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Hale JE, Platt CD, Bonilla FA, Hay BN, Sullivan JL, Johnston AM, Pasternack MS, Hesterberg PE, Meissner HC, Cooper ER, Barmettler S, Farmer JR, Fisher D, Walter JE, Yang NJ, Sahai I, Eaton RB, DeMaria A, Notarangelo LD, Pai SY, Comeau AM. Ten Years of Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) in Massachusetts. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021; 9:2060-2067.e2. [PMID: 33607339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Massachusetts began newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) using measurement of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) from dried blood spots. OBJECTIVE We describe developments and outcomes from the first 10 years of this program (February 1, 2009, to January 31, 2019). METHODS TREC values, diagnostic, and outcome data from all patients screened for SCID were evaluated. RESULTS NBS of 720,038 infants prompted immunologic evaluation of 237 (0.03%). Of 237, 9 were diagnosed with SCID/leaky SCID (4% of referrals vs 0.001% general population). Another 7 were diagnosed with other combined immunodeficiencies, and 3 with athymia. SCID/leaky SCID incidence was approximately 1 in 80,000, whereas approximately 1 in 51,000 had severe T-cell lymphopenia for which definitive treatment was indicated. All patients with SCID/leaky SCID underwent hematopoietic cell transplant or gene therapy with 100% survival. One patient with athymia underwent successful thymus transplant. No known cases of SCID were missed. Compared with outcomes from the 10 years before SCID NBS, survival trended higher (9 of 9 vs 4 of 7), likely due to a lower rate of infection before treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a single NBS testing-and-referral algorithm for all gestational ages. Despite lower median TREC values in premature infants, the majority for all ages are well above the TREC cutoff and the algorithm, which selects urgent (undetectable TREC) and repeatedly abnormal TREC values, minimizes referral. We also found that low naïve T-cell percentage is associated with a higher risk of SCID/CID, demonstrating the utility of memory/naïve T-cell phenotyping as part of follow-up flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime E Hale
- New England Newborn Screening Program, Commonwealth Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass
| | - Craig D Platt
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Francisco A Bonilla
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Northeast Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, Leominster, Mass
| | - Beverly N Hay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass
| | - John L Sullivan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass
| | - Alicia M Johnston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Mark S Pasternack
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass
| | - Paul E Hesterberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass
| | - H Cody Meissner
- Department of Pediatrics, Tufts Children's Hospital, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Ellen R Cooper
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Sara Barmettler
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Jocelyn R Farmer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Donna Fisher
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Baystate Children's Hospital, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, Mass
| | - Jolan E Walter
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida at Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Fla
| | - Nancy J Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Inderneel Sahai
- New England Newborn Screening Program, Commonwealth Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass
| | - Roger B Eaton
- New England Newborn Screening Program, Commonwealth Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass
| | - Alfred DeMaria
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass.
| | - Anne Marie Comeau
- New England Newborn Screening Program, Commonwealth Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass.
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Salem SR, Sullivan JL, Topham PD, Tighe BJ. Supramolecular host–guest carrier based on maltose-modified hyperbranched polymer and polyelectrolyte multilayers: toward stable and reusable glucose biosensor. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Lewis GM, Buchanan CA, Jhaveri KD, Sullivan JL, Kelly JC, Das S, Taub AI, Keoleian GA. Green Principles for Vehicle Lightweighting. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:4063-4077. [PMID: 30892881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A large portion of life cycle transportation impacts occur during vehicle operation, and key improvement strategies include increasing powertrain efficiency, vehicle electrification, and lightweighting vehicles by reducing their mass. The potential energy benefits of vehicle lightweighting are large, given that 29.5 EJ was used in all modes of U.S. transportation in 2016, and roughly half of the energy spent in wheeled transportation and the majority of energy spent in aircraft is used to move vehicle mass. We collect and review previous work on lightweighting, identify key parameters affecting vehicle environmental performance (e.g., vehicle mode, fuel type, material type, and recyclability), and propose a set of 10 principles, with examples, to guide environmental improvement of vehicle systems through lightweighting. These principles, based on a life cycle perspective and taken as a set, allow a wide range of stakeholders (designers, policy-makers, and vehicle manufacturers and their material and component suppliers) to evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these complex systems. This set of principles can be used to evaluate trade-offs between impact categories and to help avoid shifting of burdens to other life cycle phases in the process of improving use-phase environmental performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Lewis
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment & Sustainability , University of Michigan , 440 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Cailin A Buchanan
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment & Sustainability , University of Michigan , 440 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , 2098 HH Dow , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48019 , United States
| | - Krutarth D Jhaveri
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment & Sustainability , University of Michigan , 440 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , 2098 HH Dow , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48019 , United States
| | - John L Sullivan
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment & Sustainability , University of Michigan , 440 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Jarod C Kelly
- Energy Systems Division , Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 S. Cass Avenue , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Sujit Das
- Energy and Transportation Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Alan I Taub
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , 2098 HH Dow , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48019 , United States
- Lightweight Innovations For Tomorrow , 1400 Rosa Parks Boulevard , Detroit , Michigan 48216 , United States
| | - Gregory A Keoleian
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment & Sustainability , University of Michigan , 440 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Lightweight Innovations For Tomorrow , 1400 Rosa Parks Boulevard , Detroit , Michigan 48216 , United States
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Abstract
Politicians, like others caught in embarrassing situations, often attempt to explain their actions in such a way as to mitigate the negative effects. Whether politicians involved in scandal are able to maintain their political careers depends, at least in part, on how voters respond to the public explanations that these politicians provide. Previous work that has examined responses to the accounts provided by errant politicians (e.g., those who have made unpopular roll call votes or those who have been accused of inappropriate behavior) has studied the effects of hypothetical accounts provided by fictitious politicians. The authors of the present article examined responses to the accounts provided by actual politicians who were charged with unethical behavior. Their findings suggest that politicians who made reference to moral and ethical principles in their explanations for their behavior or who focused on the benefits to be gained by their actions tended to be evaluated more positively than politicians who denied that they had committed a questionable act. The authors also examined the effects of partisanship and political expertise on respondents' evaluations of politicians accused of wrongdoing.
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5
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Gonzales MH, Kovera MB, Sullivan JL, Chanley V. Private Reactions to Public Transgressions: Predictors of Evaluative Responses to Allegations of Political Misconduct. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167295212004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Effects of blameworthiness, account type, and politician power on respondents' evaluations of political offenders were examined. Political expertise and party affiliation served as additional categorical predictors of evaluations. Participants read two scenarios describing the misadventures of fictitious politicians and their accounts and evaluated the politicians. Results revealed that political novices were more generous than experts in their evaluations. Politicians who transgressed intentionally were evaluated more negatively than politicians who trans-gressed accidentally. Respondents who shared partisanship with the politicians evaluated them more positively than respondents who did not share partisanship. Finally, results revealed interactions among politician power, account type, party, and scenario. This study points to the utility of a sociolinguistic framework for the systematic investigation of respondents' private reactions to public political transgressions.
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Lavine H, Burgess D, Snyder M, Transue J, Sullivan JL, Haney B, Wagner SH. Threat, Authoritarianism, and Voting: An Investigation of Personality and Persuasion. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167299025003006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined whether the influence of persuasive messages emphasizing reward versus threat was moderated by authoritarianism. Five days before the 1996 presidential election, participants (N = 86) received either a reward-related message (emphasizing the positive benefits of voting) or a threatrelated message (emphasizing the negative consequences of failing to vote) recommending that they vote in the election. We found that high authoritarians perceived the threat message as stronger in argument quality than the reward message, and low authoritarians perceived the reward message as stronger in argument quality than the threat message. In turn, subjective perceptions of message quality exerted a direct influence on participants’ postmessage attitudes toward voting in the election. Finally, behavioral intentions mediated the influence of voting attitudes on actual voting behavior. Discussion focuses on the implications of the message frame and authoritarianism.
