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Chulkina M, Rohmer C, McAninch S, Panganiban RP, Villéger R, Portolese A, Ciocirlan J, Yang W, Cohen C, Koltun W, Valentine JF, Cong Y, Yochum G, Beswick EJ, Pinchuk IV. Increased activity of MAPKAPK2 within mesenchymal cells as a target for inflammation associated fibrosis in Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2024:jjae009. [PMID: 38224550 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells are suggested to play a critical role in the Crohn's Disease (CD) associated fibrosis. MAPKAPK2 (MK2) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target to reduce inflammation in CD. However, cell-specific pattern of pMK2 activation and its role in the CD associated fibrosis are unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate cell-specific changes in MK2 activity between predominantly inflammatory CD versus CD with fibrotic complication and define the role of stromal cell-specific MK2 activation in CD-associated fibrosis. METHODS CD tissue, CD tissue derived mesenchymal stromal cells known as myo-/fibroblasts (CD-MFs), fibroblast specific MK2 conditional KO mice were used. RESULTS We observed that in the inflamed area of predominantly inflammatory CD, high MK2 activity was equally distributed between mesenchymal and hematopoietic cells. By contrast, in CD with fibrotic complications, high MK2 activity was mostly associated with mesenchymal stromal cells. Using ex vivo CD tissue explants and IL-10KO murine colitis model, we demonstrated that pro-fibrotic responses are significantly reduced by treatment with the MK2 inhibitor PF-3644022. Inhibition of MK2 activity in primary cultures of CD-MFs significantly reduced basal and TGF-β1-induced profibrotic responses. Using fibroblast-specific MK2 knockout mice in chronic DSS colitis, we demonstrated that fibroblast intrinsic MK2 signaling is among the key processes involved in the chronic inflammation induced profibrotic responses. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that activation of MK2 within fibroblasts contributes to the chronic inflammation induced fibrosis in CD and that targeting MK2 has potential for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for fibrosis in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Chulkina
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, US
| | - Christina Rohmer
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, US
| | - Steven McAninch
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, US
| | | | | | - Austin Portolese
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
| | - Justin Ciocirlan
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, US
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Claire Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, US
| | - Walter Koltun
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
| | - John F Valentine
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, US
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Gregory Yochum
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, US
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Louisville, KY, US
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, US
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Villéger R, Chulkina M, Mifflin RC, Powell DW, Pinchuk IV. Disruption of retinol-mediated IL-6 expression in colon cancer-associated fibroblasts: new perspectives on the role of vitamin A metabolism. Oncotarget 2023; 14:377-381. [PMID: 37185128 PMCID: PMC10132993 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal myo-/fibroblasts (MFs) account for up to 30% of lamina propria cells in the normal human colon and their number is dramatically increased in colon cancer (CRC). Fibroblasts from cancers, also known as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), differ from normal colonic MF (N-MFs) and support tumor-promoting inflammation, in part due to increased IL-6 secretion. In this editorial, we highlight recent data obtained regarding IL-6 regulation in colorectal cancer CAFs through vitamin A (retinol) metabolism, discuss current limitations in our understanding of the mechanisms leading to the CAF pro-inflammatory phenotype, and discuss potential approaches to target CAF retinoid metabolism during CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Villéger
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, France
| | - Marina Chulkina
- Department of Medicine at PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Randy C Mifflin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Don W Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Medicine at PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Villéger R, Chulkina M, Mifflin RC, Markov NS, Trieu J, Sinha M, Johnson P, Saada JI, Adegboyega PA, Luxon BA, Beswick EJ, Powell DW, Pinchuk IV. Loss of alcohol dehydrogenase 1B in cancer-associated fibroblasts: contribution to the increase of tumor-promoting IL-6 in colon cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:537-548. [PMID: 36482184 PMCID: PMC9938173 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increases in IL-6 by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) contribute to colon cancer progression, but the mechanisms involved in the increase of this tumor-promoting cytokine are unknown. The aim of this study was to identify novel targets involved in the dysregulation of IL-6 expression by CAFs in colon cancer. METHODS Colonic normal (N), hyperplastic, tubular adenoma, adenocarcinoma tissues, and tissue-derived myo-/fibroblasts (MFs) were used in these studies. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated a striking decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) expression, a gene potentially involved in IL-6 dysregulation in CAFs. ADH1B expression was downregulated in approximately 50% of studied tubular adenomas and all T1-4 colon tumors, but not in hyperplastic polyps. ADH1B metabolizes alcohols, including retinol (RO), and is involved in the generation of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA). LPS-induced IL-6 production was inhibited by either RO or its byproduct atRA in N-MFs, but only atRA was effective in CAFs. Silencing ADH1B in N-MFs significantly upregulated LPS-induced IL-6 similar to those observed in CAFs and lead to the loss of RO inhibitory effect on inducible IL-6 expression. CONCLUSION Our data identify ADH1B as a novel potential mesenchymal tumor suppressor, which plays a critical role in ADH1B/retinoid-mediated regulation of tumor-promoting IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Villéger
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Marina Chulkina
- Department of Medicine at PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Randy C Mifflin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Nikolay S Markov
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judy Trieu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Mala Sinha
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Paul Johnson
- Department of Surgery, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jamal I Saada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Patrick A Adegboyega
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63106, USA
| | - Bruce A Luxon
- Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Don W Powell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Medicine at PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Thanki KK, Johnson P, Higgins EJ, Maskey M, Phillips C, Dash S, Almenas FA, Govar AA, Tian B, Villéger R, Beswick E, Wang R, Szabo C, Chao C, Pinchuk IV, Hellmich MR, Módis K. Deletion of cystathionine-γ-lyase in bone marrow-derived cells promotes colitis-associated carcinogenesis. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102417. [PMID: 35933902 PMCID: PMC9357841 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by widespread relapsing inflammation of the colonic mucosa. Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is one of the most serious complications of a prolonged history of UC. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important physiological mediator of gastrointestinal homeostasis, limiting mucosal inflammation and promoting tissue healing in response to injury. Inhibition of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE)-dependent H2S production in animal models of UC has been shown to exacerbate colitis and delay tissue repair. It is unknown whether CSE plays a role in CAC, or the downregulation of CSE expression and/or activity promotes CAC development. In humans, we observed a significant decrease in CSE expression in colonic biopsies from patients with UC. Using the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of epithelium injury-induced colitis and global CSE KO mouse strain, we demonstrated that CSE is critical in limiting mucosal inflammation and stimulating epithelial cell proliferation in response to injury. In vitro studies showed that CSE activity stimulates epithelial cell proliferation, basal and cytokine-stimulated cell migration, as well as cytokine regulation of transepithelial permeability. In the azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS model of CAC, the loss of CSE expression accelerated both the development and progression of CAC. The increased tumor multiplicity and severity of CAC observed in CSE-KO mice were associated with reduced levels of mucosal IL-10 expression and increased levels of IL-6. Restoring CSE expression in bone marrow (BM) cells of CSE-KO mice through reciprocal BM transplantation raised mucosal IL-10 expression, decreased IL-6 level, and reduced the number of aberrant crypt foci and tumors in AOM/DSS-treated mice. These studies demonstrate that CSE expression in BM cells plays a critical role in suppressing CAC in mice. Furthermore, the data suggest that the inhibitory effects of CSE on the development of CAC are due, in part, to the modulation of mucosal pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan K Thanki
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Paul Johnson
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Edward J Higgins
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Manjit Maskey
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Ches'Nique Phillips
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Swetaleena Dash
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | | | | | - Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Romain Villéger
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Ellen Beswick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Mark R Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Katalin Módis
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Chulkina M, McAninch S, Li Y, Koltun W, Yochum G, Tian B, Zhou J, Beswick EJ, Brasier AR, Pinchuk IV. BRD4‐MK2 signaling: target for Crohn’s Disease‐associated fibrosis. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Chulkina
- MedicineCollege of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPA
| | - Steven McAninch
- MedicineCollege of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPA
| | - Yi Li
- Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Walter Koltun
- SurgeryCollege of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPA
| | - Gregory Yochum
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPA
| | - Bing Tian
- Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Jia Zhou
- Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Ellen J. Beswick
- Internal MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUT
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Institute for Clinical and Translational ResearchUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWI
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6
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Li Y, Chen J, Bolinger AA, Chen H, Liu Z, Cong Y, Brasier AR, Pinchuk IV, Tian B, Zhou J. Target-Based Small Molecule Drug Discovery Towards Novel Therapeutics for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:S38-S62. [PMID: 34791293 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a class of severe and chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with recurrent symptoms and significant morbidity. Long-term persistence of chronic inflammation in IBD is a major contributing factor to neoplastic transformation and the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Conversely, persistence of transmural inflammation in CD is associated with formation of fibrosing strictures, resulting in substantial morbidity. The recent introduction of biological response modifiers as IBD therapies, such as antibodies neutralizing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, have replaced nonselective anti-inflammatory corticosteroids in disease management. However, a large proportion (~40%) of patients with the treatment of anti-TNF-α antibodies are discontinued or withdrawn from therapy because of (1) primary nonresponse, (2) secondary loss of response, (3) opportunistic infection, or (4) onset of cancer. Therefore, the development of novel and effective therapeutics targeting specific signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of IBD is urgently needed. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the recent advances in drug discovery of new small molecules in preclinical or clinical development for treating IBD that target biologically relevant pathways in mucosal inflammation. These include intracellular enzymes (Janus kinases, receptor interacting protein, phosphodiesterase 4, IκB kinase), integrins, G protein-coupled receptors (S1P, CCR9, CXCR4, CB2) and inflammasome mediators (NLRP3), etc. We will also discuss emerging evidence of a distinct mechanism of action, bromodomain-containing protein 4, an epigenetic regulator of pathways involved in the activation, communication, and trafficking of immune cells. We highlight their chemotypes, mode of actions, structure-activity relationships, characterizations, and their in vitro/in vivo activities and therapeutic potential. The perspectives on the relevant challenges, new opportunities, and future directions in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew A Bolinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Haiying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, PA, USA
| | - Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Mohamed A, Menon H, Chulkina M, Yee NS, Pinchuk IV. Drug-Microbiota Interaction in Colon Cancer Therapy: Impact of Antibiotics. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030259. [PMID: 33807878 PMCID: PMC7999677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma is one of the most common malignancies, and it is highly lethal. Chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of colon cancer at various stages of the disease. The gut microbiome has emerged as a key player in colon cancer development and progression, and it can also alter the therapeutic agent's efficacy and toxicities. Antibiotics can directly and/or indirectly affect the balance of the gut microbiome and, therefore, the clinical outcomes. In this article, we provided an overview of the composition of the gut microbiome under homeostasis and the mechanistic links between gut microbiota and colon cancer. The relationship between the use of oral antibiotics and colon cancer, as well as the impact of the gut microbiome on the efficacy and toxicities of chemotherapy in colon cancer, are discussed. Potential interventions to modulate microbiota and improve chemotherapy outcomes are discussed. Further studies are indicated to address these key gaps in the field and provide a scientific basis for the design of novel microbiota-based approaches for prevention/use as adjuvant therapeutics for patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.M.); (H.M.)
| | - Harry Menon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.M.); (H.M.)
| | - Marina Chulkina
- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Nelson S. Yee
- Next-Generation Therapies Program, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence: (N.S.Y.); (I.V.P.); Tel.: +1-717-531-8678 (N.S.Y.); +1-713-301-8025 (I.V.P.)
| | - Irina V. Pinchuk
- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.S.Y.); (I.V.P.); Tel.: +1-717-531-8678 (N.S.Y.); +1-713-301-8025 (I.V.P.)
