1
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Malik I, Tseng YJ, Wieland CM, Green KM, Zheng K, Calleja K, Todd PK. Dissecting the roles of EIF4G homologs reveals DAP5 as a modifier of CGG repeat-associated toxicity in a Drosophila model of FXTAS. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 184:106212. [PMID: 37352983 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is caused by a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 5' UTR of FMR1. Expanded CGG repeat RNAs form stable secondary structures, which in turn support repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation to produce toxic peptides. The parameters that impact RAN translation initiation efficiency are not well understood. Here we used a Drosophila melanogaster model of FXTAS to evaluate the role of the eIF4G family of eukaryotic translation initiation factors (EIF4G1, EIF4GII and EIF4G2/DAP5) in modulating RAN translation and CGG repeat-associated toxicity. DAP5 knockdown robustly suppressed CGG repeat-associated toxicity and inhibited RAN translation. Furthermore, knockdown of initiation factors that preferentially associate with DAP5 (such as EIF2β, EIF3F and EIF3G) also selectively suppressed CGG repeat-induced eye degeneration. In mammalian cellular reporter assays, DAP5 knockdown exhibited modest and cell-type specific effects on RAN translation. Taken together, these data support a role for DAP5 in CGG repeat associated toxicity possibly through modulation of RAN translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Malik
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi-Ju Tseng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Clare M Wieland
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katelyn M Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristina Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katyanne Calleja
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Green KM, Miller SL, Malik I, Todd PK. Non-canonical initiation factors modulate repeat-associated non-AUG translation. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2521-2534. [PMID: 35220421 PMCID: PMC9618161 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of expanded repeat-mutation mRNA produces toxic peptides in neurons of patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. Recent findings indicate that RAN translation in diverse model systems is not inhibited by cellular stressors that impair global translation through phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eIF2, the essential eukaryotic translation initiation factor that brings the initiator tRNA to the 40S ribosome. Using in vitro, cell-based and Drosophila models, we examined the role of alternative ternary complex factors that may function in place of eIF2, including eIF2A, eIF2D, DENR and MCTS1. Among these factors, DENR knockdown had the greatest inhibitory effect on RAN translation of expanded GGGGCC and CGG repeat reporters and its reduction improved the survival of Drosophila expressing expanded GGGGCC repeats. Taken together, these data support a role for alternative initiation factors in RAN translation and suggest these may serve as novel therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shannon L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Indranil Malik
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Malik I, Tseng Y, Wright SE, Zheng K, Ramaiyer P, Green KM, Todd PK. SRSF protein kinase 1 modulates RAN translation and suppresses CGG repeat toxicity. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14163. [PMID: 34542927 PMCID: PMC8573603 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcribed CGG repeat expansions cause neurodegeneration in Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). CGG repeat RNAs sequester RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) into nuclear foci and undergo repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation into toxic peptides. To identify proteins involved in these processes, we employed a CGG repeat RNA-tagging system to capture repeat-associated RBPs by mass spectrometry in mammalian cells. We identified several SR (serine/arginine-rich) proteins that interact selectively with CGG repeats basally and under cellular stress. These proteins modify toxicity in a Drosophila model of FXTAS. Pharmacologic inhibition of serine/arginine protein kinases (SRPKs), which alter SRSF protein phosphorylation, localization, and activity, directly inhibits RAN translation of CGG and GGGGCC repeats (associated with C9orf72 ALS/FTD) and triggers repeat RNA retention in the nucleus. Lowering SRPK expression suppressed toxicity in both FXTAS and C9orf72 ALS/FTD model flies, and SRPK inhibitors suppressed CGG repeat toxicity in rodent neurons. Together, these findings demonstrate roles for CGG repeat RNA binding proteins in RAN translation and repeat toxicity and support further evaluation of SRPK inhibitors in modulating RAN translation associated with repeat expansion disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Malik
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Yi‐Ju Tseng
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Shannon E Wright
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Kristina Zheng
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Katelyn M Green
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Ann Arbor Veterans Administration HealthcareAnn ArborMIUSA
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4
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English AM, Green KM, Moon SL. A (dis)integrated stress response: Genetic diseases of eIF2α regulators. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2021; 13:e1689. [PMID: 34463036 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is a conserved mechanism by which eukaryotic cells remodel gene expression to adapt to intrinsic and extrinsic stressors rapidly and reversibly. The ISR is initiated when stress-activated protein kinases phosphorylate the major translation initiation factor eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2ɑ (eIF2ɑ), which globally suppresses translation initiation activity and permits the selective translation of stress-induced genes including important transcription factors such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Translationally repressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and noncoding RNAs assemble into cytoplasmic RNA-protein granules and polyadenylated RNAs are concomitantly stabilized. Thus, regulated changes in mRNA translation, stability, and localization to RNA-protein granules contribute to the reprogramming of gene expression that defines the ISR. We discuss fundamental mechanisms of RNA regulation during the ISR and provide an overview of a growing class of genetic disorders associated with mutant alleles of key translation factors in the ISR pathway. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Translation > Translation Regulation RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M English
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katelyn M Green
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Human Genetics, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephanie L Moon
- Department of Human Genetics, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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5