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7
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McManus M, Mick E, Hudson R, Mofenson LM, Sullivan JL, Somasundaran M, Luzuriaga K. Early Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Limits Exposure to HIV-1 Replication and Cell-Associated HIV-1 DNA Levels in Infants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154391. [PMID: 27104621 PMCID: PMC4841514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to measure HIV-1 persistence following combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in infants and children. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) HIV-1 DNA was quantified prior to and after 1 year of cART in 30 children, stratified by time of initiation (early, age <3 months, ET; late, age >3 months-2 years, LT). Pre-therapy PBMC HIV-1 DNA levels correlated with pre-therapy plasma HIV-1 levels (r = 0.59, p<0.001), remaining statistically significant (p = 0.002) after adjustment for prior perinatal antiretroviral exposure and age at cART initiation. PBMC HIV-1 DNA declined significantly after 1 year of cART (Overall: -0.91±0.08 log10 copies per million PBMC, p<0.001; ET: -1.04±0.11 log10 DNA copies per million PBMC, p<0.001; LT: -0.74 ±0.13 log10 DNA copies per million PBMC, p<0.001) but rates of decline did not differ significantly between ET and LT. HIV-1 replication exposure over the first 12 months of cART, estimated as area-under-the-curve (AUC) of circulating plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, was significantly associated with PBMC HIV-1 DNA at one year (r = 0.51, p = 0.004). In 21 children with sustained virologic suppression after 1 year of cART, PBMC HIV-1 DNA levels continued to decline between years 1 and 4 (slope -0.21 log10 DNA copies per million PBMC per year); decline slopes did not differ significantly between ET and LT. PBMC HIV-1 DNA levels at 1 year and 4 years of cART correlated with age at cART initiation (1 year: p = 0.04; 4 years: p = 0.03) and age at virologic control (1 and 4 years, p = 0.02). Altogether, these data indicate that reducing exposure to HIV-1 replication and younger age at cART initiation are associated with lower HIV-1 DNA levels at and after one year of age, supporting the concept that HIV-1 diagnosis and cART initiation in infants should occur as early as possible.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
- Child, Preschool
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- DNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- HIV Infections/diagnosis
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Infant
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Time-to-Treatment
- Treatment Outcome
- Viral Load/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret McManus
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric Mick
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard Hudson
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynne M. Mofenson
- The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - John L. Sullivan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Kelly JC, Sullivan JL, Burnham A, Elgowainy A. Impacts of Vehicle Weight Reduction via Material Substitution on Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:12535-42. [PMID: 26393414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the vehicle-cycle and vehicle total life-cycle impacts of substituting lightweight materials into vehicles. We determine part-based greenhouse gas (GHG) emission ratios by collecting material substitution data and evaluating that alongside known mass-based GHG ratios (using and updating Argonne National Laboratory's GREET model) associated with material pair substitutions. Several vehicle parts are lightweighted via material substitution, using substitution ratios from a U.S. Department of Energy report, to determine GHG emissions. We then examine fuel-cycle GHG reductions from lightweighting. The fuel reduction value methodology is applied using FRV estimates of 0.15-0.25, and 0.25-0.5 L/(100km·100 kg), with and without powertrain adjustments, respectively. GHG breakeven values are derived for both driving distance and material substitution ratio. While material substitution can reduce vehicle weight, it often increases vehicle-cycle GHGs. It is likely that replacing steel (the dominant vehicle material) with wrought aluminum, carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CRFP), or magnesium will increase vehicle-cycle GHGs. However, lifetime fuel economy benefits often outweigh the vehicle-cycle, resulting in a net total life-cycle GHG benefit. This is the case for steel replaced by wrought aluminum in all assumed cases, and for CFRP and magnesium except for high substitution ratio and low FRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarod C Kelly
- Systems Assessment Group, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - John L Sullivan
- Systems Assessment Group, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrew Burnham
- Systems Assessment Group, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Amgad Elgowainy
- Systems Assessment Group, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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9
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Kim HC, Wallington TJ, Sullivan JL, Keoleian GA. Life Cycle Assessment of Vehicle Lightweighting: Novel Mathematical Methods to Estimate Use-Phase Fuel Consumption. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:10209-10216. [PMID: 26168234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lightweighting is a key strategy to improve vehicle fuel economy. Assessing the life-cycle benefits of lightweighting requires a quantitative description of the use-phase fuel consumption reduction associated with mass reduction. We present novel methods of estimating mass-induced fuel consumption (MIF) and fuel reduction values (FRVs) from fuel economy and dynamometer test data in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) database. In the past, FRVs have been measured using experimental testing. We demonstrate that FRVs can be mathematically derived from coast down coefficients in the EPA vehicle test database avoiding additional testing. MIF and FRVs calculated for 83 different 2013 MY vehicles are in the ranges 0.22-0.43 and 0.15-0.26 L/(100 km 100 kg), respectively, and increase to 0.27-0.53 L/(100 km 100 kg) with powertrain resizing to retain equivalent vehicle performance. We show how use-phase fuel consumption can be estimated using MIF and FRVs in life cycle assessments (LCAs) of vehicle lightweighting from total vehicle and vehicle component perspectives with, and without, powertrain resizing. The mass-induced fuel consumption model is illustrated by estimating lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission benefits from lightweighting a grille opening reinforcement component using magnesium or carbon fiber composite for 83 different vehicle models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Chul Kim
- †Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States
| | - Timothy J Wallington
- †Systems Analytics and Environmental Sciences Department, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, United States
| | - John L Sullivan
- ‡Board Member, Center for Sustainable Systems, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1041, United States
| | - Gregory A Keoleian
- §Center for Sustainable Systems, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1041, United States
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10
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Kwan A, Abraham RS, Currier R, Brower A, Andruszewski K, Abbott JK, Baker M, Ballow M, Bartoshesky LE, Bonilla FA, Brokopp C, Brooks E, Caggana M, Celestin J, Church JA, Comeau AM, Connelly JA, Cowan MJ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Dasu T, Dave N, De La Morena MT, Duffner U, Fong CT, Forbes L, Freedenberg D, Gelfand EW, Hale JE, Hanson IC, Hay BN, Hu D, Infante A, Johnson D, Kapoor N, Kay DM, Kohn DB, Lee R, Lehman H, Lin Z, Lorey F, Abdel-Mageed A, Manning A, McGhee S, Moore TB, Naides SJ, Notarangelo LD, Orange JS, Pai SY, Porteus M, Rodriguez R, Romberg N, Routes J, Ruehle M, Rubenstein A, Saavedra-Matiz CA, Scott G, Scott PM, Secord E, Seroogy C, Shearer WT, Siegel S, Silvers SK, Stiehm ER, Sugerman RW, Sullivan JL, Tanksley S, Tierce ML, Verbsky J, Vogel B, Walker R, Walkovich K, Walter JE, Wasserman RL, Watson MS, Weinberg GA, Weiner LB, Wood H, Yates AB, Puck JM, Bonagura VR. Newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency in 11 screening programs in the United States. JAMA 2014; 312:729-38. [PMID: 25138334 PMCID: PMC4492158 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.9132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) using assays to detect T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) began in Wisconsin in 2008, and SCID was added to the national recommended uniform panel for newborn screened disorders in 2010. Currently 23 states, the District of Columbia, and the Navajo Nation conduct population-wide newborn screening for SCID. The incidence of SCID is estimated at 1 in 100,000 births. OBJECTIVES To present data from a spectrum of SCID newborn screening programs, establish population-based incidence for SCID and other conditions with T-cell lymphopenia, and document early institution of effective treatments. DESIGN Epidemiological and retrospective observational study. SETTING Representatives in states conducting SCID newborn screening were invited to submit their SCID screening algorithms, test performance data, and deidentified clinical and laboratory information regarding infants screened and cases with nonnormal results. Infants born from the start of each participating program from January 2008 through the most recent evaluable date prior to July 2013 were included. Representatives from 10 states plus the Navajo Area Indian Health Service contributed data from 3,030,083 newborns screened with a TREC test. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Infants with SCID and other diagnoses of T-cell lymphopenia were classified. Incidence and, where possible, etiologies were determined. Interventions and survival were tracked. RESULTS Screening detected 52 cases of typical SCID, leaky SCID, and Omenn syndrome, affecting 1 in 58,000 infants (95% CI, 1/46,000-1/80,000). Survival of SCID-affected infants through their diagnosis and immune reconstitution was 87% (45/52), 92% (45/49) for infants who received transplantation, enzyme replacement, and/or gene therapy. Additional interventions for SCID and non-SCID T-cell lymphopenia included immunoglobulin infusions, preventive antibiotics, and avoidance of live vaccines. Variations in definitions and follow-up practices influenced the rates of detection of non-SCID T-cell lymphopenia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Newborn screening in 11 programs in the United States identified SCID in 1 in 58,000 infants, with high survival. The usefulness of detection of non-SCID T-cell lymphopenias by the same screening remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kwan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco2UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Roshini S Abraham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert Currier
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond
| | - Amy Brower
- Newborn Screening Translational Research Network, American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Jordan K Abbott
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Mei Baker
- Newborn Screening Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison9Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Mark Ballow
- Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Louis E Bartoshesky
- Department of Pediatrics, Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Francisco A Bonilla
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts13Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles Brokopp
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Edward Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Michele Caggana
- Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany
| | - Jocelyn Celestin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Joseph A Church
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles19Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anne Marie Comeau
- New England Newborn Screening Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain31 Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - James A Connelly
- University of Michigan C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor
| | - Morton J Cowan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco2UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Trivikram Dasu
- Clinical Immunodiagnostic and Research Laboratory, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Nina Dave
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Maria T De La Morena
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Ulrich Duffner
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Chin-To Fong
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Lisa Forbes
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas29Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | | | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Jaime E Hale
- New England Newborn Screening Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain
| | - I Celine Hanson
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas29Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Beverly N Hay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Diana Hu
- Tuba City Regional Health Care, Tuba City, Arizona
| | - Anthony Infante
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | | | - Neena Kapoor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles19Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Denise M Kay
- Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Rachel Lee
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin
| | - Heather Lehman
- Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Zhili Lin
- PerkinElmer Genetics, Bridgeville, Pennsylvania
| | - Fred Lorey
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond
| | - Aly Abdel-Mageed
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | | | - Sean McGhee
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California37Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California
| | - Theodore B Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Stanley J Naides
- Immunology Department, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts13Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas29Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts13Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California37Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California