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Grim C, Noble R, Uribe G, Khanipov K, Johnson P, Koltun WA, Watts T, Fofanov Y, Yochum GS, Powell DW, Beswick EJ, Pinchuk IV. Impairment of Tissue-Resident Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Chronic Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1362-1375. [PMID: 33506258 PMCID: PMC8328298 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Little is known about the presence and function of tissue-resident mesenchymal stem cells [MtSCs] within the gastrointestinal mucosa in health and inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. The contribution of MtSCs to the generation of inflammatory fibroblasts during IBD is also poorly understood. We hypothesized that IBD-MtSCs are impaired and contribute to the generation of the pathological myofibroblasts in IBD. METHODS In a cohort of clinically and endoscopically active IBD patients and normal controls, we used quantitative RT-PCR and stem cell differentiation assays, as well as confocal microscopy, to characterize MtSCs. RESULTS Expression of two stem cell markers, Oct4 and ALDH1A, was increased in the inflamed IBD colonic mucosa and correlated with an increase of the mesenchymal lineage marker Grem1 in ulcerative colitis [UC], but not Crohn's disease [CD]. Increased proliferation and aberrant differentiation of Oct4+Grem1+ MtSC-like cells was observed in UC, but not in CD colonic mucosa. In contrast to normal and UC-derived MtSCs, CD-MtSCs lose their clonogenic and most of their differentiation capacities. Our data also suggest that severe damage to these cells in CD may account for the pathological PD-L1low phenotype of CD myofibroblasts. In contrast, aberrant differentiation of MtSCs appears to be involved in the appearance of pathological partially differentiated PD-L1high myofibroblasts within the inflammed colonic mucosa in UC. CONCLUSION Our data show, for the first time, that the progenitor functions of MtSCs are differentially impaired in CD vs UC, providing a scientific rationale for the use of allogeneic MSC therapy in IBD, and particularly in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Grim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Noble
- Department of Medicine, PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gabriela Uribe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Department of Medicine, PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Johnson
- Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Walter A Koltun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Tammara Watts
- Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yuriy Fofanov
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gregory S Yochum
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Don W Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA,Department of Medicine, PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA,Corresponding author: Iryna V. Pinchuk, PhD, PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center 500, University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA. E-mail:
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9
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Petrey AC, Qeadan F, Middleton EA, Pinchuk IV, Campbell RA, Beswick EJ. Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: Innate immune, vascular, and platelet pathogenic factors differ in severity of disease and sex. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:55-66. [PMID: 32930456 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3cova0820-410rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 rapidly emerged as a crippling public health crisis in the last few months, which has presented a series health risk. Understanding of the immune response and biomarker analysis is needed to progress toward understanding disease pathology and developing improved treatment options. The goal of this study is to identify pathogenic factors that are linked to disease severity and patient characteristics. Patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized from March 17 to June 5, 2020 were analyzed for clinical features of disease and soluble plasma cytokines in association with disease severity and sex. Data from COVID-19 patients with acute illness were examined along with an age- and gender-matched control cohort. We identified a group of 16 soluble factors that were found to be increased in COVID-19 patients compared to controls, whereas 2 factors were decreased. In addition to inflammatory cytokines, we found significant increases in factors known to mediate vasculitis and vascular remodeling (PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB-BB, soluble CD40L (sCD40L), FGF, and IP10). Four factors such as platelet-derived growth factors, fibroblast growth factor-2, and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 were strongly associated with severe disease and ICU admission. Th2-related factors (IL-4 and IL-13) were increased with IL-4 and sCD40L present at increased levels in males compared with females. Our analysis revealed networking clusters of cytokines and growth factors, including previously unknown roles of vascular and stromal remodeling, activation of the innate immunity, as well activation of type 2 immune responses in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. These data highlight biomarker associations with disease severity and sex in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Petrey
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fares Qeadan
- Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Middleton
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert A Campbell
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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10
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Aguirre JE, Beswick EJ, Grim C, Uribe G, Tafoya M, Chacon Palma G, Samedi V, McKee R, Villeger R, Fofanov Y, Cong Y, Yochum G, Koltun W, Powell D, Pinchuk IV. Matrix metalloproteinases cleave membrane-bound PD-L1 on CD90+ (myo-)fibroblasts in Crohn's disease and regulate Th1/Th17 cell responses. Int Immunol 2020; 32:57-68. [PMID: 31633754 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased T helper (Th)1/Th17 immune responses are a hallmark of Crohn's disease (CD) immunopathogenesis. CD90+ (myo-)fibroblasts (MFs) are abundant cells in the normal (N) intestinal mucosa contributing to mucosal tolerance via suppression of Th1 cell activity through cell surface membrane-bound PD-L1 (mPD-L1). CD-MFs have a decreased level of mPD-L1. Consequently, mPD-L1-mediated suppression of Th1 cells by CD-MFs is decreased, yet the mechanism responsible for the reduction in mPDL-1 is unknown. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been reported in CD. Herein we observed that when compared to N- and ulcerative colitis (UC)-MFs, CD-MFs increase in LPS-inducible levels of MMP-7 and -9 with a significant increase in both basal and inducible MMP-10. A similar pattern of MMP expression was observed in the CD-inflamed mucosa. Treatment of N-MFs with a combination of recombinant human MMP-7, -9 and -10 significantly decreased mPD-L1. In contrast, inhibition of MMP activity with MMP inhibitors or anti-MMP-10 neutralizing antibodies restores mPD-L1 on CD-MFs. CD-MFs demonstrated reduced capacity to suppress Th1 and Th17 responses from activated CD4+ T cells. By contrast, supplementation of the CD-MF:T-cell co-cultures with MMP inhibitors or anti-MMP neutralizing antibodies restored the CD-MF-mediated suppression. Our data suggest that (i) increased MMP-10 expression by CD-MFs and concomitant cleavage of PD-L1 from the surface of CD-MFs are likely to be one of the factors contributing to the decrease of mPD-L1-mediated suppression of Th1/Th17 cells in CD; and (ii) MMPs are likely to have a significant role in the intestinal mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Aguirre
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carl Grim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriela Uribe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine at PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Marissa Tafoya
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Von Samedi
- School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rohini McKee
- Department of Surgery at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Romain Villeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yuriy Fofanov
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gregory Yochum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Walter Koltun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery at PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Don Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine at PennState Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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11
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Wang J, Cui R, Clement CG, Nawgiri R, Powell DW, Pinchuk IV, Watts TL. Activation PDGFR-α/AKT Mediated Signaling Pathways in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Promotes Anti-apoptosis and Decreased Sensitivity to Cisplatin. Front Oncol 2020; 10:552. [PMID: 32411595 PMCID: PMC7199219 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoplasia, a hallmark of a head and neck cancer, has both biologic and physiologic effects on cancer progression and chemotherapeutic response. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stromal progenitor cells, have been shown to play a role in cancer progression, alter apoptotic responses, and confer resistance to chemotherapy in various carcinomas. The pathophysiology of MSCs with respect to tumorigenesis is widely reported in other cancers and is sparsely reported in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). We previously reported paracrine mediated PDGF-AA/PDGFR-α signaling to underlie MSCs chemotaxis in OSCC. Given the poor clinical response to primary chemotherapy, we hypothesized that MSCs may alter cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin through activation of PDGFR-α mediated signaling pathways. Co-culture of MSCs with human derived OSCC cell lines, JHU-012 and −019, resulted in a significant increase in the production of PDGF-AA and MCP-1 compared to cancer cells grown alone (p < 0.005) and was accompanied by an increase in the phosphorylation state of PDGFR-α (p < 0.02) and downstream target AKT at S473 (p < 0.025) and T308 (p < 0.02). JHU-012 and −019 cancer cells grown in co-culture were significantly less apoptotic (p < 0.001), expressed significantly higher levels of Bcl-2 (p < 0.04) with a concomitant significant decrease in bid expression (p < 0.001) compared to cancer cells grown alone. There was a significant increase in the cisplatin dose response curve in cancer cell clones derived from JHU-012 and 019 cancer cells grown in co-culture with MSCs compared to clones derived from cancer cells grown alone (p < 0.001). Moreover clones derived from JHU-012 cells grown in co-culture with MSCs were significantly more susceptible to cisplatin following pretreatment with, crenolanib, a PDGFR inhibitor, compared to cancer cells grown alone or in co-culture with MSCs (p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that crosstalk between cancer cells and MSCs is mediated, at least in part, by activation of autocrine PDGF-AA/PDGFR-α loop driving AKT-mediated signaling pathways, resulting in reduced cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin through alterations in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ruwen Cui
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Cecila G Clement
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ranjana Nawgiri
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Don W Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Tammara L Watts
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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12
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Lina TT, Gonzalez J, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori elicits B7H3 expression on gastric epithelial cells: Implications in local T cell regulation and subset development during infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 2. [PMID: 31998864 DOI: 10.31487/j.cor.2019.05.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram negative bacterium that infects more than 50% of humanity and is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Although CD4+ T cells are recruited to the gastric mucosa, the host is unable to clear the bacteria. Previously, we demonstrated that H. pylori infection upregulates the expression of the T cell co-inhibitory molecule B7-H1 while simultaneously downregulating the expression of T cell co-stimulatory molecule B7-H2 on gastric epithelial cells (GEC), which together affect the Treg and Th17 cell balance and foster bacterial persistence. Because B7-H3, another member of the B7 family of co-inhibitory receptors, has been found to have important immunoregulatory roles and in cancer, in this study we examined the expression of B7-H3 molecules on GEC and how the expression is regulated by H. pylori during infection. Our study showed that both human and murine GEC constitutively express B7-H3 molecules, but their expression levels increased during H. pylori infection. We further demonstrated that H. pylori uses its type 4 secretion system (T4SS) components CagA and cell wall peptidoglycan (PG) fragment to upregulate B7-H3. Th17 cells and Treg cells which are increased during H. pylori infection also had an effect on B7-H3 induction. The underlying cell signaling pathway involves modulation of p38MAPK pathway. Since B7-H3 were shown to up-regulate Th2 responses, the phenotype of T cell subpopulations in mice infected with H. pylori PMSS1 or SS1 strains were characterized. A mixed Th1/Th2 response in H. pylori infected mice was observed. Consistent with previous findings, increased Treg cells and decreased Th17 cells in MLN of PMSS1 infected mice compared to SS1 infected mice was observed. Human biopsy samples collected from gastritis biopsies and gastric tumors showed a strong association between increased B7-H3 and Th2 responses in H. pylori strains associated with gastritis. T cell: GEC co-cultures and anti-B7-H3 blocking Ab confirmed that the induction of Th2 is mediated by B7-H3 and associated exclusively with an H. pylori gastritis strain not cancer or ulcer strains. In conclusion, these studies revealed a novel regulatory mechanism employed by H. pylori to influence the type of T cell response that develops within the infected gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima T Lina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Jazmin Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Cancer Institute