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Tseng YJ, Sandwith SN, Green KM, Chambers AE, Krans A, Raimer HM, Sharlow ME, Reisinger MA, Richardson AE, Routh ED, Smaldino MA, Wang YH, Vaughn JP, Todd PK, Smaldino PJ. The RNA helicase DHX36-G4R1 modulates C9orf72 GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat-associated translation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100914. [PMID: 34174288 PMCID: PMC8326427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GGGGCC (G4C2) hexanucleotide repeat expansions in the endosomal trafficking gene C9orf72 are the most common genetic cause of ALS and frontotemporal dementia. Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of this expansion through near-cognate initiation codon usage and internal ribosomal entry generates toxic proteins that accumulate in patients' brains and contribute to disease pathogenesis. The helicase protein DEAH-box helicase 36 (DHX36–G4R1) plays active roles in RNA and DNA G-quadruplex (G4) resolution in cells. As G4C2 repeats are known to form G4 structures in vitro, we sought to determine the impact of manipulating DHX36 expression on repeat transcription and RAN translation. Using a series of luciferase reporter assays both in cells and in vitro, we found that DHX36 depletion suppresses RAN translation in a repeat length–dependent manner, whereas overexpression of DHX36 enhances RAN translation from G4C2 reporter RNAs. Moreover, upregulation of RAN translation that is typically triggered by integrated stress response activation is prevented by loss of DHX36. These results suggest that DHX36 is active in regulating G4C2 repeat translation, providing potential implications for therapeutic development in nucleotide repeat expansion disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Tseng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Siara N Sandwith
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Katelyn M Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Amy Krans
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Heather M Raimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric D Routh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Yuh-Hwa Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - James P Vaughn
- Division of Cancer Biology, NanoMedica LLC, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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6
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Koroshetz WJ, Behrman S, Brame CJ, Branchaw JL, Brown EN, Clark EA, Dockterman D, Elm JJ, Gay PL, Green KM, Hsi S, Kaplitt MG, Kolber BJ, Kolodkin AL, Lipscombe D, MacLeod MR, McKinney CC, Munafò MR, Oakley B, Olimpo JT, Percie du Sert N, Raman IM, Riley C, Shelton AL, Uzzo SM, Crawford DC, Silberberg SD. Framework for advancing rigorous research. eLife 2020; 9:e55915. [PMID: 32127131 PMCID: PMC7056268 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need to increase the rigor of research in the life and biomedical sciences. To address this issue, we propose that communities of 'rigor champions' be established to campaign for reforms of the research culture that has led to shortcomings in rigor. These communities of rigor champions would also assist in the development and adoption of a comprehensive educational platform that would teach the principles of rigorous science to researchers at all career stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeBethesdaUnited States
| | | | - Cynthia J Brame
- Center for Teaching and Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Janet L Branchaw
- Department of Kinesiology and Wisconsin Institute for Science Education and Community Engagement, University of Wisconsin - MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Emery N Brown
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Medical Engineering and Sciences, the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, and the Institute for Data Systems and Society, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyBostonUnited States
| | - Erin A Clark
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - David Dockterman
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Jordan J Elm
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
| | | | - Katelyn M Green
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Sherry Hsi
- The Concord ConsortiumEmeryvilleUnited States
| | - Michael G Kaplitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Benedict J Kolber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Diane Lipscombe
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Malcolm R MacLeod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Caleb C McKinney
- Biomedical Graduate Education, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonUnited States
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jeffrey T Olimpo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El PasoEl PasoUnited States
| | - Nathalie Percie du Sert
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Indira M Raman
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | | | - Amy L Shelton
- Center for Talented Youth and School of Education, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | | | - Devon C Crawford
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeBethesdaUnited States
| | - Shai D Silberberg
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeBethesdaUnited States
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7
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Green KM, Sheth UJ, Flores BN, Wright SE, Sutter AB, Kearse MG, Barmada SJ, Ivanova MI, Todd PK. High-throughput screening yields several small-molecule inhibitors of repeat-associated non-AUG translation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18624-18638. [PMID: 31649034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation is a noncanonical translation initiation event that occurs at nucleotide-repeat expansion mutations that are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), ALS, and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Translation of expanded repeats produces toxic proteins that accumulate in human brains and contribute to disease pathogenesis. Consequently, RAN translation constitutes a potentially important therapeutic target for managing multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we adapted a previously developed RAN translation assay to a high-throughput format to screen 3,253 bioactive compounds for inhibition of RAN translation of expanded CGG repeats associated with FXTAS. We identified five diverse small molecules that dose-dependently inhibited CGG RAN translation, while relatively sparing canonical translation. All five compounds also inhibited RAN translation of expanded GGGGCC repeats associated with ALS and FTD. Using CD and native gel analyses, we found evidence that three of these compounds, BIX01294, CP-31398, and propidium iodide, bind directly to the repeat RNAs. These findings provide proof-of-principle supporting the development of selective small-molecule RAN translation inhibitors that act across multiple disease-causing repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Udit J Sheth
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Brittany N Flores
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Shannon E Wright
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Alexandra B Sutter
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michael G Kearse
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.
