Curiel DT, Diamond MS. A Gorilla Adenovirus-Based Vaccine against Zika Virus Induces Durable Immunity and Confers Protection in Pregnancy. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2634-2646.e4. [PMID: 31484074 PMCID: PMC6750284 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The teratogenic potential of Zika virus (ZIKV) has made the development of an effective vaccine a global health priority. Here, we generate two gorilla adenovirus-based ZIKV vaccines that encode for pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins (GAd-Zvp) or prM and the ectodomain of E protein (GAd-Eecto). Both vaccines induce humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and prevent lethality after ZIKV challenge in mice. Protection is antibody dependent, CD8+ T cell independent, and for GAd-Eecto requires the complement component C1q. Immunization of GAd-Zvp induces antibodies against a key neutralizing epitope on domain III of E protein and confers durable protection as evidenced by memory B and long-lived plasma cell responses and challenge studies 9 months later. In two models of ZIKV infection during pregnancy, GAd-Zvp prevents maternal-to-fetal transmission. The gorilla adenovirus-based vaccine platform encoding full-length prM and E genes is a promising candidate for preventing congenital ZIKV syndrome and possibly infection by other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Douglas E Brough
- Precigen, 20358 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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14
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González-Pastor R, Ashshi AM, El-Shemi AG, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Lu ZH, Goedegebuure SP, Podhajcer OL, Curiel DT. Defining a murine ovarian cancer model for the evaluation of conditionally-replicative adenovirus (CRAd) virotherapy agents. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:18. [PMID: 30767772 PMCID: PMC6376676 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virotherapy represents a promising approach for ovarian cancer. In this regard, conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd) has been translated to the context of human clinical trials. Advanced design of CRAds has sought to exploit their capacity to induce anti-tumor immunization by configuring immunoregulatory molecule within the CRAd genome. Unfortunately, employed murine xenograft models do not allow full analysis of the immunologic activity linked to CRAd replication. RESULTS We developed CRAds based on the Ad5/3-Delta24 design encoding cytokines. Whereas the encoded cytokines did not impact adversely CRAd-induced oncolysis in vitro, no gain in anti-tumor activity was noted in immune-incompetent murine models with human ovarian cancer xenografts. On this basis, we explored the potential utility of the murine syngeneic immunocompetent ID8 ovarian cancer model. Of note, the ID8 murine ovarian cancer cell lines exhibited CRAd-mediated cytolysis. The use of this model now enables the rational design of oncolytic agents to achieve anti-tumor immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Limits of widely employed murine xenograft models of ovarian cancer limit their utility for design and study of armed CRAd virotherapy agents. The ID8 model exhibited CRAd-induced oncolysis. This feature predicate its potential utility for the study of CRAd-based virotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca González-Pastor
- The Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ahmad Mohammad Ashshi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, PO Box 7607, Holy Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Galal El-Shemi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, PO Box 7607, Holy Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- The Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- The Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Zhi Hong Lu
- The Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - S Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Osvaldo L Podhajcer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David T Curiel
- The Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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15
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Fonseca JA, McCaffery JN, Caceres J, Kashentseva E, Singh B, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Moreno A. Inclusion of the murine IgGκ signal peptide increases the cellular immunogenicity of a simian adenoviral vectored Plasmodium vivax multistage vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:2799-2808. [PMID: 29657070 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cellular and humoral immune responses are both involved in protection against Plasmodium infections. The only malaria vaccine available, RTS,S, primarily induces short-lived antibodies and targets only a pre-erythrocytic stage antigen. Inclusion of erythrocytic stage targets and enhancing cellular immunogenicity are likely necessary for developing an effective second-generation malaria vaccine. Adenovirus vectors have been used to improve the immunogenicity of protein-based vaccines. However, the clinical assessment of adenoviral-vectored malaria vaccines candidates has shown the induction of robust Plasmodium-specific CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells. Signal peptides (SP) have been used to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, but have not been tested in viral vector vaccine platforms. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of the SP derived from the murine IgGκ light chain within a recombinant adenovirus vector encoding a multistage P. vivax vaccine candidate could improve the CD4+ T cell response. METHODS In this proof-of-concept study, we immunized CB6F1/J mice with either the recombinant simian adenovirus 36 vector containing the SP (SP-SAd36) upstream from a transgene encoding a chimeric P. vivax multistage protein or the same SAd36 vector without the SP. Mice were subsequently boosted twice with the corresponding recombinant proteins emulsified in Montanide ISA 51 VG. Immunogenicity was assessed by measurement of antibody quantity and quality, and cytokine production by T cells after the final immunization. RESULTS The SP-SAd36 immunization regimen induced significantly higher antibody avidity against the chimeric P. vivax proteins tested and higher frequencies of IFN-γ and IL-2 CD4+ and CD8+ secreting T cells, when compared to the unmodified SAd36 vector. CONCLUSIONS The addition of the murine IgGκ signal peptide significantly enhances the immunogenicity of a SAd36 vectored P. vivax multi-stage vaccine candidate in mice. The potential of this approach to improve upon existing viral vector vaccine platforms warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo A Fonseca
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States
| | - Jessica N McCaffery
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Juan Caceres
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Elena Kashentseva
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - Balwan Singh
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - David T Curiel
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States.
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16
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Sharma PK, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Raes G, Li L, Kim SW, Lu ZH, Arbeit JM, Fleming TP, Kaliberov SA, Goedegebuure SP, Curiel DT, Gillanders WE. Development of an adenovirus vector vaccine platform for targeting dendritic cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 25:27-38. [PMID: 29242639 PMCID: PMC5972836 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-017-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral (Ad) vector vaccines represent one of the most promising modern vaccine platforms, and Ad vector vaccines are currently being investigated in human clinical trials for infectious disease and cancer. Our studies have shown that specific targeting of adenovirus to dendritic cells dramatically enhanced vaccine efficacy. However, this was achieved using a molecular adapter, thereby necessitating a two component vector approach. To address the mandates of clinical translation of our strategy, we here sought to accomplish the goal of DC targeting with a single-component adenovirus vector approach. To redirect the specificity of Ad vector vaccines, we replaced the Ad fiber knob with fiber-fibritin chimeras fused to DC1.8, a single-domain antibody (sdAb) specific for murine immature DC. We engineered a fiber-fibritin-sdAb chimeric molecule using the coding sequence for DC1.8, and then replaced the native Ad5 fiber knob sequence by homologous recombination. The resulting Ad5 virus, Ad5FF1.8, expresses the chimeric fiber-fibritin sdAb chimera. Infection with Ad5FF1.8 dramatically enhances transgene expression in DC2.4 dendritic cells compared with infection with native Ad5. Ad5FF1.8 infection of bone marrow-derived DC demonstrates that Ad5FF1.8 selectively infects immature DC consistent with the known specificity of DC1.8. Thus, sdAb can be used to selectively redirect the tropism of Ad5 vector vaccines, providing the opportunity to engineer Ad vector vaccines that are specifically targeted to DC, or specific DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush K Sharma
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lijin Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel W Kim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhi-Hong Lu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Arbeit
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy P Fleming
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sergey A Kaliberov
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Cancer Biology Division, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - William E Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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17
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Fonseca JA, McCaffery JN, Kashentseva E, Singh B, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Moreno A. A prime-boost immunization regimen based on a simian adenovirus 36 vectored multi-stage malaria vaccine induces protective immunity in mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:3239-3248. [PMID: 28483199 PMCID: PMC5522619 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a considerable burden on public health. In 2015, the WHO estimates there were 212 million malaria cases causing nearly 429,000 deaths globally. A highly effective malaria vaccine is needed to reduce the burden of this disease. We have developed an experimental vaccine candidate (PyCMP) based on pre-erythrocytic (CSP) and erythrocytic (MSP1) stage antigens derived from the rodent malaria parasite P. yoelii. Our protein-based vaccine construct induces protective antibodies and CD4+ T cell responses. Based on evidence that viral vectors increase CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity, we also have tested heterologous prime-boost immunization regimens that included human adenovirus serotype 5 vector (Ad5), obtaining protective CD8+ T cell responses. While Ad5 is commonly used for vaccine studies, the high prevalence of pre-existing immunity to Ad5 severely compromises its utility. Here, we report the use of the novel simian adenovirus 36 (SAd36) as a candidate for a vectored malaria vaccine since this virus is not known to infect humans, and it is not neutralized by anti-Ad5 antibodies. Our study shows that the recombinant SAd36PyCMP can enhance specific CD8+ T cell response and elicit similar antibody titers when compared to an immunization regimen including the recombinant Ad5PyCMP. The robust immune responses induced by SAd36PyCMP are translated into a lower parasite load following P. yoelii infectious challenge when compared to mice immunized with Ad5PyCMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo A Fonseca
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States
| | - Jessica N McCaffery
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Elena Kashentseva
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - Balwan Singh
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - David T Curiel
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., 4511 Forest Park Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, United States.
