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Morris J, Kunkel MW, White SL, Wishka DG, Lopez OD, Bowles L, Sellers Brady P, Ramsey P, Grams J, Rohrer T, Martin K, Dexheimer TS, Coussens NP, Evans D, Risbood P, Sonkin D, Williams JD, Polley EC, Collins JM, Doroshow JH, Teicher BA. Targeted Investigational Oncology Agents in the NCI-60: A Phenotypic Systems-based Resource. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1270-1279. [PMID: 37550087 PMCID: PMC10618733 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The NCI-60 human tumor cell line panel has proved to be a useful tool for the global cancer research community in the search for novel chemotherapeutics. The publicly available cell line characterization and compound screening data from the NCI-60 assay have significantly contributed to the understanding of cellular mechanisms targeted by new oncology agents. Signature sensitivity/resistance patterns generated for a given chemotherapeutic agent against the NCI-60 panel have long served as fingerprint presentations that encompass target information and the mechanism of action associated with the tested agent. We report the establishment of a new public NCI-60 resource based on the cell line screening of a large and growing set of 175 FDA-approved oncology drugs (AOD) plus >825 clinical and investigational oncology agents (IOA), representing a diverse set (>250) of therapeutic targets and mechanisms. This data resource is available to the public (https://ioa.cancer.gov) and includes the raw data from the screening of the IOA and AOD collection along with an extensive set of visualization and analysis tools to allow for comparative study of individual test compounds and multiple compound sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Morris
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mark W. Kunkel
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Stephen L. White
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Donn G. Wishka
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Omar D. Lopez
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lori Bowles
- Target Validation and Screening Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Penny Sellers Brady
- Target Validation and Screening Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Patricia Ramsey
- Target Validation and Screening Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Julie Grams
- Target Validation and Screening Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Tiffany Rohrer
- Target Validation and Screening Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Karen Martin
- Target Validation and Screening Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Thomas S. Dexheimer
- Target Validation and Screening Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nathan P. Coussens
- Target Validation and Screening Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David Evans
- Target Validation and Screening Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Prabhakar Risbood
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Dmitriy Sonkin
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - John D. Williams
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Eric C. Polley
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jerry M. Collins
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - James H. Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
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Biondi A, Wu R, Cao L, Gopalan B, Ivey J, Garces C, Mitchell M, Williams JD, Wang X. Fiber Optic Sensing Textile for Strain Monitoring in Composite Substrates. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9262. [PMID: 36501963 PMCID: PMC9735972 DOI: 10.3390/s22239262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Composite polymers have become widely used in industries such as the aerospace, automobile, and civil construction industries. Continuous monitoring is essential to optimize the composite components' performance and durability. This paper describes the concept of a distributed fiber optic smart textile (DFOST) embedded into a composite panel that can be implemented during the fabrication process of bridges, planes, or vehicles without damaging the integrity of the composite. The smart textile used an embroidery method to create DFOST for easy installation between composite laminates. It also allows different layout patterns to provide two- or three-dimensional measurements. The DFOST system can then measure strain, temperature, and displacement changes, providing critical information for structural assessment. The DFOST was interrogated by using an optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). It could measure strain variation during the dynamic and static test with a spatial resolution of 2 mm and a minimum strain resolution of 10 μϵ. This paper focuses on the study of strain measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Biondi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Lidan Cao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Balaji Gopalan
- Saint-Gobain Research North America, Northborough, MA 01532, USA
| | - Jackson Ivey
- Saint-Gobain Research North America, Northborough, MA 01532, USA
| | - Camila Garces
- Saint-Gobain Research North America, Northborough, MA 01532, USA
| | | | | | - Xingwei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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3
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Parker EN, Cain BN, Hajian B, Ulrich RJ, Geddes EJ, Barkho S, Lee HY, Williams JD, Raynor M, Caridha D, Zaino A, Rohde JM, Zak M, Shekhar M, Muñoz KA, Rzasa KM, Temple ER, Hunt D, Jin X, Vuong C, Pannone K, Kelly AM, Mulligan MP, Lee KK, Lau GW, Hung DT, Hergenrother PJ. Correction to "An Iterative Approach Guides Discovery of the FabI Inhibitor Fabimycin, a Late-Stage Antibiotic Candidate with In Vivo Efficacy against Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections". ACS Cent Sci 2022; 8:1362. [PMID: 36188352 PMCID: PMC9523767 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00598.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brett N Cain
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Behnoush Hajian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rebecca J Ulrich
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Emily J Geddes
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sulyman Barkho
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hyang Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John D Williams
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Malik Raynor
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Diana Caridha
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Angela Zaino
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jason M Rohde
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Mark Zak
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Mrinal Shekhar
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kristen A Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kara M Rzasa
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Emily R Temple
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Diana Hunt
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xiannu Jin
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Chau Vuong
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Kristina Pannone
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Aya M Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael P Mulligan
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Katie K Lee
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Gee W Lau
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Deborah T Hung
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Paul J Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Parker E, Cain BN, Hajian B, Ulrich RJ, Geddes EJ, Barkho S, Lee HY, Williams JD, Raynor M, Caridha D, Zaino A, Shekhar M, Muñoz KA, Rzasa KM, Temple ER, Hunt D, Jin X, Vuong C, Pannone K, Kelly AM, Mulligan MP, Lee KK, Lau GW, Hung DT, Hergenrother PJ. An Iterative Approach Guides Discovery of the FabI Inhibitor Fabimycin, a Late-Stage Antibiotic Candidate with In Vivo Efficacy against Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections. ACS Cent Sci 2022; 8:1145-1158. [PMID: 36032774 PMCID: PMC9413440 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Genomic studies and experiments with permeability-deficient strains have revealed a variety of biological targets that can be engaged to kill Gram-negative bacteria. However, the formidable outer membrane and promiscuous efflux pumps of these pathogens prevent many candidate antibiotics from reaching these targets. One such promising target is the enzyme FabI, which catalyzes the rate-determining step in bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. Notably, FabI inhibitors have advanced to clinical trials for Staphylococcus aureus infections but not for infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we synthesize a suite of FabI inhibitors whose structures fit permeation rules for Gram-negative bacteria and leverage activity against a challenging panel of Gram-negative clinical isolates as a filter for advancement. The compound to emerge, called fabimycin, has impressive activity against >200 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii, and does not kill commensal bacteria. X-ray structures of fabimycin in complex with FabI provide molecular insights into the inhibition. Fabimycin demonstrates activity in multiple mouse models of infection caused by Gram-negative bacteria, including a challenging urinary tract infection model. Fabimycin has translational promise, and its discovery provides additional evidence that antibiotics can be systematically modified to accumulate in Gram-negative bacteria and kill these problematic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica
N. Parker
- Department
of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brett N. Cain
- Department
of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Behnoush Hajian
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Ulrich
- Department
of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Emily J. Geddes
- Department
of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sulyman Barkho
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hyang Yeon Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John D. Williams
- Walter
Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 United States
| | - Malik Raynor
- Walter
Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 United States
| | - Diana Caridha
- Walter
Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 United States
| | - Angela Zaino
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mrinal Shekhar
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kristen A. Muñoz
- Department
of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kara M. Rzasa
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Emily R. Temple
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Diana Hunt
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative
Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xiannu Jin
- Walter
Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 United States
| | - Chau Vuong
- Walter
Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 United States
| | - Kristina Pannone
- Walter
Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 United States
| | - Aya M. Kelly
- Department
of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael P. Mulligan
