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Andersen SS, Michaelsen KF, Laursen RP, Holm L. Why parents are skeptical about using probiotics preventively for small children: a Danish qualitative study. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:336. [PMID: 30558582 PMCID: PMC6296026 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Research on the health effects of probiotics continues to grow, but less is known about consumers’ perceptions of probiotic products and their health effects, and the impact of these perceptions on consumption. Particularly little is known about the way parents perceive probiotic consumption by small children, and whether parental willingness to use probiotics as a treatment differs from their willingness to use them preventively. The aim of this study was to explore how parents perceive probiotic consumption by their small children, and their willingness to use such products in treatment and prevention. Methods Semi-structured qualitative interviews with 17 Danish parents with at least one child aged 8–18 months. The interview guide centered on parental consumer practices and health-related attitudes both in general and in relation to probiotics. The data were coded in Nvivo and analyzed in a four-step analytical approach. Results Parents are willing to use probiotics as a treatment but are skeptical about preventive use. Some parents define probiotics as a kind of medicine they use only if their child is ill. Probiotics also conflict with parental understandings of their children as small, perfect parts of nature. Parents worry that probiotics may cause an imbalance in the vulnerable perfection of a small child. Conclusion The study shows that parental probiotic consumption practices are embedded in a cultural understanding of the child as both a perfect example of nature and vulnerable. Health authorities need to take this understanding into account if parents are to be successfully encouraged to use probiotics preventively. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2387-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Adler Sørensen C, Fuglsang E, Jørgensen CS, Laursen RP, Larnkjær A, Mølgaard C, Ritz C, Michaelsen KF, Krogfelt KA, Frøkiær H. Probiotics and the immunological response to infant vaccinations; a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:511.e1-511.e7. [PMID: 30099133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of a combination of probiotics on the antibody response to pneumococcal and pertussis vaccination in healthy Danish children, aged 8-14 months, at the time of starting day care. Moreover, the cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide of whole blood was assessed. METHODS A total of 290 children were randomly allocated to receive a combination of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG daily for a 6-month intervention period, and blood samples were drawn at the start and end of the study. Specific antibody response towards Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and Bordetella pertussis toxin, as well as endotoxin-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in blood were analysed by Luminex and ELISA. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the average individual changes from baseline to end of study in antibody concentrations for S. pneumoniae for both the probiotics (340.4% ± 11.2%) and the placebo group (382.9% ± 10.4%) (p 0.525), nor for B. pertussis toxin in the two groups (probiotics 190.1% ± 12.6% versus placebo 238.8% ± 1.1%, p 0.340). The average individual change in IL-6 concentration was significantly lower in the probiotics versus the placebo group (2.9% ± 10.3% versus 33.7% ± 9.0%, p 0.024), whereas there was no difference in IFN-γ concentration (0.0% ± 0.2% versus -0.2% ± 0.1%, p 0.279). CONCLUSIONS The probiotic intervention did not affect the antibody response against S. pneumoniae and B. pertussis toxin in healthy Danish children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Adler Sørensen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - E Fuglsang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Sværke Jørgensen
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - R Pilmann Laursen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Ritz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark; Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark.
| | - H Frøkiær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kæstel P, Lewis FJ, Willingham AL, Bøgh HO, Eriksen L, Michaelsen KF, Sandström B, Høy CE, Friis H. Schistosoma japonicuminfection and serum and tissue concentrations of retinol and zinc in pigs. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1999.11813448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Cichon B, Fabiansen C, Yaméogo CW, Rytter MJH, Ritz C, Briend A, Christensen VB, Michaelsen KF, Oummani R, Filteau S, Ashorn P, Shepherd S, Friis H. Children with moderate acute malnutrition have inflammation not explained by maternal reports of illness and clinical symptoms: a cross-sectional study in Burkina Faso. BMC Nutr 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40795-016-0096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Sørensen LB, Damsgaard CT, Petersen RA, Dalskov SM, Hjorth MF, Dyssegaard CB, Egelund N, Tetens I, Astrup A, Lauritzen L, Michaelsen KF. Differences in the effects of school meals on children's cognitive performance according to gender, household education and baseline reading skills. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:1155-1161. [PMID: 27302673 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We previously found that the OPUS School Meal Study improved reading and increased errors related to inattention and impulsivity. This study explored whether the cognitive effects differed according to gender, household education and reading proficiency at baseline. SUBJECTS/METHODS This is a cluster-randomised cross-over trial comparing Nordic school meals with packed lunch from home (control) for 3 months each among 834 children aged 8 to 11 years. At baseline and at the end of each dietary period, we assessed children's performance in reading, mathematics and the d2-test of attention. Interactions were evaluated using mixed models. Analyses included 739 children. RESULTS At baseline, boys and children from households without academic education were poorer readers and had a higher d2-error%. Effects on dietary intake were similar in subgroups. However, the effect of the intervention on test outcomes was stronger in boys, in children from households with academic education and in children with normal/good baseline reading proficiency. Overall, this resulted in increased socioeconomic inequality in reading performance and reduced inequality in impulsivity. Contrary to this, the gender difference decreased in reading and increased in impulsivity. Finally, the gap between poor and normal/good readers was increased in reading and decreased for d2-error%. CONCLUSIONS The effects of healthy school meals on reading, impulsivity and inattention were modified by gender, household education and baseline reading proficiency. The differential effects might be related to environmental aspects of the intervention and deserves to be investigated further in future school meal trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Sørensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C T Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - R A Petersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S-M Dalskov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M F Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C B Dyssegaard
- Department of Education, Faculty of Arts, Aarhus University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Egelund
- Department of Education, Faculty of Arts, Aarhus University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Tetens
- Division of Nutrition, The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - K F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Dalskov S, Ritz C, Larnkjær A, Damsgaard CT, Petersen RA, Sørensen LB, Ong KK, Astrup A, Michaelsen KF, Mølgaard C. Associations between adiposity, hormones, and gains in height, whole-body height-adjusted bone size, and size-adjusted bone mineral content in 8- to 11-year-old children. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:1619-1629. [PMID: 26667245 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We examined fat-independent associations of hormones with height and whole-body bone size and mineral content in 633 school children. IGF-1 and osteocalcin predict growth in height, while fat, osteocalcin, and in girls also, IGF-1 predict growth in bone size. Leptin and ghrelin are inversely associated with bone size in girls. INTRODUCTION Obesity causes larger bone size and bone mass, but the role of hormones in this up-regulation of bone in obesity is not well elucidated. We examined longitudinal associations between baseline body fat mass (FM), and fat-independent fasting levels of ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1), osteocalcin, and intact parathyroid hormone, and subsequent changes in height and in whole-body height-adjusted bone area "BAheight" and size-adjusted bone mineral content "BMCsize" in 8- to 11-year-olds. METHODS Analyses were carried out separately for boys (n = 325) and girls (n = 308) including data from baseline, 3 and 6 months from OPUS School Meal Study. RESULTS In both sexes: gain in BAheight was positively associated with baseline FM (≥2.05 cm(2)/kg, both p ≤ 0.003). Furthermore, gain in height was positively associated with baseline IGF-1 (≥0.02 cm/ng/ml, p = 0.001) and osteocalcin (≥0.13 cm/ng/ml, p ≤ 0.009); and gain in BAheight was positively associated with baseline osteocalcin (≥0.35 cm(2)/ng/ml, p ≤ 0.019). In girls only, gain in BAheight was also positively associated with baseline IGF-1 (0.06 cm(2)/ng/ml, p = 0.017) and inversely associated with both baseline ghrelin (-0.01 cm(2)/pg/ml, p = 0.001) and leptin (-1.21 cm(2)/μg/ml, p = 0.005). In boys, gain in BMCsize was positively associated with osteocalcin (0.18 g/ng/ml, p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS This large longitudinal study suggests that in 8- to 11-year-old children, IGF-1 and osteocalcin predict growth in height, while FM, osteocalcin, and in girls also, IGF-1 predict growth in BAheight. Fat-independent inverse associations of leptin and ghrelin with BAheight in girls' are contrary to proposed growth-stimulating effects of leptin. Osteocalcin in boys predicts gain in BMCsize.