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Ashshi AM, El-Shemi AG, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Curiel DT. Combinatorial strategies based on CRAd-IL24 and CRAd-ING4 virotherapy with anti-angiogenesis treatment for ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2016; 9:38. [PMID: 27349517 PMCID: PMC4924320 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-016-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A major hurdle incurrent to the human clinical application of conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd)-based virotherapy agents is their limited therapeutic efficacy. In this study we evaluated whether arming our previously reported Ad5/3Δ24 CRAd vector containing a 24-base pair deletion in the E1A conserved region 2, which allows selective replication within Rb-p16-deficient tumor cells, to express therapeutic genes could improve oncolytic virus potency in ovarian cancer cells. We choose to assess the therapeutic benefits achieved by virus-mediated expression of interleukin 24 (IL-24), a cytokine-like protein of the IL-10 family, and the inhibitor of growth 4 (ING4) tumor suppressor protein. Results The generated CRAd-IL24 and CRAd-ING4 vectors were tested in ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro to compare their replication, yield, and cytotoxic effects with control CRAd Ad5/3∆24 lacking the therapeutic gene. These studies showed that CRAd-IL24 infection resulted in significantly increased yield of infectious particles, which translated to a marked enhancement of virus-induced cytotoxic effects as compared to CRAd-ING4 and non-armed CRAd. Testing CRAd-IL24 and CRAd-ING4 vectors combined together did not revealed synergistic effects exceeding oncolytic potency of single CRAD-IL24 vector. Both CRAds were also tested along with anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody Avastin and showed no significant augmentation of viral cytolysis by anti-angiogenesis treatment in vitro. Conclusions Our studies validated that arming with these key immunomodulatory genes was not deleterious to virus-mediated oncolysis. These findings thus, warrant further preclinical studies of CRAd-IL24 tumoricidal efficacy in murine ovarian cancer models to establish its potential utility for the virotherapy of primary and advanced neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mohammad Ashshi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, PO Box 7607, Holy Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Galal El-Shemi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, PO Box 7607, Holy Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- The Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutic Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- The Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutic Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- The Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutic Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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19
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Fonseca JA, Cabrera-Mora M, Kashentseva EA, Villegas JP, Fernandez A, Van Pelt A, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Moreno A. A Plasmodium Promiscuous T Cell Epitope Delivered within the Ad5 Hexon Protein Enhances the Protective Efficacy of a Protein Based Malaria Vaccine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154819. [PMID: 27128437 PMCID: PMC4851317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A malaria vaccine is a public health priority. In order to produce an effective vaccine, a multistage approach targeting both the blood and the liver stage infection is desirable. The vaccine candidates also need to induce balanced immune responses including antibodies, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Protein-based subunit vaccines like RTS,S are able to induce strong antibody response but poor cellular reactivity. Adenoviral vectors have been effective inducing protective CD8+ T cell responses in several models including malaria; nonetheless this vaccine platform exhibits a limited induction of humoral immune responses. Two approaches have been used to improve the humoral immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus vectors, the use of heterologous prime-boost regimens with recombinant proteins or the genetic modification of the hypervariable regions (HVR) of the capsid protein hexon to express B cell epitopes of interest. In this study, we describe the development of capsid modified Ad5 vectors that express a promiscuous Plasmodium yoelii T helper epitope denominated PyT53 within the hexon HVR2 region. Several regimens were tested in mice to determine the relevance of the hexon modification in enhancing protective immune responses induced by the previously described protein-based multi-stage experimental vaccine PyCMP. A heterologous prime-boost immunization regime that combines a hexon modified vector with transgenic expression of PyCMP followed by protein immunizations resulted in the induction of robust antibody and cellular immune responses in comparison to a similar regimen that includes a vector with unmodified hexon. These differences in immunogenicity translated into a better protective efficacy against both the hepatic and red blood cell stages of P. yoelii. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a hexon modification is used to deliver a promiscuous T cell epitope. Our data support the use of such modification to enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of adenoviral based malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Andres Fonseca
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elena A. Kashentseva
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John Paul Villegas
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Fernandez
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amelia Van Pelt
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Igor P. Dmitriev
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David T. Curiel
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Kim KH, Matthews QL, Krieger SS, Parry JJ, Nguyen KN, Akers WJ, Achilefu S, Rogers BE, Alvarez RD, Curiel DT. Monitoring of biodistribution and persistence of conditionally replicative adenovirus in a murine model of ovarian cancer using capsid-incorporated mCherry and expression of human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 gene. Mol Imaging 2014; 13:7290.2014.00024. [PMID: 25249483 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant limiting factor to the human clinical application of conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd)-based virotherapy is the inability to noninvasively monitor these agents and their potential persistence. To address this issue, we proposed a novel imaging approach that combines transient expression of the human somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtype 2 reporter gene with genetic labeling of the viral capsid with mCherry fluorescent protein. To test this dual modality system, we constructed the Ad5/3Δ24pIXcherry/SSTR CRAd and validated its capacity to generate fluorescent and nuclear signals in vitro and following intratumoral injection. Analysis of 64Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE biodistribution in mice revealed reduced uptake in tumors injected with the imaging CRAd relative to the replication-incompetent, Ad-expressing SSTR2 but significantly greater uptake compared to the negative CRAd control. Optical imaging demonstrated relative correlation of fluorescent signal with virus replication as determined by viral genome quantification in tumors. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography studies demonstrated that we can visualize radioactive uptake in tumors injected with imaging CRAd and the trend for greater uptake by standardized uptake value analysis compared to control CRAd. In the aggregate, the plasticity of our dual imaging approach should provide the technical basis for monitoring CRAd biodistribution and persistence in preclinical studies while offering potential utility for a range of clinical applications.
