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Pasin GL, Szekely A, Eriksson K, Guido A, di Sorrentino EP, Andrighetto G. Evidence from 43 countries that disease leaves cultures unchanged in the short-term. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6502. [PMID: 38499528 PMCID: PMC10948757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Did cultures change shortly after, and in response to, the COVID-19 outbreak? If so, then in what way? We study these questions for a set of macro-cultural dimensions: collectivism/individualism, duty/joy, traditionalism/autonomy, and pro-fertility/individual-choice norms. We also study specific perceptions and norms like perceived threats to society (e.g. immigration) and hygiene norms. We draw on Evolutionary Modernization Theory, Parasite Stress Theory, and the Behavioural Immune System, and existing evidence, to make an overarching prediction: the COVID-19 pandemic should increase collectivism, duty, traditionalism, conformity (i.e. pro-fertility), and outgroup prejudice. We derive specific hypotheses from this prediction and use survey data from 29,761 respondents, in 55 cities and 43 countries, collected before (April-December 2019) and recently after the emergence of COVID-19 (April-June 2020) to test them. We exploit variation in disease intensity across regions to test potential mechanisms behind any changes. The macro-cultural dimensions remained stable. In contrast, specific perceptions and norms related to the pandemic changed: norms of hygiene substantially increased as did perceived threats related to disease. Taken together, our findings imply that macro-cultural dimensions are primarily stable while specific perceptions and norms, particularly those related to the pandemic, can change rapidly. Our findings provide new evidence for theories of cultural change and have implications for policy, public health, daily life, and future trajectories of our societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Pasin
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy.
| | - Aron Szekely
- Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Guido
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- CEREN EA 7477, Burgundy School of Business, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Giulia Andrighetto
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- Malardalens University, Västerås, Sweden
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2
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Andersson PA, Vartanova I, Västfjäll D, Tinghög G, Strimling P, Wu J, Hazin I, Akotia CS, Aldashev A, Andrighetto G, Anum A, Arikan G, Bagherian F, Barrera D, Basnight-Brown D, Batkeyev B, Berezina E, Björnstjerna M, Boski P, Bovina I, Huyen BTT, Čekrlija Đ, Choi HS, Contreras-Ibáñez CC, Costa-Lopes R, de Barra M, de Zoysa P, Dorrough AR, Dvoryanchikov N, Engelmann JB, Euh H, Fang X, Fiedler S, Foster-Gimbel OA, Fülöp M, Gardarsdottir RB, Gill CMHD, Glöckner A, Graf S, Grigoryan A, Gritskov V, Growiec K, Halama P, Hartanto A, Hopthrow T, Hřebíčková M, Iliško D, Imada H, Kapoor H, Kawakami K, Khachatryan N, Kharchenko N, Kiyonari T, Kohút M, Leslie LM, Li Y, Li NP, Li Z, Liik K, Maitner AT, Manhique B, Manley H, Medhioub I, Mentser S, Nejat P, Nipassa O, Nussinson R, Onyedire NG, Onyishi IE, Panagiotopoulou P, Perez-Floriano LR, Persson M, Pirttilä-Backman AM, Pogosyan M, Raver J, Rodrigues RB, Romanò S, Romero PP, Sakki I, San Martin A, Sherbaji S, Shimizu H, Simpson B, Szabo E, Takemura K, Teixeira MLM, Thanomkul N, Tiliouine H, Travaglino GA, Tsirbas Y, Widodo S, Zein R, Zirganou-Kazolea L, Eriksson K. Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5591. [PMID: 38454068 PMCID: PMC10920647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per A Andersson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
- JEDILab, Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Irina Vartanova
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gustav Tinghög
- JEDILab, Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- JEDILab, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Pontus Strimling
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Junhui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lincui Road 16, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Isabela Hazin
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charity S Akotia
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 84, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alisher Aldashev
- International School of Economics, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole Bi Street, 050000, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Giulia Andrighetto
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mälardalen University, 721 23, Västerås, Sweden
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Adote Anum
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 84, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gizem Arikan
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, 2-3 College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fatemeh Bagherian
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Davide Barrera
- University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto, Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Dana Basnight-Brown
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, United States International University Africa, Box 14634 00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Birzhan Batkeyev
- International School of Economics, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole Bi Street, 050000, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Elizaveta Berezina
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Paweł Boski
- SWPS University, Chodakowska 19-31, 03-815, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Inna Bovina
- Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Sretenka Str., 29, 127051, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bui Thi Thu Huyen
- Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Đorđe Čekrlija
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hoon-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2, Sungkyunkwan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03063, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlos C Contreras-Ibáñez
- Departamento de Sociología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rui Costa-Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Anibal de Bettencourt, 9, 1600-189, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Center for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Piyanjali de Zoysa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
| | - Angela R Dorrough
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolay Dvoryanchikov
- Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Sretenka Str., 29, 127051, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jan B Engelmann
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 15867, 1001 NJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Euh
- Gies College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 S 6Th St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivia A Foster-Gimbel
- Stern School of Business, New York University, 40 West 4Th Street, Tisch Hall, Suite 700, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Márta Fülöp
- HUN-REN Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church, Bécsi Út 324, Budapest, 1034, Hungary
| | - Ragna B Gardarsdottir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Nyi Gardur, Saemundargata 12, IS-102, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - C M Hew D Gill
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Universal College Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andreas Glöckner
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Kurt-Schumacher-Str. 10, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ani Grigoryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Alex Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vladimir Gritskov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | | | - Peter Halama
- Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 90 Stamford Road, Singapore, 178903, Singapore
| | - Tim Hopthrow
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NP, UK
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dzintra Iliško
- Daugavpils University, Latvia, Parades Street 1, Room 432, Daugvapils, 5400, Latvia
| | - Hirotaka Imada
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Hansika Kapoor
- Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, 4114, C Wing, Oberoi Garden Estates, Off Saki Vihar Road, Andheri East, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400072, India
| | - Kerry Kawakami
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Narine Khachatryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Alex Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Natalia Kharchenko
- Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Voloska Str., 8/5, Build. 4, Kyiv, 04070, Ukraine
| | - Toko Kiyonari
- Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1, Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara-City, Kanagawa, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Michal Kohút
- Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Hornopotočná 23, 918 43, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Lisa M Leslie
- Stern School of Business, New York University, 40 West 4Th Street, Tisch Hall, Suite 700, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Melbourne School of Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, 1116 Redmond Barry Building, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 90 Stamford Road, Singapore, 178903, Singapore
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Kadi Liik
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Rd 25, 10120, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Angela T Maitner
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bernardo Manhique
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, 3453, Main Campus, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Harry Manley
- Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Education, & Languages, HELP University Subang 2, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Imed Medhioub
- Department of Finance, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sari Mentser
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, 4353701, Raanana, Israel
| | - Pegah Nejat
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Orlando Nipassa
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, 3453, Main Campus, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ravit Nussinson
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, 4353701, Raanana, Israel
- Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Abba Khoushy Ave 199, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nneoma G Onyedire
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Nigeria
| | - Ike E Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Nigeria
| | - Penny Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Education and Social Work, University of Patras, 26500, Rion, Patras, Greece
| | - Lorena R Perez-Floriano
- Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Sta. Clara 797, Huechuraba, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Minna Persson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 54 (Unioninkatu 37), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Pogosyan