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Victor E Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
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13
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Lina TT, Gonzalez J, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori elicits B7H3 expression on gastric epithelial cells: Implications in local T cell regulation and subset development during infection. Clin Oncol Res 2019; 2:10.31487/j.cor.2019.05.05. [PMID: 31998864 PMCID: PMC6988449 DOI: 10.31487/j.cor.2019.05.05 10.31487/j.cor.2019.05.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram negative bacterium that infects more than 50% of humanity and is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Although CD4+ T cells are recruited to the gastric mucosa, the host is unable to clear the bacteria. Previously, we demonstrated that H. pylori infection upregulates the expression of the T cell co-inhibitory molecule B7-H1 while simultaneously downregulating the expression of T cell co-stimulatory molecule B7-H2 on gastric epithelial cells (GEC), which together affect the Treg and Th17 cell balance and foster bacterial persistence. Because B7-H3, another member of the B7 family of co-inhibitory receptors, has been found to have important immunoregulatory roles and in cancer, in this study we examined the expression of B7-H3 molecules on GEC and how the expression is regulated by H. pylori during infection. Our study showed that both human and murine GEC constitutively express B7-H3 molecules, but their expression levels increased during H. pylori infection. We further demonstrated that H. pylori uses its type 4 secretion system (T4SS) components CagA and cell wall peptidoglycan (PG) fragment to upregulate B7-H3. Th17 cells and Treg cells which are increased during H. pylori infection also had an effect on B7-H3 induction. The underlying cell signaling pathway involves modulation of p38MAPK pathway. Since B7-H3 were shown to up-regulate Th2 responses, the phenotype of T cell subpopulations in mice infected with H. pylori PMSS1 or SS1 strains were characterized. A mixed Th1/Th2 response in H. pylori infected mice was observed. Consistent with previous findings, increased Treg cells and decreased Th17 cells in MLN of PMSS1 infected mice compared to SS1 infected mice was observed. Human biopsy samples collected from gastritis biopsies and gastric tumors showed a strong association between increased B7-H3 and Th2 responses in H. pylori strains associated with gastritis. T cell: GEC co-cultures and anti-B7-H3 blocking Ab confirmed that the induction of Th2 is mediated by B7-H3 and associated exclusively with an H. pylori gastritis strain not cancer or ulcer strains. In conclusion, these studies revealed a novel regulatory mechanism employed by H. pylori to influence the type of T cell response that develops within the infected gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima T Lina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Jazmin Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Penn State Cancer Institute
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Victor E Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
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14
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Phinney BB, Ray AL, Peretti AS, Jerman SJ, Grim C, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ. MK2 Regulates Macrophage Chemokine Activity and Recruitment to Promote Colon Tumor Growth. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1857. [PMID: 30298062 PMCID: PMC6160543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major risk factor for colon cancer growth and progression is chronic inflammation. We have shown that the MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) pathway is critical for colon tumor growth in colitis-associated and spontaneous colon cancer models. This pathway is known to regulate expression of the tumor-promoting cytokines, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. However, little is known about the ability of MK2 to regulate chemokine production. This is the first study to demonstrate this pathway also regulates the chemokines, MCP-1, Mip-1α, and Mip-2α (MMM). We show that these chemokines induce tumor cell growth and invasion in vitro and that MK2 inhibition suppresses tumor cell production of chemokines and reverses the resulting pro-tumorigenic effects. Addition of MMM to colon tumors in vivo significantly enhances tumor growth in control tumors and restores tumor growth in the presence of MK2 inhibition. We also demonstrate that MK2 signaling is critical for chemokine expression and macrophage influx to the colon tumor microenvironment. MK2 signaling in macrophages was essential for inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, whereas MK2−/− macrophages or MK2 inhibition suppressed cytokine expression. We show that addition of bone marrow-derived macrophages to the tumor microenvironment enhances tumor growth in control tumors and restores tumor growth in tumors treated with MK2 inhibitors, while addition of MK2−/− macrophages had no effect. This is the first study to demonstrate the critical role of the MK2 pathway in chemokine production, macrophage influx, macrophage function, and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon B Phinney
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Anita L Ray
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Amanda S Peretti
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Stephanie J Jerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Carl Grim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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15
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Uribe G, Villéger R, Bressollier P, Dillard RN, Worthley DL, Wang TC, Powell DW, Urdaci MC, Pinchuk IV. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG increases cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 secretion in colonic myofibroblasts via a MyD88-dependent mechanism during homeostasis. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12871. [PMID: 29920917 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) plays a critical role in intestinal mucosal tolerance and barrier integrity. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent PGE2 production involves mobilisation of arachidonic acid. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LbGG) is one of the most widely used probiotics reported to colonise the colonic mucosa. LbGG contributes to the protection of the small intestine against radiation injury through the repositioning of mucosal COX-2 expressing cells. However, it is unknown if LbGG modulates PGE2 production in the colonic mucosa under homeostasis and the major cellular elements involved in these processes. Colonic epithelial and CD90+ mesenchymal stromal cells, also known as (myo) fibroblasts (CMFs), are abundant innate immune cells in normal colonic mucosa able to produce PGE2 . Herein, we tested the hypothesis that under colonic mucosal homeostasis, LbGG modulates the eicosanoid pathway resulting in increased PGE2 production in both epithelial and stromal cells. Among the five tested human colonic epithelial cell lines, only exposure of Caco-2 to LbGG for 24 hr led to the mobilisation of arachidonic acid with concomitant increase in the components within the leukotriene and COX-2-dependent PGE2 pathways. By contrast, CMFs isolated from the normal human colonic mucosa responded to LbGG with increased expression of COX-2 and PGE2 in the prostaglandin pathway, but not 5-LO in the leukotriene pathway. Oral gavage of C57BL/6 mice for 5 days with LbGG (5 × 108 Colony-Forming Unit (CFU)/dose) increased COX-2 expression in the colonic mucosa. The majority of cells upregulating COX-2 protein expression were located in the colonic lamina propria and colocalised with α-SMA+ cells corresponding to the CMF phenotype. This process was myeloid differentiation factor-88-dependent, because silencing of myeloid differentiation factor-88 expression in CMFs abrogated LbGG-induced upregulation of COX-2 in culture and in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest that LbGG increases release of COX-2-mediated PGE2 , contributing to the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis in the colon and CMFs are among the major contributors to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Uribe
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Romain Villéger
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Philippe Bressollier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, University of Bordeaux, Gradignan, France
| | - Rachel N Dillard
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Cancer Theme, University of Adelaide and SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Don W Powell
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria C Urdaci
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, University of Bordeaux, Gradignan, France
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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16
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Uribe G, Rourke R, Villeger R, Golovko G, Khanipov K, Liu Z, Pimenova M, Fofanov Y, Zhou J, Brasier AR, Pinchuk IV. Abstract 5065: Cancer derived Escherichia coli induces tumor-promoting inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in a NF-κB/BRD4 dependent manner. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-5065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic inflammatory responses within the colonic environment are critical to colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor development. While the exact causes of CRC development are unknown, recent data suggest that dysbiosis in the colonic microbiome results in the overgrowth of bacteria from Enterebacteriaceae, Fusobacteriaceae and Bacteroidaceae taxonomic families, contributing to CRC development. Among bacteria of the Enterebacteriaceae family, adherent invasive Esherichia coli has been shown to promote tumor cell growth via production of colibactin. However, the contribution of E.coli to the tumor promoting inflammatory microenvironment (TME) during sporadic CRC development remains unknown. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of TME and contribute to tumor-promoting inflammatory responses via NF-κB dependent production of IL-6. Herein we investigate the effect of E. coli on CAFs. We hypothesize that stimulation of CAFs by cancer derived E.coli is a key processes in supporting tumor-promoting inflammation in CRC. Methods: Bacterial DNA was extracted from tumor and adjacent normal tissue of 28 CRC patients. High throughput sequencing was done using metabarcoding of 16S rDNA for bacteria and analyzed using CLC Genomics Workbench 8.0.5 Microbial Genomics Module, SILVA v119 database for 16S. E.coli PS092717 strain, isolated from CRC tumor site, was used in co-culture experiments. Real time RT-PCR and multiplex cytokine array was used to analyze fibroblasts gene expression and secretion, respectively. Results: We observed a reduction in microbial diversity in tumor vs adjacent normal tissue, with an increased prevalence of Fusobacteria, and Enterobactereacea, but not Bacteroidacea. We then tested the effect of E.coli PS092717 on colonic primary normal fibroblasts and CAFs. Exposure of N-CMFs to E.coli for 24 h only moderately increased IL-6, while CAF responded with a greater increase in IL-6 production. Analysis of the signaling mechanism demonstrated that this process was NF-κB dependent, and was abrogated in the presence of NF-kB specific inhibitor, triptolide (20 ng/mL). Bromodomain containing protein 4 (Brd4) is an epigenetic regulator that can recruit canonical NF-κB transcription factor RelA. Therefore, we analyzed its involvement in the above processes. NF-κB mediated increase in IL-6 expression and secretion induced by E.coli PS092717 was strongly reduced in CAFs than N-CMFs in the presence of BRD4 specific inhibitor (1 µM ZL0590). A similar observation was made when a major components of the E.coli cell wall, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was used. Conclusion Taken together our data suggests that, E.coli derived from cancer tissue and its cell wall component LPS can contribute to the tumor promoting inflammation via stimulation of IL-6 production by CAFs and this process is BRD4/NF-κB-dependent.