| | - Ray Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Neil Romberg
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John Routes
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | | | - Arye Rubenstein
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Montefiore Medical Park, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Ginger Scott
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin
| | - Patricia M Scott
- Newborn Screening Program, Delaware Public Health Laboratory, Smyrna
| | | | - Christine Seroogy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - William T Shearer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas29Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Subhadra Siegel
- New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York
| | | | - E Richard Stiehm
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | | | - John L Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | | | | | - James Verbsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Beth Vogel
- Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany
| | - Rosalyn Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Kelly Walkovich
- University of Michigan C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor
| | - Jolan E Walter
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston48Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michael S Watson
- Newborn Screening Translational Research Network, American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Geoffrey A Weinberg
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Leonard B Weiner
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Heather Wood
- Michigan Department of Community Health, Lansing
| | - Anne B Yates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco2UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
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11
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Wang S, Kishko M, Wan S, Wang Y, Brewster F, Gray GE, Violari A, Sullivan JL, Somasundaran M, Luzuriaga K, Lu S. Pilot study on the immunogenicity of paired Env immunogens from mother-to-child transmitted HIV-1 isolates. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1638-47. [PMID: 23151449 PMCID: PMC3601138 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that founder viruses play unique roles in establishing HIV-1 infection. Understanding the biological and immunological features of envelope glycoproteins (Env) from such viruses may facilitate the development of effective vaccines against HIV-1. In this report, we evaluated the immunogenicity of gp120 immunogens from two pairs of clade B and two pairs of clade C mother-to-child transmitted (MTCT) HIV-1 variants that had various levels of sensitivity to broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Individual gp120 DNA and protein vaccines were produced from each of the eight MTCT Env antigens included in the current study. Rabbits were immunized with these gp120 immunogens by the DNA prime-protein boost approach. High level Env-specific antibody responses were elicited by all MTCT gp120 immunogens. However, their abilities to elicit neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses differed and those from relatively neutralization-resistant variants tended to be more effective in eliciting broader NAb. Results of this pilot study indicated that not all MTCT Env proteins have the same potential to elicit NAb. Understanding the mechanism(s) behind such variation may provide useful information in formulating the next generation of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
- Immunology and Virology Program; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Michael Kishko
- Immunology and Virology Program; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Shengqin Wan
- Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Frank Brewster
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Glenda E. Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Avye Violari
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - John L. Sullivan
- Immunology and Virology Program; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Immunology and Virology Program; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
- Immunology and Virology Program; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
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12
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Kadivar Z, Sullivan JL, Eng DP, Pehlivan AU, O'Malley MK, Yozbatiran N, Francisco GE. Robotic training and kinematic analysis of arm and hand after incomplete spinal cord injury: a case study. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2012; 2011:5975429. [PMID: 22275630 DOI: 10.1109/icorr.2011.5975429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Regaining upper extremity function is the primary concern of persons with tetraplegia caused by spinal cord injury (SCI). Robotic rehabilitation has been inadequately tested and underutilized in rehabilitation of the upper extremity in the SCI population. Given the acceptance of robotic training in stroke rehabilitation and SCI gait training, coupled with recent evidence that the spinal cord, like the brain, demonstrates plasticity that can be catalyzed by repetitive movement training such as that available with robotic devices, it is probable that robotic upper-extremity training of persons with SCI could be clinically beneficial. The primary goal of this pilot study was to test the feasibility of using a novel robotic device for the upper extremity (RiceWrist) and to evaluate robotic rehabilitation using the RiceWrist in a tetraplegic person with incomplete SCI. A 24-year-old male with incomplete SCI participated in 10 sessions of robot-assisted therapy involving intensive upper limb training. The subject successfully completed all training sessions and showed improvements in movement smoothness, as well as in the hand function. Results from this study provide valuable information for further developments of robotic devices for upper limb rehabilitation in persons with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kadivar
- Dept of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
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13
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Kishko M, Somasundaran M, Brewster F, Sullivan JL, Clapham PR, Luzuriaga K. Genotypic and functional properties of early infant HIV-1 envelopes. Retrovirology 2011; 8:67. [PMID: 21843318 PMCID: PMC3189118 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the properties of HIV-1 variants that are transmitted from women to their infants is crucial to improving strategies to prevent transmission. In this study, 162 full-length envelope (env) clones were generated from plasma RNA obtained from 5 HIV-1 Clade B infected mother-infant pairs. Following extensive genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, 35 representative clones were selected for functional studies. RESULTS Infant quasispecies were highly homogeneous and generally represented minor maternal variants, consistent with transmission across a selective bottleneck. Infant clones did not differ from the maternal in env length, or glycosylation. All infant variants utilized the CCR5 co-receptor, but were not macrophage tropic. Relatively high levels (IC₅₀ ≥ 100 μg/ml) of autologous maternal plasma IgG were required to neutralize maternal and infant viruses; however, all infant viruses were neutralized by pooled sera from HIV-1 infected individuals, implying that they were not inherently neutralization-resistant. All infant viruses were sensitive to the HIV-1 entry inhibitors Enfuvirtide and soluble CD4; none were resistant to Maraviroc. Sensitivity to human monoclonal antibodies 4E10, 2F5, b12 and 2G12 varied. CONCLUSIONS This study provides extensive characterization of the genotypic and functional properties of HIV-1 env shortly after transmission. We present the first detailed comparisons of the macrophage tropism of infant and maternal env variants and their sensitivity to Maraviroc, the only CCR5 antagonist approved for therapeutic use. These findings may have implications for improving approaches to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kishko
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Frank Brewster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - John L Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul R Clapham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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14
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Clute SC, Naumov YN, Watkin LB, Aslan N, Sullivan JL, Thorley-Lawson DA, Luzuriaga K, Welsh RM, Puzone R, Celada F, Selin LK. Broad cross-reactive TCR repertoires recognizing dissimilar Epstein-Barr and influenza A virus epitopes. J Immunol 2010; 185:6753-64. [PMID: 21048112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells cross-reactive with epitopes encoded by related or even unrelated viruses may alter the immune response and pathogenesis of infection by a process known as heterologous immunity. Because a challenge virus epitope may react with only a subset of the T cell repertoire in a cross-reactive epitope-specific memory pool, the vigorous cross-reactive response may be narrowly focused, or oligoclonal. We show in this article, by examining human T cell cross-reactivity between the HLA-A2-restricted influenza A virus-encoded M1(58-66) epitope (GILGFVFTL) and the dissimilar Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BMLF1(280-288) epitope (GLCTLVAML), that, under some conditions, heterologous immunity can lead to a significant broadening, rather than a narrowing, of the TCR repertoire. We suggest that dissimilar cross-reactive epitopes might generate a broad, rather than a narrow, T cell repertoire if there is a lack of dominant high-affinity clones; this hypothesis is supported by computer simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalyn C Clute
- Department of Pathology and Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Luzuriaga
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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16
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Mehta N, Trzmielina S, Nonyane BAS, Eliot MN, Lin R, Foulkes AS, McNeal K, Ammann A, Eulalievyolo V, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Somasundaran M. Low-cost HIV-1 diagnosis and quantification in dried blood spots by real time PCR. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5819. [PMID: 19503790 PMCID: PMC2688035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid and cost-effective methods for HIV-1 diagnosis and viral load monitoring would greatly enhance the clinical management of HIV-1 infected adults and children in limited-resource settings. Recent recommendations to treat perinatally infected infants within the first year of life are feasible only if early diagnosis is routinely available. Dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper are an easy and convenient way to collect and transport blood samples. A rapid and cost effective method to diagnose and quantify HIV-1 from DBS is urgently needed to facilitate early diagnosis of HIV-1 infection and monitoring of antiretroviral therapy. Methods and Findings We have developed a real-time LightCycler (rtLC) PCR assay to detect and quantify HIV-1 from DBS. HIV-1 RNA extracted from DBS was amplified in a one-step, single-tube system using primers specific for long-terminal repeat sequences that are conserved across all HIV-1 clades. SYBR Green dye was used to quantify PCR amplicons and HIV-1 RNA copy numbers were determined from a standard curve generated using serially diluted known copies of HIV-1 RNA. This assay detected samples across clades, has a dynamic range of 5 log10, and %CV <8% up to 4 log10 dilution. Plasma HIV-1 RNA copy numbers obtained using this method correlated well with the Roche Ultrasensitive (r = 0.91) and branched DNA (r = 0.89) assays. The lower limit of detection (95%) was estimated to be 136 copies. The rtLC DBS assay was 2.5 fold rapid as well as 40-fold cheaper when compared to commercial assays. Adaptation of the assay into other real-time systems demonstrated similar performance. Conclusions The accuracy, reliability, genotype inclusivity and affordability, along with the small volumes of blood required for the assay suggest that the rtLC DBS assay will be useful for early diagnosis and monitoring of pediatric HIV-1 infection in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishaki Mehta
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sonia Trzmielina
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bareng A. S. Nonyane
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melissa N. Eliot
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rongheng Lin
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrea S. Foulkes
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kristina McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arthur Ammann
- Global Strategies for HIV Prevention, San Rafael, California, United States of America
| | | | - John L. Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Aslan N, Watkin L, Pishtari J, Xu H, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K. Expansion of influenza M1-specific memory cells cross-reactive with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) lytic epitopes correlates with severity of EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis (130.14). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.130.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cross-reactive memory T cells specific to previously encountered influenza A contribute to the lymphoproliferation characteristics of EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM). We showed that cross-reactive CD8 T cell responses commonly occur during EBV infection. Strong cross-reactive T cell responses specific to influenza M1 (Flu-M1) and EBV-specific lytic epitope EBV-BRLF-1 have been observed in 10/10 HLA-A2+ IM patients. We also detected cross-reactive T cell responses that recognized both Flu-M1 and lytic EBV-BMLF-1 epitopes in 14/26 HLA-A2+ IM patients. In addition, 8/19 IM patients demonstrated some intra-viral cross-reactivity between EBV BRLF-1 and BMLF-1 specific epitopes. Cross-reactive T cell responses between Flu-M1 and EBV-BRLF-1/EBV-BMLF-1 epitopes were observed in all IM patients but at different time points after infection. Our analyses showed that Flu-M1 and EBV-BMLF-1 used few Vbeta TCR families that were stable overtime. However, EBV-BRLF-1-specific Vbeta TCR repertoire used multiple Vbeta families that varied between individuals and varied during the time course of IM in the same patient. Disease severity of IM directly correlated with percentage of Flu-M1-specific CD8 T cells but did not correlate with EBV-BMLF-1 or BRLF-1-specific responses.
