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Carlson BC, Robinson WA, Wanderman NR, Nassr AN, Huddleston PM, Yaszemski MJ, Currier BL, Jeray KJ, Kirk KL, Bunta AD, Murphy S, Patel B, Watkins CM, Sietsema DL, Edwards BJ, Tosi LL, Anderson PA, Freedman BA. The American Orthopaedic Association's Own the Bone® database: a national quality improvement project for the treatment of bone health in fragility fracture patients. Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:2101-2109. [PMID: 29858634 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The American Orthopaedic Association initiated the Own the Bone (OTB) quality improvement program in 2009. Herein we show that the data collected through this program is similar to that collected in other large studies. Thus, the OTB registry functions as an externally valid cohort for studying fragility fracture patients. INTRODUCTION The American Orthopedic Association initiated the Own the Bone (OTB) quality improvement program in 2009 to improve secondary prevention of fragility fractures. In this study, we present a summary of the data collected by the OTB program and compare it to data from other large fragility fracture registries with an aim to externally validate the OTB registry. METHODS The OTB registry contained 35,038 unique cases of fragility fracture as of September, 2016. We report the demographics, presenting fracture characteristics, past fracture history, and bone mineral density (BMD) data and compare these to data from large fragility fracture studies across the world. RESULTS Seventy-three percent of the patients in the OTB registry were female, Caucasian, and post-menopausal. In 54.4% of cases, patients had a hip fracture; spine fractures were the second most common fracture type occurring in 11.1% of patients. Thirty-four percent of the patients had a past history of fragility fracture, and the most common sites were the spine and hip. The average femoral neck T-score was - 2.06. When compared to other studies, the OTB database showed similar findings with regard to patient age, gender, race, BMI, BMD profile, prior fracture history, and family history of fragility fractures. CONCLUSION OTB is the first and largest multi-center voluntary fragility fracture registry in the USA. The data collected through the OTB program is comparable to that collected in international studies. Thus, the OTB registry functions as an externally valid cohort for further studies assessing the clinical characteristics, interventions, and outcomes achieved in patients who present with a fragility fracture in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - K J Jeray
- Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - K L Kirk
- San Antonio Orthopedic Group, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A D Bunta
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Murphy
- The American Orthopaedic Association, Rosemont, IL, USA
| | - B Patel
- The American Orthopaedic Association, Rosemont, IL, USA
| | - C M Watkins
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - B J Edwards
- Central Texas Veteran Healthcare System, Temple, TX, USA
| | - L L Tosi
- Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
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Kirk KL, Jacobson KA. History of Chemistry in the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Bull Hist Chem 2014; 39:150-165. [PMID: 26412957 PMCID: PMC4581437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The origins of the Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH can be traced to events that occurred in the early 20th century. From its beginning to the present, as the laboratory evolved through several organizational changes, many important historical contributions to organic chemistry and biochemistry were made. For example, its early precursor, the Division of Chemistry of the Hygienic Laboratory, was assigned the responsibility of safeguarding public health by analyzing environmental and other chemical risks. This review will trace important developments from the early twentieth century to the present. The topics covered in this review include a historical synopsis, early work on receptors, carbohydrates, heterocycles and nucleotides, with specific emphasis on frog skin alkaloids, the NIH shift (a transfer of an aromatic hydrogen atom to a neighboring ring position during ring hydroxylation, important in the biochemical processing of aromatic substrates), the methionine-specific cleavage of proteins using cyanogen bromide (used commercially and in peptide research) as well as other fundamental contributions. Ongoing research in medicinal chemistry, natural products, biochemistry, vaccines and pharmacology, some leading to clinical applications, will be discussed.
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Wan X, Dennis AT, Obejero-Paz C, Overholt JL, Heredia-Moya J, Kirk KL, Ficker E. Oxidative inactivation of the lipid phosphatase phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome ten (PTEN) as a novel mechanism of acquired long QT syndrome. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2843-52. [PMID: 21097842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.125526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of cardiac side effects of pharmaco-therapy is acquired long QT syndrome, which is characterized by abnormal cardiac repolarization and most often caused by direct blockade of the cardiac potassium channel human ether a-go-go-related gene (hERG). However, little is known about therapeutic compounds that target ion channels other than hERG. We have discovered that arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)), a very potent antineoplastic compound for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, is proarrhythmic via two separate mechanisms: a well characterized inhibition of hERG/I(Kr) trafficking and a poorly understood increase of cardiac calcium currents. We have analyzed the latter mechanism in the present study using biochemical and electrophysiological methods. We find that oxidative inactivation of the lipid phosphatase PTEN by As(2)O(3) enhances cardiac calcium currents in the therapeutic concentration range via a PI3Kα-dependent increase in phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP(3)) production. In guinea pig ventricular myocytes, even a modest reduction in PTEN activity is sufficient to increase cellular PIP(3) levels. Under control conditions, PIP(3) levels are kept low by PTEN and do not affect calcium current amplitudes. Based on pharmacological experiments and intracellular infusion of PIP(3), we propose that in guinea pig ventricular myocytes, PIP(3) regulates calcium currents independently of the protein kinase Akt along a pathway that includes a secondary oxidation-sensitive target. Overall, our report describes a novel form of acquired long QT syndrome where the target modified by As(2)O(3) is an intracellular signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wan