- Leadership and Management, Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15953, 1001 NB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Raver
- Queen's University, Goodes Hall, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ricardo Borges Rodrigues
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL, CIS, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Romanò
- Department of Culture, Politics and Society, University of Turin, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Pedro P Romero
- Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), School of Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Inari Sakki
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 42 (Unioninkatu 33), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alvaro San Martin
- IESE Business School, Camino del Cerro del Águila, 3, 28023, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Sherbaji
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-155 Uegahara 1Bancho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 662-8501, Japan
| | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Erna Szabo
- Department of International Management, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Kosuke Takemura
- Faculty of Economics, Shiga University, 1-1-1 Banba, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8522, Japan
| | - Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Business Administration Postgraduate Program, Consolação St, 930, São Paulo, CEP 01302-000, Brazil
| | - Napoj Thanomkul
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Habib Tiliouine
- Labo-PECS, Faculty of Social Sciences, Université d'Oran 2, 31000, Oran, Algeria
| | - Giovanni A Travaglino
- Department of Law and Criminology, Institute for the Study of Power, Crime, and Society, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Yannis Tsirbas
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Athens, 6 Themistokleous Street, 10678, Athens, Greece
| | - Sita Widodo
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus B Unair Jalan Airlangga 4-6, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia
| | - Rizqy Zein
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus B Unair Jalan Airlangga 4-6, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia
| | - Lina Zirganou-Kazolea
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Athens, 6 Themistokleous Street, 10678, Athens, Greece
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mälardalen University, 721 23, Västerås, Sweden
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3
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Andrighetto G, Szekely A, Guido A, Gelfand M, Abernathy J, Arikan G, Aycan Z, Bankar S, Barrera D, Basnight-Brown D, Belaus A, Berezina E, Blumen S, Boski P, Bui HTT, Cárdenas JC, Čekrlija Đ, de Barra M, de Zoysa P, Dorrough A, Engelmann JB, Euh H, Fiedler S, Foster-Gimbel O, Freitas G, Fülöp M, Gardarsdottir RB, Gill CMHD, Glöckner A, Graf S, Grigoryan A, Growiec K, Hashimoto H, Hopthrow T, Hřebíčková M, Imada H, Kamijo Y, Kapoor H, Kashima Y, Khachatryan N, Kharchenko N, León D, Leslie LM, Li Y, Liik K, Liuzza MT, Maitner AT, Mamidi P, McArdle M, Medhioub I, Teixeira MLM, Mentser S, Morales F, Narayanan J, Nitta K, Nussinson R, Onyedire NG, Onyishi IE, Osin E, Özden S, Panagiotopoulou P, Pereverziev O, Perez-Floriano LR, Pirttilä-Backman AM, Pogosyan M, Raver J, Reyna C, Rodrigues RB, Romanò S, Romero PP, Sakki I, Sánchez A, Sherbaji S, Simpson B, Spadoni L, Stamkou E, Travaglino GA, Van Lange PAM, Winata FF, Zein RA, Zhang QP, Eriksson K. Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1436. [PMID: 38365869 PMCID: PMC10873354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 dramatically changed social behavior across societies and contexts. Here we study whether social norms also changed. Specifically, we study this question for cultural tightness (the degree to which societies generally have strong norms), specific social norms (e.g. stealing, hand washing), and norms about enforcement, using survey data from 30,431 respondents in 43 countries recorded before and in the early stages following the emergence of COVID-19. Using variation in disease intensity, we shed light on the mechanisms predicting changes in social norm measures. We find evidence that, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, hand washing norms increased while tightness and punishing frequency slightly decreased but observe no evidence for a robust change in most other norms. Thus, at least in the short term, our findings suggest that cultures are largely stable to pandemic threats except in those norms, hand washing in this case, that are perceived to be directly relevant to dealing with the collective threat.
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Grants
- 2016.0167. Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse (Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation)
- 20178TRM3F Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
- 019.183SG.001 Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research)
- Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
- Czech Science Foundation, 20-01214S Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, RVO: 68081740 Grant 23-061770S of the Czech Science Foundation RVO: 68081740 of the Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences
- Shimabara Science Promotion Foundation
- RA Science Committee, research project N.20TTSH-020
- Open University of Israel, 511687
- HSE University Basic Research Program
- US Army Research Office Grant W911NF-19-1-910281
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, 019.183SG.001 Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, VI.Veni.201G.013 European Commission, Horizon 2020-ID 870827
- UKRI Grant “Secret Power” No. EP/X02170X/1 awarded under the European Commission’s “European Research Council - STG” Scheme
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Andrighetto
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy.
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Aron Szekely
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Guido
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- CEREN EA 7477, Burgundy School of Business, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Michele Gelfand
- Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Jered Abernathy
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Gizem Arikan
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zeynep Aycan
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Management, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Davide Barrera
- Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
- Department of Culture, Politics, and Society, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Anabel Belaus
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); CABA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Sheyla Blumen
- Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - Juan Camilo Cárdenas
- Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, USA
| | - Đorđe Čekrlija
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Angela Dorrough
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan B Engelmann
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Euh
- Gies College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gonçalo Freitas
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Fülöp
- HUN-REN Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, Karoli Gáspár University of the Reformed Churches, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Andreas Glöckner
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ani Grigoryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Tim Hopthrow
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Hansika Kapoor
- Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, Mumbai, India
| | - Yoshihisa Kashima
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Narine Khachatryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Lisa M Leslie
- Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kadi Liik
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela T Maitner
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Michele McArdle
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Imed Medhioub
- Department of Finance and Investment, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sari Mentser
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Ravit Nussinson
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
- Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making (IIPDM), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Ike E Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Seniha Özden
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Marianna Pogosyan
- Leadership and Management, Amsterdam Business School (ABS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Raver
- Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cecilia Reyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); CABA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Borges Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Romanò
- Department of Culture, Politics, and Society, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pedro P Romero
- School of Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Inari Sakki
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angel Sánchez
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Sherbaji
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Lorenzo Spadoni
- Department of Economics and Law, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - Eftychia Stamkou
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Malardalens University, Vasteras, Sweden
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4
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Eriksson K, Strimling P, Vartanova I. Appropriateness ratings of everyday behaviors in the United States now and 50 years ago. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1237494. [PMID: 37876843 PMCID: PMC10590884 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1237494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A crucial aspect of social norms pertains to determining which behaviors are considered appropriate. Here we consider everyday behaviors. Some everyday behaviors are rated as more appropriate than others, and ratings of the appropriateness of a given behavior may vary over time. The objective of this study is to elucidate the reasons behind variation in appropriateness ratings of everyday behaviors in the United States. Our theory focuses on how the evaluation of the appropriateness of a behavior is influenced by its potential for externalities and internalities, and how this influence may cause a change in norms over time. Method Employing a preregistered design, we asked American participants to rate 37 different everyday behaviors based on their appropriateness in a range of common situations, as well as their potential negative externalities (e.g., being loud, being aggressive, taking up space) and positive internalities (e.g., pleasurability). Changes over time were calculated as the difference between mean ratings obtained in this study and ratings of the same behavior in a similar study conducted 50 years ago. Results As expected, overall appropriateness ratings of everyday behaviors are associated both with their externalities and their internalities, so that the least appropriate behaviors tend to have considerable potential for negative externalities and little potential for positive internalities. Moreover, behaviors that have considerable potential for negative externalities are perceived as less appropriate now than 50 years ago. Discussion By describing how social norms for everyday behaviors depend on the externalities and internalities of behaviors, this study contributes to theories about the emergence and change of social norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pontus Strimling