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8
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Linsalata AE, He F, Malik AM, Glineburg MR, Green KM, Natla S, Flores BN, Krans A, Archbold HC, Fedak SJ, Barmada SJ, Todd PK. DDX3X and specific initiation factors modulate FMR1 repeat-associated non-AUG-initiated translation. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47498. [PMID: 31347257 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 5' UTR of FMR1 causes the neurodegenerative disorder Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). This repeat supports a non-canonical mode of protein synthesis known as repeat-associated, non-AUG (RAN) translation. The mechanism underlying RAN translation at CGG repeats remains unclear. To identify modifiers of RAN translation and potential therapeutic targets, we performed a candidate-based screen of eukaryotic initiation factors and RNA helicases in cell-based assays and a Drosophila melanogaster model of FXTAS. We identified multiple modifiers of toxicity and RAN translation from an expanded CGG repeat in the context of the FMR1 5'UTR. These include the DEAD-box RNA helicase belle/DDX3X, the helicase accessory factors EIF4B/4H, and the start codon selectivity factors EIF1 and EIF5. Disrupting belle/DDX3X selectively inhibited FMR1 RAN translation in Drosophila in vivo and cultured human cells, and mitigated repeat-induced toxicity in Drosophila and primary rodent neurons. These findings implicate RNA secondary structure and start codon fidelity as critical elements mediating FMR1 RAN translation and identify potential targets for treating repeat-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Linsalata
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fang He
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed M Malik
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Katelyn M Green
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sam Natla
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brittany N Flores
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy Krans
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Fedak
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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9
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Kearse MG, Goldman DH, Choi J, Nwaezeapu C, Liang D, Green KM, Goldstrohm AC, Todd PK, Green R, Wilusz JE. Ribosome queuing enables non-AUG translation to be resistant to multiple protein synthesis inhibitors. Genes Dev 2019; 33:871-885. [PMID: 31171704 PMCID: PMC6601509 DOI: 10.1101/gad.324715.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, Kearse et al. used start codon-specific reporters and ribosome profiling to characterize how translation from non-AUG start codons responds to protein synthesis inhibitors in human cells. Their data indicate that ribosome queuing enables mRNAs with poor initiation context—namely, those with non-AUG start codons—to be resistant to pharmacological translation inhibitors at concentrations that robustly inhibit global translation. Aberrant translation initiation at non-AUG start codons is associated with multiple cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, how non-AUG translation may be regulated differently from canonical translation is poorly understood. Here, we used start codon-specific reporters and ribosome profiling to characterize how translation from non-AUG start codons responds to protein synthesis inhibitors in human cells. These analyses surprisingly revealed that translation of multiple non-AUG-encoded reporters and the endogenous GUG-encoded DAP5 (eIF4G2/p97) mRNA is resistant to cycloheximide (CHX), a translation inhibitor that severely slows but does not completely abrogate elongation. Our data suggest that slowly elongating ribosomes can lead to queuing/stacking of scanning preinitiation complexes (PICs), preferentially enhancing recognition of weak non-AUG start codons. Consistent with this model, limiting PIC formation or scanning sensitizes non-AUG translation to CHX. We further found that non-AUG translation is resistant to other inhibitors that target ribosomes within the coding sequence but not those targeting newly initiated ribosomes. Together, these data indicate that ribosome queuing enables mRNAs with poor initiation context—namely, those with non-AUG start codons—to be resistant to pharmacological translation inhibitors at concentrations that robustly inhibit global translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kearse
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Daniel H Goldman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Jiou Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Chike Nwaezeapu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dongming Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Katelyn M Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Aaron C Goldstrohm
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - Rachel Green
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Jeremy E Wilusz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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10
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Ruebsam A, Dulle JE, Myers AM, Sakrikar D, Green KM, Khan NW, Schey K, Fort PE. A specific phosphorylation regulates the protective role of αA-crystallin in diabetes. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97919. [PMID: 29467334 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a central aspect of the early stages of diabetic retinopathy, the primary ocular complication associated with diabetes. While progress has been made to improve the vascular perturbations associated with diabetic retinopathy, there are still no treatment options to counteract the neuroretinal degeneration associated with diabetes. Our previous work suggested that the molecular chaperones α-crystallins could be involved in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy; however, the role and regulation of α-crystallins remained unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated the neuroprotective role of αA-crystallin during diabetes and its regulation by its phosphorylation on residue 148. We further characterized the dual role of αA-crystallin in neurons and glia, its essential role for neuronal survival, and its direct dependence on phosphorylation on this residue. These findings support further evaluation of αA-crystallin as a treatment option to promote neuron survival in diabetic retinopathy and neurodegenerative diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ruebsam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer E Dulle
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Angela M Myers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Katelyn M Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Naheed W Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin Schey
- Department of Biochemistry and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrice E Fort
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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11
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Abstract
Nucleotide-repeat expansions underlie a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders for which there are currently no effective therapies. Recently, it was discovered that such repetitive RNA motifs can support translation initiation in the absence of an AUG start codon across a wide variety of sequence contexts, and that the products of these atypical translation initiation events contribute to neuronal toxicity. This review examines what we currently know and do not know about repeat associated non-AUG (RAN) translation in the context of established canonical and non-canonical mechanisms of translation initiation. We highlight recent findings related to RAN translation in three repeat expansion disorders: CGG repeats in fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), GGGGCC repeats in C9orf72 associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and CAG repeats in Huntington disease. These studies suggest that mechanistic differences may exist for RAN translation dependent on repeat type, repeat reading frame, and the surrounding sequence context, but that for at least some repeats, RAN translation retains a dependence on some of the canonical translational initiation machinery. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:RNA Metabolism in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alexander E Linsalata
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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12