- Rammelkamp Center for Education and Research, MetroHealth Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
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Wimalasena DS, Janowiak BE, Lovell S, Miyagi M, Sun J, Zhou H, Hajduch J, Pooput C, Kirk KL, Battaile KP, Bann JG. Evidence that histidine protonation of receptor-bound anthrax protective antigen is a trigger for pore formation. Biochemistry 2010; 49:6973-83. [PMID: 20672855 PMCID: PMC2924283 DOI: 10.1021/bi100647z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The protective antigen (PA) component of the anthrax toxin forms pores within the low pH environment of host endosomes through mechanisms that are poorly understood. It has been proposed that pore formation is dependent on histidine protonation. In previous work, we biosynthetically incorporated 2-fluorohistidine (2-FHis), an isosteric analogue of histidine with a significantly reduced pK(a) ( approximately 1), into PA and showed that the pH-dependent conversion from the soluble prepore to a pore was unchanged. However, we also observed that 2-FHisPA was nonfunctional in the ability to mediate cytotoxicity of CHO-K1 cells by LF(N)-DTA and was defective in translocation through planar lipid bilayers. Here, we show that the defect in cytotoxicity is due to both a defect in translocation and, when bound to the host cellular receptor, an inability to undergo low pH-induced pore formation. Combining X-ray crystallography with hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange mass spectrometry, our studies lead to a model in which hydrogen bonds to the histidine ring are strengthened by receptor binding. The combination of both fluorination and receptor binding is sufficient to block low pH-induced pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blythe E. Janowiak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Case Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4988
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Haiying Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, USA
| | - Jan Hajduch
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, USA
| | - Chaya Pooput
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kevin P. Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Bldg 435A, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - James G. Bann
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, USA
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Pooput C, Rosemond E, Karpiak J, Deflorian F, Vilar S, Costanzi S, Wess J, Kirk KL. Structural basis of the selectivity of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor for fluorinated catecholamines. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7987-92. [PMID: 19857969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The important and diverse biological functions of adrenergic receptors, a subclass of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), have made the search for compounds that selectively stimulate or inhibit the activity of different adrenergic receptor subtypes an important area of medicinal chemistry. We previously synthesized 2-, 5-, and 6-fluoronorepinehprine (FNE) and 2-, 5-, and 6-fluoroepinephrine (FEPI) and found that 2FNE and 2FEPI were selective beta-adrenergic agonists and that 6FNE and 6FEPI were selective alpha-adrenergic agonists, while 5FNE and 5FEPI were unselective. Agonist potencies correlated well with receptor binding affinities. Here, through a combination of molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified N293 in the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor as a crucial residue for the selectivity of the receptor for catecholamines fluorinated at different positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaya Pooput
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
We report a new synthesis of enantiomerically pure (S)-4-fluorohisitidine based on diastereoselective alkylation of MOM-protected 4-fluoro-5-bromomethyl imidazole using the Schöllkopf bis-lactim amino acid synthesis. Improvements in procedures for preparation of key intermediates are also described. (S)-4-Fluorohisitidine prepared by this new method was identical in all respects to material prepared by previous procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hajduch
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Rajapaksha M, Eichler JF, Hajduch J, Anderson DE, Kirk KL, Bann JG. Monitoring anthrax toxin receptor dissociation from the protective antigen by NMR. Protein Sci 2009; 18:17-23. [PMID: 19177347 DOI: 10.1002/pro.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The binding of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) to the host cell receptor is the first step toward the formation of the anthrax toxin, a tripartite set of proteins that include the enzymatic moieties edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF). PA is cleaved by a furin-like protease on the cell surface followed by the formation of a donut-shaped heptameric prepore. The prepore undergoes a major structural transition at acidic pH that results in the formation of a membrane spanning pore, an event which is dictated by interactions with the receptor and necessary for entry of EF and LF into the cell. We provide direct evidence using 1-dimensional (13)C-edited (1)H NMR that low pH induces dissociation of the Von-Willebrand factor A domain of the receptor capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2) from the prepore, but not the monomeric full length PA. Receptor dissociation is also observed using a carbon-13 labeled, 2-fluorohistidine labeled CMG2, consistent with studies showing that protonation of His-121 in CMG2 is not a mechanism for receptor release. Dissociation is likely caused by the structural transition upon formation of a pore from the prepore state rather than protonation of residues at the receptor PA or prepore interface.