- Department
of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Katie K. Lee
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Gee W. Lau
- Department
of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Deborah T. Hung
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative
Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department
of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Ticoş D, Scurtu A, Williams JD, Scott L, Thomas E, Sanford D, Ticoş CM. Rotation of a strongly coupled dust cluster in plasma by the torque of an electron beam. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:023210. [PMID: 33736094 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.023210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A 1-mm-size cluster composed of 10 dust particles immersed in plasma is rotated by the torque of a pulsed electron beam with energy in the range 8-12 keV. The dust particles are electrically charged spheres with radius 5.9 μm and are levitated in the plasma sheath, forming a round, planar, Coulomb-coupled cluster. The electron beam irradiates the dust cluster passing slightly off its center, and sets the particles in motion by the action of the electron drag force. The total torque at 12 keV is 4.9±0.2×10^{-11} Nm at an angular speed 1.41±0.05 rad s^{-1}. The main dynamical features of the cluster such as intershell rotation and itinerancy of the dust particles inside the cluster are simulated by using a molecular dynamics code.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ticoş
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Măgurele 077125, Romania
| | - A Scurtu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Măgurele 077125, Romania
| | - J D Williams
- Department of Physics, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio 45501, USA
| | - L Scott
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - E Thomas
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - D Sanford
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, USA
| | - C M Ticoş
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Măgurele 077125, Romania.,Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Măgurele 077125, Romania
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6
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Hagen NR, Nguyen ML, Williams JD, Bowlin TL, Gentry BG. Pentostatin antagonizes the antiviral activity of MBX-2168 by inhibiting the biosynthesis of the active compound. Antiviral Res 2021; 187:105018. [PMID: 33476709 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
MBX-2168 has a mechanism of action similar to that of acyclovir (ACV) and ganciclovir (GCV), but two unique steps differentiate this drug from ACV/GCV. First, MBX-2168 is, at least partially, phosphorylated by the endogenous cellular kinase TAOK3 to a monophosphate. The second involves the removal of a moiety at the 6-position of MBX-2168-MP by adenosine deaminase like protein-1 (ADAL-1). It has been previously demonstrated that co-incubation with pentostatin (dCF), an ADAL-1 inhibitor, antagonizes the anti-viral activity of MBX-2168. We therefore hypothesize that inhibiting ADAL-1 results in a reduction of active compound produced in virus-infected cells. To test this, we examined the effect dCF has on the conversion of MBX-2168 to a triphosphate in HSV-1 and HCMV-infected cells. Our results demonstrate incubation of MBX-2168 alone or with dCF in HCMV-infected cells resulted in 53.1 ± 0.7 and 39.4 ± 1.5 pmol triphosphate/106 cells at 120 h, respectively. Incubation of MBX-2168 alone or with dCF in Vero cells resulted in 12.8 ± 0.1 and 6.7 ± 0.7 pmol triphosphate/106 cells at 24 h, respectively. HSV-1-infected Vero cells demonstrated no statistical difference in triphosphate accumulation at 24 h (13.1 ± 0.3 pmol triphosphate/106 cells). As expected, incubation with dCF resulted in the accumulation of MBX-2168-MP in both HFF (9.8 ± 0.9 pmol MBX-2168-MP/106 cells at 120 h) and Vero cells (4.7 ± 0.3 pmol MBX-2168-MP/106 cells at 24 h) while no detectable levels of monophosphate were observed in cultures not incubated with dCF. We conclude that dCF antagonizes the anti-viral effect of MBX-2168 by inhibiting the production of triphosphate, the active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Hagen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA
| | - Marie L Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | | | | | - Brian G Gentry
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA.
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7
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Holmes J, Geen J, Williams JD, Phillips AO. Recurrent acute kidney injury: predictors and impact in a large population-based cohort. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:1361-1369. [PMID: 31377810 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the impact of recurrent episodes of acute kidney injury (AKI) on patient outcomes. METHODS The Welsh National electronic AKI reporting system was used to identify all cases of AKI in patients ≥18 years of age between April 2015 and September 2018. Patients were grouped according to the number of AKI episodes they experienced with each patient's first episode described as their index episode. We compared the demography and patient outcomes of those patients with a single AKI episode with those patients with multiple AKI episodes. Analysis included 153 776 AKI episodes in 111 528 patients. RESULTS Of those who experienced AKI and survived their index episode, 29.3% experienced a second episode, 9.9% a third episode and 4.0% experienced fourth or more episodes. Thirty-day mortality for those patients with multiple episodes of AKI was significantly higher than for those patients with a single episode (31.3% versus 24.9%, P < 0.001). Following a single episode, recovery to baseline renal function at 30 days was achieved in 83.6% of patients and was significantly higher than for patients who had repeated episodes (77.8%, P < 0.001). For surviving patients, non-recovery of renal function following any AKI episode was significantly associated with a higher probability of a further AKI episode (33.4% versus 41.0%, P < 0.001). Furthermore, with each episode of AKI the likelihood of a subsequent episode also increased (31.0% versus 43.2% versus 51.2% versus 51.7% following a first, second, third and fourth episode, P < 0.001 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide an important contribution to the debate regarding the need for risk stratification for recurrent AKI. The data suggest that such a tool would be useful given the poor patient and renal outcomes associated with recurrent AKI episodes as highlighted by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Holmes
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Caerphilly, UK
| | - John Geen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Merthyr, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - John D Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aled O Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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8
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Moir DT, Bowlin NO, Berube BJ, Yabut J, Mills DM, Nguyen GT, Aron ZD, Williams JD, Mecsas J, Hauser AR, Bowlin TL. A Structure-Function-Inhibition Analysis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type III Secretion Needle Protein PscF. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:e00055-20. [PMID: 32601072 PMCID: PMC7925083 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00055-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) needle comprised of multiple PscF subunits is essential for the translocation of effector toxins into human cells, facilitating the establishment and dissemination of infection. Mutations in the pscF gene provide resistance to the phenoxyacetamide (PhA) series of T3SS inhibitory chemical probes. To better understand PscF functions and interactions with PhA, alleles of pscF with 71 single mutations altering 49 of the 85 residues of the encoded protein were evaluated for their effects on T3SS phenotypes. Of these, 37% eliminated and 63% maintained secretion, with representatives of both evenly distributed across the entire protein. Mutations in 14 codons conferred a degree of PhA resistance without eliminating secretion, and all but one were in the alpha-helical C-terminal 25% of PscF. PhA-resistant mutants exhibited no cross-resistance to two T3SS inhibitors with different chemical scaffolds. Two mutations caused constitutive T3SS secretion. The pscF allele at its native locus, whether wild type (WT), constitutive, or PhA resistant, was dominant over other pscF alleles expressed from nonnative loci and promoters, but mixed phenotypes were observed in chromosomal ΔpscF strains with both WT and mutant alleles at nonnative loci. Some PhA-resistant mutants exhibited reduced translocation efficiency that was improved in a PhA dose-dependent manner, suggesting that PhA can bind to those resistant needles. In summary, these results are consistent with a direct interaction between PhA inhibitors and the T3SS needle, suggest a mechanism of blocking conformational changes, and demonstrate that PscF affects T3SS regulation, as well as carrying out secretion and translocation.IMPORTANCEP. aeruginosa effector toxin translocation into host innate immune cells is critical for the establishment and dissemination of P. aeruginosa infections. The medical need for new anti-P. aeruginosa agents is evident by the fact that P. aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia is associated with a high mortality rate (40 to 69%) and recurs in >30% of patients, even with standard-of-care antibiotic therapy. The results described here confirm roles for the PscF needle in T3SS secretion and translocation and suggest that it affects regulation, possibly by interaction with T3SS regulatory proteins. The results also support a model of direct interaction of the needle with PhA and suggest that, with further development, members of the PhA series may prove useful as drugs for P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bryan J Berube
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jaden Yabut
- Microbiotix, Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Giang T Nguyen
- Tufts Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Joan Mecsas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan R Hauser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
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10
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Jorres A, Williams JD, Topley N. Peritoneal Dialysis Solution Biocompatibility: Inhibitory Mechanisms and Recent Studies with Bicarbonate-Buffered Solutions. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686089701702s08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Jorres
- Abteilung fur Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Nephrologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Virchow-Klinikum, Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, Germany
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary, Cardiff, UK
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11
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Abstract