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18
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Watkin L, Quigley M, Aslan N, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Selin LK. An Altered T-cell Repertoire Mediates Heterologous Immunity and Protection from Epstein-Barr Virus Infection (128.32). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.128.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Previously we have reported that cross-reactive memory CD8 T cells specific for the Flu-M158-66 epitope (GILGFVFTL) respond to the EBV-BMLF1280-288 epitope (GLCTLVAML) during the course of EBV infection and contribute to the onset of infectious mononucleosis. Recently we have found that the memory CD8 T cells specific for the Flu-M158-66 are also cross-reactive to an additional EBV epitope, EBV-BRLF1109-117 (YVLDHLIVV). Here we sought to determine the cross-reactive properties of the Flu-M158-66 specific cells in EBV sero-negative individuals. CD8 T cells cultured in the presence of the cross-reactive EBV epitopes preferentially expanded the Flu-M158-66 specific cells. Although these expanded cells did not stain with EBV pentamers they were able to produce cytokine in response to EBV peptides. Additionally these cells were capable of killing autologous EBV infected targets. Interestingly the T cell repertoire demonstrated unique characteristics including nearly complete domination by a single Vβ17 and Vα27clonotype with a unique CDR3 motif. Taken together these data suggest that an altered T cell repertoire could mediate protection against viral infection.
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19
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Greenough TC, Cunningham CK, Muresan P, McManus M, Persaud D, Fenton T, Barker P, Gaur A, Panicali D, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K. Safety and immunogenicity of recombinant poxvirus HIV-1 vaccines in young adults on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Vaccine 2008; 26:6883-93. [PMID: 18940219 PMCID: PMC2845914 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) and fowlpox (FP) vectors expressing multiple HIV-1 proteins was conducted in twenty HIV-1 infected youth with suppressed viral replication on HAART. The MVA and FP-based multigene HIV-1 vaccines were safe and well tolerated. Increased frequencies of HIV-1 specific CD4+ proliferative responses and cytokine secreting cells were detected following immunization. Increased frequencies and breadth of HIV-1 specific CD8 T-cell responses were also detected. Plasma HIV-1-specific antibody levels and neutralizing activity were unchanged following vaccination. Poxvirus-based vaccines may merit further study in therapeutic vaccine protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Greenough
- Pediatrics and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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20
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21
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Abstract
Peripheral blood memory B cells latently infected with EBV bear somatic mutations and are typically isotype switched consistent with being classical Ag-selected memory B cells. In this work, we performed a comparative analysis of the expressed Ig genes between large sets of EBV-infected and uninfected peripheral blood B cells, isolated from the same infectious mononucleosis patients, to determine whether differences exist that could reveal the influence of EBV on the production and maintenance of these cells. We observed that EBV(+) cells on average accumulated more somatic hypermutations than EBV(-) cells. In addition, they had more replacement mutations and a higher replacement-silent ratio of mutations in their CDRs. We also found that EBV occupies a skewed niche within the memory compartment, due to its exclusion from the CD27(+)IgD(+)IgM(+) subset, but this skewing does not affect the overall structure of the compartment. These results indicate that EBV impacts the mutation and selection process of infected cells but that once they enter memory they cannot be distinguished from uninfected cells by host homeostasis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Souza
- Department of Pathology, Jaharis Building, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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22
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Newell ML, Huang S, Fiore S, Thorne C, Mandelbrot L, Sullivan JL, Maupin R, Delke I, Watts DH, Gelber RD, Cunningham CK. Characteristics and management of HIV-1-infected pregnant women enrolled in a randomised trial: differences between Europe and the USA. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7:60. [PMID: 17584491 PMCID: PMC1913528 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (MTCT) have historically been lower in European than in American cohort studies, possibly due to differences in population characteristics. The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol (PACTG) 316 trial evaluated the effectiveness of the addition of intrapartum/neonatal nevirapine in reducing MTCT in women already receiving antiretroviral prophylaxis. Participation of large numbers of pregnant HIV-infected women from the US and Western Europe enrolling in the same clinical trial provided the opportunity to identify and explore differences in their characteristics and in the use of non-study interventions to reduce MTCT. METHODS In this secondary analysis, 1350 women were categorized according to enrollment in centres in the USA (n = 978) or in Europe (n = 372). Factors associated with receipt of highly active antiretroviral therapy and with elective caesarean delivery were identified with logistic regression. RESULTS In Europe, women enrolled were more likely to be white and those of black race were mainly born in Sub-Saharan Africa. Women in the US were younger and more likely to have previous pregnancies and miscarriages and a history of sexually transmitted infections. More than 90% of women did not report symptoms of their HIV infection; however, more women from the US had symptoms (8%), compared to women from Europe (4%). Women in the US were less likely to have HIV RNA levels <400 copies/ml at delivery than women enrolling in Europe, and more likely to receive highly active antiretroviral therapy, and to start therapy earlier in pregnancy. The elective caesarean delivery rate in Europe was 61%, significantly higher than that in the US (22%). Overall, 1.48% of infants were infected and there was no significant difference in the rate of transmission between Europe and the US despite the different approaches to treatment and delivery. CONCLUSION These findings confirm that there are important historical differences between the HIV-infected pregnant populations in Western Europe and the USA, both in terms of the characteristics of the women and their obstetric and therapeutic management. Although highly active antiretroviral therapy predominates in pregnancy in both settings now, population differences are likely to remain. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00000869.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Newell
- Centre of Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Sharon Huang
- Centre for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Simona Fiore
- Centre of Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Claire Thorne
- Centre of Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Laurent Mandelbrot
- Service de Gynecologie-Obstetrique, APHP Hopital Louis Mourier, F-75701 Colombes, Universite Diderot, Paris 7, and Inserm, U822, IFR69, F-94276, France
| | - John L Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Robert Maupin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Isaac Delke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, USA
| | - D Heather Watts
- Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, USA
| | - Richard D Gelber
- Centre for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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23
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24
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Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 is the major mode of paediatric infection. The rapidly increasing incidence of MTCT worldwide has resulted in an urgent need for preventive strategies. Antiretroviral regimens can prevent intrapartum HIV transmission; however, these regimens do not prevent HIV transmission through breastfeeding. Furthermore, children who escape MTCT are again at risk of infection when they become sexually active as adolescents. An infant vaccine regimen, begun at birth, would hence be a more attractive strategy and might also provide the basis for lifetime protection. Unique features of MTCT and paediatric HIV disease could be helpful in understanding correlates of immune protection and could facilitate rapid assessment of vaccine efficacy. Thus, there is compelling rationale to develop safe, effective HIV vaccines for use in infants and children. Here, we discuss the scientific and logistical challenges for the development of paediatric HIV vaccines; available vaccines and completed or planned paediatric vaccine trials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Luzuriaga
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 318, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Recent studies of endothelial function suggest that adverse vascular effects of homocysteine are iron-dependent. Iron sucrose worsens and iron chelation eliminates homocysteine-associated decreases in flow-mediated dialation. There may be no vasculopathic effect of homocysteine without available reactive iron. Iron-dependent amplification of the vascular effects of homocysteine may be one of several mechanisms by which stored iron increases cardiac risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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26