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Kearse MG, Green KM, Krans A, Rodriguez CM, Linsalata AE, Goldstrohm AC, Todd PK. CGG Repeat-Associated Non-AUG Translation Utilizes a Cap-Dependent Scanning Mechanism of Initiation to Produce Toxic Proteins. Mol Cell 2016; 62:314-322. [PMID: 27041225 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation produces toxic polypeptides from nucleotide repeat expansions in the absence of an AUG start codon and contributes to neurodegenerative disorders such as ALS and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. How RAN translation occurs is unknown. Here we define the critical sequence and initiation factors that mediate CGG repeat RAN translation in the 5' leader of fragile X mRNA, FMR1. Our results reveal that CGG RAN translation is 30%-40% as efficient as AUG-initiated translation, is m(7)G cap and eIF4E dependent, requires the eIF4A helicase, and is strongly influenced by repeat length. However, it displays a dichotomous requirement for initiation site selection between reading frames, with initiation in the +1 frame, but not the +2 frame, occurring at near-cognate start codons upstream of the repeat. These data support a model in which RAN translation at CGG repeats uses cap-dependent ribosomal scanning, yet bypasses normal requirements for start codon selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kearse
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katelyn M Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amy Krans
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Caitlin M Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexander E Linsalata
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aaron C Goldstrohm
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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13
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Heise EA, Marozas LM, Grafton SA, Green KM, Kirwin SJ, Fort PE. Strain-independent increases of crystallin proteins in the retina of type 1 diabetic rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82520. [PMID: 24349305 PMCID: PMC3862628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision loss in working-age individuals in the United States and is expected to continue growing with the increased prevalence of diabetes. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia in rats is the most commonly used model for diabetic retinopathy. Previous studies have shown that this model can lead to different inflammatory changes in the retina depending on the strain of rat. Our previous work has shown that crystallin proteins, including members of the alpha- and beta/gamma-crystallin subfamilies, are upregulated in the STZ rat retina. Crystallin proteins have been implicated in a number of cellular processes, such as neuroprotection, non-native protein folding and vascular remodeling. In this current study, we have demonstrated that unlike other strain-dependent changes, such as inflammatory cytokines and growth factor levels, in the STZ rat, the protein upregulation of crystallins is consistent across the Brown Norway, Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rat strains in the context of diabetes. Taken together, these data illustrate the potential critical role played by crystallins, and especially alpha-crystallins, in the retina in the context of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich A. Heise
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Marozas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sean A. Grafton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katelyn M. Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stefanie J. Kirwin
- Biological Science, Allergan Incorporated, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Patrice E. Fort
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nahomi RB, Palmer A, Green KM, Fort PE, Nagaraj RH. Pro-inflammatory cytokines downregulate Hsp27 and cause apoptosis of human retinal capillary endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:164-74. [PMID: 24252613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The formation of acellular capillaries in the retina, a hallmark feature of diabetic retinopathy, is caused by apoptosis of endothelial cells and pericytes. The biochemical mechanism of such apoptosis remains unclear. Small heat shock proteins play an important role in the regulation of apoptosis. In the diabetic retina, pro-inflammatory cytokines are upregulated. In this study, we investigated the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on small heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) in human retinal endothelial cells (HREC). In HREC cultured in the presence of cytokine mixtures (CM), a significant downregulation of Hsp27 at the protein and mRNA level occurred, with no effect on HSF-1, the transcription factor for Hsp27. The presence of high glucose (25mM) amplified the effects of cytokines on Hsp27. CM activated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and enhanced the production of kynurenine and ROS. An inhibitor of IDO, 1-methyl tryptophan (MT), inhibited the effects of CM on Hsp27. CM also upregulated NOS2 and, consequently, nitric oxide (NO). A NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, and a ROS scavenger blocked the CM-mediated Hsp27 downregulation. While a NO donor in the culture medium did not decrease the Hsp27 content, a peroxynitrite donor and exogenous peroxynitrite did. The cytokines and high glucose-induced apoptosis of HREC were inhibited by MT and L-NAME. Downregulation of Hsp27 by a siRNA treatment promoted apoptosis in HREC. Together, these data suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines induce the formation of ROS and NO, which, through the formation of peroxynitrite, reduce the Hsp27 content and bring about apoptosis of retinal capillary endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooban B Nahomi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Allison Palmer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Katelyn M Green
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Patrice E Fort
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Ram H Nagaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Freeman SR, Stivaros SM, Ramsden RT, O'Driscoll MP, Nichani JR, Bruce IA, Green KM, Henderson LA, Rutherford SA, King AT, Lloyd SK. The management of cochlear nerve deficiency. Cochlear Implants Int 2013; 14 Suppl 4:S27-31. [DOI: 10.1179/1467010013z.000000000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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Saeed H, Nichani J, Melling C, Raine CH, Khan I, Martin JM, Bullough R, Green KM, Jones SA, Bruce IA. Feasibility of cochlear implantation in Mucopolysaccharidosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:1255-8. [PMID: 23773334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of rare inherited metabolic disorders resulting from deficiencies of particular enzymes involved in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans. Amongst the manifestations of MPS within the head and neck patients may develop conductive, mixed or sensorineural hearing loss. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this paper is to describe the management of profound sensorineural hearing loss in children with Mucopolysaccaridosis. The primary outcome measures for this case series were improvement in auditory performance and speech perception scores following cochlear implantation. Secondary outcome measures included surgical complications. METHODS We carried out a casenote review of the first two cases of cochlear implantation (CI) to rehabilitate profound sensory neural hearing loss in Mucopolysaccharidoses. Improvement in auditory performance was measured by categories of auditory performance (CAP) score, speech reception score (SRS) and the IHR McCormick toy discrimination test. RESULTS Both patients with MPS had demonstrable benefit from CI in terms of auditory performance and speech perception. The first patient improved from pre-operatively only managing to recognise environmental sounds to understanding conversation without lip-reading with a familiar talker. Following CI, the second patient can discriminate speech in noisy environments to a degree, without lip-reading. No peri-operative complications were noted in either patient. CONCLUSION As the medical management of the MPS has progressed there is likely to be a corresponding increase in survival. This increased life-expectancy will likely lead to greater numbers of patients with MPS surviving long enough to develop profound hearing loss. Likewise, when considering the risks and benefits of quality of life interventions such as CI in patients with MPS, it is more likely that the risks of surgery and general anaesthesia will be considered acceptable. Clinicians managing such patients will need to be aware of these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saeed
- Manchester Auditory Implant Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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17