Undertaking peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy poses a challenge to all patients with renal failure. The potentially high risk of infection makes it essential that patients undertaking PD have adequate training and ongoing support. Over recent years, increasing numbers of elderly patients, patients with significant learning disabilities, and patients with marked comorbidities have been accepted onto renal replacement therapy programs. For those undertaking PD in particular, this has posed new educational challenges. The Community Dialysis Team recognized an area of weakness in their current training program for these patient groups. The degree of literacy skills as well as the volume of written material and the amount of medical terminology used did not result in a user-friendly training program. A collaborative approach involving various members of the multidisciplinary team designed an appropriate training program for patients with learning disabilities. The new program included ( 1 ) a photographic bag-exchange procedure; ( 2 ) the provision of simple, step-by-step instructions on audiotape; ( 3 ) a new assessment sheet where words were replaced with symbols; ( 4 ) a redesigned daily record sheet (used to monitor clinical parameters); and ( 5 ) a simple contact card. The quality of the new training program was assessed by a small pilot study evaluation. The reduction of training times and the satisfactory peritonitis rates suggest that the new multisensory training program could be successfully implemented. The use of pictorial aids and more symbols, with less focus on the written word, made PD training a viable option for many individuals, including elderly patients and those with learning disabilities. The increased use of pictorial aids and symbols may also be helpful in training patients where there is a language barrier as well as the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Neville
- PD Unit, Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, University Hospital of Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Jenkins
- PD Unit, Directorate of Nephrology and Transplantation, University Hospital of Wales, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrine J. Craig
- Institute of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
The bioincompatibility of conventional dialysis fluids is related primarily to the combination of low pH and high lactate concentrations. This results in the reduction of intracellular pH and a consequent inhibition of cell function. The use of high glucose concentrations to increase fluid osmolality adds to the cytotoxicity and has a further inhibitory effect on peritoneal cells. The clinical need for fluids that provide sustained ultrafiltration has led to a novel approach using a high molecular weight glucose polymer (icodextrin) to generate an ultrafiltration gradient in an iso-osmolar fluid. In the studies presented we have had the opportunity of examining, in the laboratory setting, the biocompatibility of such a fluid. As in previous studies with conventional fluids, pH per se has a profound effect on most modalities of cell function. In addition, there appearto be a few areas where problems can be ascribed to icodextrin itself. Furthermore, it is possible that Staph. epidermidis survives better in icodextrin than in conventional dialysate. Whether the benefits of sustained ultrafiltration outweigh the possible disadvantages outlined can only be judged when the results from ongoing clinical trials are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Topley
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff RoyalInfirmary, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz Liberek
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff RoyalInfirmary, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra Mistry
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff RoyalInfirmary, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald A. Coles
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff RoyalInfirmary, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff RoyalInfirmary, Wales, United Kingdom
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13
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Topley N, Mackenzie R, Jörres A, Goles GA, Davies M, Williams JD. Cytokine Networks in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: Interactions of Resident Cells during Inflammation in the Peritoneal Cavity. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686089301302s71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Topley
- Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Charlottenburg-Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Mackenzie
- Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Charlottenburg-Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Jörres
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary, Cardiff, U.K., and Abteilung for Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Nephrologie, Germany
| | - Gerald A. Goles
- Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Charlottenburg-Berlin, Germany
| | - Malcolm Davies
- Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Charlottenburg-Berlin, Germany
| | - John D. Williams
- Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Charlottenburg-Berlin, Germany
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14
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Abstract
This review outlines the problems involved in assessing the biocompatibility of PD fluids. It has summarized the data available from conventional in vitro studies and highlights many of the inadequacies of this approach. In viva data are lacking both on host defense and on the clinical effect of changing conven tional PD fluids for a more “ideal” formulation. The best parameters for assessing biocompatibility need to be defined. Alternative formulation of fluids must be aimed towards (1) a system that interferes minimally with host defense, and (2) a system that maintains the integrity of the peritoneal membrane for ultrafiltration and clearance. Cell culture studies should be designed to model the in viva situation. Ex viva studies (cells exposed within the peritoneal cavity) should be used to support in viva findings. Finally, in vitra results must be related to clinical significance, and changes in fluid composition should be followed by improvements in clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Topley
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald A. Goles
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary, Wales, United Kingdom
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15
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Liberek T, Topley N, Mistry CD, Coles GA, Morgan T, Quirk RA, Williams JD. Cell Function and Viability in Glucose Polymer Peritoneal Dialysis Fluids. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686089301300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the biocompatibility profile of a new peritoneal dialysis fluid containing glucose polymer (GPF). Design Viability and function of peripheral neutrophils (PMN) from healthy donors and cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells were assessed in vitro after exposure to dialysis fluids. Phagocytosis, leukotriene B4 synthesis, and respiratory burst activation were measured following stimulation with serum-treated zymosan (STZ) or opsonized Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Bacterial growth in the fluids was also investigated. In vivo pH equilibration of GPF and subsequent respiratory burst activation following incubation in spent dialysate were studied. Results For all the host defense parameters measured, commercial dialysis fluids (Dianeal; 1.36% and 3.86% glucose) and GPF (pH 5.2) were significantly more inhibitory than the control buffer (pH 7.3). Mesothelial cell viability was reduced by all the fluids tested irrespective of pH. Glucose polymer fluid was significantly more inhibitory than DianeaI 1.36% for STZ phagocytosis and respiratory burst activation. In contrast, it was less suppressive than DianeaI3.86% for L TB4 synthesis. For all parameters tested, except LTB4 generation, there was a marked effect of pH, with GPF being significantly more inhibitory at pH 5.2 than at pH 7.3. None of the fluids tested supported the growth of S. epidermidis, although the viable counts in GPF were significantly higher than in Dianeal. Fluid inhibition of PMN respiratory burst activation and cytotoxicity were reduced in a time-dependent manner following increasing dwell time in vivo. Conclusions GPF does not appear to be significantly different from Dianeal as far as host defense parameters are concerned. However, the cell viability and bacterial survival data suggest some possibly negative aspects of this fluid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Liberek
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary
| | - Chandra D. Mistry
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary
| | - Gerald A. Coles
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary
| | - Tracy Morgan
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales College of Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalie A. Quirk
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Wales College of Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infirmary
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16
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Abstract
ObjectiveTo assess the capacity of cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells to synthesize choline-containing phospholipids. The study compares the phospholipids secreted from cultured cells with those which we, and others, have identified in the dialysate of patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).PatientsCAPD effluent was collected from 8 patients who had been receiving CAPD treatment for at least 11 months and who had normal ultrafiltration.Cell CulturesUsing human omental tissue, homogeneous cultures of mesothelial cells were established.MethodsSynthesis of phospholipids by mesothelial cells was assessed following incubation with [methyl14C] choline chloride-a precursor capable of being in corporated into phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and sphingomyelin. Lipids from CAPD effluent, cultured cells, and cell medium were extracted in chloroform/methanol. Phospholipids were separated and identified by thin layer chromatography. Synthesis and secretion of PtdCho and other choline-containing lipids by the mesothelial cells were determined by β scintillation counting of the appropriate bands, while the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids was ascertained by gas liquid chromatography.ResultsSynthesis and secretion of PtdCho by mesothelial cells were observed during a 96-hour period. When maintained in medium replete with essential fatty acids, the fatty acid composition of the PtdCho synthesized by cultured mesothelial cells closely resembled that isolated from the peritoneal cavity.ConclusionThe demonstration of phospholipid secretion from mesothelial cells, with a fatty acid composition similar to the phospholipids isolated from peritoneal dialysate, lends added support to the hypothesis that the mesothelial cells are the source of the peritoneal phospholipids. As such they offer a useful experimental system in which to study peritoneal phospholipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Beavis
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - John L. Harwood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales College Cardiff
| | - Gerald A. Coles
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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17