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21
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Azab BM, Dash R, Das SK, Bhutia SK, Sarkar S, Shen XN, Quinn BA, Dent P, Dmitriev IP, Wang XY, Curiel DT, Pellecchia M, Reed JC, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Enhanced prostate cancer gene transfer and therapy using a novel serotype chimera cancer terminator virus (Ad.5/3-CTV). J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:34-43. [PMID: 23868767 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Few options are available for treating patients with advanced prostate cancer (PC). As PC is a slow growing disease and accessible by ultrasound, gene therapy could provide a viable option for this neoplasm. Conditionally replication-competent adenoviruses (CRCAs) represent potentially useful reagents for treating PC. We previously constructed a CRCA, cancer terminator virus (CTV), which showed efficacy both in vitro and in vivo for PC. The CTV was generated on a serotype 5-background (Ad.5-CTV) with infectivity depending on Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptors (CARs). CARs are frequently reduced in many tumor types, including PCs thereby limiting effective Ad-mediated therapy. Using serotype chimerism, a novel CTV (Ad.5/3-CTV) was created by replacing the Ad.5 fiber knob with the Ad.3 fiber knob thereby facilitating infection in a CAR-independent manner. We evaluated Ad.5/3-CTV in comparison with Ad.5-CTV in low CAR human PC cells, demonstrating higher efficiency in inhibiting cell viability in vitro. Moreover, Ad.5/3-CTV potently suppressed in vivo tumor growth in a nude mouse xenograft model and in a spontaneously induced PC that develops in Hi-myc transgenic mice. Considering the significant responses in a Phase I clinical trial of a non-replicating Ad.5-mda-7 in advanced cancers, Ad.5/3-CTV may exert improved therapeutic benefit in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal M Azab
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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Flatt JW, Fox TL, Makarova N, Blackwell JL, Dmitriev IP, Kashentseva EA, Curiel DT, Stewart PL. CryoEM visualization of an adenovirus capsid-incorporated HIV antigen. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49607. [PMID: 23166728 PMCID: PMC3498208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral (Ad) vectors show promise as platforms for vaccine applications against infectious diseases including HIV. However, the requirements for eliciting protective neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses against HIV remain a major challenge. In a novel approach to generate 2F5- and 4E10-like antibodies, we engineered an Ad vector with the HIV membrane proximal ectodomain region (MPER) epitope displayed on the hypervariable region 2 (HVR2) of the viral hexon capsid, instead of expressed as a transgene. The structure and flexibility of MPER epitopes, and the structural context of these epitopes within viral vectors, play important roles in the induced host immune responses. In this regard, understanding the critical factors for epitope presentation would facilitate optimization strategies for developing viral vaccine vectors. Therefore we undertook a cryoEM structural study of this Ad vector, which was previously shown to elicit MPER-specific humoral immune responses. A subnanometer resolution cryoEM structure was analyzed with guided molecular dynamics simulations. Due to the arrangement of hexons within the Ad capsid, there are twelve unique environments for the inserted peptide that lead to a variety of conformations for MPER, including individual α-helices, interacting α-helices, and partially extended forms. This finding is consistent with the known conformational flexibility of MPER. The presence of an extended form, or an induced extended form, is supported by interaction of this vector with the human HIV monoclonal antibody 2F5, which recognizes 14 extended amino acids within MPER. These results demonstrate that the Ad capsid influences epitope structure, flexibility and accessibility, all of which affect the host immune response. In summary, this cryoEM structural study provided a means to visualize an epitope presented on an engineered viral vector and suggested modifications for the next generation of Ad vectors with capsid-incorporated HIV epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W. Flatt
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tara L. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Natalia Makarova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jerry L. Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Igor P. Dmitriev
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elena A. Kashentseva
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David T. Curiel
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Phoebe L. Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Azab B, Dash R, Das SK, Bhutia SK, Shen XN, Quinn BA, Sarkar S, Wang XY, Hedvat M, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Grant S, Dent P, Reed JC, Pellecchia M, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Enhanced delivery of mda-7/IL-24 using a serotype chimeric adenovirus (Ad.5/3) in combination with the Apogossypol derivative BI-97C1 (Sabutoclax) improves therapeutic efficacy in low CAR colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2145-53. [PMID: 21780116 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad)-based gene therapy represents a potentially viable strategy for treating colorectal cancer. The infectivity of serotype 5 adenovirus (Ad.5), routinely used as a transgene delivery vector, is dependent on Coxsackie-adenovirus receptors (CAR). CAR expression is downregulated in many cancers thus preventing optimum therapeutic efficiency of Ad.5-based therapies. To overcome the low CAR problem, a serotype chimerism approach was used to generate a recombinant Ad (Ad.5/3) that is capable of infecting cancer cells via Ad.3 receptors in a CAR-independent manner. We evaluated the improved transgene delivery and efficacy of Ad.5/3 recombinant virus expressing melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24), an effective wide-spectrum cancer-selective therapeutic. In low CAR human colorectal cancer cells RKO, wild-type Ad.5 virus expressing mda-7/IL-24 (Ad.5-mda-7) failed to infect efficiently resulting in lack of expression of MDA-7/IL-24 or induction of apoptosis. However, a recombinant Ad.5/3 virus expressing mda-7/IL-24 (Ad.5/3-mda-7) efficiently infected RKO cells resulting in higher MDA-7/IL-24 expression and inhibition of cell growth both in vitro and in nude mice xenograft models. Addition of the novel Bcl-2 family pharmacological inhibitor Apogossypol derivative BI-97C1 (Sabutoclax) significantly augmented the efficacy of Ad.5/3-mda-7. A combination regimen of suboptimal doses of Ad.5/3-mda-7 and BI-97C1 profoundly enhanced cytotoxicity in RKO cells both in vitro and in vivo. Considering the fact that Ad.5-mda-7 has demonstrated significant objective responses in a Phase I clinical trial for advanced solid tumors, Ad.5/3-mda-7 alone or in combination with BI-97C1 would be predicted to exert significantly improved therapeutic efficacy in colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Azab
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Dash R, Bhutia SK, Azab B, Su ZZ, Quinn BA, Kegelmen TP, Das SK, Kim K, Lee SG, Park MA, Yacoub A, Rahmani M, Emdad L, Dmitriev IP, Wang XY, Sarkar D, Grant S, Dent P, Curiel DT, Fisher PB. mda-7/IL-24: a unique member of the IL-10 gene family promoting cancer-targeted toxicity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 21:381-91. [PMID: 20926331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) is a unique member of the IL-10 gene family that displays nearly ubiquitous cancer-specific toxicity, with no harmful effects toward normal cells or tissues. mda-7/IL-24 was cloned from human melanoma cells by differentiation induction subtraction hybridization (DISH) and promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress culminating in apoptosis or toxic autophagy in a broad-spectrum of human cancers, when assayed in cell culture, in vivo in human tumor xenograft mouse models and in a Phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced cancers. This therapeutically active cytokine also induces indirect antitumor activity through inhibition of angiogenesis, stimulation of an antitumor immune response, and sensitization of cancer cells to radiation-, chemotherapy- and antibody-induced killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Dash
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
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25
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Dash R, Azab B, Shen XN, Sokhi UK, Sarkar S, Su ZZ, Wang XY, Claudio PP, Dent P, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Grant S, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Developing an effective gene therapy for prostate cancer: New technologies with potential to translate from the laboratory into the clinic. Discov Med 2011; 11:46-56. [PMID: 21276410 PMCID: PMC4348040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men in the U.S. At present, no single or combination therapy has shown efficacy in decreasing disease progression in patients with metastatic disease. A potentially viable approach for treating late-stage prostate cancer is gene therapy. Adenoviruses (Ad) are the most commonly used mode of gene delivery, but progress using this vector has been hampered by concerns over the safety and practicality of viruses including conditionally replicating Ads (CRAds), particularly for intravenous delivery, and the inefficiency of non-viral transfection techniques. Major challenges for effective gene therapy using Ads are the limited infectivity of regular Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) and the inability to specifically deliver the therapeutic directly into diseased tissue without trapping in the liver or elimination by the immune system. The shortcoming in using Ad5 is mostly attributed to a reduction in Coxsackie-adenovirus receptors (CAR) on the surface of cancer cells, which can be mitigated by generating tropism-modified Ads permitting CAR-independent infection of tumor cells. The limitations of systemic gene delivery can now be overcome by using a novel targeted-delivery approach such as ultrasound (US) contrast agents (microbubbles) to deliver effective therapeutic reagents, Ads, or recombinant proteins, combined with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), to develop a site-specific therapy in immune competent transgenic mouse models. These unique strategies for enhancing the efficacy of gene therapy provide a direct path to translation from the laboratory into the clinic for developing an effective gene therapy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Dash