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Eriksson K, Lindvall J. Cultural variation in the SES-gender interaction in student achievement. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1120211. [PMID: 37794911 PMCID: PMC10547582 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Is the socioeconomic gap in academic achievement larger among boys than girls? Several scholars have proposed such an interaction between socioeconomic status (SES) and gender. Prior empirical studies have yielded mixed evidence, but they have been conducted almost exclusively in Western countries. Here we propose the hypothesis that the SES-gender interaction is stronger in less gender-equal societies. Methods We estimated the SES-gender interaction in 36 countries using data from two international large-scale assessments (PIRLS and TIMSS). The degree of gender equality was measured by the Global Gender Gap Index. Results Consistent with the hypothesis, the SES-gender interaction was stronger in societies with less gender equality. Discussion Our findings suggest that cultural factors determine how the socioeconomic achievement gap differs between boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jannika Lindvall
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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6
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Eriksson K, Vartanova I, Hazin I, Strimling P. Cognitive ability and ideology join forces in the culture war: A model of opinion formation. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2:pgad205. [PMID: 37383021 PMCID: PMC10299893 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
We propose a model of moral policy opinion formation that integrates both ideology and cognitive ability. The link from people's ideology to their opinions is assumed to go via a semantic processing of moral arguments that relies on the individual's cognitive ability. An implication of this model is that the relative quality of arguments that justify supporting vs. opposing a moral policy-the policy's "argument advantage"-is key to how opinions will be distributed in the population and develop over time. To test this implication, we combine polling data with measures of the argument advantage for 35 moral policies. Consistent with the opinion formation model, the argument advantage of a moral policy accounts for how public opinion moves over time, and how support for the policy ideologies varies across different ideological groups and levels of cognitive ability, including a strong interaction between ideology and cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Vartanova
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabela Hazin
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Eriksson K, Strimling P. Gender differences in competitiveness and fear of failure help explain why girls have lower life satisfaction than boys in gender equal countries. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1131837. [PMID: 36968740 PMCID: PMC10034386 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1131837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Among 15-year-olds, boys tend to report higher life satisfaction than girls. Recent research has shown that this gender gap tends to be larger in more gender-egalitarian countries. We shed light on this apparent paradox by examining the mediating role of two psychological dispositions: competitiveness and fear of failure. Using data from the 2018 PISA study, we analyze the life satisfaction, competitiveness, and fear of failure of more than 400,000 15-year-old boys and girls in 63 countries with known levels of gender equality. We find that competitiveness and fear of failure together mediate more than 40 percent of the effects on life satisfaction of gender and its interaction with gender equality. Thus, interventions targeting competitiveness and fear of failure could potentially have an impact on the gender gap in life satisfaction among adolescents in gender equal countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Kimmo Eriksson,
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8
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Krueger J, Eriksson K, Hazin I, Tibajev A, Strimling P. Acculturation of hygiene norms among immigrants to Sweden. Front Psychol 2023; 14:975361. [PMID: 36814662 PMCID: PMC9939453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.975361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hygiene norms in Sweden are generally loose compared to most other countries. Does this looseness affect the hygiene norms among people who immigrate to Sweden from other countries? In a study of hygiene norms among immigrants to Sweden, the change in the physical environment and material living conditions, acculturation to Swedish culture and norms, and selection effects were all expected to lead immigrant hygiene norms to be closer to Swedish looseness. However, in a sample of 447 immigrants from 12 different countries, immigrants reported hygiene norms that were even stricter than those found in their countries of origin. We propose an explanation based on a combination of uncertainty about prevailing hygiene norms and the social risk and stigma associated with being perceived as unhygienic. We conclude that acculturation processes may rely on mechanisms that are domain specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Krueger
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden,School for Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden,*Correspondence: Kimmo Eriksson,
| | | | - Andrey Tibajev
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pontus Strimling
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Management and Engineering, The Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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9
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Engström E, Eriksson K, Björnstjerna M, Strimling P. Global variations in online privacy concerns across 57 countries. Computers in Human Behavior Reports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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10
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Eriksson K, Lindvall J, Helenius O, Ryve A. Higher-achieving children are better at estimating the number of books at home: Evidence and implications. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1026387. [PMID: 36329734 PMCID: PMC9623014 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1026387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of books at home is commonly used as a proxy for socioeconomic status in educational studies. While both parents’ and students’ reports of the number of books at home are relatively strong predictors of student achievement, they often disagree with each other. When interpreting findings of analyses that measure socioeconomic status using books at home, it is important to understand how findings may be biased by the imperfect reliability of the data. For example, it was recently suggested that especially low-achieving students tend to underestimate the number of books at home, so that use of such data would lead researchers to overestimate the association between books at home and achievement. Here we take a closer look at how students’ and parents’ reports of the number of books at home relate to literacy among fourth grade students, by analyzing data from more than 250,000 students in 47 countries participating in 2011 PIRLS. Contrary to prior claims, we find more downward bias in estimates of books at home among high-achieving students than among low-achieving students, but unsystematic errors appear to be larger among low-achieving students. This holds within almost every country. It also holds between countries, that is, errors in estimates of books at home are larger in low-achieving countries. This has implications for studies of the association between books at home and achievement: the strength of the association will generally be underestimated, and this problem is exacerbated in low-achieving countries and among low-achieving students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Kimmo Eriksson,
| | - Jannika Lindvall
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Ola Helenius
- Department of Pedagogical, Curricular and Professional Studies, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ryve
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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11
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Eriksson K, Vartanova I, Strimling P. How does political discussion frequency impact political moral opinions? The moral argument theory of opinion dynamics. Front Psychol 2022; 13:915252. [PMID: 36118441 PMCID: PMC9479318 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.915252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussions of political issues may influence people's opinions. Is there any systematic difference in opinions between those who discuss frequently and those who do not? We measured the association between self-reported discussion frequency and the probability of holding the more liberal opinion on moral issues, using data from the General Social Survey (81 issues, n = 4,395) and the American National Election Studies (27 issues, n = 17,653). This association looked different among liberals and among conservatives. Having more frequent discussions is associated with a higher probability of holding more liberal opinions among liberals, while there is little association between discussion frequency and opinions among conservatives. These findings can be explained by the moral argument theory, which is an account of the long-term liberalization of public opinion on moral issues as an outcome of repeated discussions. The key assumption of this theory is that opinions that are justified by the kinds of arguments that only conservatives accept have a disadvantage compared to opinions that are justified by the kinds of arguments that everyone accepts. Consistent with this theory, we find that the effect of discussion frequency is stronger for moral opinions that have a bigger argument advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- School for Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Kimmo Eriksson
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12