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dalskov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - C Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - A Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C T Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - R A Petersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L B Sørensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - K K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - K F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Larnkjaer A, Arnberg K, Michaelsen KF, Jensen SM, Mølgaard C. Effect of increased intake of skimmed milk, casein, whey or water on body composition and leptin in overweight adolescents: a randomized trial. Pediatr Obes 2015; 10:461-7. [PMID: 25612082 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Dairy proteins may support muscle protein synthesis and improve satiety in adults. However, there are limited studies using exact measures of body composition, especially in adolescents. OBJECTIVES This study investigates the effect of milk proteins and water on body composition and leptin in overweight adolescents. METHODS Subjects (n = 193) aged 12-15 years were randomized to drink 1 L d(-1) of skimmed milk, whey, casein (all milk-based drinks 35 g protein L(-1) ) or water for 12 weeks. Twenty participants dropped out. A pre-test control group of 32 adolescents was examined 12 weeks before start of intervention. Outcomes included leptin and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning. The effects of the milk-based drinks on body composition and leptin were compared with baseline, pre-test control and water. RESULTS Lean mass index (LMI) increased compared to baseline (all 95% confidence intervals 0.05-0.50 kg m(-2) , all P ≤ 0.009) and the pre-test control group (0.044-0.247 kg m(-2) , P ≤ 0.002) for all four test drinks. Fat mass index (FMI) increased only for milk-based drink groups compared with baseline (0.15-0.67 kg m(-2) , P < 0.001) and also compared with water (0.029-0.255 kg m(-2) , P ≤ 0.011). For pre-test control, there was no change in FMI or LMI. Leptin increased in the casein (1.016-3.246 ng mL(-1) , P < 0.001; 0.952-3.294 ng mL(-1) , P < 0.001) and whey groups (0.135-2.273 ng mL(-1) , P = 0.027; 0.069-2.322, P = 0.038) compared with water and pre-test control group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although milk proteins increased LMI in overweight adolescents, there was a concurrent increase in FMI and leptin, whereas water only resulted in increased LMI. Thus, increased water intake may be beneficial for body composition in overweight adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Larnkjaer
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - K Arnberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - K F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - S M Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - C Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Sjödin A, Hjorth MF, Damsgaard CT, Ritz C, Astrup A, Michaelsen KF. Physical activity, sleep duration and metabolic health in children fluctuate with the lunar cycle: science behind the myth. Clin Obes 2015; 5:60-6. [PMID: 25808903 PMCID: PMC4672692 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Behaviours of several animal species have been linked to lunar periodicity. Evidence for such links in humans is weak; however, recently, shorter sleep duration was reported around full moon in two small samples of adults. As restrictions in sleep duration have been shown to adversely affect glucose regulation and physical activity to improve glucose regulation, one could speculate that cardiometabolic risk factors might also be affected by the lunar phase. We retrospectively examined 795 Danish children, aged 8-11 years, with more than 13,000 24-h accelerometer recordings of activity and sleep as well as 2000 measurements of different cardiometabolic risk factors, including insulin sensitivity, appetite hormones and blood pressure, during nine lunar phases. During the period around full moon, children were 5.0 and 3.2 min per day less active, slept 2.4 and 4.1 min per night longer, had 0.03 and 0.05 higher homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and 0.6 and 0.8 mmHg higher mean arterial blood pressure compared with days around half moon and new moon, respectively (all P ≤ 0.02). Furthermore, ghrelin was lower and leptin was higher during the period around full moon compared with days around half moon (both P < 0.001). The results suggest that physical activity rather than sleep is responsible for the metabolic alterations observed around full moon. However, we have no understanding of potential mechanisms that may mediate a potential true link between childhood behaviour and the lunar cycle or confounders that may explain this, apparently leading to fluctuation in a number of cardiometabolic risk markers conjointly with lunar phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tomé D, Jahoor F, Kurpad A, Michaelsen KF, Pencharz P, Slater C, Weisell R. Current issues in determining dietary protein quality and metabolic utilization. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:537-8. [PMID: 24801502 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Tomé
- AgroParisTech, UMR0914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - F Jahoor
- Children's Nutrition Research Center (CNRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Kurpad
- St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K F Michaelsen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - P Pencharz
- University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Slater
- IAEA, Nutritional and Health-related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, Vienna, Austria
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Andersen LBB, Pipper CB, Trolle E, Bro R, Larnkjær A, Carlsen EM, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF. Maternal obesity and offspring dietary patterns at 9 months of age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 69:668-75. [PMID: 25469467 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Differences in the quality of complementary feeding between infants of obese and nonobese mothers have not been examined sufficiently. The aim of this paper was to compare dietary patterns, foods, nutrients and energy intakes of 9-month-old Danish infants in a cohort comprising obese mothers (SKOT II, n=184; SKOT, Danish abbreviation of small children's diet and well-being) with a cohort consisting mainly of nonobese mothers (SKOT I, n=329). SUBJECTS/METHODS Dietary intake was assessed by 7-day records, and dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis. RESULTS SKOT I was characterized by a lower maternal body mass index (BMI) and a higher social class than SKOT II in relation to parental education and occupation. Infants in SKOT II had lower scores on a Health-Conscious Food pattern reflected at the food group level, for example, with lower intake of the food groups Fruit and Vegetable but higher intake of WheatBreadNoWholegrain in SKOT II compared with SKOT I. Moreover, SKOT II had shorter durations of breastfeeding, earlier introductions of complementary feeding, higher energy intake from protein but lower energy intakes from monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids at 9 months. SKOT II had higher weight-for-age and length-for-age z-scores, but no differences in BMI z-scores, as compared with SKOT I at 9 months. CONCLUSIONS Infants of obese mothers from a lower social class seem to have a less healthy diet and higher weight and length z-scores at 9 months. Therefore, the promotion of healthy complementary feeding might be beneficial for the prevention of health implications, such as obesity, later in life for these infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B B Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C B Pipper
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Trolle
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - R Bro
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - A Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E M Carlsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - C Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ejlerskov KT, Larnkjaer A, Pedersen D, Ritz C, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF. IGF-I at 9 and 36 months of age — relations with body composition and diet at 3 years — the SKOT cohort. Growth Horm IGF Res 2014; 24:239-244. [PMID: 25466908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High infancy levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) have been associated with increased linear growth and fat-free mass (FFM) but also with risk of obesity. This paper examines how IGF-I at 9 and 36 months relates to diet and body composition. DESIGN Healthy term infants from the prospective cohort study, SKOT, were examined at 9 and 36 months with anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance (36 months), 7-day food records and blood analysis of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 by chemiluminescent immunometric assay. RESULTS IGF-I at 36 months (n = 229) was positively correlated with 9 months values and values were considerably higher in girls (43%). Children breastfed at 9 months had lower IGF-I concentrations at 9 months but reached the same IGF-I concentrations at 36 months as infants not breastfed at 9 months. IGF-I at 36 months was positively associated with height, weight, BMI, predicted FFM and FFM index (FFM/height (kg/m2)). Although there also was a positive association with predicted fat mass (FM) there was no association with FM index (FM/height (kg/m2)). Further, a negative association with skin fold thickness was observed. A change in IGF-I from 9–36 months was positively related to FFM and FFM index but not BMI, FM and FM index. No associations were seen between IGF-I and current intake of milk, meat or protein energy percentage, but both fat and saturated fat energy percentage were negatively associated with IGF-I. CONCLUSION IGF-I concentrations were positively associated with growth but not with adiposity at this age. However, the higher tempo of growth may influence age at adiposity rebound and thereby later risk of obesity. Milk and protein intake at 36 months did not influence IGF-I but there was a negative association with intake of fat and saturated fat. The implications of this finding for development of obesity need further exploration.