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, 23298, USA
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26
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Eulitt PJ, Park MA, Hossein H, Cruikshanks N, Yang C, Dmitriev IP, Yacoub A, Curiel DT, Fisher PB, Dent P. Enhancing mda-7/IL-24 therapy in renal carcinoma cells by inhibiting multiple protective signaling pathways using sorafenib and by Ad.5/3 gene delivery. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10:1290-305. [PMID: 20948318 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.10.12.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined whether an adenovirus that comprises the tail and shaft domains of a serotype 5 virus and the knob domain of a serotype 3 virus expressing MDA-7/IL-24, Ad.5/3-mda-7, more effectively infects and kills renal carcinoma cells (RCCs) compared to a serotype 5 virus, Ad.5-mda-7. RCCs are a tumor cell type that generally does not express the receptor for the type 5 adenovirus; the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR). Ad.5/3-mda-7 infected RCCs to a much greater degree than Ad.5-mda-7. MDA-7/IL-24 protein secreted from Ad.5/3-mda-7-infected RCCs induced MDA-7/IL-24 expression and promoted apoptosis in uninfected "bystander" RCCs. MDA-7/IL-24 killed both infected and bystander RCCs via CD95 activation. Knockdown of intracellular MDA-7/IL-24 in uninfected RCCs blocked the lethal effects of conditioned media. Infection of RCC tumors in one flank, with Ad.5/3-mda-7, suppressed growth of infected tumors and reduced the growth rate of uninfected tumors implanted on the opposite flank. The toxicity of the serotype 5/3 recombinant adenovirus to express MDA-7/IL-24 was enhanced by combined molecular or small molecule inhibition of MEK1/2 and PI3K; inhibition of mTOR, PI3K and MEK1/2; or use of the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib. In RCCs, combined inhibition of cytoprotective cell signaling pathways enhanced the MDA-7/IL-24-induction of CD95 activation, with greater mitochondrial dysfunction due to loss of MCL-1 and BCL-XL expression, and tumor cell death. Treatment of RCC tumors in vivo with sorafenib also enhanced Ad.5/3-mda-7 toxicity and prolonged animal survival. Future combinations of these approaches hold promise for developing a more effective therapy for kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Eulitt
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Park MA, Hamed HA, Mitchell C, Cruickshanks N, Dash R, Allegood J, Dmitriev IP, Tye G, Ogretmen B, Spiegel S, Yacoub A, Grant S, Curiel DT, Fisher PB, Dent P. A serotype 5/3 adenovirus expressing MDA-7/IL-24 infects renal carcinoma cells and promotes toxicity of agents that increase ROS and ceramide levels. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 79:368-80. [PMID: 21119025 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.069484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Agents that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) are recognized to enhance MDA-7/IL-24 lethality. The present studies focused on clarifying how such agents enhanced MDA-7/IL-24 toxicity in renal cell carcinoma cells (RCCs). Infection of RCCs with a tropism-modified serotype 5/3 adenovirus expressing MDA-7/IL-24 (Ad.5/3-mda-7) caused plasma membrane clustering of CD95 and CD95 association with pro-caspase 8, effects that were enhanced by combined exposure to 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), As(2)O(3), or fenretinide and that correlated with enhanced cell killing. Knockdown of CD95 or expression of cellular FADD (Fas-associated protein with death domain)-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme inhibitory protein, short form (c-FLIP-s) blocked enhanced killing. Inhibition of ROS generation, elevated cytosolic Ca(2+), or de novo ceramide synthesis blocked Ad.5/3-mda-7 ± agent-induced CD95 activation and the enhancement of apoptosis. Ad.5/3-mda-7 increased ceramide levels in a PERK-dependent fashion that were responsible for elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) levels that promoted ROS generation; 17AAG did not further enhance cytokine-induced ceramide generation. In vivo, infection of RCC tumors with Ad.5/3-mda-7 suppressed the growth of infected tumors that was enhanced by exposure to 17AAG. Our data indicate that in RCCs, Ad.5/3-mda-7-induced ceramide generation plays a central role in tumor cell killing and inhibition of multiple signaling pathways may have utility in promoting MDA-7/IL-24 lethality in renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
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Rahmani M, Mayo M, Dash R, Sokhi UK, Dmitriev IP, Sarkar D, Dent P, Curiel DT, Fisher PB, Grant S. Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 potently induces apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells through a process regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:1096-104. [PMID: 20858700 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.068007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7)/interleukin-24 (IL-24), a member of the IL-10 cytokine gene family, preferentially induces cell death in neoplastic epithelial cells types while sparing their normal counterparts. The effects of mda-7/IL-24 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells have not been extensively characterized. Treatment with recombinant GST-MDA-7/IL-24 potently induced apoptosis in diverse myeloid leukemia cell types including U937, HL60, MV4-11, EOL-1, and MLL/ENL cells. MDA-7/IL-24 also markedly induced apoptosis in and suppressed the colony-forming capacity of primary AML blasts but exerted minimal toxicity toward normal CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells. MDA-7/IL-24 lethality was associated with pronounced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction in leukemia cell lines and primary AML blasts, manifested by the accumulation of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34 (GADD34), 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78)/BiP, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α phosphorylation. It is noteworthy that short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of IRE1α, GADD34, or GRP78/BiP significantly enhanced MDA-7/IL-24-mediated apoptosis, indicating a protective role for these molecules against MDA-7/IL-24 lethality. MDA-7/IL-24 also down-regulated the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 and sharply increased expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bim and Noxa. Ectopic Mcl-1 expression or shRNA knockdown of Bim or Noxa significantly attenuated MDA-7/IL-24-mediated leukemia cell death. Finally, knockdown of Bax or Bak significantly reduced MDA-7/IL-24 lethality. Together, these findings indicate that MDA-7/IL-24 potently induces apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells through a process regulated by ER stress induction, Mcl-1 down-regulation, and Bim and Noxa up-regulation. They also suggest that MDA-7/IL-24 warrants further investigation in myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rahmani
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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29
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Dash R, Richards JE, Su ZZ, Bhutia SK, Azab B, Rahmani M, Dasmahapatra G, Yacoub A, Dent P, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Grant S, Pellecchia M, Reed JC, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Mechanism by which Mcl-1 regulates cancer-specific apoptosis triggered by mda-7/IL-24, an IL-10-related cytokine. Cancer Res 2010; 70:5034-45. [PMID: 20501829 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24), a cytokine belonging to the IL-10 family, selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells without harming normal cells by promoting an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. The precise molecular mechanism by which the ER stress response culminates in cell death requires further clarification. The present study shows that in prostate carcinoma cells, the mda-7/IL-24-induced ER stress response causes apoptosis by translational inhibition of the antiapoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1). Forced expression of Mcl-1 blocked mda-7/IL-24 lethality, whereas RNA interference or gene knockout of Mcl-1 markedly sensitized transformed cells to mda-7/IL-24. Mcl-1 downregulation by mda-7/IL-24 relieved its association with the proapoptotic protein Bak, causing oligomerization of Bak and leading to cell death. These observations show the profound role of the Bcl-2 protein family member Mcl-1 in regulating cancer-specific apoptosis induced by this cytokine. Thus, our studies provide further insights into the molecular mechanism of ER stress-induced cancer-selective apoptosis by mda-7/IL-24. As Mcl-1 is overexpressed in the majority of prostate cancers, mda-7/IL-24 might provide an effective therapeutic for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Dash