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Abstract
Objective A peritoneal biopsy registry was established to examine morphological and functional changes to the peritoneum during peritoneal dialysis (PD). During the early stages of this study, it became clear that surgical trauma to the peritoneum at the time of biopsy could cause a variety of changes to the surface. We examined the effects of surgical trauma in a rat biopsy model. Design Rat peritoneum was subjected to a variety of traumas that might occur at biopsy and compared with peritoneal biopsies that had been collected, using the suture method described here, from PD patients. Changes in the quality of non-PD biopsies taken before and after the development of the suture technique were evaluated. Results In the rat model, external massaging of the peritoneum induced moderate loss of microvilli. Brief light touching caused distortion of the mesothelial surface. Pressing resulted in mesothelial denudation and thin strands of presumed cellular remains. Rubbing caused complete loss of mesothelial cells and their basement membrane. Air drying caused progressive loss of microvilli and eventual cellular distortion. Comparison with peritoneal biopsies from PD patients revealed similarities with certain types of trauma, namely, air drying and pressing. Collection of peritoneal biopsies using the suture method significantly improved specimen quality compared with specimens taken before its introduction ( p < 0.025%). Conclusion These results illustrate the sensitivity of the mesothelium to mechanical trauma, the possibility of confusing trauma with genuine pathology, and, hence, the necessity of employing a trauma-free method of biopsy collection, such as the technique described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Von Ruhland
- Medical Microscopy Sciences, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey R. Newman
- Medical Microscopy Sciences, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna K. Pandya
- Institute of Nephrology University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff United Kingdom
| | - Tim Friede
- Medical Statistics Unit Lancaster University, Lancaster United Kingdom
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff United Kingdom
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19
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Sauer HE, Nguyen ML, Williams JD, Bowlin TL, Gentry BG. Biosynthesis and half-life of MBX-2168-triphosphate in herpes virus-infected cells. Antiviral Res 2020; 175:104713. [PMID: 31968222 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The third generation of methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogs (MCPNAs) elicit an anti-viral effect against all three sub-classes of herpes viruses without inducing cytotoxicity in vitro. It has been previously established that the mechanism of action of MCPNAs is similar to that of ganciclovir (GCV) or acyclovir (ACV). However, the activation of MBX-2168, a third generation MCPNA, involves additional and unique enzymatic steps and this process has not been examined in virus-infected cells. To that end, herpes virus-infected cells were incubated with MBX-2168, synguanol, GCV, or ACV. Incubation of HCMV-infected cells with five times the EC50 of MBX-2168 (4.0 μM), synguanol (10.5 μM), or GCV (25 μM) resulted in a time-dependent increase in triphosphate accumulation reaching a maximum of 48.1 ± 5.5, 45.5 ± 2.5, and 42.6 ± 3.7 pmol/106 cells at 120 h, respectively. Additionally, half-lives of these compounds were similar in HCMV-infected cells (GCV-TP = 25.5 ± 2.7 h; MBX-2168-TP/synguanol-TP = 23.0 ± 1.4 h). HSV-1-infected cells incubated with five times the EC50 of MBX-2168 (33.5 μM) or ACV (5.0 μM) demonstrated a time-dependent increase in triphosphate levels reaching a maximum of 12.3 ± 1.5 and 11.6 ± 0.7 pmol/106 cells at 24 h, respectively. ACV-TP and MBX-2168-TP also had similar half-lives under these conditions (27.3 ± 4.8 h and 22.2 ± 2.2 h, respectively). We therefore conclude that although MBX-2168 does not follow the classical route of nucleoside analog activation, the metabolic profile of MBX-2168 is similar to other nucleoside analogs such as GCV and ACV that do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Sauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA.
| | - Marie L Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA.
| | | | | | - Brian G Gentry
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA.
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20
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Velasco MA, Berkunsky I, Akmentins MS, Kass CA, Arellano ML, Aguirre TM, Williams JD, Kacoliris FP. Status and population dynamics of the Critically Endangered Valcheta frog Pleurodema somuncurense on the Patagonian Somuncura Plateau. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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21
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Holmes J, Phillips D, Donovan K, Geen J, Williams JD, Phillips AO. Acute Kidney Injury, Age, and Socioeconomic Deprivation: Evaluation of a National Data Set. Kidney Int Rep 2019; 4:824-832. [PMID: 31194105 PMCID: PMC6551509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the relationship among age, measures of social deprivation, and incidence and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods The Welsh National electronic AKI reporting system was used to identify all cases of AKI in patients 18 years or older between March 2015 and January 2017. Socioeconomic classification of patients was derived from the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD). Patients were grouped according to their WIMD score, and Multivariate Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to adjust the data for age. The ranked data were categorized into percentiles and correlated with incidence, and measures of AKI severity and outcome. Results Analysis included 57,654 patients. For the whole cohort, the highest 90-day survival was associated with the most socially deprived cohorts. There was a significant negative relationship between age-adjusted incidence of AKI and the WIMD score. In patients 60 years or older, there was an inverse correlation between WIMD score and survival that was not evident in those younger than 60. AKI severity at presentation was worse in patients from areas of social deprivation. Social deprivation was associated with a significantly higher proportion of preexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with AKI older than 60, but not in those younger than 60. Conclusion Overall mortality following AKI was higher in least-deprived areas, reflecting an older patient cohort. In contrast, social deprivation was associated with higher age-adjusted AKI incidence and age-adjusted mortality following AKI. The excess mortality observed in more deprived areas was associated with more severe AKI and a higher proportion of preexisting CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Holmes
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Caerphilly, UK
| | - Dafydd Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kieron Donovan
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Caerphilly, UK.,Nephrology and Transplant, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - John Geen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Merthyr, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - John D Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aled O Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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22
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Phillips D, Holmes J, Davies R, Geen J, Williams JD, Phillips AO. The influence of socioeconomic status on presentation and outcome of acute kidney injury. QJM 2018; 111:849-857. [PMID: 30137472 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Although socioeconomic background is known to impact on the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease, its influence of on the presentation and outcome for acute kidney injury is not known and is the subject of this study. DESIGN The Welsh National electronic AKI reporting system was used to identify all cases of AKI in patients >18 years of age between March 2015 and November 2017. METHODS Socioeconomic classification of patients was derived from the Welsh Index Multiple Deprivation score (WIMD). Patients were grouped according to the WIMD score by their postcode, and the ranked data were categorized into percentiles and correlated with incidence and measures of AKI severity and outcome. RESULTS Date was collected on a total of 57 654 patients. Increased deprivation was associated with higher AKI incidence rates, more episodes of AKI per patient and more severe AKI at presentation. In contrast 90-day mortality was highest in the most affluent areas. Mortality in affluent areas was driven by increased patient age. Corrected for age 90-day mortality was higher in areas of increased deprivation. CONCLUSION This study highlights that AKI incidence presentation and outcomes are adversely affected by social deprivation. Further studies are required to understand the extent to which these differences reflect patient related factors or regional differences in provision and access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - J Holmes
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Merthyr, UK
| | - R Davies
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Merthyr, UK
| | - J Geen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Merthyr, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - J D Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - A O Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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23
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Holmes J, Rainer T, Geen J, Williams JD, Phillips AO. Adding a new dimension to the weekend effect: an analysis of a national data set of electronic AKI alerts. QJM 2018; 111:249-255. [PMID: 29361145 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased mortality related to differences in delivery of weekend clinical care is the subject of much debate. AIM We compared mortality following detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) on week and weekend days across community and hospital settings. DESIGN A prospective national cohort study, with AKI identified using the Welsh National electronic AKI reporting system. METHODS Data were collected on outcome for all cases of adult AKI in Wales between 1 November 2013 and 31 January 2017. RESULTS There were a total of 107 298 episodes. Weekday detection of AKI was associated with 28.8% (26 439); 90-day mortality compared to 90-day mortality of 31.9% (4551) for AKI detected on weekdays (RR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.08-1.14, P < 0.001, HR: 1.16 95% CI: 1.12-1.20, P < 0.001). There was no 'weekend effect' for mortality associated with hospital-acquired AKI. Weekday detection of community-acquired AKI (CA-AKI) was associated with a 22.6% (10 356) mortality compared with weekend detection of CA-AKI, which was associated with a 28.6% (1619) mortality (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.21-1.32, P < 0.001, HR: 1.34, 95%CI: 1.28-1.42, P < 0.001). The excess mortality in weekend CA-AKI was driven by CA-AKI detected at the weekend that was not admitted to hospital compared with CA-AKI detected on weekdays which was admitted to hospital (34.5% vs. 19.1%, RR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.69-1.91, P < 0.001, HR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.88-2.19, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION 'Weekend effect' in AKI relates to access to in-patient care for patients presenting predominantly to hospital emergency departments with AKI at the weekend.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Holmes