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Meyer E, Kruglov D, Krivic M, Tanveer M, Argaez-Ramirez R, Zhang Y, Briseno Ojeda A, Smirnova K, Alekseev K, Safari Mugisho M, Cimbili B, Farid N, Dang Y, Shahid M, Ensan M, Banar J, Bao H, Matters-Kammerer M, Gustavsson U, Demuynck F, Zwick T, Acar M, Fager C, van der Heijden M, Ivashina M, Caratelli D, Hasselblad M, Ulusoy C, Smolders A, Eriksson K, Johannson M, Maaskant R, Quay R, Floriot D, Bao M, Bronckers L, Fridén J, van Beurden M, de Hon B, Kolitsidas C, Blanco D, Willems F, Eriksson T, Filippi A, Ponzini F, Johannsen U. The state of the art in beyond 5G distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output communication system solutions. Open Res Eur 2022; 2:106. [PMID: 37982077 PMCID: PMC10654493 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14501.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Beyond fifth generation (5G) communication systems aim towards data rates in the tera bits per second range, with improved and flexible coverage options, introducing many new technological challenges in the fields of network architecture, signal pro- cessing, and radio frequency front-ends. One option is to move towards cell-free, or distributed massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) network architectures and highly integrated front-end solutions. This paper presents an outlook on be- yond 5G distributed massive MIMO communication systems, the signal processing, characterisation and simulation challenges, and an overview of the state of the art in millimetre wave antennas and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Meyer
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - D. Kruglov
- Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M. Krivic
- Keysight Technologies, Kortrijksesteenweg 1093B, 9051 Gent, Belgium
| | - M. Tanveer
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - R. Argaez-Ramirez
- Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Y. Zhang
- Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - K. Smirnova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 6131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K. Alekseev
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. Safari Mugisho
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, IAF, Tullastraße 72, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - B. Cimbili
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, IAF, Tullastraße 72, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - N. Farid
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Y. Dang
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. Shahid
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. Ensan
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J. Banar
- Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - H. Bao
- Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M. Matters-Kammerer
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - U. Gustavsson
- Ericsson AB, Lindholmspiren 11, 417 56 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - F. Demuynck
- Keysight Technologies, Kortrijksesteenweg 1093B, 9051 Gent, Belgium
| | - T. Zwick
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 6131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Acar
- NXP Semiconductors, High Tech Campus 60, 5656 AG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C. Fager
- Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M. van der Heijden
- NXP Semiconductors, High Tech Campus 60, 5656 AG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. Ivashina
- Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - D. Caratelli
- The Antenna Company, High Tech Campus 29, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. Hasselblad
- Gapwaves, Nellickevagen 22, 412 63 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C. Ulusoy
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 6131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A.B. Smolders
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - K. Eriksson
- Ericsson AB, Lindholmspiren 11, 417 56 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M. Johannson
- Ericsson AB, Lindholmspiren 11, 417 56 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - R. Maaskant
- Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - R. Quay
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, IAF, Tullastraße 72, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - D. Floriot
- United Monolithic Semiconductors SAS, Bâtiment Charmille, Mosaic parc de Courtaboeuf, 10 avenue du Québec, 91140, Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M. Bao
- Ericsson AB, Lindholmspiren 11, 417 56 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - L.A. Bronckers
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J. Fridén
- Ericsson AB, Lindholmspiren 11, 417 56 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M.C. van Beurden
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - B.P. de Hon
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C. Kolitsidas
- Ericsson AB, Lindholmspiren 11, 417 56 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - D. Blanco
- Ericsson AB, Lindholmspiren 11, 417 56 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - F.M.J. Willems
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - T. Eriksson
- Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - A. Filippi
- NXP Semiconductors, High Tech Campus 60, 5656 AG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - F. Ponzini
- Ericsson Telecomunicazioni SpA, Via Anagnina 203, 00118 Rome, Italy
| | - U. Johannsen
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Haas BW, Abney DH, Eriksson K, Potter J, Gosling SD. Person-Culture Personality Fit: Dispositional Traits and Cultural Context Explain Country-Level Personality Profile Conformity. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In general, people are influenced by the standards set forth by groups of others; however, the levels of such conformity vary between people and across cultures. Here, we investigated factors related to country-level personality profile conformity (i.e., person-culture personality fit) across ∼5.9 million participants, residing in 57 different countries. We examined how each of the Big Five personality traits and cultural tightness are associated with variation in person-culture personality fit. We found that scoring higher in Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness and residing in a tight cultural context explains increased personality profile conformity, while scoring higher in Openness and Neuroticism and residing in a loose cultural context explains lower personality profile conformity. Furthermore, we found that Openness and Extraversion interact with cultural context to predict levels of personality profile conformity. These findings reveal that both dispositional and cultural factors correspond to the tendency to conform to country-level norms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Stockholm University, Sweden
- Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
| | | | - Samuel D. Gosling
- University of Texas at Austin, USA
- University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Strimling P, Vartanova I, Eriksson K. Predicting how US public opinion on moral issues will change from 2018 to 2020 and beyond. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:211068. [PMID: 35425622 PMCID: PMC9006006 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The General Social Survey, conducted every 2 years, measures public opinion on a wide range of moral issues. The data from the 2020 survey are expected to be released in mid-October 2021. In advance of this data release, we make predictions for how public opinion will have shifted since 2018. We also predict further public opinion shifts for the coming decade up until the year 2030. These predictions are based on the theory that an opinion will become more popular over time if it holds an argument advantage, that is, if it is better justified by generally accepted kinds of arguments than the opposite opinion is. While this theory has successfully accounted for historical opinion trends, this is the first time it is used to predict future shifts. To assess the accuracy of our forecast we will compare it with the benchmark forecast that predicts the same public opinion in 2020 as in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Strimling
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina Vartanova
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Box 883, 721 23 Västerås, Sweden
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Van Doesum NJ, Murphy RO, Gallucci M, Aharonov-Majar E, Athenstaedt U, Au WT, Bai L, Böhm R, Bovina I, Buchan NR, Chen XP, Dumont KB, Engelmann JB, Eriksson K, Euh H, Fiedler S, Friesen J, Gächter S, Garcia C, González R, Graf S, Growiec K, Guimond S, Hřebíčková M, Immer-Bernold E, Joireman J, Karagonlar G, Kawakami K, Kiyonari T, Kou Y, Kyrtsis AA, Lay S, Leonardelli GJ, Li NP, Li Y, Maciejovsky B, Manesi Z, Mashuri A, Mok A, Moser KS, Moták L, Netedu A, Platow MJ, Raczka-Winkler K, Reinders Folmer CP, Reyna C, Romano A, Shalvi S, Simão C, Stivers AW, Strimling P, Tsirbas Y, Utz S, van der Meij L, Waldzus S, Wang Y, Weber B, Weisel O, Wildschut T, Winter F, Wu J, Yong JC, Van Lange PAM. Reply to Komatsu et al.: From local social mindfulness to global sustainability efforts? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119303118. [PMID: 35046048 PMCID: PMC8794841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119303118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Van Doesum
- Social, Economic and Organisational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Knowledge Centre for Psychology and Economic Behaviour, Leiden University 2312 HS Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan O Murphy
- Department of Economics, University of Zürich 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
- Morningstar Investment Management, Chicago, IL 60602
| | - Marcello Gallucci
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Efrat Aharonov-Majar
- Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ursula Athenstaedt
- Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wing Tung Au
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liying Bai
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Robert Böhm
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Inna Bovina
- Department of Clinical and Legal Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow 127051, Russia
| | - Nancy R Buchan
- Sonoco International Business Department, Darla Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Management and Organization, Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Kitty B Dumont
- School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of South Africa 0003 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan B Engelmann
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam 1001 NJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioral and Experimental Economics, The Tinbergen Institute 1082 MS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hyun Euh
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Department of Strategy & Innovation, Institute of Cognition & Behavior, Vienna University of Economics and Business 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Justin Friesen
- Department of Psychology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3N 0G1, Canada
| | - Simon Gächter
- Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics, School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Camilo Garcia
- Laboratory of Social Interaction, Psychology Department, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91095, Mexico
| | - Roberto González
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences 602 00 Brno, The Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Growiec