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Ko H, Das A, Carter RL, Fricks IP, Zhou Y, Ivanov AA, Melman A, Joshi BV, Kovác P, Hajduch J, Kirk KL, Harden TK, Jacobson KA. Molecular recognition in the P2Y(14) receptor: Probing the structurally permissive terminal sugar moiety of uridine-5'-diphosphoglucose. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5298-311. [PMID: 19502066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The P2Y(14) receptor, a nucleotide signaling protein, is activated by uridine-5'-diphosphoglucose 1 and other uracil nucleotides. We have determined that the glucose moiety of 1 is the most structurally permissive region for designing analogues of this P2Y(14) agonist. For example, the carboxylate group of uridine-5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid proved to be suitable for flexible substitution by chain extension through an amide linkage. Functionalized congeners containing terminal 2-acylaminoethylamides prepared by this strategy retained P2Y(14) activity, and molecular modeling predicted close proximity of this chain to the second extracellular loop of the receptor. In addition, replacement of glucose with other sugars did not diminish P2Y(14) potency. For example, the [5'']ribose derivative had an EC(50) of 0.24muM. Selective monofluorination of the glucose moiety indicated a role for the 2''- and 6''-hydroxyl groups of 1 in receptor recognition. The beta-glucoside was twofold less potent than the native alpha-isomer, but methylene replacement of the 1''-oxygen abolished activity. Replacement of the ribose ring system with cyclopentyl or rigid bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane groups abolished activity. Uridine-5'-diphosphoglucose also activates the P2Y(2) receptor, but the 2-thio analogue and several of the potent modified-glucose analogues were P2Y(14)-selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Ko
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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L. Kirk K, Gusovsky F. John W. Daly: The Early Years. The NIH Shift and Cyclic-AMP Assays: Early Pharmacological Breakthroughs. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(d)memoire-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
John W. Daly was engaged in groundbreaking basic research for nearly 50 years at NIH in Bethesda, Maryland. A primary focus of his research included the discovery, structure elucidation, synthesis and pharmacology of alkaloids and other biologically active natural products. However, he earned further acclaim in other areas that included the investigation of the structure-activity relationships for agonists/antagonists at adenosine, adrenergic, histamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine receptors. In addition he was a pioneer in studies of the modulation and functional relationships for systems involving calcium, cyclic nucleotides, ion channels and phospholipids and in the mechanism of actions of caffeine and other xanthines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810
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Takeuchi Y, Fujiwara T, Shimone Y, Miyataka H, Satoh T, Kirk KL, Hori H. Possible involvement of radical intermediates in the inhibition of cysteine proteases by allenyl esters and amides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6202-5. [PMID: 18951789 PMCID: PMC2607570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate crystallographically the mechanism of inhibition of cysteine protease by alpha-methyl-gamma,gamma-diphenylallenecarboxylic acid ethyl ester 3, a cysteine protease inhibitor having in vivo stability, we synthesized N-(alpha-methyl-gamma,gamma-diphenylallenecarbonyl)-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester 4. Reaction of 4 with thiophenol, the SH group of which has similar pK(a) value to that of cysteine protease, produced oxygen-mediated radical adducts 6 and 7 in ambient air but did not proceed under oxygen-free conditions. Catalytic activities of two thiol enzymes including cathepsin B were also lowered in the absence of oxygen. These results suggest that cysteine protease can act through an oxygen-dependent radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD
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14
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Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, Pooput C, Kirk KL, Krishna MC, Khosh DB, Drisko J, Levine M. Pharmacologic doses of ascorbate act as a prooxidant and decrease growth of aggressive tumor xenografts in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:11105-9. [PMID: 18678913 PMCID: PMC2516281 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804226105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient commonly regarded as an antioxidant. In this study, we showed that ascorbate at pharmacologic concentrations was a prooxidant, generating hydrogen-peroxide-dependent cytotoxicity toward a variety of cancer cells in vitro without adversely affecting normal cells. To test this action in vivo, normal oral tight control was bypassed by parenteral ascorbate administration. Real-time microdialysis sampling in mice bearing glioblastoma xenografts showed that a single pharmacologic dose of ascorbate produced sustained ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide formation selectively within interstitial fluids of tumors but not in blood. Moreover, a regimen of daily pharmacologic ascorbate treatment significantly decreased growth rates of ovarian (P < 0.005), pancreatic (P < 0.05), and glioblastoma (P < 0.001) tumors established in mice. Similar pharmacologic concentrations were readily achieved in humans given ascorbate intravenously. These data suggest that ascorbate as a prodrug may have benefits in cancers with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- *Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section and
| | | | | | - Chaya Pooput
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Deena Beneda Khosh
- Program in Integrative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Jeanne Drisko
- Program in Integrative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Mark Levine
- *Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section and
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Hruschka S, Rosen TC, Yoshida S, Kirk KL, Fröhlich R, Wibbeling B, Haufe G. Fluorinated phenylcyclopropylamines. Part 5: Effects of electron-withdrawing or -donating aryl substituents on the inhibition of monoamine oxidases A and B by 2-aryl-2-fluoro-cyclopropylamines. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7148-66. [PMID: 18640844 PMCID: PMC2613070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of racemic, diastereoisomeric aryl cyclopropylamines substituted with fluorine in the 2-position and electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring have been prepared. These represent analogues of the classic MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine (trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine, 1). Their activities as inhibitors of recombinant human liver monoamine oxidases A (MAO A) and B (MAO B) were determined. The trans-compounds were low micromolar inhibitors of both MAO A and MAO B with moderate MAO A selectivity while the less active cis-analogues were MAO B selective. In the trans-series, electron-withdrawing para-substituents increased the potency of MAO A inhibition while electron-donating groups such as methyl or methoxy had no influence on this activity. In contrast, aromatic ring substitution in the trans-series had essentially no effect on the inhibition of MAO B. The corresponding cis-compounds were shown to be 10-100 times less active against MAO A, while trans- and cis-compounds were quite similar in terms of inhibition of MAO B. The best MAO A/MAO B selectivity (7:1) in the trans-series was found for trans-2-fluoro-2-(para-trifluoromethylphenyl)cyclopropylamine (7d), while a 1:27 selectivity was found for cis-2-fluoro-2-(para-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamine (10c). These results are discussed in connection with the pK(a) and logD values, the mechanism of action of tranylcypromines, and the geometry of the active site of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Hruschka
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Rosen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Shinichi Yoshida
- Tottori Institute of Industrial Technology, Tottori 689-1112, Japan
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Birgit Wibbeling