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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30
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Hamed HA, Yacoub A, Park MA, Eulitt PJ, Dash R, Sarkar D, Dmitriev IP, Lesniak MS, Shah K, Grant S, Curiel DT, Fisher PB, Dent P. Inhibition of multiple protective signaling pathways and Ad.5/3 delivery enhances mda-7/IL-24 therapy of malignant glioma. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1130-42. [PMID: 20179672 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have explored the mechanism by which inhibition of multiple cytoprotective cell-signaling pathways enhance melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) toxicity toward invasive primary human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells, and whether improving adenoviral infectivity/delivery of mda-7/IL-24 enhances therapeutic outcome in animals containing orthotopic xenografted GBM cells. The toxicity of a serotype 5 recombinant adenovirus to express MDA-7/IL-24 (Ad.5-mda-7) was enhanced by combined molecular or small molecule inhibition of mitogen-activated extracellular regulated kinase (MEK)1/2 and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or AKT; inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and MEK1/2; and the HSP90 inhibitor 17AAG. Molecular inhibition of mTOR/PI3K/MEK1 signaling in vivo also enhanced Ad.5-mda-7 toxicity. In GBM cells of diverse genetic backgrounds, inhibition of cytoprotective cell-signaling pathways enhanced MDA-7/IL-24-induced autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction and tumor cell death. Due partly to insufficient adenovirus serotype 5 gene delivery this therapeutic approach has shown limited success in GBM. To address this problem, we employed a recombinant adenovirus that comprises the tail and shaft domains of a serotype 5 virus and the knob domain of a serotype 3 virus expressing MDA-7/IL-24, Ad.5/3-mda-7. Ad.5/3-mda-7 more effectively infected and killed GBM cells in vitro and in vivo than Ad.5-mda-7. Future combinations of these approaches hold promise for developing an effective therapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein A Hamed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0035, USA
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31
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Pérez-Berná AJ, Marabini R, Scheres SHW, Menéndez-Conejero R, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Mangel WF, Flint SJ, Martín CS. Structure and uncoating of immature adenovirus. J Mol Biol 2009; 392:547-57. [PMID: 19563809 PMCID: PMC2749003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Maturation via proteolytic processing is a common trait in the viral world and is often accompanied by large conformational changes and rearrangements in the capsid. The adenovirus protease has been shown to play a dual role in the viral infectious cycle: (a) in maturation, as viral assembly starts with precursors to several of the structural proteins but ends with proteolytically processed versions in the mature virion, and (b) in entry, because protease-impaired viruses have difficulties in endosome escape and uncoating. Indeed, viruses that have not undergone proteolytic processing are not infectious. We studied the three-dimensional structure of immature adenovirus particles as represented by the adenovirus type 2 thermosensitive mutant ts1 grown under non-permissive conditions and compared it with the mature capsid. Our three-dimensional electron microscopy maps at subnanometer resolution indicate that adenovirus maturation does not involve large-scale conformational changes in the capsid. Difference maps reveal the locations of unprocessed peptides pIIIa and pVI and help define their role in capsid assembly and maturation. An intriguing difference appears in the core, indicating a more compact organization and increased stability of the immature cores. We have further investigated these properties by in vitro disassembly assays. Fluorescence and electron microscopy experiments reveal differences in the stability and uncoating of immature viruses, both at the capsid and core levels, as well as disassembly intermediates not previously imaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana J. Pérez-Berná
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Marabini
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 11, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sjors H. W. Scheres
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Menéndez-Conejero
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor P. Dmitriev
- The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David T. Curiel
- The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Walter F. Mangel
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - S. Jane Flint
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Carmen San Martín
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Kashentseva EA, Douglas JT, Zinn KR, Curiel DT, Dmitriev IP. Targeting of adenovirus serotype 5 pseudotyped with short fiber from serotype 41 to c-erbB2-positive cells using bispecific single-chain diabody. J Mol Biol 2009; 388:443-61. [PMID: 19285990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to alter the broad native tropism of human adenovirus for virus targeting to c-erbB2-positive cancer cells. First, we engineered a single-chain antibody (scFv) against the c-erbB2 oncoprotein into minor capsid protein IX (pIX) of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in a manner commensurate with virion integrity and binding to the soluble extracellular c-erbB2 domain. To ablate native viral tropism and facilitate binding of the pIX-incorporated scFv to cellular c-erbB2, we replaced the Ad5 fiber with the Ad41 short (41s) fiber devoid of all known cell-binding determinants. The resultant Ad5F41sIX6.5 vector demonstrated increased cell binding and gene transfer as compared to the Ad5F41s control; however, this augmentation of virus infectivity was not c-erbB2 specific. Incorporation of a six-histidine (His(6)) peptide into the C-terminus of the 41s fiber protein resulted in markedly increased Ad5F41s6H infectivity in 293AR cells, which express a membrane-anchored scFv against the C-terminal oligohistidine tag, as compared to the Ad5F41s vector and the parental 293 cells. These data suggested that a 41s-fiber-incorporated His(6) tag could serve for attachment of an adapter protein designed to guide Ad5F41s6H infection in a c-erbB2-specific manner. We therefore engineered a bispecific scFv diabody (scDb) combining affinities for both c-erbB2 and the His(6) tag and showed its ability to provide up to 25-fold increase of Ad5F41s6H infectivity in c-erbB2-positive cells. Thus, Ad5 fiber replacement by a His(6)-tagged 41s fiber coupled with virus targeting mediated by an scDb adapter represents a promising strategy to confer Ad5 vector tropism for c-erbB2-positive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Kashentseva
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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San Martín C, Glasgow JN, Borovjagin A, Beatty MS, Kashentseva EA, T. Curiel D, Marabini R, Dmitriev IP. Localization of the N-terminus of minor coat protein IIIa in the adenovirus capsid. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:923-34. [PMID: 18786542 PMCID: PMC2652759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Minor coat protein IIIa is conserved in all adenoviruses (Ads) and is required for correct viral assembly, but its precise function in capsid organization is unknown. The latest Ad capsid model proposes that IIIa is located underneath the vertex region. To obtain experimental evidence on the location of IIIa and to further define its role, we engineered the IIIa gene to encode heterologous N-terminal peptide extensions. Recombinant Ad variants with IIIa encoding six-histidine (6His) tag, 6His, and FLAG peptides, or with 6His linked to FLAG with a (Gly(4)Ser)(3) linker were rescued and analyzed for virus yield, capsid incorporation of heterologous peptides, and capsid stability. Longer extensions could not be rescued. Western blot analysis confirmed that the modified IIIa proteins were expressed in infected cells and incorporated into virions. In the Ad encoding the 6His-linker-FLAG-IIIa gene, the 6His tag was present in light particles, but not in mature virions. Immunoelectron microscopy of this virus showed that the FLAG epitope is not accessible to antibodies on the viral particles. Three-dimensional electron microscopy and difference mapping located the IIIa N-terminal extension beneath the vertex complex, wedged at the interface between the penton base and peripentonal hexons, therefore supporting the latest proposed model. The position of the IIIa N-terminus and its low tolerance for modification provide new clues for understanding the role of this minor coat protein in Ad capsid assembly and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen San Martín
- Department of Macromolecular Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joel N. Glasgow
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Anton Borovjagin
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Matthew S. Beatty
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Elena A. Kashentseva
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David T. Curiel
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Roberto Marabini
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 11, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor P. Dmitriev