Citation Format: Gabriela Uribe, Russel Rourke, Romain Villeger, George Golovko, Kamil Khanipov, Zhiqing Liu, Maria Pimenova, Yuriy Fofanov, Jia Zhou, Allen R. Brasier, Irina V. Pinchuk. Cancer derived Escherichia coli induces tumor-promoting inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in a NF-κB/BRD4 dependent manner [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5065.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhiqing Liu
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | - Jia Zhou
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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17
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Beswick EJ, Grim C, Singh A, Aguirre JE, Tafoya M, Qiu S, Rogler G, McKee R, Samedi V, Ma TY, Reyes VE, Powell DW, Pinchuk IV. Expression of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 by Human Colonic CD90 + Stromal Cells Differs Between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease and Determines Their Capacity to Suppress Th1 Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1125. [PMID: 29910803 PMCID: PMC5992387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The role of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligands in the dysregulation of T helper immune responses observed in the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unclear. Recently, a novel concept emerged that CD90+ colonic (myo)fibroblasts (CMFs), also known as stromal cells, act as immunosuppressors, and are among the key regulators of acute and chronic inflammation. The objective of this study was to determine if the level of the PD-1 ligands is changed in the IBD inflamed colonic mucosa and to test the hypothesis that changes in IBD-CMF-mediated PD-1 ligand-linked immunosuppression is a mechanism promoting the dysregulation of Th1 cell responses. Methods Tissues and cells derived from Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and healthy individuals (N) were studied in situ, ex vivo, and in culture. Results A significant increase in programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was observed in the inflamed UC colonic mucosa when compared to the non-inflamed matched tissue samples, CD, and healthy controls. UC-CMFs were among the major populations in the colonic mucosa contributing to the enhanced PD-L1 expression. In contrast, PD-L1 expression was decreased in CD-CMFs. When compared to CD-CMFs and N-CMFs, UC-CMFs demonstrated stronger suppression of IL-2, Th1 transcriptional factor Tbet, and IFN-γ expression by CD3/CD28-activated CD4+ T cells, and this process was PD-L1 dependent. Similar observations were made when differentiated Th1 cells were cocultured with UC-CMFs. In contrast, CD-CMFs showed reduced capacity to suppress Th1 cell activity and addition of recombinant PD-L1 Fc to CD-CMF:T cell cocultures partially restored the suppression of the Th1 type responses. Conclusion We present evidence showing that increased PD-L1 expression suppresses Th1 cell activity in UC. In contrast, loss of PD-L1 expression observed in CD contributes to the persistence of the Th1 inflammatory milieu in CD. Our data suggest that dysregulation of the Th1 responses in the inflamed colonic mucosa of IBD patients is promoted by the alterations in PD-L1 expression in the mucosal mesenchymal stromal cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Carl Grim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Abinav Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jose E Aguirre
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Marissa Tafoya
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Suimin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rohini McKee
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Von Samedi
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Thomas Y Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Victor E Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Don W Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Perone J, Tamesa T, Tsutsui M, Alvarado RE, Dolber PC, Pinchuk IV, Olino KL, Tyler DS. Immunologic Aspects of Regional Chemotherapeutic Treatments in Melanoma. J Am Coll Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.07.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ijaz T, Sun H, Pinchuk IV, Milewicz DM, Tilton RG, Brasier AR. Deletion of NF-κB/RelA in Angiotensin II-Sensitive Mesenchymal Cells Blocks Aortic Vascular Inflammation and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1881-1890. [PMID: 28818856 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II) induces extracellular matrix remodeling and inflammation resulting in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in normolipidemic mice. Although Ang II activates mesenchymal cells in the media and adventitia to become fibrogenic, the sentinel role of this mesenchymal population in modulating the inflammatory response and aneurysms is not known. We test the hypothesis that these fibrogenic mesenchymal cells play a critical role in Ang II-induced aortic wall vascular inflammation and AAA formation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Ang II infusion increased phospho-Ser536-RelA and interleukin (IL)-6 immunostaining in the abdominal aorta. In addition, aortic mRNA transcripts of RelA-dependent cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β were significantly elevated suggesting that Ang II functionally activates RelA signaling. To test the role of mesenchymal RelA in AAA formation, we generated RelA-CKO mice by administering tamoxifen to double transgenic mice harboring RelA-flox alleles and tamoxifen-inducible Col1a2 promoter-driven Cre recombinase (Col1a2-CreERT). Tamoxifen administration to Col1a2-CreERT•mT/mG mice induced Cre expression and RelA depletion in aortic smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts but not in endothelial cells. Infusion of Ang II significantly increased abdominal aortic diameter and the incidence of AAA in RelA wild-type but not in RelA-CKO mice, independent of changes in systolic blood pressure. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell-specific RelA-CKO mice exhibited decreased expression of IL-6 and IL-1β cytokines and decreased recruitment of C68+ and F4/80lo•Ly6Chi monocytes during Ang II infusion. CONCLUSIONS Fibrogenic mesenchymal RelA plays a causal role in Ang II-induced vascular inflammation and AAA in normolipidemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Ijaz
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (T.I.), MD-PhD Program (T.I.), Division of Gasteroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine (I.V.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., R.G.T., A.R.B.), Institute for Translational Sciences (R.G.T., A.R.B.), Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine (R.G.T., A.R.B.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.)
| | - Hong Sun
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (T.I.), MD-PhD Program (T.I.), Division of Gasteroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine (I.V.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., R.G.T., A.R.B.), Institute for Translational Sciences (R.G.T., A.R.B.), Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine (R.G.T., A.R.B.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.)
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (T.I.), MD-PhD Program (T.I.), Division of Gasteroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine (I.V.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., R.G.T., A.R.B.), Institute for Translational Sciences (R.G.T., A.R.B.), Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine (R.G.T., A.R.B.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.)
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (T.I.), MD-PhD Program (T.I.), Division of Gasteroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine (I.V.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., R.G.T., A.R.B.), Institute for Translational Sciences (R.G.T., A.R.B.), Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine (R.G.T., A.R.B.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.)
| | - Ronald G Tilton
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (T.I.), MD-PhD Program (T.I.), Division of Gasteroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine (I.V.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., R.G.T., A.R.B.), Institute for Translational Sciences (R.G.T., A.R.B.), Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine (R.G.T., A.R.B.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.)
| | - Allan R Brasier
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (T.I.), MD-PhD Program (T.I.), Division of Gasteroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine (I.V.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., R.G.T., A.R.B.), Institute for Translational Sciences (R.G.T., A.R.B.), Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine (R.G.T., A.R.B.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (D.M.M.).
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20
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Watts TL, Cui R, Szaniszlo P, Resto VA, Powell DW, Pinchuk IV. PDGF-AA mediates mesenchymal stromal cell chemotaxis to the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumor microenvironment. J Transl Med 2016; 14:337. [PMID: 27931212 PMCID: PMC5146849 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The robust desmoplasia associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) suggests that the tumor microenvironment may be an important component in the pathophysiology of this cancer. Moreover, the high recurrence rate and poor clinical response to chemotherapy and radiation treatment further underscores that the non-cancerous cells of the microenvironment, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and pericytes, may be important in the pathophysiology of HNSCC. METHODS Confocal microscopy and immunohistomchemistry approaches were used to identify MSCs tumor microenvironment from patients with oral cavity and oral pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In vitro Boyden chamber assays and multiplex magnetic bead assays were used to measure MSC chemotaxis and to identify the chemokines secreted by JHU-011, -012, -019, three cells lines derived from patients with oral pharyngeal SCC. RESULTS We show here that MSCs reside in the tumor microenvironment of patients with oral cavity and oral pharyngeal SCC and are recruited via paracrine mediated tumor cell secretion of (platelet derived growth factor) PDGF-AA. The MSC markers CD90+, CD105+, and gremlin-1+ were found to co-localize on cells within the tumor microenvironment in oral cavity SCC specimens distinct from α-smooth muscle actin staining CAFs. The conditioned media from JHU-011, -012, and -019 caused a significant increase in MSC migration (>60%) and invasion (>50%; p < 0.0001) compared to oral keratinocyte (OKT) controls. Tumor cell induced MSC chemotaxis appears to be mediated through paracrine secretion of PDGF-AA as inhibition of the PDGF-AA receptor, PDGFR-α but not PDGFR-β, resulted in near arrest of MSC chemotaxis (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Tumor microenvironment expression of PDGFR-α has been shown to correlate with a worse prognosis in patients with prostate, breast, ovarian, non-small cell lung cancer and osteosarcoma. This is the first evidence that a similar signaling paradigm may be present in HNSCC. PDGFR-α inhibitors have not been studied as adjunctive treatment options in the management of HNSCC and may prove to be an important driver of the malignant phenotype in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammara L Watts
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-0521, USA.