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Uto Y, Nagasawa H, Jin CZ, Nakayama S, Tanaka A, Kiyoi S, Nakashima H, Shimamura M, Inayama S, Fujiwara T, Takeuchi Y, Uehara Y, Kirk KL, Nakata E, Hori H. Design of antiangiogenic hypoxic cell radiosensitizers: 2-nitroimidazoles containing a 2-aminomethylene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6042-53. [PMID: 18474428 PMCID: PMC3113482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We designed chiral 2-nitroimidazole derivatives containing a 2-aminomethylene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione moiety as antiangiogenic hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. Based on results of molecular orbital calculations, the 2-aminomethylene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione moiety is expected to show high electrophilicity comparable to that of the 2-methylene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione moiety included in TX-1123 and tyrphostin AG17. We evaluated the antiangiogenic and radiosensitizing effects of the new compounds, along with other biological properties including their activities as hypoxic cytotoxicities and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitory activities. Among the compounds tested, 5 (TX-2036) proved to be the strongest antiangiogenic hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. All the other chiral 2-nitroimidazole derivatives having 2-aminomethylene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione moiety tested were also antiangiogenic hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. The PTK inhibitory activity of 5 (TX-2036) showed this to be a promising and potent EGFR kinase inhibitor, having an IC(50) value of lower than 2microM. This compound also was an Flt-1 kinase inhibitor having an IC(50) value of lower than 20microM. Our results show that these chiral 2-nitroimidazole derivatives that contain the 2-aminomethylene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione moiety as a potent antiangiogenic pharmacophoric descriptor are promising lead candidates for the development of antiangiogenic hypoxic cell radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Uto
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hideko Nagasawa
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Mitahorahigashi-5, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | - Cheng-Zhe Jin
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakayama
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Ayako Tanaka
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Saori Kiyoi
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakashima
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Mariko Shimamura
- Medical Research and Development Center, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science,3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
| | - Seiichi Inayama
- Institute of Oriental Medical Sciences,2-6-3 Ebisunishi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 155-0021, Japan
| | - Tomoya Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutrical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutrical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Uehara
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, National Institutes of Health, 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eiji Nakata
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hori
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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17
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Heredia-Moya J, Kirk KL. Synthesis of beta-(S-methyl)thioaspartic acid and derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5908-13. [PMID: 18468905 PMCID: PMC2587367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Beta-(S-Methyl)thioaspartic acid occurs as a posttranslational modification at position 88 in Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S12, a position that is a mutational hotspot resulting in both antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-sensitive phenotypes. Critical to research designed to determine the biological function of beta-(S-methyl)thioaspartic acid will be the availability of synthetic beta-(S-methyl)thioaspartic acid as well as derivatives designed for peptide incorporation. We report here the synthesis of beta-(S-methyl)thioaspartic acid and derivatives. The installation of the beta-methylthio moiety into the aspartic acid structure was accomplished by electrophilic sulfenylation of N-protected-l-aspartic acid derivatives with 2,4-dinitrophenyl methyl disulfide. Following this key transformation, we were able to prepare protected beta-(S-methyl)thioaspartic acid derivative suitable for peptide coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Heredia-Moya
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892. USA
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892. USA
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18
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Abstract
An amide linked conjugate of p-aminophenylarsine oxide and biotin is conveniently prepared in a one-pot procedure by the reaction of biotinyl chloride, formed in situ, with p-aminophenyldichloroarsine. The reaction of the arsine oxide-biotin conjugate with 1,2-ethanedithiol produces the stabilized dithiarsolane. These reagents are now readily available for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Heredia-Moya
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Hajduch J, Dolenský B, Yoshida S, Fan J, Kirk KL. Synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-α,β-difluorourocanic acid. J Fluor Chem 2008; 129:112-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S.A
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21
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Nakae T, Uto Y, Tanaka M, Shibata H, Nakata E, Tominaga M, Maezawa H, Hashimoto T, Kirk KL, Nagasawa H, Hori H. Design, synthesis, and radiosensitizing activities of sugar-hybrid hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:675-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Oxidative fluorination of several protected tryptophans 8b-g with Selectfluor proceeded smoothly in aqueous media to give a diastereomeric mixture of the corresponding 3-fluorooxindoles 9b-g. Attempted deprotection of the 3-fluorooxindoles 9b-g under various conditions did not afford 3-(3-fluorooxindol-3-yl)-l-alanine (6). Reaction of the suitably protected tryptophan derivative 16 with Selectfluor produced the fluorinated product 17. Simultaneous cleavage of all protective groups of 17 under acidic conditions successfully gave the target compound 6 in excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Bin Yin
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Meixiang Jin
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshio Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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23
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Wimalasena DS, Cramer JC, Janowiak BE, Juris SJ, Melnyk RA, Anderson DE, Kirk KL, Collier RJ, Bann JG. Effect of 2-fluorohistidine labeling of the anthrax protective antigen on stability, pore formation, and translocation. Biochemistry 2007; 46:14928-36. [PMID: 18044973 DOI: 10.1021/bi701763z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The action of anthrax toxin relies in part upon the ability of the protective antigen (PA) moiety to form a heptameric pore in the endosomal membrane, providing a portal for entry of the enzymic moieties of the toxin into the cytosol. Pore formation is dependent on a conformational change in the heptameric prepore that occurs in the neutral to mildly acidic pH range, and it has been hypothesized that protonation of one or more histidine residues triggers this transition. To test this hypothesis, we used biosynthetic methods to incorporate the unnatural amino acid analogue 2-fluorohistidine (2-FHis) into PA. 2-FHis is isosteric with histidine but resists protonation at physiological pH values due to a dramatically reduced side-chain pKa ( approximately 1). We found that 2-FHis-labeled PA was biologically inactive, as judged by its inability to deliver a model intracellular effector, LFN-DTA, to the cytosol of CHO-K1 cells. However, whereas 2-FHis blocked a conformational transition in the full-length PA83 protein in the pH 5-6 range, the pH dependence of prepore-to-pore conversion of (PA63)7 was unchanged from the wild-type protein, implying that this conversion is not dependent on His protonation. Consistent with this result, the labeled, trypsin-activated PA was able to permeabilize liposomes to K+ and retained pore-forming activity in planar phospholipid bilayers. The pores in planar bilayers were incapable, however, of translocating a model ligand in response to a transmembrane pH gradient or elevated voltage. The results indicate that protonation of residues other than His, presumably Glu and/or Asp side chains, triggers pore formation in vitro, but His residues are nonetheless important for PA functioning in vivo.