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- The Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Lebedeva IV, Emdad L, Su ZZ, Gupta P, Sauane M, Sarkar D, Staudt MR, Liu SJ, Taher MM, Xiao R, Barral P, Lee SG, Wang D, Vozhilla N, Park ES, Chatman L, Boukerche H, Ramesh R, Inoue S, Chada S, Li R, De Pass AL, Mahasreshti PJ, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Yacoub A, Grant S, Dent P, Senzer N, Nemunaitis JJ, Fisher PB. mda-7/IL-24, novel anticancer cytokine: focus on bystander antitumor, radiosensitization and antiangiogenic properties and overview of the phase I clinical experience (Review). Int J Oncol 2007; 31:985-1007. [PMID: 17912425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtraction hybridization applied to a 'differentiation therapy' model of cancer employing human melanoma cells resulted in the cloning of melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24). Initial studies confirm an inverse correlation between mda-7 expression and melanoma development and progression. Forced expression of mda-7 by means of a plasmid or via a replication incompetent adenovirus (Ad.mda-7) promotes growth suppression and induces apoptosis in a broad array of human cancers. In contrast, mda-7 does not induce growth suppressive or toxic effects in normal cells. Based on structure (containing an IL-10 signature motif), secretion by cells (including subsets of T-cells) and location on chromosome 1q (in an area containing IL-10-family genes), mda-7 has now been renamed mda-7/IL-24. Studies by several laboratories have uncovered many of mda-7/IL-24's unique properties, including cancer-specific apoptosis-induction, cell cycle regulation, an ability to inhibit angiogenesis, potent 'bystander antitumor activity' and a capacity to enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation, chemotherapy and monoclonal antibody therapy. Moreover, based on its profound cancer tropism, substantiated by in vivo human xenograft studies in nude mice, mda-7/IL-24 (administered as Ad.mda-7) was evaluated in a phase I clinical trial in patients with melanomas and solid cancers. These studies document that mda-7/IL-24 is well tolerated and demonstrates evidence of significant clinical activity. In these contexts, mda-7/IL-24 represents a unique cytokine gene with potential for therapy of human cancers. The present review focuses on three unique properties of mda-7/IL-24, namely its potent 'bystander antitumor activity', ability to sensitize tumor cells to radiation, and its antiangiogenesis properties. Additionally, an overview of the phase I clinical trial is provided. These studies affirm that mda-7/IL-24 has promise for the management of diverse cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Lebedeva
- Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Le LP, Le HN, Dmitriev IP, Davydova JG, Gavrikova T, Yamamoto S, Curiel DT, Yamamoto M. Dynamic monitoring of oncolytic adenovirus in vivo by genetic capsid labeling. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:203-14. [PMID: 16449680 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conditionally replicative adenoviruses represent a promising strategy to address the limited efficacy and safety issues associated with conventional cancer treatment. Despite rapid translation into human clinical trials and demonstrated safety, the fundamental properties of oncolytic adenovirus replication and spread and host-vector interactions in vivo have not been completely evaluated. METHODS We developed a noninvasive dynamic monitoring system to detect adenovirus replication. We constructed capsid-labeled E1/E3-deleted and wild-type adenoviruses (Ad-wt) by fusing the minor capsid protein IX with red fluorescent proteins mRFP1 and tdimer2(12), resulting in Ad-IX-mRFP1, Ad-IX-tdimer2(12), and Ad-wt-IX-mRFP1. Virus DNA replication, encapsidation, cytopathic effect, thermostability, and binding to primary receptor (coxsackie adenovirus receptor) were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, cell viability (MTS) assay, and fluorescence microscopy. Athymic mice (n = 4) carrying xenograft tumors that were derived from A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells were intratumorally inoculated with Ad-wt-IX-mRFP1, and adenovirus replication was dynamically monitored with a fluorescence noninvasive imaging system. Correlations between fluorescence signal intensity and viral DNA synthesis and replication were calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS The red fluorescence label had little effect on viral DNA replication, encapsidation, cytopathic effect, thermostability, and coxsackie adenovirus receptor binding. The fluorescent signal correlated with viral DNA synthesis and infectious progeny production both in vitro and in vivo (in A549 cells, r = .99 and r = .65; in tumors, r = .93 and r = .92, respectively). The replication efficiency of Ad-wt-IX-mRFP1 in vivo was variable, and replication and viral spreading and persistence were limited, consistent with clinical observations. CONCLUSIONS Genetic capsid labeling provides a promising approach for the dynamic assessment of oncolytic adenovirus function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long P Le
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Le LP, Everts M, Dmitriev IP, Davydova JG, Yamamoto M, Curiel DT. Fluorescently labeled adenovirus with pIX-EGFP for vector detection. Mol Imaging 2004. [PMID: 15296675 DOI: 10.1162/1535350041464874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are extensively studied in terms of their use as gene therapy vectors and pathogenesis. These vectors have been targeted on both transcriptional and transductional levels to achieve cell-specific gene delivery. Current detection strategies, including reporter gene expression, viral component detection, and vector labeling with fluorophores, have been applied to analyze adenoviral vectors; however, these methods are inadequate for assessing transductional targeting. As an alternative to conventional vector detection techniques, we developed a specific genetic labeling system whereby an adenoviral vector incorporates a fusion between capsid protein IX and EGFP. DNA packaging and thermostability were marginally hampered by the modification while DNA replication, cytopathic effect, and CAR-dependent binding were not affected. The fluorescent label was associated with the virus capsid and conferred a fluorescent property useful in detecting adenoviral particles in flow cytometry, tracking, and tissue sections. We believe our genetic adenovirus labeling system has important implications for vector development, detecting adenovirus vectors in targeting schemes, and studying adenovirus biology. In addition, this technique has potential utility for dynamic monitoring of adenovirus replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long P Le
- University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA
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37
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Le LP, Everts M, Dmitriev IP, Davydova JG, Yamamoto M, Curiel DT. Fluorescently Labeled Adenovirus with pIX-EGFP for Vector Detection. Mol Imaging 2004; 3:105-16. [PMID: 15296675 DOI: 10.1162/15353500200404100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are extensively studied in terms of their use as gene therapy vectors and pathogenesis. These vectors have been targeted on both transcriptional and transductional levels to achieve cell-specific gene delivery. Current detection strategies, including reporter gene expression, viral component detection, and vector labeling with fluorophores, have been applied to analyze adenoviral vectors; however, these methods are inadequate for assessing transductional targeting. As an alternative to conventional vector detection techniques, we developed a specific genetic labeling system whereby an adenoviral vector incorporates a fusion between capsid protein IX and EGFP. DNA packaging and thermostability were marginally hampered by the modification while DNA replication, cytopathic effect, and CAR-dependent binding were not affected. The fluorescent label was associated with the virus capsid and conferred a fluorescent property useful in detecting adenoviral particles in flow cytometry, tracking, and tissue sections. We believe our genetic adenovirus labeling system has important implications for vector development, detecting adenovirus vectors in targeting schemes, and studying adenovirus biology. In addition, this technique has potential utility for dynamic monitoring of adenovirus replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long P Le
- University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA
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38