- Department of Social and Personality Psychology, Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities 03-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Serge Guimond
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont Auvergne (CNRS, LAPSCO), Clermont-Ferrand F-63000 , France
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences 602 00 Brno, The Czech Republic
| | | | - Jeff Joireman
- Department of Marketing and International Business, Carson College of Business, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4730
| | - Gokhan Karagonlar
- Department of Business, School of Business, Dokuz Eylül University 35390 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kerry Kawakami
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Toko Kiyonari
- School of Social Informatics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Yu Kou
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Alexandros-Andreas Kyrtsis
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 10678 Athens, Greece
| | - Siugmin Lay
- Centro de Medición Mide UC, Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 7820436 Santiago, Chile
| | - Geoffrey J Leonardelli
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E6, Canada
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore 178903
| | - Yang Li
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648610, Japan
| | | | - Zoi Manesi
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 1018 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Mashuri
- Department of Psychology, University of Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Aurelia Mok
- Department of Management, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karin S Moser
- Business School, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ladislav Moták
- Centre de Recherche en Psychologie de la Cognition, du Langage et de l'Emotion, Maison de la Recherche, Aix-Marseille Université 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Adrian Netedu
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi 700460 Iasi, Romania
| | - Michael J Platow
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karolina Raczka-Winkler
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christopher P Reinders Folmer
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Law and Behavior, Department of Jurisprudence, Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Reyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Angelo Romano
- Social, Economic and Organisational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shaul Shalvi
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam 1001 NJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cláudia Simão
- Católica-Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Universidade Católica Portuguesa 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adam W Stivers
- Psychology Department, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA 99258
| | | | - Yannis Tsirbas
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 10678 Athens, Greece
| | - Sonja Utz
- Social Media Lab, Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leander van der Meij
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Waldzus
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-026, Portugal
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Institute of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bernd Weber
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ori Weisel
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 6997801
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Winter
- Mechanisms of Normative Change, Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Junhui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jose C Yong
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 1018 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Maitner AT, DeCoster J, Andersson PA, Eriksson K, Sherbaji S, Giner-Sorolla R, Mackie DM, Aveyard M, Claypool HM, Crisp RJ, Gritskov V, Habjan K, Hartanto A, Kiyonari T, Kuzminska AO, Manesi Z, Molho C, Munasinghe A, Peperkoorn LS, Shiramizu V, Smallman R, Soboleva N, Stivers AW, Summerville A, Wu B, Wu J. Perceptions of Emotional Functionality: Similarities and Differences Among Dignity, Face, and Honor Cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221211065108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Emotions are linked to wide sets of action tendencies, and it can be difficult to predict which specific action tendency will be motivated or indulged in response to individual experiences of emotion. Building on a functional perspective of emotion, we investigate whether anger and shame connect to different behavioral intentions in dignity, face, and honor cultures. Using simple animations that showed perpetrators taking resources from victims, we conducted two studies across eleven countries investigating the extent to which participants expected victims to feel anger and shame, how they thought victims should respond to such violations, and how expectations of emotions were affected by enacted behavior. Across cultures, anger was associated with desires to reclaim resources or alert others to the violation. In face and honor cultures, but not dignity cultures, shame was associated with the desire for aggressive retaliation. However, we found that when victims indulged motivationally-relevant behavior, expected anger and shame were reduced, and satisfaction increased, in similar ways across cultures. Results suggest similarities and differences in expectations of how emotions functionally elicit behavioral responses across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Stockholm University, Sweden
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Sherbaji
- American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- University College London, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Aveyard
- American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Heather M. Claypool
- Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Richard J. Crisp
- Durham University, UK
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Vladimir Gritskov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Russian Federation
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Kristina Habjan
- Durham University, UK
- University of Fribourg, Switzerland
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Andree Hartanto
- Singapore Management University, Singapore
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Toko Kiyonari
- Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Anna O. Kuzminska
- University of Warsaw, Poland
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Zoi Manesi
- Singapore Management University, Singapore
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Catherine Molho
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, France
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Anudhi Munasinghe
- University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Leonard S. Peperkoorn
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Victor Shiramizu
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- University of Glasgow, UK
- University of Strathclyde, UK
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Rachel Smallman
- Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Natalia Soboleva
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Adam W. Stivers
- Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, USA
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Amy Summerville
- Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Kairos Research, Dayton, OH, USA
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Baopei Wu
- Beijing Forestry University, China
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Junhui Wu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Normal University, China
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
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17
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Eriksson K, Dickins TE, Strimling P. Global sex differences in hygiene norms and their relation to sex equality. PLOS Glob Public Health 2022; 2:e0000591. [PMID: 36962769 PMCID: PMC10021886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Strict norms about hygiene may sometimes have health benefits but may also be a burden. Based on research in the United States, it has been suggested that women traditionally shoulder responsibility for hygiene standards and therefore tend to have stricter views on hygiene. However, there is little systematic research on sex differences in hygiene norms at the global scale. We set up two hypotheses: (1) Stricter hygiene norms among women than among men is a global phenomenon. (2) The size of this sex difference varies across nations with the level of sex equality. We examine these hypotheses using data from a recent international survey (N = 17,632). Participants in 56 countries were asked for their views of where it is not appropriate for people to spit and in which situations people should wash their hands. As a measure of sex equality, we use an existing country-level measure of attitudes to equality between the sexes, available for 49 nations in the study. Stricter hygiene norms among women than among men are observed almost everywhere, but there are a few exceptions (most notably Nigeria and Saudi Arabia). The size of the sex difference in hygiene norms varies strongly with the level of sex equality, but in a non-linear way. The sex difference is most pronounced in moderately egalitarian countries with the highest recorded difference being in Chile. In more egalitarian parts of the world, more sex equality is associated with a smaller sex difference in hygiene norms. In the less egalitarian parts of the world, the opposite relation holds. We offer an interpretation in terms of what different levels of sex equality mean for the content of sex roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Mathematics and Physics, School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas E. Dickins
- Department of Psychology, School of Science & Technology, Middlesex University, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Sabouri P, Andersson S, Nilsson R, Eriksson K, Mossahebi S. Using CBCT to Monitor Treatment Dose Delivery Accuracy in Head and Neck Proton Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Dorrough AR, Froehlich L, Eriksson K. Cooperation in the cross-national context. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 44:281-285. [PMID: 34801845 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we outline the current state of research concerning cooperation in the cross-national context. We present several theoretical approaches and empirical findings regarding national differences in cooperation, as well as how cooperation may depend on the national background of the interaction partner. In addition, we discuss the influence of (national) group norms, cultural similarity, and ingroup membership. This review concludes with a call for research on cooperation to include more non-WEIRD nations and more systematically cover national background as one important social category determining the willingness to cooperate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rachael Dorrough
- University of Cologne, Social Cognition Center, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931 Köln, Germany.