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Thrower SL, James L, Hall W, Green KM, Arif S, Allen JS, Van-Krinks C, Lozanoska-Ochser B, Marquesini L, Brown S, Wong FS, Dayan CM, Peakman M. Proinsulin peptide immunotherapy in type 1 diabetes: report of a first-in-man Phase I safety study. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 155:156-65. [PMID: 19040615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies under consideration for type 1 diabetes include modification of the autoimmune response through antigen-specific routes. Administration of short peptides representing T cell epitopes targeted by patients with the disease represents one approach. This study evaluated safety and mechanistic outcomes during first-in-man intradermal administration of a human leucocyte antigen-DR4 (HLA-DR4)-restricted peptide epitope of proinsulin (C19-A3). This randomized, open-label study assessed two major theoretical risks of peptide immunotherapy, namely induction of allergic hypersensitivity and exacerbation of the proinflammatory autoimmune response, using clinical assessment and mechanistic assays in vitro. Patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes and HLA-DRB1*0401 genotype received 30 microg (n = 18) or 300 microg (n = 18) of peptide in three equal doses at 0, 1 and 2 months or no intervention (n = 12). Proinsulin peptide immunotherapy in the dosing regimen used is well tolerated and free from risk of systemic hypersensitivity and induction/reactivation of proinsulin-specific, proinflammatory T cells. Peptide-specific T cells secreting the immune suppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 were observed at month 3 in four of 18 patients in the low-dose group (versus one of 12 in the control group; P = not significant). Mean IL-10 response to peptide in the low-dose group increased between 0 and 3 months (P = 0.05 after stimulation with 5 microM peptide in vitro) and then declined to baseline levels between 3 and 6 months (P = 0.01 at 10 microM peptide in vitro). These studies pave the way for future investigations in new-onset patients designed to examine whether proinsulin peptide immunotherapy has beneficial effects on markers of T cell autoimmunity and preservation of beta cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Thrower
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Human tears contain hundreds of proteins that may exert a significant influence on tear film stability, ocular surface integrity, and visual function. The authors hypothesise that many of these proteins originate from the meibomian gland. This study's aim was to begin to develop the proteomic methodology to permit the testing of their hypothesis. METHODS Meibomian gland secretions were collected from the lower eyelids of adult volunteers and placed in a chloroform-methanol mixture. Samples were partitioned in a biphasic system and non-lipid phase materials were reduced, alkylated, and trypsin digested to obtain peptides for protein identification. This peptide mixture was separated by micro-capillary reverse phase chromatography and the effluent examined by nano-electrospray MS and data dependent MS/MS. SEQUEST software was used to identify proteins from the MS/MS spectra. RESULTS The methodological approach to date has permitted the identification of more than 90 proteins in human meibomian gland secretions. Proteins include the alpha2-macroglobulin receptor, IgA alpha chain, farnesoid X activated receptor, interferon regulatory factor 3, lacritin precursor, lactotransferrin, lipocalin 1, lysozyme C precursor, potential phospholipid transporting ATPase IK, seven transmembrane helix receptor (also termed somatostatin receptor type 4), testes development related NYD-SP21 (also termed high affinity IgE receptor beta subunit), and TrkC tyrosine kinase. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the meibomian gland secretes a number of proteins into the tear film. It is quite possible that these proteins contribute to the dynamics of the tear film in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Tsai
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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19
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Green KM. Reduction of nasal fractures under local anaesthetic. Rhinology 2001; 39:43-6. [PMID: 11340695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Forty five patients with fractured nasal bones underwent nasal fracture reduction under local anaesthetic. Patients used linear analog scores to assess pain associated with the procedure and satisfaction with the reduction. The surgeon also recorded his assessment of the reduction. The patients were reviewed two weeks later and the outcome scores repeated. The procedure was well tolerated and forty three patients (95.5%) stated they would undergo the same procedure again if they fractured their nose in the future. Fifteen patients (33.3%) had significant persistent nasal deformities and were listed for septorhinoplasty. The results of nasal fracture reduction under localanaesthetic are comparable to those obtained under general anaesthetic. The factors that may contribute to poor outcomes following reduction of nasal fractures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Green
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
Submucosal diathermy to the inferior turbinates is a common surgical procedure performed to improve the nasal airway. We present the case of a previously well six-year-old boy who underwent submucosal diathermy and developed the unusual complication of a left oculomotor nerve palsy. The possible aetiology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Green
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Bolton Hospital, UK
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21
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Abstract
Amyloidosis of the upper aerodigestive tract is relatively rare. A case of localized amyloidosis involving all components of Waldeyer's ring with added laryngeal involvement is described. This has not been previously reported. A literature review of this conditions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Green
- Department of Otolaryngology, Fairfield General Hospital, Bury, UK
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22
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Eri R, Arnold JM, Hinman VF, Green KM, Jones MK, Degnan BM, Lavin MF. Hemps, a novel EGF-like protein, plays a central role in ascidian metamorphosis. Development 1999; 126:5809-18. [PMID: 10572055 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.24.5809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
All chordates share several characteristic features including a dorsal hollow neural tube, a notochord, a pharynx and an endostyle. Unlike other chordate taxa, ascidians have a biphasic life-history with two distinct body plans. During metamorphosis, the larval nerve cord and notochord degenerate and the pharyngeal gill slits and endostyle form. While ascidians, like other marine invertebrates, metamorphose in response to specific environmental cues, it remains unclear how these cues trigger metamorphosis. We have identified a novel gene (Hemps) which encodes a protein with a putative secretion signal sequence and four epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats which is a key regulator of metamorphosis in the ascidian Herdmania curvata. Expression of Hemps increases markedly when the swimming tadpole larva becomes competent to undergo metamorphosis and then during the first 24 hours of metamorphosis. The Hemps protein is localised to the larval papillae and anterior epidermis of the larva in the region known to be required for metamorphosis. When the larva contacts an inductive cue the protein is released, spreading posteriorly and into the tunic as metamorphosis progresses. Metamorphosis is blocked by incubating larvae in anti-Hemps antibodies prior to the addition of the cue. Addition of recombinant Hemps protein to competent larvae induces metamorphosis in a concentration-dependent manner. A subgroup of genes are specifically induced during this process. These results demonstrate that the Hemps protein is a key regulator of ascidian metamorphosis and is distinct from previously described inducers of this process in terrestrial arthropods and aquatic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eri
- Queensland Cancer Fund Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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23
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Abstract
We present two cases of alar haematoma. This is a very rare complication of nasal trauma, and only two cases have been described previously. One case presented late and did not undergo surgical drainage and has a persistent cosmetic deformity. We recommend early surgical drainage when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Green
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Bolton Hospital, UK
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24
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Abstract