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Hjorth MF, Quist JS, Andersen R, Michaelsen KF, Tetens I, Astrup A, Chaput JP, Sjödin A. Change in sleep duration and proposed dietary risk factors for obesity in Danish school children. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:e156-9. [PMID: 25251317 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent cross-sectional studies found higher consumption of energy-dense foods among children with short sleep duration; however, longitudinal studies examining changes in sleep and diet over time are needed. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate prospective associations between changes in objectively measured sleep duration and alterations in proposed dietary risk factors for obesity in 8-11-year-old Danish children. METHODS Four hundred forty-one children recorded dietary intake during seven consecutive days, along with accelerometer measurements estimating sleep duration at baseline and after ∼200 days. RESULTS Baseline sleep duration did not predict changes in dietary intake or vice versa (all P ≥ 0.69). However, 1-h lower sleep duration was associated with higher intake of added sugar (1.59 E%; P = 0.001) and sugar-sweetened beverages (0.90 E%; P = 0.002) after 200 days with no change in energy density of the diet (P = 0.78). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that a negative change in sleep duration is associated with higher intakes of sugar containing foods/beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Carlsen EM, Renault KM, Nørgaard K, Nilas L, Jensen JEB, Hyldstrup L, Michaelsen KF, Cortes D, Pryds O. Newborn regional body composition is influenced by maternal obesity, gestational weight gain and the birthweight standard score. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103:939-45. [PMID: 24942370 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated whether newborn body composition is influenced by prepregnancy obesity and gestational weight gain (GWG) and explored any associations between body composition and birthweight standard score (z-score), categorised by size for gestational age. METHODS We recruited 231 obese and 80 normal weight mothers and their newborn infants and assessed the babies' body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS The total and abdominal fat masses of infants born to mother who were obese before pregnancy were 135 g (p < 0.001) and 18 g (p < 0.001) higher than the offspring of normal weight mothers. The infants' fat mass increased by 11 g (p < 0.001) for every kilogram of GWG. There were no associations between prepregnancy obesity and fat-free mass. The fat percentage was significantly higher in infants who were large for gestational age (15.3%) than small for gestational age (5.2%) and appropriate for gestational age (9.8%) (p < 0.001). Lower birthweight z-score was associated with a higher proportion of abdominal fat mass (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION Infants born to obese mothers had higher fat mass at birth, with abdominal fat accumulation. Low birthweight was associated with a lower crude abdominal fat mass, but a higher proportion of total fat mass placed abdominally.
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Affiliation(s)
- EM Carlsen
- Department of Paediatrics; Hvidovre University Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Hvidovre Denmark
| | - KM Renault
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Odense University Hospital; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - K Nørgaard
- Department of Endocrinology; Hvidovre University Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Hvidovre Denmark
| | - L Nilas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Hvidovre University Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Hvidovre Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - JEB Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology; Hvidovre University Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Hvidovre Denmark
| | - L Hyldstrup
- Department of Endocrinology; Hvidovre University Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Hvidovre Denmark
| | - KF Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports; Faculty of Science; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - D Cortes
- Department of Paediatrics; Hvidovre University Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Hvidovre Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - O Pryds
- Department of Paediatrics; Hvidovre University Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Hvidovre Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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14
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Bjerregaard LG, Rasmussen KM, Michaelsen KF, Skytthe A, Mortensen EL, Baker JL, Sørensen TIA. Effects of body size and change in body size from infancy through childhood on body mass index in adulthood. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1305-11. [PMID: 24942870 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight and weight gain throughout infancy are related to later obesity, but whether the strength of the associations varies during the infancy period is uncertain. AIMS Our aims were to identify the period of infancy when change in body weight has the strongest association with adult body mass index (BMI) and also the extent to which these associations during infancy are mediated through childhood BMI. METHODS The Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort, in which participants were followed from birth through 42 years of age, provided information on weight at 12 months and BMI at 42 years for 1633 individuals. Information on weight at birth, 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months was retrieved from health visitors' records and information on BMI at ages 7 and 13 years from school health records. The associations of infant weight and weight gain standard deviation scores (SDS) with adult BMI-SDS were analyzed using multiple linear regression and path analysis. RESULTS Higher-weight-SDS at all ages from birth to an age 12 months were associated with higher-BMI-SDS at 42 years (regression coefficients 0.08-0.12). Infant weight gain-SDS was associated with greater BMI-SDS at 42 years only between birth and 3 months (0.09, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.04, 0.15) driven by an association between 2 and 3 months (0.12, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.20). The latter was partly mediated through later BMI in the path analysis. Infant weight gain-SDS between 3 and 12 months was not associated with greater BMI-SDS at 42 years. CONCLUSIONS Faster weight gain during only the first 3 months of infancy was associated with increased adult BMI, although not in a consistent monthly pattern. Adult BMI is more sensitive to high weight gain during early infancy than late infancy, but not specifically to the first month of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Bjerregaard
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K M Rasmussen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - K F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Skytthe
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - E L Mortensen
- 1] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Institute of Public Health and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J L Baker
- 1] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T I A Sørensen
- 1] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Pencharz P, Jahoor F, Kurpad A, Michaelsen KF, Slater C, Tomé D, Weisell R. Current issues in determining dietary protein and amino-acid requirements. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:285-6. [PMID: 24424080 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy and the first two years of life are periods of rapid growth and yet the knowledge of requirements for protein and dietary indispensable amino acids is very limited. The development of carbon oxidation methods opens the way to studies that should fill these important gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pencharz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - F Jahoor
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Kurpad
- St John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Slater
- IAEA, Nutritional and Health-related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Tomé
- AgroParisTech, UMR0914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - R Weisell
- Viale delle Ginestre 8, Ariccia (RM), Italy
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16
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Nielsen A, Michaelsen KF, Holm L. Parental concerns about complementary feeding: differences according to interviews with mothers with children of 7 and 13 months of age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:1157-62. [PMID: 24045795 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To investigate and analyze differences in parental concerns during earlier and later phases of complementary feeding. SUBJECT/METHODS Eight focus group interviews were conducted with 45 mothers of children aged 7 or 13 months. Deductive and inductive coding procedures were applied in the analysis. RESULTS There were marked differences in mothers' health concerns in early and in later phases of complementary feeding. In the early phase, feeding a child healthy food was an unquestioned and self-evident practice. The child's food was a specific category, separated from the rest of the family's food, and the mother's focus was on the immediate well-being and safety of the child. In the later phase, health concerns shifted towards a longer-term perspective, and the aim of integrating the child into the family's social world became as important as concerns about well-being and safety. Contested and partly contradictory practices resulted, including conscious acceptance of some intake of sugar and unhealthy fats. Perceived relevance of nutritional guidelines on complementary feeding was high in the early phase but declined later. CONCLUSION Mothers' concerns and practices in the feeding of a young child vary considerably across the early and later phases of complementary feeding. This should be explored further and taken into consideration in the targeting and timing of dietary guideline communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nielsen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Kjeldsen JS, Hjorth MF, Andersen R, Michaelsen KF, Tetens I, Astrup A, Chaput JP, Sjödin A. Short sleep duration and large variability in sleep duration are independently associated with dietary risk factors for obesity in Danish school children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:32-9. [PMID: 23924757 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of sleep and increased consumption of energy-dense foods and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have all been suggested as factors contributing to the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether objectively measured sleep duration (average and day-to-day variability) as well as parent-reported sleep problems are independently associated with proposed dietary risk factors for overweight and obesity in 8-11-year-old children. DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, data on sleep duration and day-to-day variability in sleep duration were measured in 676 Danish, apparently healthy children by an objective measure (actigraphy) for 8 nights, and the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) was filled out by the parents. Diet was recorded using a web-based food record for 7 consecutive days. Fasting blood samples were obtained for measurements of plasma leptin and ghrelin levels. RESULTS Sleep duration (h per night) was negatively associated with energy density (ED) of the diet (β = -0.32 kJ g(-1)), added sugar (β = -1.50 E%) and SSBs (β = -1.07 E%) (all P ≤ 0.003). Furthermore, variability in sleep duration (10-min per night) was positively associated with SSBs (β = 0.20 E%, P = 0.03), independent of sleep duration, and CSHQ score was positively associated with ED (β = 0.16 kJ g(-1), P = 0.04). All of these associations were independent of potential confounders (age, sex, pubertal status, height, weight, screen time, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and parental education and ethnicity). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that short sleep duration, high sleep duration variability and experiencing sleep problems are all associated with a poor, obesity-promoting diet in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kjeldsen
- 1] Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M F Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Andersen
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - K F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Tetens
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J-P Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Klingenberg L, Christensen LB, Hjorth MF, Zangenberg S, Chaput JP, Sjödin A, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF. No relation between sleep duration and adiposity indicators in 9-36 months old children: the SKOT cohort. Pediatr Obes 2013; 8:e14-8. [PMID: 23225774 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies in adults and children have repeatedly reported an association between short sleep duration and the risk of obesity. Studies using both objective measurements of sleep and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in children aged three are, however, lacking. OBJECTIVE The study aims to examine both the longitudinal and cross-sectional associations between sleep duration and adiposity indicators in children aged 3 and younger. METHODS On a cohort of 311 infants born at term, we used parent-reported sleep duration at 9 months, 18 months and 3 years of age, and accelerometer estimated nocturnal sleep duration at 3 years of age. Sleep duration at 9 and 18 months were used to predict adiposity at 3 years of age. RESULTS We found no associations between any of the adiposity indicators at 3 years of age and (i) parent-reported total sleep duration at 9 months, 18 months and 3 years, and (2) nocturnal sleep duration measured with accelerometry at 3 years of age. Multivariate adjustments were used in both approaches. CONCLUSION Our results do not support the hypothesis that short sleep duration is associated with increased adiposity in this cohort of young Danish children.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Klingenberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Michaelsen KF, Larnkjær A, Mølgaard C. Amount and quality of dietary proteins during the first two years of life in relation to NCD risk in adulthood. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:781-786. [PMID: 22770749 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During late infancy many infants have a protein intake, which is more than three times as high as the physiological need. Several observational studies have shown an association between a high-protein intake (>15 energy %) early in life and an increased risk of developing obesity and thereby non-communicable diseases (NCDs) later in life. This effect was supported by a recent intervention study with infant formulas with two levels of protein, showing that a higher protein intake during the first year of life resulted in a higher body mass index (BMI) at age 2 years. It is also plausible that an important reason for the slower growth in breast-fed infants is the lower content of protein in breastmilk, but other qualities of breastmilk could also play a role. A high intake of protein, especially dairy protein, stimulates the growth factors insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and insulin, and it has been suggested that the lower risk of NCDs in breast-fed infants is mediated through a regulation of IGF-I. A low quality of protein, as in cereal-based diets with no animal foods as often seen in low-income countries, may contribute to undernutrition, which can also result in an increased risk of NCDs later in life. In conclusion, there is some evidence that a high protein intake during the complementary feeding period is associated with increased risk of NCDs and that avoidance of a high protein intake could reduce the risk of obesity. In low-income countries, emphasis should be on providing sufficient amounts of high-quality protein to improve survival, growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Michaelsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Andersen LG, Holst C, Michaelsen KF, Baker JL, Sørensen TIA. Weight and weight gain during early infancy predict childhood obesity: a case-cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36:1306-11. [PMID: 22907690 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant weight and weight gain are positively associated with later obesity, but whether there is a particular critical time during infancy remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate when and how weight and weight gain during infancy become associated with childhood obesity. METHODS In a cohort representing 28 340 children born from 1959-67 and measured in Copenhagen schools, 962 obese children (2007 World Health Organization criteria), were compared with a 5% randomly selected sub-cohort of 1417 children. Information on weight at birth, 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 9 months was retrieved from health visitors' records. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for childhood obesity by tertiles of weight at each age and by change in tertiles of weight between two consecutive measurements were estimated using multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for indicators of socioeconomic status, preterm birth, and breastfeeding. RESULTS Compared with children in the middle weight-tertile, children with a weight in the upper tertile had a 1.36-fold (CI, 1.10-1.69) to 1.72-fold (CI, 1.36-2.18) higher risk of childhood obesity from birth through 9 months, whereas children in the lower weight-tertile had almost half the risk of obesity from 2 through 9 months. The risk of childhood obesity associated with change in weight-tertile in each interval was stable at ∼1.5-fold per weight-tertile increase throughout infancy. CONCLUSIONS Infant weight and weight gain are associated with obesity in childhood already during the first months of life. Determinants of weight gain shortly after birth may be a suitable target for prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Andersen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Andersen AD, Mølbak L, Thymann T, Michaelsen KF, Lauritzen L. Dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA, gut microbiota and fat mass in early postnatal piglet development--exploring a potential interplay. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:345-51. [PMID: 21880476 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary n-3PUFA and gut bacteria, particularly Bacteroidetes, have been suggested to be related to adiposity. We investigated if n-3PUFA affected fat storage and cecal bacteria in piglets. Twenty-four 4-day-old piglets were allocated to formula rich in n-3PUFA (∼3E%) from fish oil (FO) or n-6PUFA from sunflower oil (SO) for 14 days. We assessed body weight, fat accumulation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and microbial molecular fingerprints. Dietary PUFA-composition was reflected in higher erythrocyte n-3PUFA in the FO- than the SO-group (P<0.001). Principal component analysis revealed group differences in the overall microbiotic composition, which involved a larger Bacteroides community in the SO-group (P=0.02). There was no significant difference in body fat percentage and no relationship between fat accumulation and gut Bacteroides. Hence, this study does not support an impact of n-3PUFA or microbiota on fat accumulation during the postnatal maturation period. The impact of dietary PUFA on the gut Bacteroides warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Andersen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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22
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Arnberg K, Østergård M, Madsen AL, Krarup H, Michaelsen KF, Mølgaard C. Associations between vitamin D status in infants and blood lipids, body mass index and waist circumference. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:1244-8. [PMID: 21418102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and blood lipids, insulin, glucose, body mass index and waist circumference in infants. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 255 infants aged 9 months with a blood sample for 25-hydroxyvitamin D were examined. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were analysed by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Associations between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, glucose, body mass index and waist circumference were analysed. RESULTS Mean plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 77.2 ± 22.7 nM. At the time of examination, 97% received vitamin D supplementation. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D was negatively associated with HDL (p = 0.003), cholesterol (p = 0.002) and triglycerides (p = 0.010) in multivariate analysis controlled for gender, season, body mass index, length, birth weight and breastfeeding. There were no associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and glucose or insulin (all p > 0.05). 25-hydroxyvitamin D was negatively associated with body mass index (p = 0.005) and waist circumference (p = 0.002) controlled for gender, season, breastfeeding, birth weight and length. CONCLUSION Vitamin D status is negatively associated with blood lipids, body mass index and waist circumference in infants where nearly all received vitamin D supplements. Whether this has long-term health effects remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arnberg