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - T Rainer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - J Geen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cwm Taf University Health Board and Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - J D Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - A O Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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24
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Khawaja HT, Williams JD, Weaver PC. Transdermal Glyceryl Trinitrate to Allow Peripheral Total Parenteral Nutrition: A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Feasibility Study. J R Soc Med 2018; 84:69-72. [PMID: 1900335 PMCID: PMC1293089 DOI: 10.1177/014107689108400205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy-two consecutive patients requiring total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were randomized to two groups. Group A received daily a peripheral intravenous regimen which provided 10 g nitrogen and 1400 non-nitrogen kcal (5.9 MJ). Group B received daily a peripheral intravenous regimen which delivered 9.4 g nitrogen and 1900 non-nitrogen kcal (8.0 MJ). Each group was further randomized to receive a self-adhesive patch of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) or an identical placebo. Infusion survival was the main end-point. For group A, the median time of infusion survival was 74 h (range: 58–100) in the control group compared with 108 h (range: 68–156) in the group that received transdermal GTN (P < 0.001). For group B, the median infusion survival was 67 h (range: 46–92) in the control group compared with 103 h (range: 66–151) in the treatment group (P < 0.001). TPN is feasible via peripheral veins and the incidence of infusion failure can be effectively reduced by transdermal GTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Khawaja
- Department of Surgery, St Mary's Hospital, Portsmouth
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent of patient contact with medical services prior to development of community acquired-acute kidney injury (CA-AKI)is unknown. AIM We examined the relationship between incident CA-AKI alerts, previous contact with hospital or primary care and clinical outcomes. DESIGN A prospective national cohort study of all electronic AKIalerts representing adult CA-AKI. METHODS Data were collected for all cases of adult (≥18 years of age) CA-AKI in Wales between 1 November 2013 and 31 January 2017. RESULTS There were a total of 50 560 incident CA-AKI alerts. In 46.8% there was a measurement of renal function in the 30 days prior to the AKI alert. In this group, in 63.8% this was in a hospital setting, of which 37.6% were as an inpatient and 37.5% in Accident and Emergency. Progression of AKI to a higher AKI stage (13.1 vs. 9.8%, P < 0.001) (or for AKI 3 an increase of > 50% from the creatinine value generating the alert), the proportion of patients admitted to Intensive Care (5.5 vs. 4.9%, P = 0.001) and 90-day mortality (27.2 vs. 18.5%, P < 0.001) was significantly higher for patients with a recent test. 90-day mortality was highest for patients with a recent test taken in an inpatient setting prior to CA-AKI (30.9%). CONCLUSION Almost half of all patients presenting with CA-AKI are already known to medical services, the majority of which have had recent measurement of renal function in a hospital setting, suggesting that AKI for at least some of these may potentially be predictable and/or avoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Holmes
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, UK
| | - J Geen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Merthyr, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, UK
| | - B Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - J D Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - A O Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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26
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Holmes J, Roberts G, Geen J, Dodd A, Selby NM, Lewington A, Scholey G, Williams JD, Phillips AO. Utility of electronic AKI alerts in intensive care: A national multicentre cohort study. J Crit Care 2017; 44:185-190. [PMID: 29145061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic AKI alerts highlight changes in serum creatinine compared to the patient's own baseline. Our aim was to identify all AKI alerts and describe the relationship between electronic AKI alerts and outcome for AKI treated in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in a national multicentre cohort. METHODS A prospective cohort study was undertaken between November 2013 and April 2016, collecting data on electronic AKI alerts issued. RESULTS 10% of 47,090 incident AKI alerts were associated with ICU admission. 90-day mortality was 38.2%. Within the ICU cohort 48.8% alerted in ICU. 51.2% were transferred to ICU within 7days of the alert, of which 37.8% alerted in a hospital setting (HA-AKI) and 62.2% in a community setting (CA-AKI). Mortality was higher in patients transferred to ICU following the alert compared to those who had an incident alert on the ICU (p<0.001), and was higher in HA-AKI (45.3%) compared to CA-AKI (39.5%) (35.0%, p=0.01). In the surviving patients, the proportion of patient recovering renal function following, was significantly higher in HA-AKI alerting (84.2%, p=0.004) and CA-AKI alerting patients (87.6%, p<0.001) compared to patients alerting on the ICU (78.3%). CONCLUSION The study provides a nationwide characterisation of AKI in ICU highlighting the high incidence and its impact on patient outcome. The data also suggests that within the cohort of AKI patients treated in the ICU there are significant differences in the presentation and outcome between those patients that require transfer to the ICU after AKI is identified and those who develop AKI following ICU admission. Moreover, the study demonstrates that using AKI e-alerts provides a centralised resource which does not rely on clinical diagnosis of AKI or coding, resulting in a robust data set which can be used to define the incidence and outcome of AKI in the ICU setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Holmes
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, UK
| | - Gethin Roberts
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hywel Dda University Health Board, UK
| | - John Geen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Merthyr, UK; Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South, Wales, UK
| | - Alan Dodd
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Merthyr, UK
| | - Nicholas M Selby
- Centre for Kidney Research and Innovation, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew Lewington
- Department of Nephrology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Gareth Scholey
- Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - John D Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aled O Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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Phillips D, Young O, Holmes J, Allen LA, Roberts G, Geen J, Williams JD, Phillips AO. Seasonal pattern of incidence and outcome of Acute Kidney Injury: A national study of Welsh AKI electronic alerts. Int J Clin Pract 2017; 71. [PMID: 28869717 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify any seasonal variation in the occurrence of, and outcome following Acute Kidney Injury. METHODS The study utilised the biochemistry based AKI electronic (e)-alert system established across the Welsh National Health Service to collect data on all AKI episodes to identify changes in incidence and outcome over one calendar year (1st October 2015 and the 30th September 2016). RESULTS There were total of 48 457 incident AKI alerts. The highest proportion of AKI episodes was seen in the quarter of January to March (26.2%), and the lowest in the quarter of October to December (23.3%, P < .001). The same trend was seen for both community-acquired and hospital-acquired AKI sub-sets. Overall 90 day mortality for all AKI was 27.3%. In contrast with the seasonal trend in AKI occurrence, 90 day mortality after the incident AKI alert was significantly higher in the quarters of January to March and October to December compared with the quarters of April to June and July to September (P < .001) consistent with excess winter mortality reported for likely underlying diseases which precipitate AKI. CONCLUSIONS In summary we report for the first time in a large national cohort, a seasonal variation in the incidence and outcomes of AKI. The results demonstrate distinct trends in the incidence and outcome of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafydd Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Oliver Young
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jennifer Holmes
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Abercynon, UK
| | - Lowri A Allen
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gethin Roberts
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - John Geen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Merthyr, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - John D Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aled O Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Holmes J, Allen N, Roberts G, Geen J, Williams JD, Phillips AO. Acute kidney injury electronic alerts in primary care - findings from a large population cohort. QJM 2017; 110:577-582. [PMID: 28402560 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic reporting of AKI has been used to aid early AKI recognition although its relevance to CA-AKI and primary care has not been described. AIMS We described the characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with CA-AKI, and AKI identified in primary care (PC-AKI) through AKI e-Alerts. DESIGN A prospective national cohort study was undertaken to collect data on all e-alerts representing adult CA-AKI. METHOD The study utilized the biochemistry based AKI electronic (e)-alert system that is established across the Welsh National Health Service. RESULTS 28.8% of the 22 723 CA-AKI e-alerts were classified as PC-AKI. Ninety-day mortality was 24.0% and lower for PC-AKI vs. non-primary care (non-PC) CA-AKI. Hospitalization was 22.3% for PC-AKI and associated with greater disease severity, higher mortality, but better renal outcomes (non-recovery: 18.1% vs. 21.6%; progression of pre-existing CKD: 40.5% vs. 58.3%). 49.1% of PC-AKI had a repeat test within 7 days, 42.5% between 7 and 90 days, and 8.4% was not repeated within 90 days. There was significantly more non-recovery (24.0% vs. 17.9%) and progression of pre-existing CKD (63.3% vs. 47.0%) in patients with late repeated measurement of renal function compared to those with early repeated measurement of renal function. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate the clinical utility of AKI e-alerts in primary care. We recommend that a clinical review, or referral together with a repeat measurement of renal function within 7 days should be considered an appropriate response to AKI e-alerts in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Holmes