A patient who developed non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema secondary to acute airway obstruction caused by an aspirated foreign body is presented. The literature is reviewed, discussing the theories regarding the formation of non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. The case highlights the importance of this rare complication of foreign body aspiration and surgeons and anaesthetists should be alert to continued respiratory symptoms following relief of acute airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pahade
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire, UK
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25
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Green KM, Kim JH, Wang WH, Day BN, Prather RS. Effect of myosin light chain kinase, protein kinase A, and protein kinase C inhibition on porcine oocyte activation. Biol Reprod 1999; 61:111-9. [PMID: 10377038 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod61.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that exposure to broad-spectrum protein kinase inhibitors results in parthenogenetic activation of metaphase II arrested porcine oocytes. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inhibitors of myosin light chain kinase and other protein kinases on pronuclear development, dephosphorylation of a 25-kDa protein, and cortical granule exocytosis. Metaphase II arrested oocytes were obtained by in vitro maturation. Cumulus-free oocytes were cultured with specific inhibitors in modified Whitten's medium for 24 h. Treatment with inhibitors that should inhibit myosin light chain kinase--HA100 (250 microM), Wortmannin (1 microM), and a combination of Wortmannin (1 microM), KT5720 (75 nM), and Iso-H7 (50 microM)--resulted in significantly higher pronuclear development (74.0%, 18.0%, and 35.0%, respectively) than in the negative control, H7 (10 microM; 2.0-12.4% depending upon the replication). Treatment with HA100 (250 microM) resulted in the dephosphorylation of the 25-kDa protein to a 22-kDa protein in 80.0% (n = 10) of oocytes exposed. However, Wortmannin (1 microM; n = 17), KT5720 (75 nM; n = 16), and Iso-H7 (50 microM; n = 19) treatment individually and in combination (n = 19) did not result in significant (p < 0.05; n = 19) dephosphorylation over the negative control, H7 (10 microM; n = 19). HA100 treatment resulted in significant cortical granule exocytosis when evaluated by laser confocal microscopy. In addition, protein kinase assays revealed lower myosin light chain kinase activity in electroactivated oocytes (p < 0.05) and protein kinase inhibitor-treated oocytes (p < 0.05) than in negative controls, nonelectroactivated oocytes, and H7 (10 microM)-treated oocytes. Treatment with HA100 (250 microM) resulted in pronuclear formation, dephosphorylation of the 25-kDa protein, and some release of cortical granules. These observations suggest that inhibition of myosin light chain kinase, protein kinase A, and protein kinase C results in activation of porcine oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Green
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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26
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Abstract
Over a 26-year period, from 1970 to 1995, 2250 pre-operative vocal fold checks were carried out by the ENT team at Manchester Royal Infirmary in patients undergoing thyroid, parathyroid and cardiothoracic surgery. A register was kept of all pre-operative fold checks. This register was retrospectively analysed and 23 vocal fold palsies were documented. In six of these patients the notes were either missing or incomplete. All of the remaining 17 patients had a history suggestive of vocal fold palsy. We suggest that in the absence of symptoms, either current or on history, a routine pre-operative vocal fold check is unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Green
- Department of Otolaryngology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK
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27
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Abstract
Aminoglycoside-containing topical preparations are commonly used in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media and otitis externa. We report a case where systemic absorption of topical Gentisone HC occurred producing a serum gentamicin level of 6.2 micrograms/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Green
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Preston Hospital, UK
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28
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Abstract
A case of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma recurrence presenting as multiple cutaneous metastases is presented. Such metastases are rare and are associated with a poor prognosis. Treatment is usually aimed at providing pain relief in these patients with a limited life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bhandarkar
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Oncology, Royal Preston Hospital, Fullwood, UK
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29
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Abstract
We present a rare case of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the tonsil. Tonsillectomy was inadvertently performed during an attempt to drain what was clinically a peritonsillar abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Green
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Preston Hospital, UK
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30
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Abstract
The morbidity of long-term ventilation tubes (Goode T-tubes) is often discussed with reference to otorrhoea, tympanosclerosis and long-term perforation. We report three cases of the T-tube slipping into the middle-ear cleft. In two of the three patients this was asymptomatic and the T-tubes were left in situ. In the third patient this complication was documented on three occasions when the T-tube was removed and reinserted for recurrent effusions. We are unaware of this complication being previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Green
- Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire, UK
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31
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Abstract
PROBLEM The influence of HLA sharing on pregnancy outcome is controversial. In renal transplantation, HLA-DQB1 donor-recipient mismatches have been shown beneficial for long-term transplant success. Since pregnancy is defined as Nature's allograft, we investigated the relevance of HLA-DQ mismatching in normal reproducing couples compared to couples experiencing RSA. METHOD Unexplained RSA couples referred to our laboratory for immunological testing were classified by immunological findings and obstetrical history. Primary RSA couples shared > or = 2 HLA-A, B, or DR antigens, had no cytotoxic anti-paternal antibodies, and no gestation beyond 20 weeks. Secondary RSA couples had cytotoxic anti-paternal antibodies and RSA after a live birth. HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 alleles were identified by PCR-SSP. RESULTS No differences in DQA1 and DQB1 mismatch were observed among RSA patients and controls. DQA1-DQB1 haplotype mismatches were not different among the three groups of couples. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to renal transplant, HLA-DQ incompatibility did not differ among RSA couples compared with successful reproducing couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Wagenknecht
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis, USA
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32
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Green KM, Bennet JD. A case of facial erysipelas? Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 1996; 55:368. [PMID: 8696638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Green
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, North Manchester General Hospital
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Bathurst IC, Gibson HL, Kansopon J, Hahm BK, Green KM, Chang SP, Hui GS, Siddiqui WA, Inselburg J, Millet P. An experimental vaccine cocktail for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Vaccine 1993; 11:449-56. [PMID: 8470430 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Surface proteins from several different life-cycle stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum were expressed at high levels in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purified proteins, both individually and in cocktails, were used to immunize mice and goats in conjunction with either Freund's adjuvant or a muramyl tripeptide-based adjuvant. Immune responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and by the ability of antisera to inhibit (1) the invasion of hepatocytes by live sporozoites, (2) in vitro invasion of human erythrocytes by live merozoites, and (3) the development of oocytes in the mosquito vector. These results suggest that cocktails of different stage-specific antigens can provide the components necessary to block the development of the malaria parasite at multiple stages of its life cycle.