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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23
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To assess the validity of a 7-day pre-coded food record (PFR) method in 9-month-old infants against metabolizable energy intake (ME(DLW)) measured by doubly labeled water (DLW); additionally to compare PFR with a 7-day weighed food record (WFR) in 9-month-old infants and 36-month-old children. SUBJECTS/METHODS The study population consisted of 36 infants (age: 9.03±0.2 months) and 36 young children (age: 36.1±0.3 months) enrolled in a cross-over design of 7 consecutive days PFR vs 7 consecutive days WFR. Children were randomly assigned to one method during week 1, crossing over to the alternative method in week 2. Total energy expenditure (TEE) and ME(DLW) were obtained in the 9-month-old infants using the DLW technique for 7 days while recording with PFR. RESULTS For the 9-month-old group, PFR showed a mean bias of +726 kJ/day, equivalent to 24%, (P<0.0001) compared with ME(DLW) (n=29). Using WFR as the reference in this group no between-method differences were found for energy, fat and carbohydrate. Energy intake in the 36-month-old children was 12% higher in the PFR vs WFR (P<0.0001), and protein plus total fat intake were overestimated with the PFR (P=0.008, P<0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that the PFR may be a valuable tool for measuring energy, energy-yielding nutrients and foods in groups of 9-month-olds infants and 36-month-olds young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- U H Gondolf
- Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relation between ponderal index or birth weight and insulin resistance in late childhood. METHODS An observational study of 92-term appropriate-for-gestational age infants was carried out. Weight and length were measured at birth and at 9 months and duration of breast feeding was noted at 9 months. Follow-up examinations at 10 years of age included measurement of weight, height, pubertal status, fasting insulin and glucose concentrations. RESULTS Ponderal index at birth was negatively (B±SE=-0.05±0.02; p=0.025) and current BMI was positively (B±SE=0.14±0.02; p<0.001) associated with insulin resistance measured as homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) at 10 years of age adjusted for gender and pubertal stage. Current BMI and ponderal index at birth were still significant after adjusting for weight at 9 months. Birth weight and weight at 9 months was not correlated with HOMA (p=0.58) adjusted for current BMI, gender and pubertal stage. HOMA was higher in the tertile with the lowest ponderal index than in the two remaining tertiles (p=0.024). CONCLUSION Relative thinness at birth, but neither birth weight nor weight gain from 0-9 months, was associated with higher insulin resistance at 10 years of age in this cohort with a low prevalence of overweight at 10 years of age and normal birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Larnkjær
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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25
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Østergård M, Arnberg K, Michaelsen KF, Madsen AL, Krarup H, Trolle E, Mølgaard C. Vitamin D status in infants: relation to nutrition and season. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65:657-60. [PMID: 21245885 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In a cross-sectional study, the primary objective was to assess the plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in healthy 9-month-old infants (n=255). The secondary objective was to evaluate nutritional variables and season in relation to 25(OH)D. The concentration of 25(OH)D was 77.2 ± 22.7 nmol/l (mean ± s.d.), ranging from 12 to 151 nmol/l. During the first 9 months, 97% received vitamin D supplementation (10 μg/day) and 89% had sufficient levels of 25(OH)D (50-250 nmol/l). In multiple regression analysis, controlled for body mass index (BMI) and intake of infant formula, a longer period of exclusive breastfeeding (P=0.026) and breastfeeding at 9 months (P=0.001) were both associated with lower levels. Dietary vitamin D intake was 4.4 ± 3.1 μg/day and in multiple regression analysis, controlled for BMI, intake of infant formula and mean energy intake, it was positively associated with 25(OH)D (P=0.001). There was a significant seasonal difference in 25(OH)D, with higher levels during summer-autumn compared with winter-spring (P=0.021) after control for BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Østergård
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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26
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Abstract
AIMS Insulin secretion is important for early regulation of growth, but high insulin concentration is also a risk factor for insulin resistance later in life. It is therefore important to better understand how insulin and glucose are associated with early diet and growth. The aim of this study was to examine blood glucose and insulin concentration in relation to anthropometric measurements, growth, breastfeeding practice and complementary feeding in 9-month-old infants. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study (SKOT cohort), examining 312 healthy term infants from the age of 9 months. Of these, 265 infants had data on insulin and glucose and were included in this study. Measurements include weight, length, skinfold thickness, waist circumference, 7-day food records, 2-h fasting venous glucose and insulin analysis, and questionnaire. RESULTS At 9 months of age there was a strong negative association between number of breastfeedings per day and insulin concentration (P=0.0015). Insulin concentration was positively associated to waist circumference (P=0.042) and change in Z-score for weight-for-age between 5 and 9 months (P=0.004). Glucose concentration was positively associated to subscapular skinfold (P=0.002) and sum of skinfolds thicknesses (P=0.006). CONCLUSION At 9 months, breastfeeding still had a strong negative effect on insulin concentrations, which were positively associated with weight gain and current waist circumference, while glucose concentrations were associated with subcutaneous fat. These results are of interest in disentangling the association between early growth and later risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Madsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Mølgaard C, Larnkjaer A, Cashman KD, Lamberg-Allardt C, Jakobsen J, Michaelsen KF. Does vitamin D supplementation of healthy Danish Caucasian girls affect bone turnover and bone mineralization? Bone 2010; 46:432-9. [PMID: 19735754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A high peak bone mass may be essential for reducing the risk of osteoporosis later in life and a sufficient vitamin D level during puberty may be necessary for optimal bone accretion and obtaining a high peak bone mass. Dietary intake and synthesis during winter of vitamin D might be limited but the effect of vitamin D supplementation in adolescence on bone mass is not well established. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of supplementation with 5 and 10 microg/day vitamin D(3) for 12 months in 11- to 12-year-old girls on bone mass and bone turnover as well as the possible influence of VDR and ER genotype on the effect of the supplementation. METHODS The girls (n=221) were randomized to receive either 5 microg or 10 microg vitamin D(3) supplementation per day or placebo for 12 months. Whole body and lumbar spine bone mass measured by DXA and pubertal status were determined at baseline and after 12 months whereas physical activity and dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D were assessed at baseline. Serum (S) 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), S-osteocalcin, S-parathyroid hormone, S-calcium, S-inorganic phosphate, urinary (U) pyridinoline (Pyr) and deoxpyridinoline (Dpyr) were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. RESULTS The S-25OHD concentration increased (p<0.001) relative to the baseline values in the groups receiving either 5 microg/day (mean+/-SD; 11.0+/-10.3 nmol/l, baseline 41.9+/-17.6 nmol/l) or 10 microg/day (13.3+/-11.8 nmol/l, baseline 44.4+/-16.6 nmol/l) vitamin D(3) for 12 months compared to placebo (-3.1+/-9.8 nmol/l, baseline 43.4+/-17.1 nmol/l). There was no effect of vitamin D-supplementation on biomarkers for bone turnover or on whole body or spine bone mineral augmentation. However, vitamin D supplementation increased whole body bone mineral density (BMD) (p=0.007) and bone mineral content (BMC) (p=0.048) in the FF VDR genotype but not in the Ff or ff VDR genotypes. CONCLUSION Supplementation with vitamin D (5 or 10 microg/day) over 12 months increased the S-25OHD concentration but there was no effect on indices of bone health in the entire group of girls. However, there was an effect on BMD for a subgroup with the FF VDR genotype indicating an influence of genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mølgaard
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30 DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Budek AZ, Mark T, Michaelsen KF, Mølgaard C. Tracking of size-adjusted bone mineral content and bone area in boys and girls from 10 to 17 years of age. Osteoporos Int 2010; 21:179-82. [PMID: 19387763 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-0932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Positive correlations for bone mineral content (BMC) between 10 and 17 years of age were found for boys and girls after adjusting for body size, puberty, and diet. This tracking of BMC indicated that osteoporosis prevention should begin already in prepuberty. INTRODUCTION Previous studies indicate that BMC is tracking during growth, but it remains unclear whether this would remain significant after adjusting for important confounders. We tested the hypothesis that BMC and bone area (BA) track from 10 to 17 years of age, independently of body size, pubertal stage, and dietary intake of energy, calcium and protein. METHODS A longitudinal study where whole body (T) and lumbar spine (LS) BMC and BA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and dietary intake (7-day food records) were assessed at 10 and 17 years of age in boys and girls (n = 91). Tracking of bone variables from 10 to 17 years was estimated by Pearson's correlations adjusted for the selected confounders. RESULTS The unadjusted correlations for T-BMC between 10 and 17 years, likewise for LS-BMC and T-BA, were positive for both sexes (0.51-0.81; P < 0.0001) and remained significant after correcting for the selected confounders. The unadjusted correlations for LS-BA between 10 and 17 years were significant only for girls (0.29; P < 0.05), but not after further corrections. CONCLUSIONS Bone mass tracks from 10 to 17 years of age in boys and girls, especially after accounting for important confounders, indicating that osteoporosis prevention should begin in early stages of bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Budek