| | - Ruwen Cui
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-0521, USA
| | - Peter Szaniszlo
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-0521, USA
| | - Vicente A Resto
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-0521, USA
| | - Don W Powell
- Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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21
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Huynh PT, Beswick EJ, Coronado YA, Johnson P, O'Connell MR, Watts T, Singh P, Qiu S, Morris K, Powell DW, Pinchuk IV. CD90(+) stromal cells are the major source of IL-6, which supports cancer stem-like cells and inflammation in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1971-81. [PMID: 26595254 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine increased in CRC and known to directly promote tumor growth. Colonic myofibroblasts/fibroblasts (CMFs or stromal cells) are CD90(+) innate immune cells representing up to 30% of normal colonic mucosal lamina propria cells. They are expanded in CRC tumor stroma, where they also known as a cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Cells of mesenchymal origin, such as normal myofibroblasts/fibroblasts, are known to secrete IL-6; however, their contribution to the increase in IL-6 in CRC and to tumor-promoting inflammation is not well defined. Using in situ, ex vivo and coculture analyses we have demonstrated that the number of IL-6 producing CMFs is increased in CRC (C-CMFs) and they represent the major source of IL-6 in T2-T3 CRC tumors. Activity/expression of stem cell markers-aldehyde dehydrogenase and LGR5- was significantly up-regulated in colon cancer cells (SW480, Caco-2 or HT29) cultured in the presence of conditioned medium from tumor isolated C-CMFs in an IL-6 dependent manner. C-CMF and its derived condition medium, but not normal CMF isolated from syngeneic normal colons, induced differentiation of tumor promoting inflammatory T helper 17 cells (Th17) cell responses in an IL-6 dependent manner. Our study suggests that CD90(+) fibroblasts/myofibroblasts may be the major source of IL-6 in T2-T3 CRC tumors, which supports the stemness of tumor cells and induces an immune adaptive inflammatory response (a.k.a. Th17) favoring tumor growth. Taken together our data supports the notion that IL-6 producing CAFs (a.k.a. C-CMFs) may provide a useful target for treating or preventing CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T Huynh
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Yun A Coronado
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Paul Johnson
- Departments of Surgery, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Malaney R O'Connell
- Departments of Neuoroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Tammara Watts
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Pomila Singh
- Departments of Neuoroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Suimin Qiu
- Departments of Pathology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Katherine Morris
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Don W Powell
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.,Departments of Neuoroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.,Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.,Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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22
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Wu W, He C, Liu C, Cao AT, Xue X, Evans-Marin HL, Sun M, Fang L, Yao S, Pinchuk IV, Powell DW, Liu Z, Cong Y. miR-10a inhibits dendritic cell activation and Th1/Th17 cell immune responses in IBD. Gut 2015; 64:1755-64. [PMID: 25281418 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although both innate and adaptive responses to microbiota have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD, it is still largely unknown how they are regulated during intestinal inflammation. In this report, we investigated the role of microRNA (miR)-10a, a small, non-coding RNA, in the regulation of innate and adaptive responses to microbiota in IBD. METHODS miR-10a expression was analysed in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients treated with or without antitumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) monoclonal antibodies (mAb) (infliximab) by qRT-PCR. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) and IBD CD4+ T cells were transfected with miR-10a precursor to define their effect on the function of DC and CD4+ T cells. RESULTS The expression of miR-10a was markedly decreased, while NOD2 and interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23p40 were significantly increased, in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients compared with those in healthy controls. Commensal bacteria, TNF and interferon-γ inhibited human DC miR-10a expression in vitro. Anti-TNF mAb treatment significantly promoted miR-10a expression, whereas it markedly inhibited NOD2 and IL-12/IL-23p40 in the inflamed mucosa. We further identified NOD2, in addition to IL-12/IL-23p40, as a target of miR-10a. The ectopic expression of the miR-10a precursor inhibited IL-12/IL-23p40 and NOD2 in DC. Moreover, miR-10a was found to markedly suppress IBD T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that miR-10a is decreased in the inflamed mucosa of IBD and downregulates mucosal inflammatory response through inhibition of IL-12/IL-23p40 and NOD2 expression, and blockade of Th1/Th17 cell immune responses. Thus, miR-10a could play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Chong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Changqin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anthony T Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaochang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Heather L Evans-Marin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mingming Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suxia Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Don W Powell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Morris KT, Castillo EF, Ray AL, Weston LL, Nofchissey RA, Hanson JA, Samedi VG, Pinchuk IV, Hudson LG, Beswick EJ. Anti-G-CSF treatment induces protective tumor immunity in mouse colon cancer by promoting protective NK cell, macrophage and T cell responses. Oncotarget 2015; 6:22338-47. [PMID: 26061815 PMCID: PMC4673167 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine that is highly expressed in human and mouse colorectal cancers (CRC). We previously reported that G-CSF stimulated human CRC cell growth and migration, therefore in this study we sought to examine the therapeutic potential of anti-G-CSF treatment for CRC. G-CSF is known to mobilize neutrophils, however its impact on other immune cells has not been well examined. Here, we investigated the effects of therapeutic anti-G-CSF treatment on CRC growth and anti-tumor immune responses. C57BL/6 mice treated with azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) to induce neoplasms were administered anti-G-CSF or isotype control antibodies three times a week for three weeks. Animals treated with anti-G-CSF antibodies had a marked decrease in neoplasm number and size compared to the isotype control group. Colon neutrophil and macrophage frequency were unchanged, but the number of macrophages producing IL-10 were decreased while IL-12 producing macrophages were increased. NK cells were substantially increased in colons of anti-G-CSF treated mice, along with IFNγ producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These studies are the first to indicate a crucial role for G-CSF inhibition in promoting protective anti-tumor immunity, and suggest that anti-G-CSF treatment is a potential therapeutic approach for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T. Morris
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Eliseo F. Castillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Anita L. Ray
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lea L. Weston
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Robert A. Nofchissey
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Joshua A. Hanson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Von G. Samedi
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Irina V. Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Laurie G. Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ellen J. Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Ray AL, Castillo EF, Morris KT, Nofchissey RA, Weston LL, Samedi VG, Hanson JA, Gaestel M, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ. Blockade of MK2 is protective in inflammation-associated colorectal cancer development. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:770-5. [PMID: 26238259 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal cancer. The MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) pathway controls multiple cellular processes including p38-dependent inflammation. This is the first study to investigate the role of MK2 in development of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). Herein, we demonstrate that MK2(-/-) mice are highly resistant to neoplasm development when exposed to AOM/DSS, while wild type (WT) C57BL/6 develop multiple neoplasms with the same treatment. MK2-specific cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α were substantially decreased in AOM/DSS treated MK2(-/-) mouse colon tissues compared with WT mice, which coincided with a marked decrease in macrophage influx. Restoring MK2-competent macrophages by injecting WT bone marrow derived macrophages into MK2(-/-) mice led to partial restoration of inflammatory cytokine production with AOM/DSS treatment; however, macrophages were not sufficient to induce neoplasm development. These results indicate that MK2 functions as an inflammatory regulator to promote colonic neoplasm development and may be a potential target for CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L Ray
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | - Robert A Nofchissey
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Lea L Weston
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Von G Samedi
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Joshua A Hanson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Department of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
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Lina TT, Alzahrani S, House J, Yamaoka Y, Sharpe AH, Rampy BA, Pinchuk IV, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island's role in B7-H1 induction and immune evasion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121841. [PMID: 25807464 PMCID: PMC4373751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection CD4+ T cells in the gastric lamina propria are hyporesponsive and polarized by Th1/Th17 cell responses controlled by Treg cells. We have previously shown that H. pylori upregulates B7-H1 expression on GEC, which, in turn, suppress T cell proliferation, effector function, and induce Treg cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms and the functional relevance of B7-H1 induction by H. pylori infection to chronic infection. Using H. pylori wild type (WT), cag pathogenicity island (cag PAI-) and cagA- isogenic mutant strains we demonstrated that H. pylori requires its type 4 secretion system (T4SS) as well as its effector protein CagA and peptidoglycan (PG) fragments for B7-H1 upregulation on GEC. Our study also showed that H. pylori uses the p38 MAPK pathway to upregulate B7-H1 expression in GEC. In vivo confirmation was obtained when infection of C57BL/6 mice with H. pylori PMSS1 strain, which has a functional T4SS delivery system, but not with H. pylori SS1 strain lacking a functional T4SS, led to a strong upregulation of B7-H1 expression in the gastric mucosa, increased bacterial load, induction of Treg cells in the stomach, increased IL-10 in the serum. Interestingly, B7-H1-/- mice showed less Treg cells and reduced bacterial loads after infection. These studies demonstrate how H. pylori T4SS components activate the p38 MAPK pathway, upregulate B7-H1 expression by GEC, and cause Treg cell induction; thus, contribute to establishing a persistent infection characteristic of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima T. Lina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Shatha Alzahrani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Jennifer House
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States Of America
| | - Bill A. Rampy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Irina V. Pinchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- * E-mail: (VER); (IVP)
| | - Victor E. Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- * E-mail: (VER); (IVP)
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26
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Lina TT, Alzahrani S, Gonzalez J, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Immune evasion strategies used by Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12753-12766. [PMID: 25278676 PMCID: PMC4177461 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is perhaps the most ubiquitous and successful human pathogen, since it colonizes the stomach of more than half of humankind. Infection with this bacterium is commonly acquired during childhood. Once infected, people carry the bacteria for decades or even for life, if not treated. Persistent infection with this pathogen causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and is also strongly associated with the development of gastric cancer. Despite induction of innate and adaptive immune responses in the infected individual, the host is unable to clear the bacteria. One widely accepted hallmark of H. pylori is that it successfully and stealthily evades host defense mechanisms. Though the gastric mucosa is well protected against infection, H. pylori is able to reside under the mucus, attach to gastric epithelial cells and cause persistent infection by evading immune responses mediated by host. In this review, we discuss how H. pylori avoids innate and acquired immune response elements, uses gastric epithelial cells as mediators to manipulate host T cell responses and uses virulence factors to avoid adaptive immune responses by T cells to establish a persistent infection. We also discuss in this review how the genetic diversity of this pathogen helps for its survival.
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Alzahrani S, Lina TT, Gonzalez J, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12767-12780. [PMID: 25278677 PMCID: PMC4177462 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal epithelium has cells with features that make them a powerful line of defense in innate mucosal immunity. Features that allow gastrointestinal epithelial cells to contribute in innate defense include cell barrier integrity, cell turnover, autophagy, and innate immune responses. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral shape gram negative bacterium that selectively colonizes the gastric epithelium of more than half of the world’s population. The infection invariably becomes persistent due to highly specialized mechanisms that facilitate H. pylori’s avoidance of this initial line of host defense as well as adaptive immune mechanisms. The host response is thus unsuccessful in clearing the infection and as a result becomes established as a persistent infection promoting chronic inflammation. In some individuals the associated inflammation contributes to ulcerogenesis or neoplasia. H. pylori has an array of different strategies to interact intimately with epithelial cells and manipulate their cellular processes and functions. Among the multiple aspects that H. pylori affects in gastric epithelial cells are their distribution of epithelial junctions, DNA damage, apoptosis, proliferation, stimulation of cytokine production, and cell transformation. Some of these processes are initiated as a result of the activation of signaling mechanisms activated on binding of H. pylori to cell surface receptors or via soluble virulence factors that gain access to the epithelium. The multiple responses by the epithelium to the infection contribute to pathogenesis associated with H. pylori.