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24
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Hajduch J, Nam G, Kim EJ, Fröhlich R, Hanover JA, Kirk KL. A convenient synthesis of the C-1-phosphonate analogue of UDP-GlcNAc and its evaluation as an inhibitor of O-linked GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Carbohydr Res 2007; 343:189-95. [PMID: 18039537 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The C-1-phosphonate analogue of UDP-GlcNAc has been synthesized using an alpha-configured C-1-aldehyde as a key intermediate. Addition of the anion of diethyl phosphate to the aldehyde produced the hydroxyphosphonate. The configuration of this key intermediate was determined by X-ray crystallography. Deoxygenation, coupling of the resulting phosphonic acid with UMP and deprotection gave the target molecule as a di-sodium salt. This analogue had no detectable activity as an inhibitor of (OGT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hajduch
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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25
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Abstract
Photochemical Schiemann reactions of imidazole derivatives 1 and 4 were carried out in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid [bmim][BF(4)] as solvent. The effects of temperature, co-solvent and wavelength on the rate of the reaction and product yield were examined. The use of ionic liquid increases the yield of the photochemical fluorodediazoniation reaction of 2 at 0°C. Careful temperature control is necessary to minimize the photodecomposition of the ionic liquid in order to increase the yield of product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Heredia-Moya
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda MD 20892
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26
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Zhang X, Yang F, Shim JY, Kirk KL, Anderson DE, Chen X. Identification of arsenic-binding proteins in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2007; 255:95-106. [PMID: 17499915 PMCID: PMC2853370 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As a cancer chemotherapeutic drug, arsenic acts on numerous intracellular signal transduction pathways in cancer cells. However, its mechanism of actions is still not fully understood. Previous studies suggest that arsenic reacts with closely spaced cysteine (Cys) residues of proteins with high Cys content and accessible sulfhydryl (SH) groups. In this study, human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was examined as a cellular model to explore arsenic-binding proteins and the mechanism of binding. An arsenic-biotin conjugate was synthesized by coupling the pentafluorophenol ester of biotin with p-aminophenylarsenoxide. Arsenic-binding proteins were eluted with streptavidin resin from arsenic-biotin treated MCF-7 cells, separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Arsenic-binding properties of two of these proteins, beta-tubulin and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), were studied further in vitro and the biological consequences of this binding was evaluated. Binding assay with Western blotting confirmed binding of beta-tubulin and PKM2 by arsenic in a concentration-dependent manner. Arsenic binding inhibited tubulin polymerization, but surprisingly had no effect on PKM2 activity. Molecular modeling showed that binding of Cys(12) alone or vicinal Cys residues (Cys(12) and Cys(213)) of beta-tubulin by arsenic blocked the active site for access of GTP, which is necessary for tubulin polymerization. On the contrary, all Cys residues of PKM2 were far away from the active site of the enzyme. In summary, this study confirmed beta-tubulin and PKM2 as arsenic-binding proteins in MCF-7 cells. Functional consequence of such binding may depend on whether arsenic binding causes conformational changes or blocks active sites of target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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27
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Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, Lee JH, Krishna MC, Shacter E, Choyke PL, Pooput C, Kirk KL, Buettner GR, Levine M. Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8749-54. [PMID: 17502596 PMCID: PMC1885574 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702854104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (ascorbic acid, vitamin C), in pharmacologic concentrations easily achieved in humans by i.v. administration, selectively kills some cancer cells but not normal cells. We proposed that pharmacologic ascorbate is a prodrug for preferential steady-state formation of ascorbate radical (Asc(*-)) and H(2)O(2) in the extracellular space compared with blood. Here we test this hypothesis in vivo. Rats were administered parenteral (i.v. or i.p.) or oral ascorbate in typical human pharmacologic doses ( approximately 0.25-0.5 mg per gram of body weight). After i.v. injection, ascorbate baseline concentrations of 50-100 microM in blood and extracellular fluid increased to peaks of >8 mM. After i.p. injection, peaks approached 3 mM in both fluids. By gavage, the same doses produced ascorbate concentrations of <150 microM in both fluids. In blood, Asc(*-) concentrations measured by EPR were undetectable with oral administration and always <50 nM with parenteral administration, even when corresponding ascorbate concentrations were >8 mM. After parenteral dosing, Asc(*-) concentrations in extracellular fluid were 4- to 12-fold higher than those in blood, were as high as 250 nM, and were a function of ascorbate concentrations. By using the synthesized probe peroxyxanthone, H(2)O(2) in extracellular fluid was detected only after parenteral administration of ascorbate and when Asc(*-) concentrations in extracellular fluid exceeded 100 nM. The data show that pharmacologic ascorbate is a prodrug for preferential steady-state formation of Asc(*-) and H(2)O(2) in the extracellular space but not blood. These data provide a foundation for pursuing pharmacologic ascorbate as a prooxidant therapeutic agent in cancer and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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28
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Kirk KL. Chirality in Drug Research Edited by Eric Francotte and Wolfgang Linder. Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, Germany. 2006. xix + 351 pp. 17 × 24 cm. ISBN 978-3-527-31076-0. $175.00. J Med Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/jm0780088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, DHHS Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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29