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Andreassen BU, Paerregaard A, Michaelsen KF, Andersen J, Heilmann CJ, Müller K. Nutrition, anthropometry, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha receptor I and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in children during stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2009; 13:182-7. [PMID: 18482213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2008.00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate anthropometry, nutrition and gastrointestinal dysfunction, and to characterize the relation between these parameters and the inflammatory activity evaluated by plasma levels of soluble tumour necrosis factor alpha receptor I (sTNFRI) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) levels during stem cell transplantation (SCT) in children. Clinical assessments and blood sampling were performed on days -3, 0, +7, +15 and +31 in eight children undergoing SCT. Energy intake, anthropometry, gastrointestinal dysfunction (WHO toxicity score) and sTNFRI and IL-1Ra were evaluated. The energy intake was below recommended levels. There was a loss of lean body mass (arm muscle area)(median, 2031 mm(2) (day -3) vs 1477 mm(2) (day 31); p = 0.04), and of fat mass (arm fat area) (791 mm(2) (day -3) vs 648 mm(2) (day +31); p = 0.04). sTNFRI was elevated throughout the course of transplantation, and peaked after the day of graft infusion (day 0). sTNFRI levels at day 0 predicted changes in weight SDS (r = 0.65; p = 0.05), triceps skinfold SDS (r = 0.85; p = 0.007) and gastrointestinal dysfunction (r = 0.88; p = 0.004). Likewise, IL-1Ra levels at day 0 correlated with the gastrointestinal dysfunction (r = 0.83; p = 0.01) and with the change in weight SDS (r = 0.77; p = 0.03). This study suggests that pretransplant levels of inflammatory markers are associated with posttransplant symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction and loss of both fat and lean body mass. Future studies should address if the use of conditioning regimens with limited proinflammatory cytokine inducing activity, anti-inflammatory agents, or more optimised nutritional support can reduce the burden of such posttransplant complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B U Andreassen
- Paediatric Clinics, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Larnkjær A, Hoppe C, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF. The effects of whole milk and infant formula on growth and IGF-I in late infancy. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63:956-63. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2008.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Michaelsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Budek AZ, Hoppe C, Ingstrup H, Michaelsen KF, Bügel S, Mølgaard C. Dietary protein intake and bone mineral content in adolescents-The Copenhagen Cohort Study. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18:1661-7. [PMID: 17639346 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-007-0422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Data indicate that various protein sources may exhibit a differential effect on bone metabolism. We investigated associations of milk and meat protein intake with bone mineral content (BMC) in adolescents. Milk, but not meat, protein intake was positively associated with size-adjusted BMC. Milk-derived protein may be beneficial for bone mineralization. INTRODUCTION Milk and meat protein intake has been reported to exhibit a differential effect on serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). IGF-I plays a key role in bone metabolism. Therefore, we investigated associations of different protein sources with BMC and bone area (BA) in adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 17-year-old girls (n = 63) and boys (n = 46) participating in the second follow-up of The Copenhagen Cohort Study. We measured dietary intake (7-day food record), BMC and BA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), serum markers for bone turnover and serum IGF-I (immunoassays). RESULTS The mean total protein intake ( approximately 1.2 g/kg) was modestly higher than that recommended. Total and milk ( approximately 0.3 g/kg) protein intake, but not meat protein intake ( approximately 0.4 g/kg), was positively associated with size-adjusted BMC (P <or= 0.05). The positive association between milk protein intake and size-adjusted BMC remained significant after correction for energy, calcium, and physical activity (P <or= 0.01) and did not seem to be mediated via current serum IGF-I. None of the analyzed protein sources was significantly associated with size-adjusted BA. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that some components of milk protein may promote bone mineralization. Further studies are needed to elucidate this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Budek
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Ayah RA, Mwaniki DL, Magnussen P, Tedstone AE, Marshall T, Alusala D, Luoba A, Kaestel P, Michaelsen KF, Friis H. The effects of maternal and infant vitamin A supplementation on vitamin A status: a randomised trial in Kenya. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:422-30. [PMID: 17391562 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507705019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum vitamin A supplementation of mothers and infants is recommended, but the efficacy has been questioned. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Kenyan mother–infant pairs were randomised to maternal vitamin A (400 000 IU) or placebo < 24 h postpartum, and infant vitamin A (100 000 IU) or placebo at 14 weeks. Milk retinol was determined at weeks 4, 14 and 26, and maternal and infant serum retinol at weeks 14 and 26. Infant retinol stores were assessed at week 26, using a modified relative dose response (MRDR) test. Among 564 women, serum retinol at 36 weeks gestation was 0·81 (sd 0·21) μmol/l, and 33·3 % were < 0·7 μmol/l. Maternal serum retinol was not different between groups, but milk retinol was higher in the vitamin A group: (0·67 v. 0·60 μmol/l; 0·52 v. 0·44 μmol/l; 0·50 v. 0·44 μmol/l at 4, 14 and 26 weeks, respectively). When expressed per gram fat, milk retinol was higher in the vitamin A group only at 4 weeks. Infant serum retinol was not different between groups. However, although most infants had deficient vitamin A stores (MRDR>0·06 %) at 26 weeks, vitamin A to infants, but not mothers, resulted in a lower proportion of infants with deficient vitamin A stores (69 v. 78 %). High-dose postpartum vitamin A supplementation failed to increase serum retinol and infant stores, despite modest effects on milk retinol. Infant supplementation, however, increased stores. There is a need for a better understanding of factors affecting absorption and metabolism of vitamin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ayah
- Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the short-term effect of a high milk and a high meat intake, identical in protein amount, on bone turnover during prepuberty. SETTING A University department. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS From 28, randomly recruited, 8-year-old boys, first 14 were assigned to the milk group and next 14 to the meat group. In each group, 12 boys finished the dietary intervention. INTERVENTION Milk (1.5 l/day) and meat (250 g/d), both containing approximately 53 g of protein, were given together with the habitual diet for 7 days. At baseline and day-7, serum osteocalcin (s-OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (s-BAP) and C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (s-CTX) were measured (immunoassay) and dietary intake was estimated (a 3-day weighted food record). RESULTS Baseline s-OC, s-BAP and s-CTX were not significantly different between the groups. After 7 days, the average protein intake increased in both groups by 47.5 g; the milk group had higher (P<0.0001) calcium intake; s-OC and s-CTX decreased (P< or =0.04) in the milk group (-30.9%; -18.7%, respectively) compared with the meat group (+6.4%; -1.0%, respectively) and s-BAP decreased (P=0.06) both in the milk (-3.9%) and the meat group (-7.5%). CONCLUSIONS At the equal protein intake, milk, but not meat, decreased bone turnover in prepubertal boys after 7 days. This effect was probably due to some milk-derived compounds, rather than to the total protein intake. Future studies should elucidate the mechanism(s) of milk-related decline of bone turnover and its relevance for peak bone mass during growth. SPONSORSHIP University PhD scholarships.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Budek
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Larsen CN, Nielsen S, Kaestel P, Brockmann E, Bennedsen M, Christensen HR, Eskesen DC, Jacobsen BL, Michaelsen KF. Dose-response study of probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp paracasei CRL-341 in healthy young adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:1284-93. [PMID: 16721394 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the dose-response effects of supplementation with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis (BB-12) and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp paracasei (CRL-431) on blood lipids, recovery from feces and bowel habits. Changes of the fecal microflora was analyzed in the 10(10) CFU/day probiotic and placebo group. DESIGN The study was designed as a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, parallel dose-response study. SUBJECTS Healthy young adults (18-40 years) were recruited by advertising in local newspapers. Of the 75 persons enrolled, 71 (46 women, 25 men, mean age 25.6 years (range 18-40 years)) completed the study. INTERVENTION The volunteers were randomly assigned into five groups receiving either placebo or a mixture of the two probiotics in the concentration of 10(8), 10(9), 10(10) or 10(11) CFU/day in 2 weeks run-in period, 3 weeks intervention and 2 weeks wash-out. Diary reporting bowel habits and well being (abdominal bloating, flatulence and headache) was kept for all 7 weeks and blood lipids, fecal recovery of BB-12 and CRL-431, as well as fecal microflora was tested before, immediately and 2 weeks after intervention. RESULTS The fecal recovery of BB-12 increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing dose. In the group receiving 10(11) CFU/day BB-12 was recovered from 13 out of 15 volunteers. CRL-431 was not recovered in any of the fecal samples. Supplementation with probiotics did not change the fecal bacterial composition. A significant linear increase in fecal consistency (looser stool) with increasing probiotic dose (P = 0.018) was observed. No overall dose-response effect was found on the blood lipids. High doses of probiotics were well tolerated. CONCLUSION A dose-related recovery of BB-12 from feces was observed.