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Barr PJ, Green KM, Gibson HL, Bathurst IC, Quakyi IA, Kaslow DC. Recombinant Pfs25 protein of Plasmodium falciparum elicits malaria transmission-blocking immunity in experimental animals. J Exp Med 1991; 174:1203-8. [PMID: 1940798 PMCID: PMC2118997 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.5.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pfs25 is a sexual stage antigen of Plasmodium falciparum that is expressed on the surface of zygote and ookinete forms of the parasite. Monoclonal antibodies directed against native Pfs25 can block completely the development of P. falciparum oocysts in the midgut of the mosquito vector. Thus, this 25-kD protein is a potential vaccine candidate for eliciting transmission-blocking immunity in inhabitants of malaria endemic regions. We have synthesized, by secretion from yeast, a polypeptide analogue of Pfs25 that reacts with conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies, and elicits transmission-blocking antibodies when used to immunize mice and monkeys in conjunction with a muramyl tripeptide adjuvant. Our results suggest the further evaluation of recombinant DNA-derived Pfs25 in transmission-blocking vaccination studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Barr
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608
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Inselburg J, Bzik DJ, Li WB, Green KM, Kansopon J, Hahm BK, Bathurst IC, Barr PJ, Rossan RN. Protective immunity induced in Aotus monkeys by recombinant SERA proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Infect Immun 1991; 59:1247-50. [PMID: 1900809 PMCID: PMC257834 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.4.1247-1250.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the vaccination of Panamanian monkeys (Aotus sp.) with two recombinant blood stage antigens that each contain a portion of the N-terminal region of the SERA (serine repeat antigen) protein of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We immunized with either a 262-amino-acid SERA fragment (SERA I) that contains amino acids 24 to 285 of the 989-amino-acid protein or a 483-amino-acid SERA fragment (SERA N) that contains amino acids 24 to 506 as part of a fusion protein with human gamma interferon. The recombinant proteins were shown to stimulate protective immunity when administered with complete and incomplete Freund adjuvant. Four of six immunized monkeys challenged by intravenous inoculation with blood stage P. falciparum developed parasitemias that were reduced by at least 1,000-fold. Two of six immunized monkeys developed parasitemias which were comparable to the lowest parasitemia in one of four controls and were 50- to 1,000-fold lower than in the other three controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Inselburg
- Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756
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Barr PJ, Inselburg J, Green KM, Kansopon J, Hahm BK, Gibson HL, Lee-Ng CT, Bzik DJ, Li WB, Bathurst IC. Immunogenicity of recombinant Plasmodium falciparum SERA proteins in rodents. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1991; 45:159-70. [PMID: 2052035 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(91)90038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have expressed defined regions of the serine-repeat antigen (SERA) of the Honduras-1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Amino-terminal domains of the natural SERA protein have been shown previously to be targets for parasite-inhibitory murine monoclonal antibodies. Two recombinant SERA antigens were selected for purification and immunological analysis. The first (SERA 1), corresponding to amino acids 24-285 of the natural SERA precursor, was expressed by the ubiquitin fusion method. This allowed for in vivo cleavage by endogenous yeast ubiquitin hydrolase, and subsequent isolation of the mature polypeptide. The second, larger protein (SERA N), encompassing amino acids 24-506, was expressed at only low levels using this system, but could be isolated in high yields when fused to human gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN). Each purified protein was used to immunize mice with either Freund's adjuvant or a muramyl tripeptide adjuvant that has been used in humans. Sera from immunized mice were shown to be capable of in vitro inhibition of invasion of erythrocytes by the Honduras-1 strain of P. falciparum. The results suggest that a recombinant SERA antigen may be an effective component of a candidate malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Barr
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608
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Wiltrout RH, Herberman RB, Zhang SR, Chirigos MA, Ortaldo JR, Green KM, Talmadge JE. Role of organ-associated NK cells in decreased formation of experimental metastases in lung and liver. The Journal of Immunology 1985. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.134.6.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mice treated with anti-asialo GM1 (asGM1) serum exhibited increased formation of experimental metastases in lung and liver after i.v. challenge with B16 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma. This increased metastasis formation coincided with decreased splenic NK activity and increased survival of i.v. injected radiolabeled tumor cells. In contrast, the injection of mice with the pyran copolymer maleic anhydride divinyl ether (MVE-2) augmented NK activity in the spleen and significantly depressed the formation of experimental metastases in the lungs and liver. However, a single or double administration of anti-asGM1 antiserum to MVE-2-pretreated mice failed to inhibit the immunoprophylaxis associated with MVE-2 administration, although it did decrease splenic NK activity and also increased the survival of i.v.