| | - Laura Froehlich
- FernUniversität in Hagen, Research Cluster D²L², Universitätsstr. 27, 58097 Hagen, Germany
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Holländargatan 13, 111 36 Stockholm, Sweden; Mälardalen University, Högskoleplan 1, 722 20 Västerås, Sweden
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20
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Eriksson K, Simpson B, Vartanova I. The Power of Tolerance vs. Unselfishness as a Cultural Determinant of Cooperation. Front Psychol 2021; 12:678237. [PMID: 34557129 PMCID: PMC8452855 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperation in collective action problems and resource dilemmas is often assumed to depend on the values of the individuals involved, such as their degree of unselfishness and tolerance. Societal differences in cooperation and cooperative norms may therefore result from cultural variation in emphasis on these personal values. Here we draw on several cross-national datasets to examine whether society-level emphasis on unselfishness and tolerance and respect for other people predict how societies vary in cooperation [in a continuous prisoner's dilemma (PD)] and in norms governing cooperation [in a common pool resource dilemma (CPR)]. The results suggest that high levels of cooperation and cooperative norms are promoted specifically by a cultural emphasis on tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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21
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Vartanova I, Eriksson K, Kirgil ZM, Strimling P. The Advent of the COVID-19 Epidemic Did Not Affect Americans' Endorsement of Moral Foundations. Front Psychol 2021; 12:647858. [PMID: 34393889 PMCID: PMC8355496 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior work has suggested that existential threats in the form of terror attacks may shift liberals’ reliance on moral foundations to more resemble those of conservatives. We therefore hypothesized that endorsement of these moral foundations would have increased when the COVID-19 epidemic became a salient threat. To examine this hypothesis we conducted a longitudinal study with 237 American participants across the liberal-conservative spectrum, in which their endorsement of various moral foundations were measured before and after the advent of the pandemic. We did not find evidence of any systematic change in the endorsement of any moral foundation, neither in general nor specifically among liberals or specifically among those who perceived the greatest threat from COVID-19. We conclude that the threat from the pandemic does not seem to have had any substantial effect on the moral foundations that people rely on. We discuss how this finding relates to other longitudinal studies of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on measures related to conservatism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Zeynep Melis Kirgil
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Gerlach P, Eriksson K. Measuring Cultural Dimensions: External Validity and Internal Consistency of Hofstede's VSM 2013 Scales. Front Psychol 2021; 12:662604. [PMID: 33889119 PMCID: PMC8056018 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-cultural comparisons often investigate values that are assumed to have long-lasting influence on human conduct and thought. To capture and compare cultural values across cultures, Geert Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory has offered an influential framework. Hofstede also provided a survey instrument, the Values Survey Module (VSM), for measuring cultural values as outlined in his Cultural Dimensions Theory. The VSM has since been subject to a series of revisions. Yet, data on countries have been derived from the original VSM — and not on one of the revised versions of VSM. We tested three scales (indulgence, power distance, and individualism) from the latest version, the VSM 2013, as part of a larger survey across 57 countries. Two main findings emerged. For one thing, country scores based on the VSM 2013 scales correlated only weakly with country scores of the same cultural dimensions obtained in a large previous study. Thus, the validity of the VSM 2013 is in doubt. For another thing, the internal consistency of the VSM 2013 scales was overall poor, indicating that the scales did not reliably measure well-defined constructs. We discuss implications for cross-cultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gerlach
- Psychology School, Faculty of Business & Media, Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- School for Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Vartanova I, Eriksson K, Hazin I, Strimling P. Different Populations Agree on Which Moral Arguments Underlie Which Opinions. Front Psychol 2021; 12:648405. [PMID: 33790844 PMCID: PMC8005634 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People often justify their moral opinions by referring to larger moral concerns (e. g., “It is unfair if homosexuals are not allowed to marry!” vs. “Letting homosexuals marry is against our traditions!”). Is there a general agreement about what concerns apply to different moral opinions? We used surveys in the United States and the United Kingdom to measure the perceived applicability of eight concerns (harm, violence, fairness, liberty, authority, ingroup, purity, and governmental overreach) to a wide range of moral opinions. Within countries, argument applicability scores were largely similar whether they were calculated among women or men, among young or old, among liberals or conservatives, or among people with or without higher education. Thus, the applicability of a given moral concern to a specific opinion can be viewed as an objective quality of the opinion, largely independent of the population in which it is measured. Finally, we used similar surveys in Israel and Brazil to establish that this independence of populations also extended to populations in different countries. However, the extent to which this holds across cultures beyond those included in the current study is still an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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24
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Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy is a threat to global health, but it is not ubiquitous; depending on the country, the proportion that have confidence in vaccines ranges from a small minority to a huge majority. Little is known about what explains this dramatic variation in vaccine confidence. We hypothesize that variation in religiosity may play a role because traditional religious teachings are likely to be incompatible with the specific magical/spiritual health beliefs that often undergird anti-vaccination sentiments. In analyses of publicly available data in 147 countries, we find that a country measure of religiosity is strongly positively correlated with country measures of confidence in the safety, importance, and effectiveness of vaccines, and these associations are robust to controlling for measures of human development (education, economic development, and health). The underlying mechanism needs to be examined in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,School for Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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25
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Eriksson K, Strimling P, Gelfand M, Wu J, Abernathy J, Akotia CS, Aldashev A, Andersson PA, Andrighetto G, Anum A, Arikan G, Aycan Z, Bagherian F, Barrera D, Basnight-Brown D, Batkeyev B, Belaus A, Berezina E, Björnstjerna M, Blumen S, Boski P, Bou Zeineddine F, Bovina I, Huyen BTT, Cardenas JC, Čekrlija Đ, Choi HS, Contreras-Ibáñez CC, Costa-Lopes R, de Barra M, de Zoysa P, Dorrough A, Dvoryanchikov N, Eller A, Engelmann JB, Euh H, Fang X, Fiedler S, Foster-Gimbel OA, Fülöp M, Gardarsdottir RB, Gill CMHD, Glöckner A, Graf S, Grigoryan A, Gritskov V, Growiec K, Halama P, Hartanto A, Hopthrow T, Hřebíčková M, Iliško D, Imada H, Kapoor H, Kawakami K, Khachatryan N, Kharchenko N, Khoury N, Kiyonari T, Kohút M, Linh LT, Leslie LM, Li Y, Li NP, Li Z, Liik K, Maitner AT, Manhique B, Manley H, Medhioub I, Mentser S, Mohammed L, Nejat P, Nipassa O, Nussinson R, Onyedire NG, Onyishi IE, Özden S, Panagiotopoulou P, Perez-Floriano LR, Persson MS, Pheko M, Pirttilä-Backman AM, Pogosyan M, Raver J, Reyna C, Rodrigues RB, Romanò S, Romero PP, Sakki I, San Martin A, Sherbaji S, Shimizu H, Simpson B, Szabo E, Takemura K, Tieffi H, Mendes Teixeira ML, Thanomkul N, Tiliouine H, Travaglino GA, Tsirbas Y, Wan R, Widodo S, Zein R, Zhang QP, Zirganou-Kazolea L, Van Lange PAM. Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1481. [PMID: 33674587 PMCID: PMC7935962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate. Little is known about people’s preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in people’s perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.