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Brown RT, Kirk KL, Oliver J. Use of Ethoxy-Homologs as Internal Standards for Determination of Urinary Vanillylmandelic Acid and Normetanephrine in Man by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918608076672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Brown
- a Medical Neurology Branch , National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke , Maryland , 20205
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- b Laboratory of Chemistry , National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney , Diseases , Maryland , 20205
| | - Jerry Oliver
- c Laboratory of Clinical Sciences , National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland , 20205
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30
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Eichler JF, Cramer JC, Kirk KL, Bann JG. Biosynthetic incorporation of fluorohistidine into proteins in E. coli: a new probe of macromolecular structure. Chembiochem 2006; 6:2170-3. [PMID: 16261552 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack F Eichler
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67226, USA
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31
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32
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Jacobson KA, Ukena D, Daly JW, Kirk KL. Synthesis of tritiated functionalized congeners of 1.3-dipropylxanthine having high affinity at adenosine receptors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580230509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Several strategies used in the rational design and synthesis of fluorinated compounds as potential therapeutic agents are reviewed. Applications of fluorine substitution in empirical SAR studies for lead development also are discussed, along with the implications with respect to fluorine target interactions that can be derived from biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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35
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36
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Uto Y, Ae S, Koyama D, Sakakibara M, Otomo N, Otsuki M, Nagasawa H, Kirk KL, Hori H. Artepillin C isoprenomics: design and synthesis of artepillin C isoprene analogues as lipid peroxidation inhibitor having low mitochondrial toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5721-8. [PMID: 16697207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized isoprene analogues of artepillin C, a major component of Brazilian propolis, and investigated the inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation of rat liver mitochondria (RLM) and RLM toxicity based on isoprenomics. We succeeded in the synthesis of artepillin C isoprene analogues using regioselective prenylation within the range from 22% to 53% total yield. Reactivity of artepillin C and its isoprene analogues with ABTS (2,2'-Azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)) radical cations showed only a slight difference among the molecules. The isoprene side-chain elongation analogues of artepillin C showed almost the same inhibitory activity against RLM lipid peroxidation as artepillin C. Artepillin C and its isoprene analogues had very weak RLM uncoupling activity. Moreover, artepillin C and its isoprene analogues exhibited a lower inhibitory activity against adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis by about two orders of magnitude than the effective inhibitory activity against RLM lipid peroxidation. From these results we conclude that artepillin C isoprene analogues could be potent lipid peroxidation inhibitors having low mitochondrial toxicity. We also conclude that elongation of the isoprene side chain of artepillin C to increase lipophilicity had little influence on the inhibitory activity toward RLM lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Uto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Japan
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37
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Nagasawa H, Uto Y, Sasaki H, Okamura N, Murakami A, Kubo S, Kirk KL, Hori H. Gc protein (vitamin D-binding protein): Gc genotyping and GcMAF precursor activity. Anticancer Res 2005; 25:3689-95. [PMID: 16302727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Gc protein (human group-specific component (Gc), a vitamin D-binding protein or Gc globulin), has important physiological functions that include involvement in vitamin D transport and storage, scavenging of extracellular G-actin, enhancement of the chemotactic activity of C5a for neutrophils in inflammation and macrophage activation (mediated by a GalNAc-modified Gc protein (GcMAF)). In this review, the structure and function of the Gc protein is focused on especially with regard to Gc genotyping and GcMAF precursor activity. A discussion of the research strategy "GcMAF as a target for drug discovery" is included, based on our own research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Nagasawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506 Japan
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38
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Ye S, Yoshida S, Fröhlich R, Haufe G, Kirk KL. Fluorinated phenylcyclopropylamines. Part 4: effects of aryl substituents and stereochemistry on the inhibition of monoamine oxidases by 1-aryl-2-fluoro-cyclopropylamines. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2489-99. [PMID: 15755651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of para-ring-substituted (E)- and (Z)-1-aryl-2-fluorocyclopropylamines were examined as inhibitors of recombinant human liver monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) and B (MAO B). Unlike the parent 1-phenylcyclopropylamine, which is a selective inhibitor of MAO B, both (E)- and (Z)-diastereomers of derivatives having fluorine at the 2-position of the cyclopropane ring were potent and selective irreversible inhibitors of MAO A. Both electron releasing groups (Me, OMe) and electron attracting groups (Cl, F) substituted in the para-position caused a modest increase in activity. Geminal difluoro-substitution caused a loss of potency of 100-fold compared to either (E)- or (Z)-monofluorinated analogue. Surprisingly, (1S,2R)-2-fluoro-1-phenylcyclopropylamine and the (1R,2S)-enantiomer were essential equally potent as inhibitors of MAO A and MAO B. None of the tested 1-aryl-2-fluorocyclopropylamines exhibited significant inhibition of tyramine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ye