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Nchito M, Friis H, Michaelsen KF, Mubila L, Olsen A. Iron supplementation increases small intestine permeability in primary schoolchildren in Lusaka, Zambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:791-4. [PMID: 16540136 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intestinal permeability, measured as an increased lactulose:mannitol (L:M) ratio, indicates injury of the small intestinal mucosa. As part of a randomized iron and multi-micronutrient (without iron) supplementation trial (Nchito et al., 2004), we determined intestinal permeability in a subgroup of schoolchildren at 10 months' follow-up to assess the effect of the interventions. Among 153 children (mean age 10.2 years and 53.6% girls) iron supplementation resulted in a higher L:M ratio compared with placebo (0.29 vs. 0.21, P=0.025). There was no effect of multi-micronutrient supplementation, and no interaction between the interventions. The finding could be one of the mechanisms explaining the negative effects of medicinal iron supplementation on morbidity found in some other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nchito
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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Kaestel P, Michaelsen KF, Aaby P, Friis H. Effects of prenatal multimicronutrient supplements on birth weight and perinatal mortality: a randomised, controlled trial in Guinea-Bissau. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:1081-9. [PMID: 16015266 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of daily prenatal multimicronutrient supplementation on birth weight (BW) and perinatal mortality. DESIGN Randomised, controlled, double masked trial. SETTING Urban Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. SUBJECTS A total of 2100 pregnant women (22+/-7 weeks pregnant at entry) were recruited through antenatal clinics, of which 1670 (79.5%) completed the trial. BW was available for 1100 live born babies. INTERVENTIONS Identical-looking supplements containing one (MN-1) or two (MN-2) Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) of 15 micronutrients, or iron and folic acid (control). RESULTS Mean BW among 1100 live born infants was 3050+/-498 g with 11.9% being low birth weight (LBW, BW < 2500 g). Perinatal mortality was 82 per 1000 deliveries (N = 1670), and neonatal mortality 45 per 1000 live births (N = 1599). Mean BW in MN-1 (n = 360) and MN-2 (n = 374) groups were 53 [-19; 125] and 95 [24; 166] g higher than controls (n = 366). Proportion of LBW was 13.6% in control, and 12.0 and 10.1% in the MN-1 and MN-2 groups, respectively (P = 0.33). Among anaemic women (30%), MN-2 increased BW with 218 [81; 354] g compared to controls, with a decreased risk of LBW of 69 [27; 87]%. There were apparently no differences in perinatal mortality between groups. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal micronutrient supplementation increased BW but did not reduce perinatal mortality in this study. Multimicronutrient supplementation with two RDA should be considered in future programmes to reduce the proportion of LBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kaestel
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Hoppe C, Mølgaard C, Vaag A, Barkholt V, Michaelsen KF. High intakes of milk, but not meat, increase s-insulin and insulin resistance in 8-year-old boys. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:393-8. [PMID: 15578035 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine if a high animal protein intake from milk or meat increased s-insulin and insulin resistance in healthy, prepubertal children. A high animal protein intake results in higher serum branched chain amino acids (BCAA; leucine, isoleucine and valine) concentrations, which are suggested to stimulate insulin secretion. Furthermore, milk possesses some postprandial insulinotrophic effect that is not related to its carbohydrate content. DESIGN A total of 24 8-y-old boys were asked to take 53 g protein as milk or meat daily. At baseline and after 7 days, diet was registered, and insulin, glucose, and amino acids were determined. Insulin resistance and beta cell function were calculated with the homeostasis model assessment. RESULTS Protein intake increased by 61 and 54% in the milk- and meat-group, respectively. In the milk-group, fasting s-insulin concentrations doubled, which caused the insulin resistance to increase similarly. In the meat-group, there was no increase in insulin and insulin resistance. As the BCAAs increased similarly in both groups, stimulation of insulin secretion through BCAAs is not supported. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a short-term high milk, but not meat, intake increased insulin secretion and resistance. The long-term consequences of this are unknown. The effect of high protein intakes from different sources on glucose-insulin metabolism needs further studying.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hoppe
- Department of Human Nutrition and Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether a high protein intake (PI) from either milk or meat, at a level often seen in late infancy, could increase s-IGF-I and s-IGF-I/s-IGFBP-3 in healthy, prepubertal children. IGF-I levels are positively associated with growth velocity in children and some studies suggest that a high animal PI can stimulate growth. During protein deprivation IGF-I decrease, but it is unknown whether a high PI can increase s-IGF-I in well-nourished children. DESIGN In all, 24 8-y-old boys were asked to take either 1.5 l of skimmed milk (n = 12) or the same amount of protein as 250 g low fat meat (n = 12) daily for 7 days. The remaining diet they could choose freely. At baseline and after 7 days, anthropometrical variables were measured, diet was registered (3-day weighed records), and s-IGF-I and s-IGFBP-3 (RIA) were determined after fast. RESULTS PI increased by 61% in the milk group to 4.0 g/kg/day (P < 0.0001) and by 54% in the meat group to 3.8 g/kg/day (P = 0.001). The high milk intake increased s-IGF-I by 19% (P = 0.001) and s-IGF-I/s-IGFBP-3 by 13% (P < 0.0001). There were no increases in the meat group. CONCLUSIONS High intake of milk and not meat, increased concentrations of s-IGF-I and s-IGF-I/s-IGFBP-3 significantly. Compounds in milk and not a high PI as such seem to stimulate IGF-I. This might explain the positive effect of milk intake on growth seen in some studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hoppe
- Department of Human Nutrition and Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Andreassen BU, Paerregaard A, Schmiegelow K, Rechnitzer C, Heilman C, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Michaelsen KF. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) response to enteral intake in children during anti-cancer treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40:48-53. [PMID: 15625426 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200501000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal dysfunction is frequent in cancer and during anti-cancer treatment. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is secreted in a nutrition-dependent manner from the intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells. It accelerates crypt cell proliferation and nutrient absorption, inhibits enterocyte apoptosis and decreases mucosal permeability. Lack of GLP-2 may increase the risk of malabsorption and intestinal bacterial translocation. The aim of this study is to evaluate meal stimulated secretion of GLP-2 in children with cancer undergoing anti-cancer treatment. METHODS Plasma-GLP-2 analysis after an overnight fast and 1 hour after intake of a mixed test meal. Data on gastrointestinal toxicity, blood neutrophile counts and food records were included in the analysis. RESULTS Forty-four meal stimulation tests were performed in 25 children (median age, 6.0 years; range, 2.5-19) during anti-cancer treatment. Median GI toxicity score was 5 (range, 0-15), and mean energy intake was 62.4% of recommended values. P-GLP-2 values increased from mean (SD) 38 (18) to 63 (51) pmol/l (P < 0.0001). Twelve of the meal stimulation tests (28%) resulted in a p-GLP-2 increase >2 fold, which is assumed to be the lower limit of normal values. The increase was strongly dependent on the energy intake (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001), while toxicity score and neutrophile count had no significant influence (multiple regression). CONCLUSION In children treated with anti-cancer therapy, GLP-2 secretion seems to be normal if the enteral energy intake is sufficient. Insufficient GLP-2 secretion could influence the gastrointestinal problems seen in the children with a low enteral energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- B U Andreassen
- Paediatric Nutrition Unit, Rigshospitalet, Coppenhagen, Denmark.
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Vingraite J, Bartkeviciute R, Michaelsen KF. A cohort study of term infants from Vilnius, Lithuania: feeding patterns. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93:1349-55. [PMID: 15499957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To present infant feeding patterns and to relate these to selected biological and social factors. METHODS One hundred and ninety-two infants born at four delivery departments were followed prospectively from birth to 12 mo of age. Their parents were asked to tick weekly if the infant received items on a list of the most common infant foods and drinks, including breast milk. RESULTS All infants started breastfeeding. Median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 0.5 mo, and 3.75 mo for "any breastfeeding". Mothers who were older (>25 y), better educated (>11 y) and non-smokers breastfed significantly longer (median 4 mo). Median introduction of cow's milk was 8 (range 2-12) mo. At the age of 12 mo, 78% of infants received cow's milk and 58% of infants received cow's milk as the sole source of milk. Mothers who were younger (<21 y) and less educated (<12 y) introduced cow's milk significantly earlier. Mean (SD) start of solids was 3.4 (1.0) mo. Longer duration of breastfeeding was the only factor significantly associated with the later start of solids. Ninety-two percent of infants were introduced to fresh cheese before 12 mo. Additional liquids were widely given both to breastfed and non-breastfed infants. CONCLUSIONS Compliance with the current infant feeding recommendations is not sufficient. Breastfeeding rates are low. Use of high-protein products is widespread. More effort should be made to educate young, less educated and smoking mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vingraite
- Vilnius Antakalnio Outpatient Clinic, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Nielsen DS, Møller PL, Rosenfeldt V, Paerregaard A, Michaelsen KF, Jakobsen M. Case study of the distribution of mucosa-associated Bifidobacterium species, Lactobacillus species, and other lactic acid bacteria in the human colon. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:7545-8. [PMID: 14660412 PMCID: PMC309914 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.12.7545-7548.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of mucosa-associated bacteria, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and closely related lactic acid bacteria, in biopsy samples from the ascending, transverse, and descending parts of the colon from four individuals was investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Bifidobacterial genus-specific, Lactobacillus group-specific, and universal bacterial primers were used in a nested PCR approach to amplify a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. DGGE profiles of the bifidobacterial community were relatively simple, with one or two amplicons detected at most sampling sites in the colon. DGGE profiles obtained with Lactobacillus group-specific primers were complex and varied with host and sampling site in the colon. The overall bacterial community varied with host but not sampling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Nielsen