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Beswick EJ, Johnson JR, Saada JI, Humen M, House J, Dann S, Qiu S, Brasier AR, Powell DW, Reyes VE, Pinchuk IV. TLR4 activation enhances the PD-L1-mediated tolerogenic capacity of colonic CD90+ stromal cells. J Immunol 2014; 193:2218-29. [PMID: 25070848 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 is crucial for maintaining peripheral tolerance. CD90(+) myofibroblasts/fibroblasts (CMFs) are major programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) ligand-expressing cells in normal human colonic mucosa. CMFs suppress activated CD4(+) T cell proliferation via PD-1 ligands. It is not known whether signaling through TLRs contribute to the regulation PD-1 ligands on CMFs upon colonic mucosal tolerance. In this study, we demonstrated that stimulation of TLR4 on human CMFs upregulates PD-L1, but not PD-L2, and reinforces CMF-mediated suppression of CD4(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. TLR4-mediated upregulation of PD-L1 on CMFs involved NF-κB pathways and was JAK2 and MyD88 dependent. MyD88-dependent stimulation of TLR1/2 and TLR5 also upregulated PD-L1 expression on CMFs in culture. PD-L1 expression was drastically decreased in vivo in the colonic mucosa of mice devoid of MyD88. Induction of MyD88 deficiency in CMFs in fibroblast-specific MyD88 conditional knockout mice resulted in a strong increase in a mucosal IFN-γ expression concomitantly with the abrogation of PD-L1 expression in CMFs under homeostasis and epithelial injury induced by dextran sodium sulfate. Together, these data suggest that MyD88-dependent TLR stimulation of CMFs in the normal colonic mucosa may reinforce these cells' anti-inflammatory capacity and thus contribute to the maintenance of mucosal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jameel R Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jamal I Saada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Martin Humen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jenifer House
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Sara Dann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Suimin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Don W Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Victor E Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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Morris KT, Nofchissey RA, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ. Chronic macrophage migration inhibitory factor exposure induces mesenchymal epithelial transition and promotes gastric and colon cancers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98656. [PMID: 24887129 PMCID: PMC4041794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is an inflammatory cytokine that is highly produced in gastrointestinal cancers. Since chronic inflammation is a risk factor for tumorigenesis in these cancers, in this study, the role of MIF in pro-tumorigenic events was examined. MIF and its receptor, CD74, were examined in gastric and colon tumors and found to be increased in most tumors with significantly higher expression in tumors from patients with lymph node metastasis. MIF was also found to be highly produced by cancer associated fibroblasts isolated from human tumors compared to fibroblasts from matched normal tissues from uninvolved areas. Fibroblast-produced MIF highly increased GI cancer cell proliferation, which was decreased upon neutralizing MIF or CD74. Chronic MIF treatment led to sustained proliferation and signaling events in non-transformed GI fibroblast cells, which was maintained upon removing MIF treatment for 8 weeks. Additionally, chronic treatment of normal GI cells expressing fibroblast markers for up to 16 weeks with MIF led to a drastic decrease of fibroblast markers with concurrent increase of epithelial markers. Transformation was examined by telomerase and focus forming assays. These results suggest the MIF promotes mesenchymal epithelial transition, cell transformation and tumorigenesis in GI cancers, and thus may be an important link between chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T. Morris
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Nofchissey
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Irina V. Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ellen J. Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Morris KT, Khan H, Ahmad A, Weston LL, Nofchissey RA, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ. G-CSF and G-CSFR are highly expressed in human gastric and colon cancers and promote carcinoma cell proliferation and migration. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1211-20. [PMID: 24448357 PMCID: PMC3950854 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that stimulates myeloid stem cell maturation, proliferation, and migration into circulation. Despite being a known growth factor, the impact of G-CSF on solid tumours has not been well examined. G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) is expressed by some tumours, and thus the aim of this study was to examine the expression and impact of G-CSF and G-CSFR on gastrointestinal tumours. Methods: In this study, G-CSF expression was examined in human gastric and colon tumours and by tumour-derived stromal myofibroblasts and carcinoma cells. G-CSFR expression was examined on carcinoma cells isolated from human tissues. The effects of G-CSF on gastric and colon carcinoma cell proliferation, migration, and signalling were examined. Results: G-CSFR was highly expressed in 90% of human gastric and colon carcinomas. G-CSF was also found to be highly produced by stromal myofibroblasts and carcinoma cells. Exposure of carcinoma cells to G-CSF led to increased proliferation and migration, and expansion of a sub-population of carcinoma cells expressing stem-like markers. These processes were dependent on ERK1/2 and RSK1 phosphorylation. Conclusions: These data suggest that the G-CSF/R axis promotes gastric and colorectal cancer development and suggest they are potential tumour targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Morris
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - H Khan
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - A Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - L L Weston
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - R A Nofchissey
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - I V Pinchuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - E J Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Lina TT, Pinchuk IV, House J, Yamaoka Y, Graham DY, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. CagA-dependent downregulation of B7-H2 expression on gastric mucosa and inhibition of Th17 responses during Helicobacter pylori infection. J Immunol 2013; 191:3838-46. [PMID: 23997227 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric epithelial cells (GECs) are the primary target for Helicobacter pylori infection and may act as APCs regulating local T cell responses. We previously reported that H. pylori infection of GECs induces the expression of the T cell coinhibitory molecule B7-H1 on GECs. This process contributes to the hyporesponsiveness of CD4(+) effector T cells and accumulation of regulatory T cells. In the present study, we investigated the impact of H. pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) on the modulation of the expression of the T cell costimulator B7-H2 by GECs. B7-H2 is involved in promoting Th17 type responses. H. pylori infection downregulates B7-H2 expression by GECs in a CagA-dependent manner. IFN-γ, which is increased in the H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa, synergizes with H. pylori in downregulating B7-H2 expression by GECs. CagA-mediated modulation of B7-H2 on GECs involves p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation. The CagA-dependent B7-H2 downregulation in GECs correlates with a decrease in Th17 type responses in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, CagA-dependent modulation of Th17 responses was inversely correlated with the H. pylori colonization levels in vivo. Our data suggest that CagA contributes to the ability of H. pylori to evade Th17-mediated clearance by modulating expression of B7-H2 and, thus, to the establishment of the H. pylori chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima T Lina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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Abstract
The immune response to Helicobacter pylori is a multifaceted group of mechanisms involving responses that are both protective and damaging to the host. The innate and the adaptive immune responses lead to damaging inflammatory responses, but these responses may fail, allowing for persistence of many infections. Thus, developing new therapeutics and effective vaccines against H. pylori has proven to be arduous. In this manuscript, we will examine the advances in knowledge made in the past year in understanding the host immune response to H. pylori and the progress toward developing a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alojz Ihan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irina V. Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Ellen J. Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Saada JI, Boya G, Schmitt D, Raju GS, Brenmoehl J, Rogler G, Reyes VE, Powell DW. Human colonic myofibroblasts promote expansion of CD4+ CD25high Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:2019-30. [PMID: 21376048 PMCID: PMC3109194 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Regulatory T (Treg) cells (CD4+ CD25high FoxP3+) regulate mucosal tolerance; their adoptive transfer prevents or reduces symptoms of colitis in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. Colonic CD90+ mesenchymal myofibroblasts and fibroblasts (CMFs) are abundant, nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in the normal human colonic mucosa that suppress proliferation of activated CD4+ effector T cells. We studied CMF suppressive capacity and evaluated the ability of CMF to induce Treg cells. METHODS Allogeneic cocultures of CD4+ T cells and CMFs, derived from normal mucosa of patients undergoing colectomy for colon cancer or inflamed colonic tissues from patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, were used to assess activation of the Treg cells. RESULTS Coculture of normal CMF with resting or naïve CD4+ T cells led to development of cells with a Treg phenotype; it also induced proliferation of a CD25+ CD127- FoxP3+ T cells, which expressed CTLA-4, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-β and had suppressive activities. In contrast to dendritic cells, normal CMFs required exogenous interleukin-2 to induce proliferation of naturally occurring Treg cells. Induction of Treg cells by normal CMFs required major histocompatibility complex class II and prostaglandin E2. CMFs from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases had reduced capacity to induce active Treg cells and increased capacity to transiently generate CD4+CD25+/- CD127+ T cells that express low levels of FoxP3. CONCLUSIONS CMFs suppress the immune response in normal colon tissue and might therefore help maintain colonic mucosal tolerance. Alterations in CMF-mediated induction of Treg cells might promote pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Ellen J. Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jamal I. Saada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Gushyalatha Boya
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - David Schmitt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Gottumukkala S. Raju
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Research Unit Genetics and Biometry, Leibnitz Institute of Farm Animal Biology Dummerstorf 18196, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Departement für Innere Medizin, Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Victor E. Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Don W. Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555,Corresponding author: Don W. Powell, M.D., University of Texas Medical Branch, 301, University Bld, Galveston, Tx 77555-0655, , Phone: (409) 772-1950 or 772-9015, Fax: (409) 772-8097 or 772-4789
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Abstract
The non-white blood cell mesenchymal elements of the intestinal lamina propria are the myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, pericytes, stromal stem cells, muscularis mucosae, and the smooth muscle of the villus core associated with the lymphatic lacteal. We review the functional anatomy of these mesenchymal cells, what is known about their origin in the embryo and their replacement in adults, their putative role in intestinal mucosal morphogenesis, and the intestinal stem cell niche, and we consider new information about myofibroblasts as nonprofessional immune cells. Although our knowledge of the function of mesenchymal cells in intestinal disease is rudimentary, we briefly consider here their roles in cancer and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0764, USA.