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Corpe CP, Lee JH, Kwon O, Eck P, Narayanan J, Kirk KL, Levine M. 6-Bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid: an ascorbate analog specific for Na+-dependent vitamin C transporter but not glucose transporter pathways. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:5211-20. [PMID: 15590689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412925200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C intracellular accumulation is mediated by Na(+)-dependent vitamin C transporters SVCT1 and -2 and dehydroascorbic acid transporters GLUT1 and -3. It is unclear which pathways dominate in vivo. As a new step to resolve this issue, we identified and tested 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid as a specific candidate for SVCTs. In high performance liquid chromatography and electron paramagnetic resonance analyses, the reduced compounds ascorbic acid and 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid were similar. The oxidized products 6-bromo-6-deoxy dehydroascorbic acid (BrDHA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) had comparable stabilities, based on reduction recoveries. Upon expression of GLUT1 or GLUT3 in Xenopus oocytes, BrDHA was neither transported nor bound, in contrast to robust transport of DHA. The findings were not explained by differences in the oocyte reduction of DHA and BrDHA because lysed oocytes reduced both compounds equally. Further, there was no transport of the reduced compound, 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid, by GLUT1 or GLUT3. As a prerequisite for investigating 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid transported by SVCTs, SVCT2 transport activity in oocytes was enhanced 14-fold by construction and use of a vector that added a fixed poly(A) tail to the 3' end of cRNA. For SVCT1 and SVCT2 expressed in oocytes, similar K(m) and V(max) values were observed for ascorbic acid and 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid. In human fibroblasts, predicted to have SVCT-mediated ascorbate accumulation, K(m) and V(max) values were again comparable for ascorbic acid and 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid. Using activated human neutrophils, predicted to have ascorbate accumulation mediated predominantly by DHA and GLUT transporters, 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid accumulation was <1% of accumulation when compared with ascorbic acid. We conclude that 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid is the first transport substrate identified as completely specific for SVCTs, but not GLUTs, and provide a new strategy to determine the contribution of each pathway to ascorbate accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Corpe
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1372, USA
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40
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Rosen TC, Yoshida S, Fröhlich R, Kirk KL, Haufe G. Fluorinated Phenylcyclopropylamines. 2. Effects of Aromatic Ring Substitution and of Absolute Configuration on Inhibition of Microbial Tyramine Oxidase. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5860-71. [PMID: 15537343 DOI: 10.1021/jm049957t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of para-substituted diastereopure cis- and trans-2-fluoro-2-arylcyclopropylamines were synthesized and these were investigated as inhibitors of microbial tyramine oxidase from Arthrobacter sp. All compounds were shown to be competitive inhibitors of this enzyme. The nature of the para-substituents in the more potent trans-isomer (cis-relationship between fluorine and the amino group) of 2-fluoro-2-arylcyclopropylamine influenced the inhibitory potency in a consistent fashion. Thus, electron-withdrawing groups (F, Cl) slightly decreased the activity, while the methyl group (+ I substituent) increased the activity by a factor of ca. 7 compared to trans-2-fluoro-2-phenylcyclopropylamine and by a factor of 90 compared to tranylcypromine. Activity also was strongly dependent on the absolute configuration. The (1S,2S)-enantiomer of 2-fluoro-2-phenylcyclopropylamine was an excellent inhibitor of tyramine oxidase whereas the (1R,2R)-enantiomer was essentially devoid of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Rosen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Jin CZ, Nagasawa H, Shimamura M, Uto Y, Inayama S, Takeuchi Y, Kirk KL, Hori H. Angiogenesis inhibitor TX-1898: syntheses of the enantiomers of sterically diverse haloacetylcarbamoyl-2-nitroimidazole hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:4917-27. [PMID: 15336271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
(R)- and (S)-Epichlorohydrins were used to prepare the enantiomers of sterically diverse haloacetylcarbamoyl-2-nitroimidazoles that function as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. The synthetic design allowed for introduction of a side chain of varying bulk that permitted an examination of the steric effects on enantio-discrimination in biological assay systems. The single stereocenter also connected the two pharmacophores--a 2-nitroimidazole moiety critical to hypoxic cell radiosensitization, and a haloacetylcarbamoyl group to function as an anti-angiogenesis pharmacophore. In the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, the R-enantiomers possessing the bulky p-tert-butylphenyl group showed higher anti-angiogenic activity than the corresponding S-enantiomers, while there were no differences in the activity between the enantiomers containing the less bulky methyl and tert-butyl groups. Among the compounds we report, R-p-tert-butylphenyl-bromoacetylcarbamoyl-2-nitroimidazole, TX-1898, was found to be the most promising candidate for further development of as anti-angiogenic hypoxic cell radiosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Zhe Jin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Rosen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Ye S, Rezende MM, Deng WP, Kirk KL. Convenient synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine from 2-fluoroadenine. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2004; 22:1899-905. [PMID: 14609229 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120025237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A convenient synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine from commercially available 2-fluoroadenine is described. The coupling reaction of silylated 2-fluoroadenine with phenyl 3,5-bis[O-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)]-2-deoxy-1-thio-D-erythro-pentofuranoside gave the corresponding 2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine derivative (alpha/beta = 1:1) in good yield. The alpha- and beta-anomers were separated by chromatography, and then desilylated to give compounds 1a and 1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ye