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Roberts A, Thomas WD, Guarner J, Lamirande EW, Babcock GJ, Greenough TC, Vogel L, Hayes N, Sullivan JL, Zaki S, Subbarao K, Ambrosino DM. Therapy with a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody reduces disease severity and viral burden in golden Syrian hamsters. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:685-92. [PMID: 16453264 PMCID: PMC7109703 DOI: 10.1086/500143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundImmunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) offers safe interventions for the prevention of infection in patients after organ transplantation and for the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases. MAb 201 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV)–specific MAb that prevents establishment of viral replication in vitro and prevents viral replication in vivo when administered prophylactically. The efficacy of MAb 201 in the treatment of SARS was evaluated in golden Syrian hamsters, an animal model that supports SARS-CoV replication to high levels and displays severe pathological changes associated with infection, including pneumonitis and pulmonary consolidation MethodsGolden Syrian hamsters that were intranasally inoculated with SARS-CoV were treated with various doses of MAb 201 or an irrelevant MAb 24 h after inoculation. Two to 7 days after infection, the hamsters were killed, and their lungs were collected for evaluation of viral titers and pathological findings ResultsPostexposure treatment with MAb 201 can alleviate the viral burden and associated pathological findings in a golden Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV infection. After a hamster is treated with MAb 201, its viral burden is reduced by 102.4–103.9 50% tissue-culture infectious doses per gram of tissue, and the severity of associated pathological findings, including interstitial pneumonitis and consolidation, is also remarkably reduced ConclusionsThe demonstration of successful postexposure MAb 201 therapy in an animal model that demonstrates viral replication and associated pulmonary pathological findings suggests that MAb 201 may be useful in the arsenal of tools to combat SARS
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjeanette Roberts
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William D. Thomas
- Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain, and
| | - Jeannette Guarner
- Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elaine W. Lamirande
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gregory J. Babcock
- Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain, and
| | - Thomas C. Greenough
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Leatrice Vogel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Norman Hayes
- Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John L. Sullivan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Sherif Zaki
- Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Donna M. Ambrosino
- Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain, and
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Souza TA, Stollar BD, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Thorley-Lawson DA. Peripheral B cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus display molecular hallmarks of classical antigen-selected memory B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:18093-8. [PMID: 16330748 PMCID: PMC1306799 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509311102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a lifelong persistent infection within peripheral blood B cells with the surface phenotype of memory cells. To date there is no proof that these cells have the genotype of true germinal-center-derived memory B cells. It is critical to understand the relative contribution of viral mimicry versus antigen signaling to the production of these cells because EBV encodes proteins that can affect the surface phenotype of infected cells and provide both T cell help and B cell receptor signals in the absence of cognate antigen. To address these questions we have developed a technique to identify single EBV-infected cells in the peripheral blood and examine their expressed Ig genes. The genes were all isotype-switched and somatically mutated. Furthermore, the mutations do not cause stop codons and display the pattern expected for antigen-selected memory cells based on their frequency, type, and location within the Ig gene. We conclude that latently infected peripheral blood B cells display the molecular hallmarks of classical antigen-selected memory B cells. Therefore, EBV does not disrupt the normal processing of latently infected cells into memory, and deviations from normal B cell biology are not tolerated in the infected cells. This article provides definitive evidence that EBV in the peripheral blood persists in true memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Souza
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Clute SC, Watkin LB, Cornberg M, Naumov YN, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Welsh RM, Selin LK. Cross-reactive influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells contribute to lymphoproliferation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:3602-12. [PMID: 16308574 PMCID: PMC1288832 DOI: 10.1172/jci25078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The marked proliferation of activated CD8+ T cells is pathognomonic of EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM), common in young adults. Since the diversity and size of the memory CD8+ T cell population increase with age, we questioned whether IM was mediated by the reactivation of memory CD8+ T cells specific to previously encountered pathogens but cross-reactive with EBV. Of 8 HLA-A2+ IM patients, 5 had activated T cells specific to another common virus, as evidenced by a significantly higher number of peripheral blood influenza A virus M1(58-66)-specific T cells compared with healthy immune donors. Two patients with an augmented M1 response had tetramer-defined cross-reactive cells recognizing influenza M1 and EBV-BMLF1(280-288), which accounted for up to one-third of their BMLF1-specific population and likely contributed to a skewed M1-specific T cell receptor repertoire. These epitopes, with only 33% sequence similarity, mediated differential effects on the function of the cross-reactive T cells, which may contribute to alterations in disease outcome. EBV could potentially encode an extensive pool of T cell epitopes that activate other cross-reactive memory T cells. Our results support the concept that cross-reactive memory CD8+ T cells activated by EBV contribute to the characteristic lymphoproliferation of IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalyn C Clute
- Department of Pathology, Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Greenough TC, Carville A, Coderre J, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Mansfield K. Pneumonitis and multi-organ system disease in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. Am J Pathol 2005; 167:455-63. [PMID: 16049331 PMCID: PMC1603565 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a significant emerging infectious disease. Humans infected with the etiological agent, SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), primarily present with pneumonitis but may also develop hepatic, gastrointestinal, and renal pathology. We inoculated common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with the objective of developing a small nonhuman primate model of SARS. Two groups of C. jacchus were inoculated intratracheally with cell culture supernatant containing SARS-CoV. In a time course pathogenesis study, animals were evaluated at 2, 4, and 7 days after infection for morphological changes and evidence of viral replication. All animals developed a multifocal mononuclear cell interstitial pneumonitis, accompanied by multinucleated syncytial cells, edema, and bronchiolitis in most animals. Viral antigen localized primarily to infected alveolar macrophages and type-1 pneumocytes by immunohistochemistry. Viral RNA was detected in all animals from pulmonary tissue extracts obtained at necropsy. Viral RNA was also detected in tracheobronchial lymph node and myocardium, together with inflammatory changes, in some animals. Hepatic inflammation was observed in most animals, predominantly as a multifocal lymphocytic hepatitis accompanied by necrosis of individual hepatocytes. These findings identify the common marmoset as a promising nonhuman primate to study SARS-CoV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Greenough
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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30
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Cunningham CK, Balasubramanian R, Delke I, Maupin R, Mofenson L, Dorenbaum A, Sullivan JL, Gonzalez-Garcia A, Thorpe E, Rathore M, Gelber RD. The impact of race/ethnicity on mother-to-child HIV transmission in the United States in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 316. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 36:800-7. [PMID: 15213563 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200407010-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present analysis was designed to determine whether race/ethnicity was independently associated with mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission risk in subjects enrolled in a trial of 2-dose intra-partum nevirapine in combination with standard antiretroviral therapy and to determine what factors, including race/ethnicity, predicted maternal viral suppression at the time of delivery. Women enrolled in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) 316 from sites in the United States and Puerto Rico were included. Distribution of selected maternal disease and treatment characteristics was assessed by race/ethnicity category. Logistic regression models were fit to evaluate possible association of factors with HIV transmission and with viral load at delivery. Variables associated with the outcome at P < 0.05 level were retained in the final models. Of 1052 women randomized at PACTG sites, 891 were included in the present analysis: 572 (64%) were black; 206 (23%) were Hispanic; and 113 (13%) were white. All women who had infected infants were black or Hispanic (11/572 and 3/206, respectively), whereas none of the women identified as white had an infected infant (0/113). This difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.54). White women had higher entry CD4 cell counts and lower HIV-1 RNA at delivery than women of other races/ethnicities. Black and Hispanic women were more likely than white women to start therapy during their current pregnancy but did not initiate prenatal care later. In bivariate models that included antiretroviral type and variables that had values of P < or = 0.25 in univariate analysis, time of antiretroviral initiation, time of prenatal care initiation, and race/ethnicity each retained significance in predicting viral suppression at delivery. Race/ethnicity remained predictive of viral suppression at delivery in a multivariate model incorporating all of these variables (P = 0.01). Higher HIV-1 RNA and lower CD4 cell counts in women identified as black or Hispanic have significant implications for the health of these women and their newborns. Race/ethnicity is significant in predicting viral suppression at the time of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleen K Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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31