-injected radiolabeled tumor cells. To address the mechanism for this dichotomy, we examined NK activity not only in the spleen but also in the blood, lungs, and livers of MVE-2-treated mice. Levels of NK activity in the lungs and liver were several-fold higher than those observed in spleen and blood. However, MVE-2-augmented NK activity in lung and liver was more resistant to depletion by the standard regimen of anti-asGM1 treatment than was NK activity in blood and spleen, and required two high-dose administrations of a higher titered antiserum for depletion of the augmented response. This high-dose regimen removed all detectable NK activity from the lung and liver, and concomitantly eliminated the metastasis-inhibiting effect of MVE-2. These data are consistent with a role for organ-associated NK cells in inhibiting metastasis formation during the extravasation and/or early postextravasation phases of the metastatic process. The results also suggest that biologic effects of NK activity in spleen and blood can be dissociated from those mediated by NK activity in other organs by use of different treatment regimens with anti-asGM1 serum. Finally, because NK activity in target organs can be augmented to an even greater extent than in the blood and spleen by at least some biologic response modifiers (BRMs), organ-associated NK activity should be considered as a possible mechanism for the therapeutic effects of BRM treatment.
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Wiltrout RH, Herberman RB, Zhang SR, Chirigos MA, Ortaldo JR, Green KM, Talmadge JE. Role of organ-associated NK cells in decreased formation of experimental metastases in lung and liver. J Immunol 1985; 134:4267-75. [PMID: 3989307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mice treated with anti-asialo GM1 (asGM1) serum exhibited increased formation of experimental metastases in lung and liver after i.v. challenge with B16 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma. This increased metastasis formation coincided with decreased splenic NK activity and increased survival of i.v. injected radiolabeled tumor cells. In contrast, the injection of mice with the pyran copolymer maleic anhydride divinyl ether (MVE-2) augmented NK activity in the spleen and significantly depressed the formation of experimental metastases in the lungs and liver. However, a single or double administration of anti-asGM1 antiserum to MVE-2-pretreated mice failed to inhibit the immunoprophylaxis associated with MVE-2 administration, although it did decrease splenic NK activity and also increased the survival of i.v.-injected radiolabeled tumor cells. To address the mechanism for this dichotomy, we examined NK activity not only in the spleen but also in the blood, lungs, and livers of MVE-2-treated mice. Levels of NK activity in the lungs and liver were several-fold higher than those observed in spleen and blood. However, MVE-2-augmented NK activity in lung and liver was more resistant to depletion by the standard regimen of anti-asGM1 treatment than was NK activity in blood and spleen, and required two high-dose administrations of a higher titered antiserum for depletion of the augmented response. This high-dose regimen removed all detectable NK activity from the lung and liver, and concomitantly eliminated the metastasis-inhibiting effect of MVE-2. These data are consistent with a role for organ-associated NK cells in inhibiting metastasis formation during the extravasation and/or early postextravasation phases of the metastatic process. The results also suggest that biologic effects of NK activity in spleen and blood can be dissociated from those mediated by NK activity in other organs by use of different treatment regimens with anti-asGM1 serum. Finally, because NK activity in target organs can be augmented to an even greater extent than in the blood and spleen by at least some biologic response modifiers (BRMs), organ-associated NK activity should be considered as a possible mechanism for the therapeutic effects of BRM treatment.
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Abstract
A diagnosis of secondary syphilis was made in a 37-year-old man who presented with a papular eruption and a penile ulceration. Skin biopsy revealed a palisading granuloma similar to that seen in granuloma annulare. This represents a histologic finding that has not been described for early secondary syphilis.
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Green KM, Lynfield YL, Davis DE. Livedo reticularis with ulcers and circulating immune complexes. Cutis 1983; 31:312-5. [PMID: 6301763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Livedo reticularis is a reticulate skin pattern that is idiopathic or associated with systemic disease. A 30-year-old white man with livedo reticularis, winter ulcerations, and a peripheral neuropathy is described. His only laboratory abnormality remains the presence of circulating immune complexes. Therapy of this patient's condition and the significance of these immune complexes are discussed.
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Abstract
Chromomycosis is a disfiguring cutaneous mycosis that is often recalcitrant to therapy. We describe a case of chromomycosis of the lower extremities that is being successfully treated with ketoconazole and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) after treatment with ketoconazole alone had failed. In vitro studies showed that the drugs acted synergistically against the strain of Fonsecaea pedrosoi which was isolated from the patient's lesion.
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Green KM, Ziegler HJ. Medicaid fraud investigations: an open letter from Attorney General Stephen H. Sachs. Md State Med J 1980; 29:42-3. [PMID: 7005552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Green KM. Being tough with Tony was the kindest thing we could do. Nursing 1978; 8:36-7. [PMID: 250662 DOI: 10.1097/00152193-197810000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Green KM. Mutual benefits of a foster grandparent program in a hospital for the retarded. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1969; 20:248-51. [PMID: 5808777 DOI: 10.1176/ps.20.8.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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45
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Green KM. The abused child. Md State Med J 1966; 15:47-9. [PMID: 5904822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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