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Smeets RL, van de Loo FAJ, Joosten LAB, Arntz OJ, Bennink MB, Loesberg WA, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Martin MU, van den Berg WB. Effectiveness of the soluble form of the interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein as an inhibitor of interleukin-1 in collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 48:2949-58. [PMID: 14558102 DOI: 10.1002/art.11234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the soluble form of interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor accessory protein (sIL-1RAcP), whose physiologic function remains to be established, can serve as a specific inhibitor of IL-1 signaling in vitro, and to evaluate its applicability in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Soluble IL-1RAcP was cloned from murine liver complementary DNA and expressed by the use of either an adenoviral vector (AdRGD) for sIL-1RAcP or a stable-transfected NIH3T3 fibroblast cell line. The ability of affinity-purified sIL-1RAcP to inhibit IL-1 signaling was tested on NF-kappaB luciferase reporter fibroblasts and quantified by luminometer. To investigate therapeutic efficacy, sIL-1RAcP was both locally (knee joint) and systemically overexpressed in collagen-immunized male DBA/1 mice. Severity of arthritis was monitored visually, and the pathologic process in the joint was examined histologically. Serum was obtained from mice to quantify IL-6 and anti-bovine type II collagen (BCII) antibody levels. RESULTS Incubation of the NF-kappaB reporter fibroblast with purified sIL-1RAcP protein showed a marked reduction of IL-1-induced, but not tumor necrosis factor-induced, NF-kappaB activation. This showed a novel role for sIL-1RAcP as a specific inhibitor of IL-1 signaling. Local transplantation of sIL-1RAcP-producing NIH3T3 fibroblasts into the knee before onset of CIA had little or no effect on general disease severity in these mice. Histologic evaluation of the knee joints receiving sIL-1RAcP cell transplantation showed a marked reduction in both joint inflammation and bone and cartilage erosion. Local treatment with sIL-1RAcP had no profound effect on serum levels of IL-6 and anti-BCII antibodies, which is indicative of the ongoing presence of arthritis in distal joints. In contrast to local treatment, systemic treatment with the AdRGD for sIL-1RAcP markedly ameliorated CIA in all joints. CONCLUSION In this study we demonstrated that sIL-1RAcP is a biologically active and innovative inhibitor of IL-1, and treatment of mice with sIL-1RAcP had a profound prophylactic effect on collagen-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Smeets
- University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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39
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Barker SD, Dmitriev IP, Nettelbeck DM, Liu B, Rivera AA, Alvarez RD, Curiel DT, Hemminki A. Combined transcriptional and transductional targeting improves the specificity and efficacy of adenoviral gene delivery to ovarian carcinoma. Gene Ther 2003; 10:1198-204. [PMID: 12833129 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are efficient gene delivery vehicles but have broad native tropism. To this end, finding ways to target this virus specifically to carcinomas has become an important focus of cancer gene therapy. Transductional and transcriptional forms of targeting have been used with promising results in ovarian carcinoma. Therefore, we combined both forms of targeting to investigate the effect on the specificity and efficiency of transgene expression in this disease. We used the tissue-specific SLPI promoter and the ovarian cancer associated targeting adaptor protein, sCARfC6.5. This bispecific protein contains the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor ectodomain and a single-chain antibody specific for c-erbB-2. Viruses containing the SLPI or the ubiquitously expressed CMV promoter, with or without sCARfC6.5, were used for infection of ovarian cancer cell lines, primary ovarian tumor cells, and in an orthotopic model of disseminated ovarian carcinoma. This dual-targeting strategy increased the efficiency and specificity of transgene expression in vitro in reporter and cell-killing assays, and in vivo. By using both the SLPI promoter and sCARfC6.5, transgene expression was increased in ovarian tumors and decreased in normal tissues, including the liver. Thus, we show that combining transcriptional and transductional targeting can increase the efficacy and specificity of adenoviral gene therapy for ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Barker
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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40
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Pereboev AV, Asiedu CK, Kawakami Y, Dong SS, Blackwell JL, Kashentseva EA, Triozzi PL, Aldrich WA, Curiel DT, Thomas JM, Dmitriev IP. Coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor genetically fused to anti-human CD40 scFv enhances adenoviral transduction of dendritic cells. Gene Ther 2002; 9:1189-93. [PMID: 12170383 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2001] [Accepted: 03/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A promising approach to immunotherapy involves the loading of dendritic cells (DCs) with genetic material to facilitate sustained expression of a relevant antigen in this population of potent antigen presenting cells (APC). Viral vectors such as adenovirus (Ad) have been used for this purpose. Existing methods for DC infection are limited by lack of specificity and a requirement for DC exposure to high viral doses. Targeting of Ad to DCs with bispecific antibodies has significantly augmented levels of transgene expression. Genetic fusion of the extracellular portion of coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) to cell-specific ligands has also proved successful in targeting Ad to cells of interest. We report here the production and primary characterization of a new fusion protein comprising the ecto-domain of CAR connected to a single chain antibody (scFv) G28-5 against human CD40 present on the surface of DCs. We demonstrate that the fusion protein (CAR/G28) specifically interacts with both recombinant Ad fiber knob and the ecto-domain of human CD40 in a binding assay (ELISA). Finally, we show that the CAR/G28 fusion protein promotes highly efficient transduction of DCs of both rhesus monkey and human origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Pereboev
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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41
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Abstract
The utility of the present generation of adenovirus (Ad) vectors for gene therapy applications could be improved by restricting native viral tropism to selected cell types. In order to achieve modification of Ad tropism, we proposed to exploit a minor component of viral capsid, protein IX (pIX), for genetic incorporation of targeting ligands. Based on the proposed structure of pIX, we hypothesized that its C terminus could be used as a site for incorporation of heterologous peptide sequences. We engineered recombinant Ad vectors containing modified pIX carrying a carboxy-terminal Flag epitope along with a heparan sulfate binding motif consisting of either eight consecutive lysines or a polylysine sequence. Using an anti-Flag antibody, we have shown that modified pIXs are incorporated into virions and display Flag-containing C-terminal sequences on the capsid surface. In addition, both lysine octapeptide and polylysine ligands were accessible for binding to heparin-coated beads. In contrast to virus bearing lysine octapeptide, Ad vector displaying a polylysine was capable of recognizing cellular heparan sulfate receptors. We have demonstrated that incorporation of a polylysine motif into the pIX ectodomain results in a significant augmentation of Ad fiber knob-independent infection of CAR-deficient cell types. Our data suggest that the pIX ectodomain can serve as an alternative to the fiber knob, penton base, and hexon proteins for incorporation of targeting ligands for the purpose of Ad tropism modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Dmitriev
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-3300, USA
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42
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Kashentseva EA, Seki T, Curiel DT, Dmitriev IP. Adenovirus targeting to c-erbB-2 oncoprotein by single-chain antibody fused to trimeric form of adenovirus receptor ectodomain. Cancer Res 2002; 62:609-16. [PMID: 11809717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of adenovirus (Ad) vectors for cancer gene therapy applications is currently limited by several factors, including broad Ad tropism associated with the widespread expression of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) in normal human tissues, as well as limited levels of CAR in tumor cells. To target Ad to relevant cell types, we have proposed using soluble CAR (sCAR) ectodomain fused with a ligand to block CAR-dependent native tropism and to simultaneously achieve infection through a novel receptor overexpressed in target cells. To confer Ad targeting capability on cancer cells expressing the c-erbB-2/HER-2/neu oncogene, we engineered a bispecific adapter protein, sCARfC6.5, that consisted of sCAR, phage T4 fibritin polypeptide, and C6.5 single-chain fragment variable (scFv) against c-erbB-2 oncoprotein. Incorporation of fibritin polypeptide provided trimerization of sCAR fusion proteins that, compared with monomeric sCAR protein, resulted in augmented affinity to Ad fiber knob domain and in increased ability to block CAR-dependent Ad infection. We demonstrated that sCARfC6.5 protein binds to cellular c-erbB-2 oncoprotein and mediates efficient Ad targeting via a CAR-independent pathway. As illustrated in cancer cell lines that overexpress c-erbB-2, targeted Ad, complexed with sCARfC6.5 adapter protein, provided from 1.5- to 17-fold enhancement of gene transfer compared with Ad alone and up to 130-fold increase in comparison with untargeted Ad complexed with sCARf control protein. The use of recombinant trimeric sCAR-scFv adapter proteins may augment Ad vector potency for targeting cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Kashentseva
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-3300, USA
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43