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board
| | - N Allen
- Redlands Surgery, Penarth, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board
| | - G Roberts
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hywel Dda University Health Board
| | - J Geen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Merthyr, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, UK
| | - J D Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - A O Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Williams JD, Wischmeyer PE. Assessment of perioperative nutrition practices and attitudes-A national survey of colorectal and GI surgical oncology programs. Am J Surg 2017; 213:1010-1018. [PMID: 27889271 PMCID: PMC6814259 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implementation of evidence-based peri-operative nutrition in the U.S. is poorly described and hypothesized to be suboptimal. This study broadly describes practices and attitudes regarding nutrition screening/intervention in U.S. gastrointestinal and oncologic surgeons. METHODS Nationwide nutritional practice survey of GI/Oncologic surgical faculty. RESULTS Program response rates were 57% and 81% for colorectal and oncology fellowships, respectively. Only 38% had formal nutritional screening processes in place. Average estimated percent of patients malnourished, receiving nutritional screening, and receiving nutritional supplementation preoperatively were 28%, 43%, and 21%, respectively. University-affiliation (p = 0.0371) and a formal screening process (p = 0.0312) predicted higher preoperative nutritional screening rates. Controversy existed regarding routine use of perioperative immunonutrition, but strong consensus emerged that lack of awareness regarding positive data for immunonutrition impedes usage. CONCLUSION U.S. surgeons recognize importance of perioperative nutritional screening and benefits of basic nutrition therapy. However, limited formal nutrition screening programs currently exist indicating a significant need for implementation of nutrition screening and basic nutrition intervention. Further work on education, implementation and identifying clinical research needs for immunonutrition interventions is also vitally needed. SUMMARY This study broadly describes nutritional practices and attitudes of gastrointestinal and oncologic surgeons across the U.S. Surgeons recognize both the importance of proper perioperative surgical nutritional support and the potential value to their practice in terms of outcomes, but this study confirms poor implementation of evidence-based nutrition practices in GI and oncologic surgery programs. This study describes a significant opportunity to capitalize on current favorable surgeon beliefs (and positive published data) regarding the benefit of perioperative nutrition to improve surgical nutrition practice and patient outcomes in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Williams
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Holmes J, Roberts G, Meran S, Williams JD, Phillips AO. Understanding Electronic AKI Alerts: Characterization by Definitional Rules. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 2:342-349. [PMID: 29142963 PMCID: PMC5678680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Automated acute kidney injury (AKI) electronic alerts are based on comparing creatinine with historic results. METHODS We report the significance of AKI defined by 3 "rules" differing in the time period from which the baseline creatinine is obtained, and AKI with creatinine within the normal range. RESULTS A total of 47,090 incident episodes of AKI occurred between November 2013 and April 2016. Rule 1 (>26 μmol/l increase in creatinine within 48 hours) accounted for 9.6%. Rule 2 (≥50% increase in creatinine within previous 7 days) and rule 3 (≥50% creatinine increase from the median value of results within the last 8-365 days) accounted for 27.3% and 63.1%, respectively. Hospital-acquired AKI was predominantly identified by rules 1 and 2 (71.7%), and community-acquired AKI (86.3%) by rule 3. Stages 2 and 3 were detected by rules 2 and 3. Ninety-day mortality was higher in AKI rule 2 (32.4%) than rule 1 (28.3%, P < 0.001) and rule 3 (26.6%, P < 0.001). Nonrecovery of renal function (90 days) was lower for rule 1 (7.9%) than rule 2 (22.4%, P < 0.001) and rule 3 (16.5%, P < 0.001). We found that 19.2% of AKI occurred with creatinine values within normal range, in which mortality was lower than that in AKI detected by a creatinine value outside the reference range (22.6% vs. 29.6%, P < 0.001). DISCUSSION Rule 1 could only be invoked for stage 1 alerts and was associated with acute on chronic kidney disease acquired in hospital. Rule 2 was also associated with hospital-acquired AKI and had the highest mortality and nonrecovery. Rule 3 was the commonest cause of an alert and was associated with community-acquired AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Holmes
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Caerphilly, UK
| | - Gethin Roberts
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Soma Meran
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aled O. Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Moritz J, Turk P, Williams JD, Stone-Roy LM. Perceived Intensity and Discrimination Ability for Lingual Electrotactile Stimulation Depends on Location and Orientation of Electrodes. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:186. [PMID: 28484380 PMCID: PMC5399529 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malfunctioning sensory systems can severely impact quality of life and repair is not always possible. One solution, called sensory substitution, is to use another sensory system to bring lost information to the brain. This approach often involves the use of bioengineered devices that electrically stimulate somatosensory fibers. Interestingly, the tongue is an ideal location for electrotactile stimulation due to its dense innervation, moisture, and protected environment. Success with transmitting visual and vestibular information through the tongue indicates promise for future applications. However, sensitivity and discrimination ability varies between individuals and across the tongue surface complicating efforts to produce reliable and consistent sensations. The goals of the present study were to investigate these differences more precisely to better understand the mechanosensory innervation of the tongue so that future electrotactile devices can be designed more effectively. Specifically, we tested whether stimulation of certain regions of the tongue consistently result in better perception, whether the spacing of stimulating electrodes affects perceived intensity, and whether the orientation of electrodes affects perceived intensity and discrimination. To test these hypotheses, we built a custom tongue stimulation device, recruited 25 participants, and collected perceived intensity and discrimination data. We then subjected the data to thorough statistical analyses. Consistent with previous studies, we found that stimulation of the anterior medial tongue region was perceived as more intense than stimulation of lateral and posterior regions. This region also had the best discrimination ability for electrodes. Dividing the stimulated tongue area into 16 distinct regions allowed us to compare perception ability between anterior and posterior regions, medial and lateral regions, and the left and right sides of the tongue. Stimulation of the most anterior and medial tongue resulted in the highest perceived intensity and the best discrimination ability. Most individuals were able to perceive and discriminate electrotactile stimulation better on one side of the tongue, and orientation of stimulating electrodes affected perception. In conclusion, the present studies reveal new information about the somatosensory innervation of the tongue and will assist the design of future electrotactile tongue stimulation devices that will help provide sensory information to people with damaged sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Moritz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Philip Turk
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John D Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Leslie M Stone-Roy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
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Mullins CR, Farnell CC, Farnell CC, Martinez RA, Liu D, Branam RD, Williams JD. Non-invasive Hall current distribution measurement in a Hall effect thruster. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:013507. [PMID: 28147644 DOI: 10.1063/1.4974098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A means is presented to determine the Hall current density distribution in a closed drift thruster by remotely measuring the magnetic field and solving the inverse problem for the current density. The magnetic field was measured by employing an array of eight tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensors capable of milligauss sensitivity when placed in a high background field. The array was positioned just outside the thruster channel on a 1.5 kW Hall thruster equipped with a center-mounted hollow cathode. In the sensor array location, the static magnetic field is approximately 30 G, which is within the linear operating range of the TMR sensors. Furthermore, the induced field at this distance is approximately tens of milligauss, which is within the sensitivity range of the TMR sensors. Because of the nature of the inverse problem, the induced-field measurements do not provide the Hall current density by a simple inversion; however, a Tikhonov regularization of the induced field does provide the current density distributions. These distributions are shown as a function of time in contour plots. The measured ratios between the average Hall current and the average discharge current ranged from 6.1 to 7.3 over a range of operating conditions from 1.3 kW to 2.2 kW. The temporal inverse solution at 1.5 kW exhibited a breathing mode frequency of 24 kHz, which was in agreement with temporal measurements of the discharge current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Mullins
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Casey C Farnell
- Plasma Controls LLC, 1180 La Eda Lane, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
| | - Cody C Farnell
- Plasma Controls LLC, 1180 La Eda Lane, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
| | - Rafael A Martinez
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - David Liu
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA
| | | | - John D Williams
- Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Holmes J, Rainer T, Geen J, Roberts G, May K, Wilson N, Williams JD, Phillips AO. Acute Kidney Injury in the Era of the AKI E-Alert. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11:2123-2131. [PMID: 27793961 PMCID: PMC5142071 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.05170516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Our aim was to use a national electronic AKI alert to define the incidence and outcome of all episodes of community- and hospital-acquired adult AKI. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS A prospective national cohort study was undertaken in a population of 3.06 million. Data were collected between March of 2015 and August of 2015. All patients with adult (≥18 years of age) AKI were identified to define the incidence and outcome of all episodes of community- and hospital-acquired AKI in adults. Mortality and renal outcomes were assessed at 90 days. RESULTS There was a total of 31,601 alerts representing 17,689 incident episodes, giving an incidence of AKI of 577 per 100,000 population. Community-acquired AKI accounted for 49.3% of all incident episodes, and 42% occurred in the context of preexisting CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration eGFR); 90-day mortality rate was 25.6%, and 23.7% of episodes progressed to a higher AKI stage than the stage associated with the alert. AKI electronic alert stage and peak AKI stage were associated with mortality, and mortality was significantly higher for hospital-acquired AKI compared with alerts generated in a community setting. Among patients who survived to 90 days after the AKI electronic alert, those who were not hospitalized had a lower rate of renal recovery and a greater likelihood of developing an eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 for the first time, which may be indicative of development of de novo CKD. CONCLUSIONS The reported incidence of AKI is far greater than the previously reported incidence in studies reliant on clinical identification of adult AKI or hospital coding data. Although an electronic alert system is Information Technology driven and therefore, lacks intelligence and clinical context, these data can be used to identify deficiencies in care, guide the development of appropriate intervention strategies, and provide a baseline against which the effectiveness of these interventions may be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Holmes
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Caerphilly, United Kingdom
| | | | - John Geen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Prince Charles Hospital, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Merthyr Tydfil, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, School of Care Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gethin Roberts
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Kate May
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Caerphilly, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Wilson
- Welsh Renal Clinical Network, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Caerphilly, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aled O. Phillips
- Institute of Nephrology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Johnson NA, McLeod JM, Holcomb J, Rowe M, Williams JD. Early life history and spatiotemporal changes in distribution of the rediscovered Suwannee moccasinshell Medionidus walkeri (Bivalvia: Unionidae). ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Conservation and intelligence have been found both singly and in combination to be positively related to two measures of reading given 7 mo. after the administration of the conservation measures. However, neither conservation nor intelligence made any significant independent contribution to the prediction of the reading measures when a reading readiness test, administered at the same time as the conservation tasks, was considered in the prediction of reading achievement. When intelligence and reading readiness were separately partialled out of the relationship between conservation and the two measures of reading achievement, the partial correlations dropped to a near-zero value.
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Abstract
In using multiple regression as a data-analysis technique, one problem that might arise is the overuse of a full model with several restricted models, without adjusting the probability level. Such an approach would violate the apparent (or tabled) probability level. This has long been a concern in statistics. The intent of the present paper has been to reconceptualize two of the better known multiple-comparison procedures in a multiple regression approach. The change in the regression approach requires assessing the results of multiple uses of a full model to a correct distribution rather than a straightforward use of the F distribution.
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Movafaghi S, Wang W, Metzger A, Williams DD, Williams JD, Kota AK. Tunable superomniphobic surfaces for sorting droplets by surface tension. Lab Chip 2016; 16:3204-9. [PMID: 27412084 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00673f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We utilized tunable superomniphobic surfaces with flower-like TiO2 nanostructures to fabricate a simple device with precisely tailored surface energy domains that, for the first time, can sort droplets by surface tension. We envision that our methodology for droplet sorting will enable inexpensive and energy-efficient analytical devices for personalized point-of-care diagnostic platforms, lab-on-a-chip systems, biochemical assays and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Movafaghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - W Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - A Metzger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - D D Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - J D Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - A K Kota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. and School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Gaillard WR, Waddell E, Williams JD. Surface Free Energy Determination of APEX Photosensitive Glass. Micromachines (Basel) 2016; 7:mi7030034. [PMID: 30407407 PMCID: PMC6190264 DOI: 10.3390/mi7030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surface free energy (SFE) plays an important role in microfluidic device operation. Photosensitive glasses such as APEX offer numerous advantages over traditional glasses for microfluidics, yet the SFE for APEX has not been previously reported. We calculate SFE with the Owens/Wendt geometric method by using contact angles measured with the Sessile drop technique. While the total SFE for APEX is found to be similar to traditional microstructurable glasses, the polar component is lower, which is likely attributable to composition. The SFE was modified at each stage of device fabrication, but the SFE of the stock and fully processed glass was found to be approximately the same at a value of 51 mJ·m−2. APEX exhibited inconsistent wetting behavior attributable to an inhomogeneous surface chemical composition. Means to produce more consistent wetting of photosensitive glass for microfluidic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Gaillard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - Emanuel Waddell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - John D Williams
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
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Basu A, Mills DM, Mitchell D, Ndungo E, Williams JD, Herbert AS, Dye JM, Moir DT, Chandran K, Patterson JL, Rong L, Bowlin TL. Novel Small Molecule Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus. J Infect Dis 2015. [PMID: 26206510 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak has highlighted the troubling absence of available antivirals or vaccines to treat infected patients and stop the spread of EBOV. The EBOV glycoprotein (GP) plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a potential target for the development of anti-EBOV drugs. We report the identification of 2 novel EBOV inhibitors targeting viral entry. METHODS To identify small molecule inhibitors of EBOV entry, we carried out a cell-based high-throughput screening using human immunodeficiency virus-based pseudotyped viruses expressing EBOV-GP. Two compounds were identified, and mechanism-of-action studies were performed using immunoflourescence, AlphaLISA, and enzymatic assays for cathepsin B inhibition. RESULTS We report the identification of 2 novel entry inhibitors. These inhibitors (1) inhibit EBOV infection (50% inhibitory concentration, approximately 0.28 and approximately 10 µmol/L) at a late stage of entry, (2) induce Niemann-Pick C phenotype, and (3) inhibit GP-Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein interaction. CONCLUSIONS We have identified 2 novel EBOV inhibitors, MBX2254 and MBX2270, that can serve as starting points for the development of an anti-EBOV therapeutic agent. Our findings also highlight the importance of NPC1-GP interaction in EBOV entry and the attractiveness of NPC1 as an antifiloviral therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Basu
- Microbiotix, Inc, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Esther Ndungo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Andrew S Herbert
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - John M Dye
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
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Nguyen ST, Kwasny SM, Ding X, Williams JD, Peet NP, Bowlin TL, Opperman TJ. Synthesis and antifungal evaluation of head-to-head and head-to-tail bisamidine compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26209266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the antifungal evaluation of 43 bisamidine compounds, of which 26 are new, having the scaffold [Am]-[HetAr]-[linker]-[HetAr]-[Am], in which [Am] is a cyclic or acyclic amidine group, [linker] is a benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine ring, or an aliphatic chain of two to four carbon, and [HetAr] is a 5,6-bicyclic heterocycle such as indole, benzimidazole, imidazopyridine, benzofuran, or benzothiophene. In the head-to-head series the two [HetAr] units are oriented such that the 5-membered rings are connected through the linker, and in the head-to-tail series, one of the [HetAr] systems is connected through the 6-membered ring; additionally, in some of the head-to-tail compounds, the [linker] is omitted. Many of these compounds exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC ⩽ 4 μg/ml). The most potent compounds, for example, P10, P19 and P34, are comparable in antifungal activities to amphotericin B (MIC 0.125 μg/ml). They exhibited rapid fungicidal activity (>3 log10 decrease in cfu/ml in 4h) at concentrations equivalent to 4× the MIC in time kill experiments. The bisamidines strongly inhibited DNA, RNA and cell wall biosynthesis in C. albicans in macromolecular synthesis assays. However, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration for DNA synthesis was approximately 30-fold lower than those for RNA and cell wall biosynthesis. Fluorescence microscopy of intact cells of C. albicans treated with a bisamidine exhibited enhanced fluorescence in the presence of DNA, demonstrating that the bisamidine was localized to the nucleus. The results of this study show that bisamidines are potent antifungal agents with rapid fungicidal activity, which is likely to be the result of their DNA-binding activity. Although it was difficult to obtain a broad-spectrum antifungal compound with low cytotoxicity, some of the compounds (e.g., P9, P14 and P43) exhibited favorable CC50 values against HeLa cells and maintained considerable antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son T Nguyen
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Steven M Kwasny
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Xiaoyuan Ding
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - John D Williams
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Norton P Peet
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Terry L Bowlin
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Timothy J Opperman
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, United States.