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Beswick EJ, Pinchuk IV, Schmitt DA, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori Induces Gastric Epithelial Cell Production of TGF-β that Suppresses CD4+ T Cells (97.7). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.97.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are recruited to the gastric mucosa during H. pylori infection, but are generally hyporesponsive. CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are present during infection and impact the CD4+ T cell response. We have previously shown that epithelial cell responses to H. pylori play an important role in inhibiting CD4+ T cell responses via the local induction of Treg cells from naïve CD4+ T cells. As TGF-β plays a role in the development of Tregs, we hypothesized that gastric epithelial cells (GECs) produce TGF-β during H. pylori infection that contributes to Treg development and suppresses local CD4+ T cell effector function. In order to investigate this, we examined GEC production of TGF-β after exposure to H. pylori and found them to produce significant levels of TGF-β that were partially dependant on the cag PAI virulence factor of H. pylori. TGF-β produced by GEC in response to H. pylori increased the local development of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells from naïve T cells in co-culture with GEC and decreased proliferation of activated CD4+ T effector cells in co-culture with GEC. These events were decreased when TGF-β neutralizing antibodies were present. The observations presented here introduce a novel mechanism used by H. pylori via gastric epithelial cells leading to inhibition of CD4+ T cells that may contribute to chronicity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victor E Reyes
- 1Pediatrics
- 3Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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Pinchuk IV, Saada JI, Beswick EJ, Boya G, Qiu SM, Mifflin RC, Raju GS, Reyes VE, Powell DW. PD-1 ligand expression by human colonic myofibroblasts/fibroblasts regulates CD4+ T-cell activity. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:1228-1237, 1237.e1-2. [PMID: 18760278 PMCID: PMC2584612 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A prominent role for inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2 in peripheral tolerance has been proposed. However, the phenotype and function of PD-L-expressing cells in human gut remains unclear. Recent studies suggest that colonic myofibroblasts (CMFs) and fibroblasts are important in the switch from acute inflammation to adaptive immunity. In the normal human colon, CMFs represent a distinct population of major histocompatibility complex class II(+) cells involved in the regulation of mucosal CD4(+) T-cell responses. METHODS PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression on human CMFs was determined using Western blot, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and confocal microscopy. Lymphoproliferation assays and cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to evaluate the role of B7 costimulators expressed by CMFs with regard to the regulation of preactivated T-helper cell responses. RESULTS We demonstrate here the expression of PD-L1/2 molecules by normal human CMF and fibroblasts in situ and in culture. Both molecules support suppressive functions of CMFs in the regulation of activated CD4(+) T-helper cell proliferative responses; blocking this interaction reverses the suppressive effect of CMFs on T-cell proliferation and leads to increased production of the major T-cell growth factor, interleukin (IL)-2. PD-L1/2-mediated CMF suppressive functions are mainly due to the inhibition of IL-2 production, because supplementation of the coculture media with exogenous IL-2 led to partial recovery of activated T-cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that stromal myofibroblasts and fibroblasts may limit T-helper cell proliferative activity in the gut and, thus, might play a prominent role in mucosal intestinal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Jamal I. Saada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Ellen J. Beswick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Gushyalatha Boya
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Sumin M. Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Randy C. Mifflin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Gottumukkala S. Raju
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Victor E. Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Don W. Powell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
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Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Saada JI, Suarez G, Winston J, Mifflin RC, Di Mari JF, Powell DW, Reyes VE. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production by intestinal myofibroblasts in response to staphylococcal enterotoxin a: relevance to staphylococcal enterotoxigenic disease. J Immunol 2007; 178:8097-106. [PMID: 17548648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.8097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Food poisoning due to staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA and SEB) affects hundreds of thousands of people annually. SEA and SEB induce massive intestinal cytokine production, which is believed to be the key factor in staphylococcal enterotoxin enteropathy. MHC class II molecules are the major receptors for staphylococcal enterotoxins. We recently demonstrated that normal human subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts (IMFs) express MHC class II molecules. We hypothesized that IMFs are among the first cells to respond to staphylococcal enterotoxins and contribute to the cytokine production associated with staphylococcal enterotoxin pathogenesis. We demonstrated here that primary cultured IMFs bind staphylococcal enterotoxins in a MHC class II-dependent fashion in vitro. We also demonstrated that staphylococcal enterotoxins can cross a CaCo-2 epithelial monolayer in coculture with IMFs and bind to the MHC class II on IMFs. IMFs responded to SEA, but not SEB, exposure with 3- to 20-fold increases in the production of proinflammatory chemokines (MCP-1, IL-8), cytokines (IL-6), and growth factors (GM-CSF and G-CSF). The SEA induction of the proinflammatory mediators by IMFs resulted from the efficient cross-linking of MHC class II molecules because cross-linking of class II MHC by biotinylated anti-HLA-DR Abs induced similar cytokine patterns. The studies presented here show that MCP-1 is central to the production of other cytokines elicited by SEA in IMFs because its neutralization with specific Abs prevented the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 by IMFs. Thus, MCP-1 may play a leading role in initiation of inflammatory injury associated with staphylococcal enterotoxigenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Beswick EJ, Pinchuk IV, Das S, Powell DW, Reyes VE. Expression of the programmed death ligand 1, B7-H1, on gastric epithelial cells after Helicobacter pylori exposure promotes development of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4334-41. [PMID: 17562772 PMCID: PMC1951191 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00553-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During Helicobacter pylori infection, T cells are recruited to the gastric mucosa, but the host T-cell response is not sufficient to clear the infection. Some of the recruited T cells respond in a polarized manner to a Th1 response, while others become anergic. We have previously shown that T-cell anergy may be induced during infection by the interaction of T cells with B7-H1, which is up-regulated on the gastric epithelium during H. pylori infection. Recently, regulatory T (Treg) cells with a CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) phenotype were found at an increased frequency in the gastric mucosa of biopsy specimens from H. pylori-infected patients. While Treg cells are important in maintaining tolerance, they can also suppress immune responses during infection. In this study, we examined the induction of the Treg phenotype when naïve T cells were incubated with gastric epithelial cells exposed to H. pylori. The frequency of this phenotype was markedly decreased when B7-H1 was blocked with monoclonal antibodies or its expression was blocked with small interfering RNA. The functional role of these Treg cells was assessed in proliferation assays when the cells were cocultured with activated T cells, which effectively decreased proliferation of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Beswick
- Departmen tof Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Beswick EJ, Pinchuk IV, Das S, Reyes VE. B7-H1 Expression on Gastric Epithelial Cells Induces Development of T Regulatory Cells during Helicobacter pylori Infection (43.52). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.43.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
During H. pylori infection, T cells are recruited to the gastric mucosa, but the host response is unable to clear the infection. We have previously shown that during infection H. pylori induces B7-H1 on the gastric epithelium, and interacting T cells are thus anegized. Recently, T regulatory cells (Treg) with a CD4+ CD25high FoxP3+ phenotype were found at an increased frequency in the H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Since B7-H1 promotes T cell anergy during H. pylori infection and Treg cells are present in the infected gastric mucosa, we hypothesized that B7-H1 expression by gastric epithelial cells during H. pylori infection promotes development of T regulatory cells. In order to investigate this, we examined by flow cytometry the induction of the Treg phenotype when naïve T cells were incubated with H. pylori-exposed gastric epithelial cells. The number of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells increased together with the production of IL-10 and TGF-β in the cultures. The frequency of Treg cells along with IL-10 and TGF-β production was markedly decreased when B7-H1 was blocked with monoclonal antibodies. The function of these Treg cells was investigated by sorting them for use in co-cultures with activated T cells, which effectively decreased proliferation of the activated T cells. B7-H1 may thereby play a crucial role in the development of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells and the inadequate T cell response leading to chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Beswick
- 1Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Children’s Hospital Rm 2.300, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-0366,
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- 1Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Children’s Hospital Rm 2.300, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-0366,
- 2Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-1058,
| | - Soumita Das
- 3Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-1079,
| | - Victor E Reyes
- 1Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Children’s Hospital Rm 2.300, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-0366,
- 4Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555
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40
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Saada JI, Pinchuk IV, Barrera CA, Adegboyega PA, Suarez G, Mifflin RC, Di Mari JF, Reyes VE, Powell DW. Subepithelial myofibroblasts are novel nonprofessional APCs in the human colonic mucosa. Clin Immunol 2006. [PMID: 17056521 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.04.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal mucosa is exposed to a diverse normal microflora and dietary Ags and is a common site of entry for pathogens. The mucosal immune system must respond to these diverse signals with either the initiation of immunity or tolerance. APCs are important accessory cells that modulate T cell responses which initiate and maintain adaptive immunity. The ability of APCs to communicate with CD4+ T cells is largely dependent on the expression of class II MHC molecules by the APCs. Using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry, we demonstrate that alpha-smooth muscle actin(+), CD90+ subepithelial myofibroblasts (stromal cells) constitutively express class II MHC molecules in normal colonic mucosa and that they are distinct from professional APCs such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Primary isolates of human colonic myofibroblasts (CMFs) cultured in vitro were able to stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cell proliferation. This process was dependent on class II MHC and CD80/86 costimulatory molecule expression by the myofibroblasts. We also demonstrate that CMFs, engineered to express a specific DR4 allele, can process and present human serum albumin to a human serum albumin-specific and DR4 allele-restricted T cell hybridoma. These studies characterize a novel cell phenotype which, due to its strategic location and class II MHC expression, may be involved in capture of Ags that cross the epithelial barrier and present them to lamina propria CD4+ T cells. Thus, human CMFs may be important in regulating local immunity in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal I Saada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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41