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Bakker AC, Van de Loo FA, Joosten LA, Bennink MB, Arntz OJ, Dmitriev IP, Kashentsera EA, Curiel DT, van den Berg WB. A tropism-modified adenoviral vector increased the effectiveness of gene therapy for arthritis. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1785-93. [PMID: 11803398 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2001] [Accepted: 10/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors (AdV) are used for anti-inflammatory cytokine therapy in experimental arthritis. Cell entry of AdV is dependent on the initial recognition of the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) on cells. Recently, an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif was introduced in the HI loop of the fiber knob, this enables the adenovirus to bypass CAR and mediate cell entry via RGD binding integrins. In this study, we explored the transduction efficiency of the RGD-modified adenovirus in synovium and compared the RGD-modified with the conventional adenoviral vector for their effectiveness to modulate the murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model when used to overexpress mIL-1Ra in the knee joint. Twenty-four hours after intra-articular injection of 10(7) fluorescent forming units (ffu) virus, luciferase (luc) activity in Ad5LucRGD-injected joints was up to 38 times higher than in AdCMVLuc-injected joints, and in arthritic joints the transduction efficiency was up to 69 times higher for the Ad5LucRGD viruses. Transduction of the synovial lining by the RGD-modified adenovirus containing the mIL-1Ra transgene, markedly improved the inhibition of CIA compared with the conventional virus in both a prophylactic and therapeutic treatment protocol. These results show that targeting integrins with the RGD-modified AdV improved the outcome of gene therapy for arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bakker
- University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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44
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Ryzhikov AB, Goncharova EP, Bulychev LE, Sergeev AN, Dmitriev IP, Pliasunov IV, Kotliarov LA. [Studying the possibility of respiratory immunization against tick-borne encephalitis]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 1998:17-20. [PMID: 9633235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are known 3 likely mechanisms of virus conveyance into the central nervous system (CNS). These include hematogenic penetration, spread along the peripheral nerves, and the olfactory pathway which begins from the infected olfactory neuroepithelial cells. The possibility of viral spread into CNS via the olfactory pathway was shown for the representatives of togaviruses, herpesviruses, coronaviruses, rhabdoviruses, and for some others. This study suggests that the olfactory pathway of viral conveyance into CNS may be blocked by specific mucosal antibodies in the nasal mucosa. The recombinant TK- variant of WR vaccinia strain with inserted genes coding structural and nonstructural proteins of TBE virus is accumulated in the branches of the respiratory tract only while the parenteral vaccinia strain is detected in the brain regions, spleen, respiratory tract, and in blood. The protective activity of recombinant strain and inactivated TBE vaccine after mice immunization by escarification or intranasally, or subcutaneously was comparatively studied. The findings indicate that intranasal immunization by recombinant strain is the most protective against intraperitoneal challenge by TBE virus. The mucosal and humoral immune response that was induced by intranasal immunization seems to provide the highest levels of protection, which was experimentally observed.
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Chepurnov AA, Ternovoĭ VA, Dadaeva AA, Dmitriev IP, Sizikova LP, Volchkov VE, Kudoiarova NM, Rudzevich TN, Netesov SV. [Immunobiological properties of vp24 protein of Ebola virus expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus]. Vopr Virusol 1997; 42:115-20. [PMID: 9297340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunological and biochemical parameters were studied in guinea pigs immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus containing full-sized gene of Ebola virus vp24 protein and then infected with virulent strain of Ebola virus. The majority of the studied parameters changed similarly in guinea pigs immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus and control guinea pigs inoculated with vaccinia virus both before and after challenge with Ebola virus. However, in animals immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus producing vp24 some biochemical parameters, the mean life span after challenge with Ebola virus, the level of antibodies to the virus, and the phagocytic activity of neutrophils indicated the development of immunological processes other than in controls, namely, the development of immune response to vp24. Although these processes did not eventually lead to the survival of animals, they prolonged the mean life span and resulted in the production of anti-Ebola antibodies, though the level thereof was low. These data demonstrate that recombinant vaccines against Ebola fever are a promising trend of research.
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46
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Dmitriev IP, Khromykh AA, Ignatyev GM, Gainullina MN, Ageenko VA, Dryga SA, Vorobyeva MS, Sandakhchiev LS. Immunization with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing structural and part of the nonstructural region of tick-borne encephalitis virus cDNA protect mice against lethal encephalitis. J Biotechnol 1996; 44:97-103. [PMID: 8717392 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(95)00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Three recombinant vaccinia viruses containing different fragments of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) cDNA representing the 5'-noncoding region (5'NCR), all structural and part of the nonstructural regions were constructed. Western blot analysis showed that E and NS1 proteins were expressed and processed correctly in cells infected with recombinant viruses vC-NS1 (coding for C-prM-E-NS1 region) and vC-NS3 (coding for C-prM-E-NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3 region). In contrast, in cells infected with recombinant virus v5'C-NS2A (coding for 5'NCR and C-prM-E-NS1-NS2A regions) expression of NS1 protein was greatly reduced and no E protein was detected. Immunization of mice with vC-NS3 induced high levels of TBEV-specific antibodies and protected them against intraperitoneal challenge with 10(7) LD50 of TBEV. The level of protection was very similar to the level of protection achieved by immunization with commercially available inactivated TBEV vaccine. Although the immunization of mice with recombinants vC-NS1 and v5'C-NS2A induced much lower levels of TBEV-specific antibodies, they were still protected against intraperitoneal challenge with 10(4) and 10(3.6) LD50 of TBEV, respectively. The high level of protection against TBEV infection achieved by the immunization of mice with the recombinant vaccinia virus vC-NS3 makes this virus a very attractive candidate for development of a live recombinant vaccine against TBEV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibody Formation
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Capsid/biosynthesis
- Capsid/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DNA, Complementary
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
- Immunization
- Kidney
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Vaccines, Synthetic
- Vaccinia virus
- Viral Core Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Dmitriev
- Research Institute of Molecular Biology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Novosibirsk region, Russia
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47
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Zimina NP, Dmitriev IP, Rykova VI. [Composition and degree of sulfation of glycosaminoglycans from tissues of different animal species: heterogeneity and tissue specificity of heparan sulfates]. Biokhimiia 1987; 52:984-90. [PMID: 2959327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The composition and degree of sulfation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in proteoglycans from various animal tissues were studied. It was shown that sulfated GAG contain chondroitin sulfates AC and B as well as heparan sulfates. The bulk of GAG in the majority of tissues under study is represented by 2-3 types of heparan sulfate molecules differing in the degree of sulfation. According to the degree of sulfation heparan sulfates from all tissues studied can be classified into three groups. Homologous tissues of various animal species are characterized by a similar composition and the degree of sulfation The data obtained are discussed in terms of the feasible role of proteoheparan sulfates in specific cell-to-cell interactions.
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48
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Zimina NP, Rykova VI, Dmitriev IP. [Comparative characteristics of the composition and degree of sulfation of glycosaminoglycans in resting and actively proliferating tissues]. Biokhimiia 1987; 52:856-61. [PMID: 3593801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of the composition and degree of sulfation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in proteoglycans isolated from normal animal tissues and from actively proliferating embryonic, tumour and regenerating tissues was carried out. Significant differences in the ratios of various types of sulfated GAG were revealed. The relative content of chondroitin sulfate AC in actively proliferating tissues was considerably increased. It was found that all types of sulfated GAG in actively proliferating tissues, with the exception of regenerating tissue, are characterized by a lower degree of sulfation as compared to GAG from resting tissues. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the role of proteoglycans in the organization of extracellular matrix and in control of cell proliferation.
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