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Farrow MA, Somasundaran M, Zhang C, Gabuzda D, Sullivan JL, Greenough TC. Nuclear localization of HIV type 1 Vif isolated from a long-term asymptomatic individual and potential role in virus attenuation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:565-74. [PMID: 15989462 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have determined that HIV-1 Vif counteracts an innate antiviral cellular factor, Apobec3G. However, the function of Vif during HIV-1 pathogenesis remains poorly understood. To gain a better understanding of Vif function, the viral isolate from an HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) that displayed a Vif-mutant replication phenotype was studied. This LTNP has been infected since before 1983 and has no HIV-related disease in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. From separate samples, obtained on more than one study visit, virus grew in cocultures of LTNP cells with Vif-complementing T cell lines, but not the parental T cell lines. An unusual amino acid motif (KKRK) was found in the Vif sequence at positions 90 to 93. Since this motif commonly functions as a nuclear localization sequence, experiments were performed to determine the ability of this KKRK motif to mediate nuclear localization of Vif. Wild-type Vif displayed a predominantly cytoplasmic distribution. In contrast, the KKRK Vif showed a predominantly nuclear localization. The effect of the KKRK mutation on virus production and infectivity was also studied. The KKRK motif that mislocalizes Vif to the nucleus also reduces viral replication and infectivity in nonpermissive cells. Our data highlight the importance of Vif in HIV-1 pathogenesis and also provide a unique tool to investigate the interaction of Vif and Apobec3G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Farrow
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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32
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Greenough TC, Babcock GJ, Roberts A, Hernandez HJ, Thomas WD, Coccia JA, Graziano RF, Srinivasan M, Lowy I, Finberg RW, Subbarao K, Vogel L, Somasundaran M, Luzuriaga K, Sullivan JL, Ambrosino DM. Development and characterization of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that provides effective immunoprophylaxis in mice. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:507-14. [PMID: 15655773 PMCID: PMC7110081 DOI: 10.1086/427242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) remains a significant public health concern after the epidemic in 2003. Human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that neutralize SARS-associated coronavirus (SARSCoV) could provide protection for exposed individuals. Methods. Transgenic mice with human immunoglobulin genes were immunized with the recombinant major surface (S) glycoprotein ectodomain of SARS-CoV. Epitopes of 2 neutralizing MAbs derived from these mice were mapped and evaluated in a murine model of SARS-CoV infection. Results. Both MAbs bound to S glycoprotein expressed on transfected cells but differed in their ability to block binding of S glycoprotein to Vero E6 cells. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed 2 antibody-binding epitopes: one MAb (201) bound within the receptor-binding domain at aa 490–510, and the other MAb (68) bound externally to the domain at aa 130–150. Mice that received 40 mg/kg of either MAb prior to challenge with SARS-CoV were completely protected from virus replication in the lungs, and doses as low as 1.6 mg/kg offered significant protection. Conclusions. Two neutralizing epitopes were defined for MAbs to SARS-CoV S glycoprotein. Antibodies to both epitopes protected mice against SARS-CoV challenge. Clinical trials are planned to test MAb 201, a fully human MAb specific for the epitope within the receptor-binding region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Greenough
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Gregory J. Babcock
- Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain
| | - Anjeanette Roberts
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hector J. Hernandez
- Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain
| | - William D. Thomas
- Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain
| | - Jennifer A. Coccia
- Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain
| | | | | | | | - Robert W Finberg
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leatrice Vogel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - John L. Sullivan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Donna M. Ambrosino
- Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain
- Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Donna M. Ambrosino, Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories, 305 South St., Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 ()
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Luzuriaga K, Sullivan JL. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:466-7. [PMID: 15668872 DOI: 10.1086/427294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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34
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Li W, Greenough TC, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Farzan M, Choe H. Efficient replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mouse cells is limited by murine angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. J Virol 2004; 78:11429-33. [PMID: 15452268 PMCID: PMC521845 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.20.11429-11433.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of viruses in species other than their natural hosts is frequently limited by entry and postentry barriers. The coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) utilizes the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to infect cells. Here we compare human, mouse, and rat ACE2 molecules for their ability to serve as receptors for SARS-CoV. We found that, compared to human ACE2, murine ACE2 less efficiently bound the S1 domain of SARS-CoV and supported less-efficient S protein-mediated infection. Rat ACE2 was even less efficient, at near background levels for both activities. Murine 3T3 cells expressing human ACE2 supported SARS-CoV replication, whereas replication was less than 10% as efficient in the same cells expressing murine ACE2. These data imply that a mouse transgenically expressing human ACE2 may be a useful animal model of SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Partners AIDS Research Center, 65 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Pillay T, Adhikari M, Coovadia HM, Moodley J, Khan M, Sullivan JL. In utero HIV infection in pregnancies complicated by tuberculosis in Durban, South Africa. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004; 89:F468-9. [PMID: 15321976 PMCID: PMC1721750 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2003.041335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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36
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Sullivan JL, Baker RE, Boyer BA, Hammerle RH, Kenney TE, Muniz L, Wallington TJ. CO2 emission benefit of diesel (versus gasoline) powered vehicles. Environ Sci Technol 2004; 38:3217-3223. [PMID: 15260316 DOI: 10.1021/es034928d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Concerns regarding global warming have increased the pressure on automobile manufacturers to decrease emissions of CO2 from vehicles. Diesel vehicles have higher fuel economy and lower CO2 emissions than their gasoline counterparts. Increased penetration of diesel powered vehicles into the market is a possible transition strategy toward a more sustainable transportation system. To facilitate discussions regarding the relative merits of diesel vehicles it is important to have a clear understanding of their CO2 emission benefits. Based on European diesel and gasoline certification data, this report quantifies such CO2 reduction opportunities for cars and light duty trucks in today's vehicles and those in the year 2015. Overall, on a well-to-wheels per vehicle per mile basis, the CO2 reduction opportunity for today's vehicles is approximately 24-33%. We anticipate that the gap between diesel and gasoline well-to-wheel vehicle CO2 emissions will decrease to approximately 14-27% by the year 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Sullivan
- Scientific Research Laboratory, SRL-3083, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Depletion of CD4 T-cell counts or progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease occurs rapidly in children, but few data address the efficacy of aggressive therapy for HIV-infected children. METHODS We evaluated the safety, tolerability, and activity of three regimens of antiretroviral therapy in a multicenter, open-label, phase 1-2 trial. Children infected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) were stratified at entry according to age--three months or younger (early therapy) or older than three months (delayed therapy)--and assigned sequentially to one of three regimens. Children continued to receive treatment for up to 200 weeks if the plasma HIV-1 RNA level was less than 1000 copies per milliliter by 16 weeks. RESULTS Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels fell from a median of 5.3 log copies per milliliter (range, 3.3 to 6.4 log copies per milliliter) at baseline to less than 1000 copies per milliliter at 16 weeks in 32 of 52 infants (62 percent). Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were below 400 copies per milliliter at 48 weeks in 26 infants (50 percent) and at 200 weeks in 23 infants (44 percent). An intention-to-treat analysis revealed that significantly more children who received stavudine, lamivudine, nevirapine, and nelfinavir had plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of less than 400 copies per milliliter at 48 weeks (83 percent) and 200 weeks (72 percent) than children who received reverse-transcriptase inhibitors alone (P=0.001 and P=0.01, respectively). Fewer infants in the delayed-therapy group than in the early-therapy group (30 percent vs. 60 percent) had plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of less than 400 copies per milliliter at 200 weeks (P=0.03). Treatment-associated adverse effects were infrequent. CONCLUSIONS In this phase 1-2 trial involving HIV-1-infected children, an age of three months or younger at the initiation of therapy and treatment with stavudine, lamivudine, nevirapine, and nelfinavir were associated with improved long-term viral suppression. Larger, randomized trials are required to define the optimal time to initiate therapy and the optimal regimen for these infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Luzuriaga
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass 01605, USA.