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Yoshida S, Rosen TC, Meyer OGJ, Sloan MJ, Ye S, Haufe G, Kirk KL. Fluorinated phenylcyclopropylamines. Part 3: Inhibition of monoamine oxidase A and B. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2645-52. [PMID: 15110846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 03/06/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated phenylcyclopropylamines and alkylamines were examined as inhibitors of recombinant human liver monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) and B (MAO B). For a series of trans- and cis-2-fluoro-2-phenylcyclopropylamine analogues, the presence of fluorine attached to a cyclopropane ring was found to result in an increase in inhibitory activity towards both MAO A and B. In addition, p-substitution of electron-withdrawing groups such as Cl and F in the aromatic ring of the trans-isomers increased the inhibition of both enzymes. (1S,2S)-2-Fluoro-2-phenylcyclopropylamine was a more potent inhibitor of both MAO A and B than was the (1R,2R)-enantiomer, indicating that the presence of fluorine has no influence on the enantioselectivity of MAO inhibition, since a similar effect of stereochemistry has been reported for tranylcypromine. Interestingly, fluorination at the 2-position of 1-phenycyclopropylamine, which is known as a selective inhibitor of MAO B relative to MAO A, reversed the selectivity and resulted in a potent inhibitor selective for MAO A. All inhibitors showed time- and concentration-dependent inhibition for both enzymes, with the exception of trans-2-fluoro-2-phenylcyclopropyl ethylamine, which acts as a competitive and reversible MAO A selective inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Yoshida
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Dolensky B, Nam G, Deng WP, Narayanan J, Fan J, Kirk KL. Syntheses of side-chain fluorinated biologically important imidazoles and indoles. J Fluor Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2003.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hori H, Nagasawa H, Uto Y, Ohkura K, Kirk KL, Uehara Y, Shimamura M. Design of hypoxia-targeting protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor using an innovative pharmacophore 2-methylene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2004; 1697:29-38. [PMID: 15023348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We review in this report our strategy and tactics for the design of 2-hydroxyarylidene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-diones as protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors having low mitochondrial toxicities and/or hypoxia-targeting function. We based our synthetic design on an innovative pharmacophore, 2-methylene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione. We first showed the effectiveness of this pharmacophore in the development of 2-methylene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione as PTK inhibitor that have lower mitochondrial toxicity than the potent PTK inhibitor tyrphostin AG17. Our results show that the cyclopentenedione-derived TX-1123 is a more potent antitumor tyrphostin and also shows lower mitochondrial toxicity than the malononitrile-derived AG17. The O-methylation product of TX-1123 (TX-1925) retained its tyrphostin-like properties, including mitochondrial toxicity and antitumor activities. However, the methylation product of AG17 (TX-1927) retained its tyrphostin-like antitumor activities, but lost its mitochondrial toxicity. Our comprehensive evaluation of these agents with respect to PTK inhibition, mitochondrial inhibition, antitumor activity, and hepatotoxicity demonstrates that PTK inhibitors TX-1123 and TX-1925 are more promising candidates for antitumor agents than tyrphostin AG17. Secondly, as a further investigation of the promising power of this 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione as an innovative pharmacophore, we discuss our strategy of development of hypoxia-targeting PTK inhibitor TX-1123 analogues, 2-nitroimidazole-aminomethylenecyclopentenediones, such as TX-2036, for cancer treatment, especially for pancreatic cancers, which have a high level of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Hori
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Minamijosanjimacho-2, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
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Yoshida S, Meyer OGJ, Rosen TC, Haufe G, Ye S, Sloan MJ, Kirk KL. Fluorinated Phenylcyclopropylamines. 1. Synthesis and Effect of Fluorine Substitution at the Cyclopropane Ring on Inhibition of Microbial Tyramine Oxidase. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1796-806. [PMID: 15027872 DOI: 10.1021/jm030398k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two series of diastereopure phenylcyclopropylamine analogues, 2-fluoro-2-phenylcyclopropylamines and 2-fluoro-2-phenylcyclopropylalkylamines, as well as 2-fluoro-1-phenylcyclopropylamines and 2-fluoro-1-phenylcyclopropylmethylamines, were synthesized in order to study the effects of fluorine substitution on monoamine oxidase inhibition. Inhibitory activity was assayed using commercially available microbial tyramine oxidase. Characterization of tyramine oxidase, carried out prior to the inhibition experiments, confirmed earlier suggestions that this enzyme is a semicarbazide-sensitive copper-containing monoamine oxidase. The most potent competitive inhibitor was trans-2-fluoro-2-phenylcyclopropylamine, which had an IC(50) value 10 times lower than that of the nonfluorinated compound, tranylcypromine. 2-Fluoro-1-phenylcyclopropylmethylamine was found to be a weak noncompetitive inhibitor of tyramine oxidase. The presence of a free amino group, directly bonded to the cyclopropane ring, and a fluorine atom in a relationship cis to the amino group were structural features that increased tyramine oxidase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Yoshida
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Ye S, Rezende MM, Deng WP, Herbert B, Daly JW, Johnson RA, Kirk KL. Synthesis of 2‘,5‘-Dideoxy-2-fluoroadenosine and 2‘,5‘-Dideoxy-2,5‘-difluoroadenosine: Potent P-Site Inhibitors of Adenylyl Cyclase. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1207-13. [PMID: 14971900 DOI: 10.1021/jm0303599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of 2-fluoroadenine with the appropriate protected thioglycoside derivatives, followed by deprotection and anomer separation, produced the alpha- and beta-anomers of 2',5'-dideoxy-2-fluoroadenosine (1), 2',5'-dideoxy-2,5'-difluoroadenosine (2), and 2'-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine (3). These were examined as P-site inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase. The presence of fluorine on the purine ring increased potency of inhibition, and the most potent compound, beta-2',5'-dideoxy-2-fluoroadenosine (1b), was 3 times more potent than beta-2',5'-dideoxyadenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ye
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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