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Saada JI, Pinchuk IV, Barrera CA, Adegboyega PA, Suarez G, Mifflin RC, Di Mari JF, Reyes VE, Powell DW. Subepithelial Myofibroblasts are Novel Nonprofessional APCs in the Human Colonic Mucosa. J Immunol 2006; 177:5968-79. [PMID: 17056521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.5968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal mucosa is exposed to a diverse normal microflora and dietary Ags and is a common site of entry for pathogens. The mucosal immune system must respond to these diverse signals with either the initiation of immunity or tolerance. APCs are important accessory cells that modulate T cell responses which initiate and maintain adaptive immunity. The ability of APCs to communicate with CD4+ T cells is largely dependent on the expression of class II MHC molecules by the APCs. Using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry, we demonstrate that alpha-smooth muscle actin(+), CD90+ subepithelial myofibroblasts (stromal cells) constitutively express class II MHC molecules in normal colonic mucosa and that they are distinct from professional APCs such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Primary isolates of human colonic myofibroblasts (CMFs) cultured in vitro were able to stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cell proliferation. This process was dependent on class II MHC and CD80/86 costimulatory molecule expression by the myofibroblasts. We also demonstrate that CMFs, engineered to express a specific DR4 allele, can process and present human serum albumin to a human serum albumin-specific and DR4 allele-restricted T cell hybridoma. These studies characterize a novel cell phenotype which, due to its strategic location and class II MHC expression, may be involved in capture of Ags that cross the epithelial barrier and present them to lamina propria CD4+ T cells. Thus, human CMFs may be important in regulating local immunity in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal I Saada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Beswick EJ, Pinchuk IV, Suarez G, Sierra JC, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori CagA-dependent macrophage migration inhibitory factor produced by gastric epithelial cells binds to CD74 and stimulates procarcinogenic events. J Immunol 2006; 176:6794-801. [PMID: 16709839 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that has recently been implicated in carcinogenesis. Helicobacter pylori, which is closely linked to gastric cancer, induces the gastric epithelium to produce proinflammatory cytokines, including MIF. MIF can bind to CD74, which we have previously shown to be highly expressed on the surface of gastric epithelial cells (GEC) during H. pylori infection. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of the H. pylori-induced MIF on epithelial proliferation and procarcinogenic events. Upon establishing a role for the H. pylori CagA virulence factor in MIF production, MIF binding to CD74 on GEC was confirmed. rMIF and H. pylori were shown to increase GEC proliferation, which was decreased when cagA- strains were used and when CD74 was blocked by mAbs. Apoptosis was also decreased by MIF, but increased by cagA- strains that induced much lower amounts of MIF than the wild-type bacteria. Furthermore, MIF binding to CD74 was also shown to decrease p53 phosphorylation and up-regulate Bcl-2 expression. This data describes a novel system in which an H. pylori virulence factor contributes to the production of a host factor that in turn up-regulates procarcinogenic events by the gastric epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Beswick EJ, Pinchuk IV, Minch K, Suarez G, Sierra JC, Yamaoka Y, Reyes VE. The Helicobacter pylori urease B subunit binds to CD74 on gastric epithelial cells and induces NF-kappaB activation and interleukin-8 production. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1148-55. [PMID: 16428763 PMCID: PMC1360328 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.2.1148-1155.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection is the result of both bacterial factors and the host response. We have previously shown that H. pylori binds to CD74 on gastric epithelial cells. In this study, we sought to identify the bacterial protein responsible for this interaction. H. pylori urease from a pool of bacterial surface proteins was found to coprecipitate with CD74. To determine how urease binds to CD74, we used recombinant urease A and B subunits. Recombinant urease B was found to bind directly to CD74 in immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry studies. By utilizing both recombinant urease subunits and urease B knockout bacteria, the urease B-CD74 interaction was shown to induce NF-kappaB activation and interleukin-8 (IL-8) production. This response was decreased by blocking CD74 with monoclonal antibodies. Further confirmation of the interaction of urease B with CD74 was obtained using a fibroblast cell line transfected with CD74 that also responded with NF-kappaB activation and IL-8 production. The binding of the H. pylori urease B subunit to CD74 expressed on gastric epithelial cells presents a novel insight into a previously unrecognized H. pylori interaction that may contribute to the proinflammatory immune response seen during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Room 2.300, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Beswick EJ, Das S, Pinchuk IV, Adegboyega P, Suarez G, Yamaoka Y, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori-induced IL-8 production by gastric epithelial cells up-regulates CD74 expression. J Immunol 2005; 175:171-6. [PMID: 15972644 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD74, or the class II MHC-associated invariant chain, is best known for the regulation of Ag presentation. However, recent studies have suggested other important roles for this protein in inflammation and cancer studies. We have shown that CD74 is expressed on the surface of gastric cells, and Helicobacter pylori can use this receptor as a point of attachment to gastric epithelial cells, which lead to IL-8 production. This study investigates the ability of H. pylori to up-regulate one of its receptors in vivo and with a variety of gastric epithelial cell lines during infection with H. pylori. CD74 expression was increased dramatically on gastric biopsies from H. pylori-positive patients and gastric cell lines exposed to the bacteria. Gastric cells exposed to H. pylori-conditioned medium revealed that the host cell response was responsible for the up-regulation of CD74. IL-8 was found to up-regulate CD74 cell surface expression because blocking IL-8Rs or neutralizing IL-8 with Abs counteracted the increased expression of CD74 observed during infection with H. pylori. These studies demonstrate how H. pylori up-regulates one of its own receptors via an autocrine mechanism involving one of the products induced from host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Barrera CA, Pinchuk IV, Saada JI, Suarez G, Bland DA, Beswick E, Adegboyega PA, Mifflin RC, Powell DW, Reyes VE. Class II MHC-expressing myofibroblasts play a role in the immunopathogenesis associated with staphylococcal enterotoxins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1029:313-8. [PMID: 15681769 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1309.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Food poisoning due to staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) affects hundreds of thousands of people each year. Little is known about how SEs initiate immune responses and cause pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that cultured human intestinal myofibroblasts (IMFs) bind SEs in an MHC class II-dependent fashion. IMFs respond to SE exposure with increased secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha. A significant proliferative T cell response was observed when MHC class II-expressing IMFs were pulsed with SEA and cocultured with human CD4(+) T cells. In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that IMFs may play an important role in pathology associated with staphlococcocal enterotoxigenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Barrera
- Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Mail # Rt. 0366, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0366, USA.
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Monasterio A, Urdaci MC, Pinchuk IV, López-Moratalla N, Martínez-Irujo JJ. Flavonoids Induce Apoptosis in Human Leukemia U937 Cells Through Caspase- and Caspase-Calpain-Dependent Pathways. Nutr Cancer 2004; 50:90-100. [PMID: 15572302 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5001_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic phytochemicals that are ubiquitous in plants and present in the common human diet. They may exert diverse beneficial effects, including antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activities. In this study we tested the apoptotic activity of 22 flavonoids and related compounds in leukemic U937 cells. Several flavones but none of the isoflavones or flavanones tested induced apoptotic cell death under these conditions, as determined by reduction in cell viability, flow cytometry, and oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Structure-activity relationship showed that at least two hydroxylations in positions 3, 5, and 7 of the A ring were needed to induce apoptosis, whereas hydroxylation in 3' and/or 4' of the B ring enhanced proapoptotic activity. At lower concentrations, these compounds were also able to sensitize these cells to apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Regarding the mechanisms, galangin, luteolin, chrysin, and quercetin induced apoptosis in a way that required the activation of caspases 3 and 8, but not caspase 9. In contrast, an active role of calpains in addition to caspases was demonstrated in apoptosis induced by fisetin, apigenin, and 3,7-dihydroxyflavone. Our data show evidence of the proapoptotic properties of some flavonoids that could support their rational use as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents against carcinogenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Monasterio
- Departamento di Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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47
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Sorokulova IB, Reva ON, Smirnov VV, Pinchuk IV, Lapa SV, Urdaci MC. Genetic diversity and involvement in bread spoilage of Bacillus strains isolated from flour and ropy bread. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 37:169-73. [PMID: 12859662 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study Bacillus contamination of wheat flour and ropy bread, to analyse genetic diversity of isolated strains and to evaluate the ability of these strains to produce ropy bread. METHODS AND RESULTS Classical and molecular methods [16S rDNA sequencing and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR] were used to identify and type-isolated strains. The predominant species isolated were Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis. RAPD analysis demonstrated that the same sample may harbor different strains. Ten of 15 strains of B. subtilis and four of six strains of B. licheniformis were able to cause rope spoilage of the laboratory-baked bread. CONCLUSION RAPD typing can be useful in the tracking of Bacillus strains during bakery processing and in the understanding of the role of different Bacillus strains in the rope spoilage of bread. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results indicate the variability of Bacillus strains isolated from flour and responsible for rope spoilage of bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Sorokulova
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Techniques Agricoles (ENITA) de Bordeaux, Gradignan, France
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48
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Pinchuk IV, Bressollier P, Sorokulova IB, Verneuil B, Urdaci MC. Amicoumacin antibiotic production and genetic diversity of Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from different habitats. Res Microbiol 2002; 153:269-76. [PMID: 12160317 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)01320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most interesting groups of phenolic compounds is comprised of the low molecular weight phenylpropanol derivative substances named isocoumarins, which possess important biological activities. In this study, the isocoumarin production and genetic diversity of 51 Bacillus strains isolated from different geographical and ecological niches were studied. Using molecular identification techniques, 47 strains were identified as B. subtilis, three as B. licheniformis and one as B. pumilus. When these strains were screened for isocumarin production, 11 belonging to the species B. subtilis produced amicoumacins, antibiotics of the isocoumarin group. RAPD analysis demonstrated that these strains fell into two groups which contained only these amicoumacin producers. No association was detected between RAPD profiles and the geographic origin or habitat of the strains tested. In conclusion, production of amicoumacin antibiotics by B. subtilis is a common characteristic of individual strains that presented genetic and physiological homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Pinchuk
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, ENITA de Bordeaux, 1, Gradignan, France
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49
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Pinchuk IV, Bressollier P, Verneuil B, Fenet B, Sorokulova IB, Mégraud F, Urdaci MC. In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of the probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis 3 is due to secretion of antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:3156-61. [PMID: 11600371 PMCID: PMC90797 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.11.3156-3161.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2000] [Accepted: 07/26/2001] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A limited number of antibiotics can be used against Helicobacter pylori infection, and resistance jeopardizes the success of treatment. Therefore, a search for new agents is warranted. The use of probiotics to enhance gastrointestinal health has been proposed for many years, but the scientific basis of the prophylactic and therapeutic actions of probiotics has not yet been clearly delineated. Probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis 3, whose safety has previously been demonstrated, is known to have antagonistic properties against species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. In the present study, it was also found to inhibit H. pylori. The anti-H. pylori activity present in the cell-free supernatant was not related to pH or organic acid concentration. It was heat stable and protease insensitive. At least two antibiotics, detected by thin-layer chromatography (R(f) values, 0.47 and 0.85, respectively) and confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis, were found to be responsible for this anti-H. pylori activity. All H. pylori strains tested were sensitive to both compounds. One of these compounds was identified as amicoumacin A, an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory properties. MICs for H. pylori determined in solid and liquid media ranged between 1.7 and 6.8 microg/ml and 0.75 and 2.5 microg/ml, respectively. The underestimation of MICs determined in solid medium may be due to physicochemical instability of the antibiotic under these test conditions. An additive effect between amicoumacin A and the nonamicoumacin antibiotic against H. pylori was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Pinchuk
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, ENITA de Bordeaux, 33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
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50
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Smirnov VV, Sorokulova IB, Pinchuk IV. [Bacteria of Bacillus species--prospective source for biologically active substances]. Mikrobiol Z 2001; 63:72-9. [PMID: 11392775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The present data from literature on bio-active substances produced by aerobic sporulating bacteria of Bacillus genus are presented. Problems of antibiotics synthesis by bacilli are considered. The antibiotics under consideration are both well-known and new ones--biosurfactants characterized by the surface-active properties. Enzymic activity of Bacillus genus bacteria has been characterized. Special attention was given to the analysis of enzymes, which could play a positive part in the digestion processes. Data are presented which evidence that the bacilli produce the substances, which affect essentially the immune reactivity of the macroorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Smirnov
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv
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