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Hochberg D, Souza T, Catalina M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Thorley-Lawson DA. Acute infection with Epstein-Barr virus targets and overwhelms the peripheral memory B-cell compartment with resting, latently infected cells. J Virol 2004; 78:5194-204. [PMID: 15113901 PMCID: PMC400374 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.10.5194-5204.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate that during acute infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the peripheral blood fills up with latently infected, resting memory B cells to the point where up to 50% of all the memory cells may carry EBV. Despite this massive invasion of the memory compartment, the virus remains tightly restricted to memory cells, such that, in one donor, fewer than 1 in 10(4) infected cells were found in the naive compartment. We conclude that, even during acute infection, EBV persistence is tightly regulated. This result confirms the prediction that during the early phase of infection, before cellular immunity is effective, there is nothing to prevent amplification of the viral cycle of infection, differentiation, and reactivation, causing the peripheral memory compartment to fill up with latently infected cells. Subsequently, there is a rapid decline in infected cells for the first few weeks that approximates the decay in the cytotoxic-T-cell responses to viral replicative antigens. This phase is followed by a slower decline that, even by 1 year, had not reached a steady state. Therefore, EBV may approach but never reach a stable equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Hochberg
- Department of Pathology, Jaharis Building, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Hiebenthal-Millow K, Greenough TC, Bretttler DB, Schindler M, Wildum S, Sullivan JL, Kirchhoff F. Alterations in HIV-1 LTR promoter activity during AIDS progression. Virology 2004; 317:109-18. [PMID: 14675629 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 variants evolving in AIDS patients frequently show increased replicative capacity compared to those present during early asymptomatic infection. It is known that late stage HIV-1 variants often show an expanded coreceptor tropism and altered Nef function. In the present study we investigated whether enhanced HIV-1 LTR promoter activity might also evolve during disease progression. Our results demonstrate increased LTR promoter activity after AIDS progression in 3 of 12 HIV-1-infected individuals studied. Further analysis revealed that multiple alterations in the U3 core-enhancer and in the transactivation-response (TAR) region seem to be responsible for the enhanced functional activity. Our findings show that in a subset of HIV-1-infected individuals enhanced LTR transcription contributes to the increased replicative potential of late stage virus isolates and might accelerate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hiebenthal-Millow
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Pillay T, Sturm AW, Khan M, Adhikari M, Moodley J, Connolly C, Moodley D, Padayatchi N, Ramjee A, Coovadia HM, Sullivan JL. Vertical transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in KwaZulu Natal: impact of HIV-1 co-infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8:59-69. [PMID: 14974747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increases in perinatal TB have paralleled the exacerbation of the TB epidemic in KwaZulu Natal. The exact risks for vertical transfer of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (VTRTB) to the baby are unknown, as is the impact of HIV-1 co-infection, which frequently accompanies maternal TB disease in the region. DESIGN Prospective case series study of 82 HIV-1-infected and 25 non-infected pregnant mothers, King Edward VIII Hospital, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. RESULTS Perinatal mortality in HIV-1/TB diseased mothers was 85/1000 and associated with maternal anaemia (P = 0.02); 46% of newborns were premature, 66% low birth weight and 49% intrauterine growth restricted. These were significantly higher than overall hospital rates (P < 0.01, OR 4.8, 95%CI 3.2-7.0). Sites of detection of maternal TB, distribution of bacteriologically-proven TB, obstetric comorbidity and perinatal morbidity were similar in HIV-1-infected and non-infected mothers. VTRTB was detected in 16 newborns (16%), occurring similarly in bacteriologically-proven and suspected maternal TB disease, with no difference between HIV-1-infected and non-infected mothers. Eleven newborns with VTRTB were HIV-1 exposed; 64% acquired HIV-1 and died from rapidly progressive disease by 10 months of age. HIV-1-infected mothers and their exposed newborns had significantly lower CD4 counts. No association between perinatal maternal viral load, CD4 count or VTRTB was detected. CONCLUSION Mothers with TB disease in pregnancy are at risk for significant perinatal morbidity, mortality and VTRTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pillay
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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41
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Hochberg D, Middeldorp JM, Catalina M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Thorley-Lawson DA. Demonstration of the Burkitt's lymphoma Epstein-Barr virus phenotype in dividing latently infected memory cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 101:239-44. [PMID: 14688409 PMCID: PMC314169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2237267100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong, persistent infection. It was first discovered in the tumor Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). Despite intensive study, the role of EBV in BL remains enigmatic. One striking feature of the tumor is the unique pattern of viral latent protein expression, which is restricted to EBV-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA) 1. EBNA1 is required to maintain the viral genome but is not recognized by cytotoxic T cells. Consequently, it was proposed that this expression pattern was used by latently infected B cells in vivo. This would be the site of long-term, persistent infection by the virus and, by implication, the progenitor of BL. We now know that EBV persists in memory B cells in the peripheral blood and that BL is a tumor of memory cells. However, a normal B cell expressing EBNA1 alone has been elusive. Here we show that most infected cells in the blood express no detectable latent mRNA or proteins. The exception is that when infected cells divide they express EBNA1 only. This is the first detection of the BL viral phenotype in a normal, infected B cell in vivo. It suggests that BL may be a tumor of a latently infected memory B cell that is stuck proliferating because it is a tumor and, therefore, constitutively expressing only EBNA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Hochberg
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Jaharis Building, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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42
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Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, Choe H, Farzan M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 2003; 426:450-4. [PMID: 14647384 PMCID: PMC7095016 DOI: 10.1038/nature02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4369] [Impact Index Per Article: 208.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Spike (S) proteins of coronaviruses, including the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), associate with cellular receptors to mediate infection of their target cells. Here we identify a metallopeptidase, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), isolated from SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-permissive Vero E6 cells, that efficiently binds the S1 domain of the SARS-CoV S protein. We found that a soluble form of ACE2, but not of the related enzyme ACE1, blocked association of the S1 domain with Vero E6 cells. 293T cells transfected with ACE2, but not those transfected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 receptors, formed multinucleated syncytia with cells expressing S protein. Furthermore, SARS-CoV replicated efficiently on ACE2-transfected but not mock-transfected 293T cells. Finally, anti-ACE2 but not anti-ACE1 antibody blocked viral replication on Vero E6 cells. Together our data indicate that ACE2 is a functional receptor for SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Department of Medicine (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics), Partners AIDS Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
| | - Michael J. Moore
- Department of Medicine (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics), Partners AIDS Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
| | - Natalya Vasilieva
- Perlmutter Laboratory, Pulmonary Division, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics,
| | - Jianhua Sui
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02115 Boston, USA
| | - Swee Kee Wong
- Department of Medicine (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics), Partners AIDS Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
| | - Michael A. Berne
- Tufts University Core Facility, Tufts University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02111 Boston, USA
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts 01605 Worcester, USA
| | - John L. Sullivan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts 01605 Worcester, USA
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts 01605 Worcester, USA
| | - Thomas C. Greenough
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts 01605 Worcester, USA
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Perlmutter Laboratory, Pulmonary Division, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics,
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Medicine (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics), Partners AIDS Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
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43
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Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a global problem. HIV can be transmitted from mother-to-child at various stages of pregnancy including in utero, intrapartum and during breastfeeding. A number of interventions have, therefore, been aimed at effectively providing alternatives to breastfeeding and limiting the risk of newborn infection during delivery, by using caesarian section as the mode of delivery and administering antiretroviral (ARV) drugs prepartum and peripartum. However, these approaches are not always possible in developing countries and the use of ARV drugs, in particular nevirapine, zidovudine and zidovudine/lamivudine, have been investigated in both developing countries and developed countries. The studies have involved the administration of various ARV prophylaxis regimens to HIV-infected pregnant women perinatally, either as monotherapy or in various combinations. In some studies, infants have also received ARV prophylaxis. Although studies have enrolled different populations and utilized various ARV drugs and regimens, encouraging reductions in the MTCT rates have been reported. These interventions have raised concerns regarding the development of ARV-resistant HIV strains. Mutations that confer resistance to nevirapine have been detected in pregnant women who received this drug, but the emergence of these mutations was not associated with an increased risk of transmission of HIV-1 to their infants. Studies are ongoing to determine if the presence of these mutations has implications for the subsequent administration of nevirapine, either to prevent MTCT of HIV-1 or for the mother's own health. Effective interventions that can reduce MTCT of HIV are now available worldwide. However, a number of issues remain to be resolved, particularly methods to reduce the transmission of the virus during breastfeeding and to deliver effective treatment for the mothers' own HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Medicine, University Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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44