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, Center for Advanced Food Studies, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Schack-Nielsen L, Michaelsen KF, Mortensen EL, Sørensen TIA, Reinisch JM. Is Duration of Breastfeeding Influencing the Risk of Obesity in Adult Males? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 554:383-5. [PMID: 15384606 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4242-8_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Schack-Nielsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Schack-Nielsen L, Mølgaard C, Larsen D, Martyn C, Michaelsen KF. Arterial Compliance in 10-Year-Old Children in Relation to Breastfeeding. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 554:391-3. [PMID: 15384608 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4242-8_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Schack-Nielsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
AIM To describe the prevalence of nutritional rickets among children admitted to three large paediatric departments in the Copenhagen area during a 10 y period. METHODS Retrospective analysis of cases identified from the diagnosis registers fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for nutritional rickets. RESULTS Forty cases were identified, distributed in two distinct age groups: 0.5-4 y (n = 31) and 9-15 y (n = 9). All cases were immigrants, of whom 95% were born in Denmark. The main symptoms in the younger age group were bowed legs and clumsy walk, and in the peripubertal group were painful joints. Two children had generalized convulsions. None of the cases had received vitamin D supplementation. CONCLUSION Nutritional rickets is still present among immigrants in Denmark, and it is likely that the prevalence of mild cases is high. Prevention through vitamin D supplementation is important, but requires a dedicated health education effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pedersen
- Department of Paediatrics, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Thorsdottir I, Gunnarsson BS, Atladottir H, Michaelsen KF, Palsson G. Iron status at 12 months of age -- effects of body size, growth and diet in a population with high birth weight. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57:505-13. [PMID: 12700611 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2002] [Revised: 04/06/2002] [Accepted: 07/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of growth and food intake in infancy on iron status at the age of 12 months in a population with high birth weight and high frequency of breast-feeding. DESIGN In a longitudinal observational study infants' consumption and growth were recorded. Weighed 2 day food records at the ages of 6, 9 and 12 months were used to analyse food and nutrient intake. SETTING Healthy-born participants were recruited from four maternity wards. Blood samples and growth data were collected from healthcare centres and food consumption data at home. SUBJECTS Newborn infants (n=180) were selected randomly according to the mother's domicile and 77% (n=138) participated, of them, 83% (n=114), or 63% of original sample, came in for blood sampling. RESULTS Every fifth child was iron-deficient (serum ferritin <12 microg/l and mean corpuscular volume<74 fl) and 2.7% were also anaemic (Hb<105 g/l). Higher weight gain from 0 to 12 months was seen in infants who were iron-deficient at 12 months (6.7+/-0.9 kg) than in non-iron-deficient infants (6.2+/-0.9 kg) (P=0.050). Serum transferrin receptors at 12 months were positively associated with length gain from 0 to 12 months (adjusted r(2)=0.14; P=0.045) and mean corpuscular volume negatively to ponderal index at birth (adjusted r(2)=0.14; P=0.019) and 12 months (adjusted r(2)=0.17; P=0.006). Iron-deficient infants had shorter breast-feeding duration (5.3+/-2.2 months) than non-iron-deficient (7.9+/-3.2 months; P=0.001). Iron status indices were negatively associated with cow's milk consumption at 9-12 months, significant above 460 g/day, but were positively associated with iron-fortified breakfast cereals, fish and meat consumption. CONCLUSIONS : In a population of high birth weight, iron deficiency at 12 months is associated with faster growth and shorter breast-feeding duration from 0 to 12 months of age. The results suggest that a diet of 9-12-month-olds should avoid cow's milk above 500 g/day and include fish, meat and iron-fortified breakfast cereals to improve iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Thorsdottir
- Landspitali University Hospital and Department of Food Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Faerk J, Peitersen B, Petersen S, Michaelsen KF. Bone mineralisation in premature infants cannot be predicted from serum alkaline phosphatase or serum phosphate. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002; 87:F133-6. [PMID: 12193522 PMCID: PMC1721456 DOI: 10.1136/fn.87.2.f133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bone mineral content of premature infants at term is lower than in mature infants at the same postconceptional age. Serum alkaline phosphatase and serum phosphate are often used as indicators of bone mineralisation. OBJECTIVE To analyse the association between bone mineral content and serum alkaline phosphatase and serum phosphate. METHODS Serum alkaline phosphatase and phosphate were measured at weekly intervals during admission in 108 premature infants of gestational age below 32 weeks (mean (SD) gestational age 29 (2) weeks; mean (SD) birth weight 1129 (279) g). Bone mineral content was measured at term (mean gestational age 41 weeks) by dual energy x ray absorptiometry and corrected for body size. RESULTS Serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly negatively associated with serum phosphate (p < 0.001). Bone mineral content was not associated with mean serum alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.8), peak serum alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.5), or mean serum phosphate (p = 0.2) at term. CONCLUSION Routine measurements of serum alkaline phosphatase and serum phosphate are of no use in predicting bone mineralisation outcome in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Faerk
- Department of Paediatrics, University Clinic of Paediatrics, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegaards allé 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Friis H, Gomo E, Kaestel P, Nyazema N, Ndhlovu P, Michaelsen KF. Does the first pregnancy precipitate age-related fat deposition? Int J Obes (Lond) 2002; 26:1274-6. [PMID: 12187407 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2002] [Revised: 04/22/2002] [Accepted: 04/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of fat in women of childbearing age is a concern, since obesity is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Deposition of fat during pregnancy, which is not metabolized during lactation, may contribute. However, the individual effects of age and gravidity on fat accumulation have not been disentangled. Based on multiple linear regression analysis of anthropometric data from 1113 pregnant women from Zimbabwe, we found evidence to suggest that fat deposition is an effect of age rather than gravidity that is precipitated by the first pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Friis
- Research Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Mwaniki D, Omondi B, Muniu E, Thiong'o F, Ouma J, Magnussen P, Geissler PW, Michaelsen KF, Friis H. Effects on serum retinol of multi-micronutrient supplementation and multi-helminth chemotherapy: a randomised, controlled trial in Kenyan school children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:666-73. [PMID: 12080408 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2001] [Revised: 10/24/2001] [Accepted: 10/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of multi-micronutrient supplementation and multi-helminth chemotherapy on serum retinol concentration, using schools as a health delivery system. STUDY AREA AND POPULATION: From 19 primary schools in Bondo District, western Kenya, 977 children between 9 and 18 y were included in the trial. The 644 (65.9%) children on whom baseline serum retinol was available were included in this study. DESIGN A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, two-by-two factorial trial on the effects of multi-micronutrient supplementation and multi-helminth chemotherapy on serum retinol after 8 months. INTERVENTION Single treatment with albendazole (600 mg) and praziquantel (40 mg/kg of body weight) and daily multi-micronutrient supplementation with tablet containing 1000 microg vitamin A. RESULTS Micronutrient supplementation (0.08 micromol/l, 95% CI 0.01, 0.14; P=0.025), but not treatment (0.03 micromol/l, 95% CI -0.04, 0.10; P=0.38), increased serum retinol. However, treatment did increase serum retinol in S. mansoni-infected (0.09, 95% CI 0.02, 0.16; P=0.009), but not in uninfected children (-0.07, 95% CI -0.18, 0.03; P=0.18; interaction, P=0.01). Similarly, reduction in egg output of S. mansoni, but none of the geohelminth, was a predictor, corresponding to a 0.008 micromol/l (95% CI 0.00002, 0.02; P=0.049) increase in serum retinol per 100 epg reduction. Interestingly, interactions were found between age and sex (P=0.046), and malaria parasitaemia and sickle cell phenotype (P=0.04). CONCLUSION Multi-micronutrient supplementation and reduction in S. mansoni egg output increased serum retinol, irrespective of initial serum retinol. SPONSORSHIP The Danish International Development Assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mwaniki
- Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Premature infants require large amounts of protein and energy to achieve normal growth. Feeding with human milk alone is therefore only regarded acceptable if the protein and energy content is adequate. METHODS 476 milk samples from 101 mothers delivering before the 32nd gestational week (mean gestational age, 28 weeks) were obtained on a weekly basis until 36 weeks of gestational age and analyzed for true protein, total carbohydrate, and fat content by infrared analysis. Fat measurements were validated with the Folch method. Milk was collected by complete expression with an electric pump into 24-hour pools. RESULTS The protein concentration decreased significantly with time (P = 0.00001). The carbohydrate, fat, and energy concentration was significantly lower in the first 2 weeks after delivery, after which they increased to a constant level. The macronutrient level in milk was not associated with gestational age (P = 0.3). The energy content of these milk samples was high, and feeding 200 mL/kg would provide sufficient energy until 36 weeks of gestational age for all infants, and 65% of the infants would receive > or =3g total protein/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Faerk
- University Clinic of Pediatrics, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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