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42
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Macdougall IC, Jones JM, Robinson MI, Miles JB, Coles GA, Williams JD. Subcutaneous erythropoietin therapy: comparison of three different sites of injection. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 88:152-6; discussion 157-8. [PMID: 2040177 DOI: 10.1159/000419525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I C Macdougall
- Institute of Nephrology, Royal Infirmary, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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43
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Davies M, Stylianou E, Yung S, Thomas GJ, Coles GA, Williams JD. Proteoglycans of CAPD-dialysate fluid and mesothelium. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 85:134-41. [PMID: 2078932 DOI: 10.1159/000419073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Davies
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Cardiff, UK
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Cardiff, UK
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45
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Stylianou E, Mackenzie R, Davies M, Coles GA, Williams JD. The interaction of organism, phagocyte and mesothelial cell. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 85:30-8. [PMID: 2078937 DOI: 10.1159/000419060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Stylianou
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff Royal Infimary, UK
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46
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Macdougall IC, Roberts DE, Neubert P, Dharmasena AD, Coles GA, Williams JD. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous recombinant erythropoietin in patients on CAPD. A rationale for treatment. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 76:112-20; discussion 120-1. [PMID: 2684515 DOI: 10.1159/000417887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I C Macdougall
- KRUF Institute of Renal Disease, University of Wales College of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Cardiff, UK
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47
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Macdougall IC, Cavill I, Davies ME, Hutton RD, Coles GA, Williams JD. Subcutaneous recombinant erythropoietin in the treatment of renal anaemia in CAPD patients. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 76:219-26. [PMID: 2582780 DOI: 10.1159/000417898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I C Macdougall
- KRUF Institute of Renal Disease, Royal Infirmary, Cardiff, UK
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48
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Komazin-Meredith G, Cardinale SC, Comeau K, Magalhaes KJ, Hartline CB, Williams JD, Opperman TJ, Prichard MN, Bowlin TL. TAOK3 phosphorylates the methylenecyclopropane nucleoside MBX 2168 to its monophosphate. Antiviral Res 2015; 119:23-7. [PMID: 25857706 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monohydroxymethyl methylenecyclopropane nucleosides (MCPNs) with ether or thioether substituents at the 6-position show promise as broad-spectrum herpes virus inhibitors. Their proposed mechanism of action involves sequential phosphorylation to a triphosphate, which can then inhibit viral DNA polymerase. The inhibition of herpes simplex virus (HSV) by these compounds is not dependent on the viral thymidine kinase (TK), which is known to phosphorylate acyclovir (ACV), a standard treatment for HSV infections. Previous studies on the mechanism of action of these compounds against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) implicated a host kinase in addition to HCMV UL97 kinase in performing the initial phosphorylation. After first eliminating other candidate HSV-1 encoded kinases (UL13 and US3) as well as potential host nucleoside kinases, using activity-based fractionation, we have now identified the host serine-threonine protein kinase TAOK3 as the kinase responsible for transforming the representative monohydroxymethyl MCPN analog MBX 2168 to its monophosphate.
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49
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Nguyen ST, Kwasny SM, Ding X, Cardinale SC, McCarthy CT, Kim HS, Nikaido H, Peet NP, Williams JD, Bowlin TL, Opperman TJ. Structure-activity relationships of a novel pyranopyridine series of Gram-negative bacterial efflux pump inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2024-34. [PMID: 25818767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently we described a novel pyranopyridine inhibitor (MBX2319) of RND-type efflux pumps of the Enterobacteriaceae. MBX2319 (3,3-dimethyl-5-cyano-8-morpholino-6-(phenethylthio)-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyridine) is structurally distinct from other known Gram-negative efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), such as 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP), phenylalanylarginine-β-naphthylamide (PAβN), D13-9001, and the pyridopyrimidine derivatives. Here, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of 60 new analogs of MBX2319 that were designed to probe the structure activity relationships (SARs) of the pyranopyridine scaffold. The results of these studies produced a molecular activity map of the scaffold, which identifies regions that are critical to efflux inhibitory activities and those that can be modified to improve potency, metabolic stability and solubility. Several compounds, such as 22d-f, 22i and 22k, are significantly more effective than MBX2319 at potentiating the antibacterial activity of levofloxacin and piperacillin against Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son T Nguyen
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Steven M Kwasny
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Xiaoyuan Ding
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | | | | | - Hong-Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, 16 Barker Hall # 3202, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA.
| | - Hiroshi Nikaido
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, 16 Barker Hall # 3202, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA.
| | - Norton P Peet
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - John D Williams
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Terry L Bowlin
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Dr., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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50
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Williams JD, Torhan MC, Neelagiri VR, Brown C, Bowlin NO, Di M, McCarthy CT, Aiello D, Peet NP, Bowlin TL, Moir DT. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel phenoxyacetamide inhibitors of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS). Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1027-43. [PMID: 25638499 PMCID: PMC4339527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial infections is driving the discovery and development not only of new antibiotics, but also of inhibitors of virulence factors that are crucial for in vivo pathogenicity. One such virulence factor is the type III secretion system (T3SS), which plays a critical role in the establishment and dissemination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. We have recently described the discovery and characterization of a series of inhibitors of P. aeruginosa T3SS based on a phenoxyacetamide scaffold. To better characterize the factors involved in potent T3SS inhibition, we have conducted a systematic exploration of this structure, revealing several highly responsive structure-activity relationships indicative of interaction with a specific target. Most of the structural features contributing to potency were additive, and combination of those features produced optimized inhibitors with IC50 values <1μM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carson Brown
- Microbiotix, Inc., Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | | | - Ming Di
- Microbiotix, Inc., Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | | | - Daniel Aiello
- Microbiotix, Inc., Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Norton P Peet
- Microbiotix, Inc., Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | | | - Donald T Moir
- Microbiotix, Inc., Worcester, MA 01605, United States
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