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Mirochnick M, Dorenbaum A, Blanchard S, Cunningham CK, Gelber RD, Mofenson L, Culnane M, Sullivan JL. Predose infant nevirapine concentration with the two-dose intrapartum neonatal nevirapine regimen: association with timing of maternal intrapartum nevirapine dose. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 33:153-6. [PMID: 12794547 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200306010-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate cord blood and predose nevirapine concentrations in infants exposed to the two-dose intrapartum neonatal nevirapine regimen. METHODS The authors obtained plasma samples for nevirapine assay from cord blood and just prior to the 48-hours to 72-hours after birth neonatal nevirapine dose from a subset of infants participating in PACTG 316, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the two-dose intrapartum neonatal nevirapine regimen added to standard antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS Nevirapine concentrations were measured in 109 cord blood samples and 149 predose samples. Cord blood nevirapine concentrations were below the target concentration of 100 ng/mL (10-times the in vitro IC(50) of nevirapine against wild-type HIV) in eight (7%) of 109 infants (95% confidence interval [CI], 3%-14%); the concentrations in six of these infants were below the assay limit of quantitation. Predose infant nevirapine concentrations were below 100 ng/mL in 23 (15%) of 149 infants (95% CI, 10%-22%); the concentrations in 13 of these infants were below the assay limit of quantitation. Lower predose nevirapine concentrations were associated with lower cord blood concentrations and a shorter interval between maternal dosing and delivery. All but one of the infants with predose nevirapine concentrations below the assay limit of quantitation were born less than 2 hours after maternal dosing. CONCLUSION Infants born less than 2 hours after maternal nevirapine dosing during labor should receive a dose of nevirapine immediately after birth in addition to the standard infant dose at 48 to 72 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mirochnick
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 91 Concord Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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45
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Brambilla D, Jennings C, Aldrovandi G, Bremer J, Comeau AM, Cassol SA, Dickover R, Jackson JB, Pitt J, Sullivan JL, Butcher A, Grosso L, Reichelderfer P, Fiscus SA. Multicenter evaluation of use of dried blood and plasma spot specimens in quantitative assays for human immunodeficiency virus RNA: measurement, precision, and RNA stability. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1888-93. [PMID: 12734222 PMCID: PMC154666 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.5.1888-1893.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2002] [Revised: 09/20/2002] [Accepted: 01/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven laboratories evaluated the use of dried blood and plasma spots for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA by two commercially available RNA assays, the Roche Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor and the bioMerieux NucliSens HIV-1 QT assays. The recovery of HIV RNA was linear over a dynamic range extending from 4,000 to 500,000 HIV type 1 RNA copies/ml. The Monitor assay appeared to have a broader dynamic range and seemed more sensitive at lower concentrations. However, the NucliSens assay gave more consistent results and could be performed without modification of the kit. HIV RNA was stable in dried whole blood or plasma stored at room temperature or at -70 degrees C for up to 1 year. Dried blood and dried plasma spots can be used as an easy and inexpensive means for the collection and storage of specimens under field conditions for the diagnosis of HIV infection and the monitoring of antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Brambilla
- New England Research Center, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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46
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Grant RM, Kuritzkes DR, Johnson VA, Mellors JW, Sullivan JL, Swanstrom R, D'Aquila RT, Van Gorder M, Holodniy M, Lloyd RM, Reid C, Morgan GF, Winslow DL. Accuracy of the TRUGENE HIV-1 genotyping kit. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1586-93. [PMID: 12682149 PMCID: PMC153856 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.4.1586-1593.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance and poor virological responses are associated with well-characterized mutations in the viral reading frames that encode the proteins that are targeted by currently available antiretroviral drugs. An integrated system was developed that includes target gene amplification, DNA sequencing chemistry (TRUGENE HIV-1 Genotyping Kit), and hardware and interpretative software (the OpenGene DNA Sequencing System) for detection of mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease and reverse transcriptase sequences. The integrated system incorporates reverse transcription-PCR from extracted HIV-1 RNA, a coupled amplification and sequencing step (CLIP), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, semiautomated analysis of data, and generation of an interpretative report. To assess the accuracy and robustness of the assay system, 270 coded plasma specimens derived from nine patients were sent to six laboratories for blinded analysis. All specimens contained HIV-1 subtype B viruses. Results of 270 independent assays were compared to "gold standard" consensus sequences of the virus populations determined by sequence analysis of 16 to 20 clones of viral DNA amplicons derived from two independent PCRs using primers not used in the kit. The accuracy of the integrated system for nucleotide base identification was 98.7%, and the accuracy for codon identification at 54 sites associated with drug resistance was 97.6%. In a separate analysis of plasma spiked with infectious molecular clones, the assay reproducibly detected all 72 different drug resistance mutations that were evaluated. There were no significant differences in accuracy between laboratories, between technologists, between kit lots, or between days. This integrated assay system for the detection of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations has a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility in several laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Grant
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA.
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47
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Precopio ML, Sullivan JL, Willard C, Somasundaran M, Luzuriaga K. Differential kinetics and specificity of EBV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during primary infection. J Immunol 2003; 170:2590-8. [PMID: 12594286 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The generation and maintenance of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells in humans are not well understood. We used short in vitro stimulation assays followed by intracellular cytokine staining to characterize the timing, magnitude, and Ag specificity of CD4(+) T cells over the course of primary EBV infection. Lytic and latent protein-specific CD4(+) T cells were readily detected at presentation with acute infectious mononucleosis and declined rapidly thereafter. Responses to BZLF-1, BMLF-1, and Epstein-Barr nuclear Ag-3A were more commonly detected than responses to Epstein-Barr nuclear Ag-1. Concurrent analyses of BZLF-1-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells revealed differences in the expansion, specificity, and stability of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell-mediated responses over time. Peripheral blood EBV load directly correlated with the frequency of EBV-specific CD4(+) T cell responses at presentation and over time, suggesting that EBV-specific CD4(+) T cell responses are Ag-driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Precopio
- Graduate Program in Immunology/Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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48
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Moodley D, Moodley J, Coovadia H, Gray G, McIntyre J, Hofmyer J, Nikodem C, Hall D, Gigliotti M, Robinson P, Boshoff L, Sullivan JL. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of nevirapine versus a combination of zidovudine and lamivudine to reduce intrapartum and early postpartum mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 2003; 187:725-35. [PMID: 12599045 DOI: 10.1086/367898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2002] [Revised: 10/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the efficacy and safety of 2 inexpensive and easily deliverable antiretroviral (ARV) regimens for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 during labor and delivery, HIV-infected pregnant women were screened at 11 maternity health institutions in South Africa and were enrolled in an open-label short course ARV regimen of either nevirapine (Nvp) or multiple-dose zidovudine and lamivudine (Zdv/3TC). The overall estimated HIV-1 infection rates in 1307 infants by 8 weeks were 12.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.7-15.0) for Nvp and 9.3% (95% CI, 7.0-11.6) for Zdv/3TC (P=.11). Excluding infections detected within 72 h (intrauterine), new HIV-1 infections were detected in 5.7% (95% CI, 3.7-7.8) and 3.6% (95% CI, 2.0-5.3) of infants in the Nvp and Zdv/3TC groups, respectively, in the 8 weeks after birth. There were no drug-related maternal or pediatric serious adverse events. Common complications were obstetrical for mothers (Nvp group, 24.3%; Zdv/3TC group, 26.3%) and respiratory for infants (Nvp group, 16.1%; Zdv/3TC group, 17.0%). This study further confirms the efficacy and safety of short-course ARV regimens in reducing MTCT rates in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhayendre Moodley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Natal, KwaZulu Natal, Congella 4013, South Africa.
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49
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Mirochnick M, Dorenbaum A, Holland D, Cunningham-Schrader B, Cunningham C, Gelber R, Mofenson L, Culnane M, Connor J, Sullivan JL. Concentrations of protease inhibitors in cord blood after in utero exposure. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:835-8. [PMID: 12352805 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200209000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the concentrations of protease inhibitors in cord blood after prenatal protease inhibitor use by pregnant women. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of samples collected in a clinical trial. METHODS Protease inhibitor concentrations were measured in cord blood samples collected from women enrolling in the PACTG 316 study who were receiving prenatal protease inhibitor antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS In cord blood samples from 68 women treated with protease inhibitors during pregnancy, the concentration of these drugs was below the assay lower limit of detection in most samples, including all samples from women receiving indinavir (n = 21) and saquinavir (n = 8), 5 of 6 samples (83%) from women receiving ritonavir and 24 of 38 samples (63%) from women receiving nelfinavir. CONCLUSIONS Low protease inhibitor concentrations in the fetus decrease the likelihood of teratogenic and toxic effects of these drugs but could fail to provide protection from transplacental or intrapartum transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mirochnick
- Boston University School of Medicine, and Statistical and Data Analysis Center/Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Cunningham CK, Chaix ML, Rekacewicz C, Britto P, Rouzioux C, Gelber RD, Dorenbaum A, Delfraissy JF, Bazin B, Mofenson L, Sullivan JL. Development of resistance mutations in women receiving standard antiretroviral therapy who received intrapartum nevirapine to prevent perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission: a substudy of pediatric AIDS clinical trials group protocol 316. J Infect Dis 2002; 186:181-8. [PMID: 12134253 DOI: 10.1086/341300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2001] [Revised: 03/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 316 was an international, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial comparing single-dose oral nevirapine (200 mg to mother and 2 mg/kg to infant) with placebo in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women receiving standard antiretroviral therapy. This substudy evaluated the emergence of nevirapine-resistance mutations at 6 weeks postpartum in a subgroup of participants. Maternal risk factors for the emergence of nevirapine-resistance mutations were evaluated. Mutations associated with nevirapine resistance were detectable at delivery, prior to receipt of study drug, in 5 (2.3%) of 217 women. Fourteen (15%; 95% confidence interval, 8%-23%) of 95 women who received intrapartum nevirapine developed a nevirapine-resistance mutation 6 weeks postpartum. The most common mutation was K103N, which was present in 10 women. The risk for development of a new nevirapine-resistance mutation did not correlate with CD4 cell count or HIV-1 RNA load at delivery or with type of antepartum antiretroviral therapy. The risk of nevirapine resistance should be considered when determining the risks or benefits of intrapartum nevirapine in women receiving antepartum antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleen K Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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