| | | | - Michele Gelfand
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Junhui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jered Abernathy
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Charity S Akotia
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 84 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alisher Aldashev
- New School of Economics, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Per A Andersson
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Giulia Andrighetto
- Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.,Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Adote Anum
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 84 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gizem Arikan
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zeynep Aycan
- Koç University, Rumelifeneri, Sarıyer Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Bagherian
- Department of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davide Barrera
- University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
| | - Dana Basnight-Brown
- United States International University - Africa, Box 14634 00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Birzhan Batkeyev
- International School of Economics, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anabel Belaus
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, República Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Facultad de Psicología (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. de la Reforma esquina, Enfermera Gordillo s/n, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elizaveta Berezina
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Sheyla Blumen
- Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, San Miguel, Lima, Peru
| | - Paweł Boski
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Chodakowska, Poland
| | | | - Inna Bovina
- Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bui Thi Thu Huyen
- Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Đorđe Čekrlija
- Faculty of philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Hoon-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlos C Contreras-Ibáñez
- Departamento de Sociología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rui Costa-Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Center for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Angela Dorrough
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Anja Eller
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. Universidad 3004, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jan B Engelmann
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 15867, Amsterdam, NJ, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Euh
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Márta Fülöp
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - C M Hew D Gill
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Andreas Glöckner
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ani Grigoryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Katarzyna Growiec
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Chodakowska, Poland
| | - Peter Halama
- Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tim Hopthrow
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hirotaka Imada
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Kerry Kawakami
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Narine Khachatryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Toko Kiyonari
- Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michal Kohút
- Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Lê Thuỳ Linh
- National Economics University, Hai Ba Trung, Dong Tam District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lisa M Leslie
- New York University, Stern School of Business, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Melbourne School of Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kadi Liik
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Angela T Maitner
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bernardo Manhique
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Harry Manley
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Imed Medhioub
- Department of Finance and Investment, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Linda Mohammed
- Institute of Criminology and Public Safety, Valsayn Campus, Graver Road, Valsayn, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Pegah Nejat
- Department of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Orlando Nipassa
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ravit Nussinson
- The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel.,University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nneoma G Onyedire
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ike E Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Seniha Özden
- Koç University, Rumelifeneri, Sarıyer Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Mpho Pheko
- Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00705, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, PO Box 54 (Unioninkatu 37), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Pogosyan
- Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics (PPLE), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15575, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Raver
- Queen's University, Goodes Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Cecilia Reyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, República Argentina
| | | | - Sara Romanò
- Department of Culture, Politics and Society, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pedro P Romero
- Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), School of Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Inari Sakki
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 162770211, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Sara Sherbaji
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Erna Szabo
- Department of International Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Kosuke Takemura
- Faculty of Economics, Shiga University, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hassan Tieffi
- Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan, Centre Ivoirien d'Etude et de Recherche en Psychologie Appliquée (CIERPA), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Napoj Thanomkul
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Habib Tiliouine
- Labo-PECS, Faculty of Social Sciences, Université d'Oran 2, Oran, Algeria
| | - Giovanni A Travaglino
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yannis Tsirbas
- University of Athens, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard Wan
- Department of International Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Sita Widodo
- Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rizqy Zein
- Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Qing-Peng Zhang
- Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lina Zirganou-Kazolea
- University of Athens, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Athens, Greece
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- VU Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Eriksson K. Gender Differences in the Interest in Mathematics Schoolwork Across 50 Countries. Front Psychol 2020; 11:578092. [PMID: 33324289 PMCID: PMC7724111 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much research has found girls to be less interested in mathematics than boys are, there are many countries in which the opposite holds. I hypothesize that variation in gender differences in interest are driven by a complex process in which national culture promoting high math achievement drives down interest in math schoolwork, with the effect being amplified among girls due to their higher conformity to peer influence. Predictions from this theory were tested in a study of data on more than 500,000 grade 8 students in 50 countries from the 2011 and 2015 waves of TIMSS. Consistent with predictions, national achievement levels were strongly negatively correlated with national levels of math schoolwork interest and this variation was larger among girls: girls in low-achievement, high-interest countries had especially high interest in math schoolwork, whereas girls in high-achievement, low-interest countries had especially low interest in math schoolwork. Gender differences in math schoolwork interest were also found to be related to gender differences in math achievement, emphasizing the importance of understanding them better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.,Centre for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Ödén J, Eriksson K, Traneus E, Dasu A, Nyström PW, Toma-Dasu I. OC-0699: Relative biological effectiveness in proton therapy: accounting for variability and uncertainties. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)00721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Stefanski AL, Eriksson K, Zbinden A, Villiger P, Förger F. AB0105 CHECKPOINT MOLECULES AND PREGNANCY: ENHANCED SPD-L1 PREDICTS FLARE IN RA PREGNANCY AND POSTPARTUM. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a female-predominant autoimmune disease that may affect women in childbearing age, making family planning an important issue for their life. There is a need for better understanding the mechanisms modulating RA in pregnancy and develop prognostic marker regarding adverse pregnancy outcome such as reduced birth weight and preterm delivery. As a crucial organ for peripheral tolerance during pregnancy, the placenta is expressing constitutively programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), major ligand of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 (Zhang et al, 2015). We hypothesize that the PD-1 pathway plays a central inhibitory role in regulating the course of the disease and pregnancy outcome in RA.Objectives:To investigate the relationship between PD-1 pathway, disease activity during pregnancy/postpartum and pregnancy outcome in RA.Methods:We measured soluble PD-1 and PD-L1 levels by ELISA in serum samples of 27 pregnant RA patients and 25 healthy pregnant controls at different time points during pregnancy and postpartum. As for pregnancy controls, we analyzed serum samples from 28 non-pregnant RA patients and 18 non-pregnant healthy controls. The data was analyzed in correlation with disease activity (measured by DAS28-CRP) and pregnancy outcome (defined as preterm delivery and birth weight). Statistics were calculated by Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test, correlations by Spearman rank test.Results:In healthy pregnancy, sPD-L1 increases significantly in the 1sttrimester (p = 0,0198) and decreases significantly postpartum (p = 0,0029). sPD-L1 values are higher in non-pregnant RA patients compared to non-pregnant healthy controls (p = 0,047) and there are no significant changes during RA pregnancy. Postpartum sPD-L1 values are significantly higher in RA patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0,0014), Fig. 1. Notably, regarding disease activity, we noticed a significant positive correlation between the overall sPD-L1 values in RA and DAS28-CRP (p= 0.0104), Fig. 2. No significant correlation was seen between sPD-L1, birth weight and preterm delivery. For sPD-1 we focused on 3rdtrimester and postpartum, however, there was no difference between healthy controls and RA patients and no correlation with disease activity or pregnancy outcome.Conclusion:In healthy pregnancy, we observed an increase of sPD-L1, which decreases after delivery. This supports the hypothesis, that PD-1 pathway may be involved in shaping the physiological fetal-maternal tolerance. In RA higher sPD-L1 values are measured already in non-pregnant patients compared to healthy controls and there is no physiological decrease postpartum. Intriguing, sPD-L1 correlates positively with RA disease activity, reflecting a possible functional antagonism towards the inhibitory function of membrane bound PD-L1 molecules. However, the detailed function of sPD-L1 need to be further delineated. Nevertheless, sPD-L1 may have the potential to serve as prognostic marker for flares in RA pregnancy. Regarding the rather rarely observed adverse pregnancy outcome, larger cohorts need to be investigated.References:[1]Zhang YH, Tian M, Tang MX et al. Recent Insight into the Role of the PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway in Feto-Maternal Tolerance and Pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2015 Sep;74(3):201-8.Disclosure of Interests:Ana-Luisa Stefanski: None declared, Klara Eriksson: None declared, Astrid Zbinden: None declared, Peter Villiger Consultant of: MSD, Abbvie, Roche, Pfizer, Sanofi, Speakers bureau: Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Frauke Förger Grant/research support from: Unrestricted grant from UCB, Consultant of: UCB, GSK, Roche, Speakers bureau: UCB, GSK
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Zbinden A, Eriksson K, Förger F. AB1294-HPR LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF BIOLOGIC DMARDS IN BREASTMILK OF PATIENTS TREATED DURING LACTATION. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:There is very limited information about the passage of biologics into breast milk and into the peripheral blood of breastfed infants. However, based on pharmacological properties of biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) lactation may not be discouraged in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease to treat or prevent postpartum relapses. We here report two cases treated with bDMARDs during lactation: one woman with Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) treated with canakinumab and one woman with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) treated with rituximab.Objectives:To determine the level of rituximab and canakinumab in breast milk, in sera of breastfed infants as well as in sera of the mother and to calculate the average daily infant dose and the relative infant dose.Methods:Serum and milk levels of Rituximab were measured by ELISA using commercially available coating and detection antibodies. For Canakinumab an ELISA was established by coating of plates with recombinant human IL-1beta and detection of Canakinumab in samples by a polyclonal anti-human IgG coupled to HRP. In both cases separate standard curves for serum and milk were established. Serum samples and milk samples of unexposed healthy controls were used to determine the lower limit of quantification.Results:One patient with MWS received canakinumab 150 mg s.c. to treat a worsening of her disease ten days postpartum. She continued to breastfeed her child. The average concentration of canakinumab in milk samples collected on 10 consecutive days was 15.8 ng/ml. The average daily infant dose was 0.002 mg/kg/day. The relative infant dose, which refers infant to maternal exposure on a dose/weight basis, was 0.11%. There was no detectable canakinumab in the serum of the infant.One patient with MPA received rituximab 500 mg i.v. as a remission maintenance therapy four months postpartum. She continued to breastfeed her child. The average concentration of rituximab in milk samples collected on 4 consecutive days was 3.71 ng/ml. The average daily infant dose was 0.001 mg/kg/day. The relative infant dose was 0.01%. There was no detectable rituximab in the serum of the infant.Conclusion:Only minimal concentrations of canakinumab and rituximab can be detected in breastmilk. For both bDMARDs, the relative infant dose was below 1% of the maternal dose, which is considered unlikely to be of clinical concern. The lack of detectable levels of canakinumab and rituximab in the infants’ sera supports the notion of low oral bioavailability of large monoclonal antibodies. Together, the results are similar to those seen in TNF inhibitors which are regarded to be compatible with breastfeeding, yet more data are needed (1, 2, 3).References:[1]Götestam Skorpen C, Hoeltzenbein M, Tincani A, Fischer-Betz R, Elefant E, Chambers C, da Silva J, Nelson-Piercy C, Cetin I, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Dolhain R, Förger F, Khamashta M, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Zink A, Vencovsky J, Cutolo M, Caeyers N, Zumbühl C, Østensen M. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 May;75(5):795-810. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208840. Epub 2016 Feb 17.[2]Clowse ME, Förger F, Hwang C, Thorp J, Dolhain RJ, van Tubergen A, Shaughnessy L, Simpson J, Teil M, Toublanc N, Wang M, Hale TW. Minimal to no transfer of certolizumab pegol into breast milk: results from CRADLE, a prospective, postmarketing, multicentre, pharmacokinetic study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Nov;76(11):1890-1896. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211384. Epub 2017 Aug 16.[3]Matro R, Martin CF, Wolf D, Shah SA, Mahadevan U. Exposure Concentrations of Infants Breastfed by Women Receiving Biologic Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Effects of Breastfeeding on Infections and Development.Gastroenterology. 2018;155(3):696–704. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.040Disclosure of Interests:Astrid Zbinden: None declared, Klara Eriksson: None declared, Frauke Förger Grant/research support from: Unrestricted grant from UCB, Consultant of: UCB, GSK, Roche, Speakers bureau: UCB, GSK
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Eriksson K, Björnstjerna M, Vartanova I. The Relation Between Gender Egalitarian Values and Gender Differences in Academic Achievement. Front Psychol 2020; 11:236. [PMID: 32153461 PMCID: PMC7044344 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in achievement exhibit variation between domains and between countries. Much prior research has examined whether this variation could be due to variation in gender equality in opportunities, with mixed results. Here we focus instead on the role of a society's values about gender equality, which may have a more pervasive influence. We pooled all available country measures on adolescent boys' and girls' academic achievement between 2000 and 2015 from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) assessments of math, science, and reading. We then analyzed the relation between gender differences and country levels of gender egalitarian values, controlling for country levels of living standards and indicators of gender equality in opportunities. Gender egalitarian values came out as the most important predictor. Specifically, more gender egalitarian values were associated with improved performance of boys relative to girls in the same countries. This pattern held in reading, where boys globally perform substantially worse than girls, as well as in math and science where gender differences in performance are small and may favor either boys or girls. Our findings suggest a previously underappreciated role of cultural values in moderating gender gaps in academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.,Centre for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eriksson K, Lindvall J, Helenius O, Ryve A. Cultural Variation in the Effectiveness of Feedback on Students' Mistakes. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3053. [PMID: 32038411 PMCID: PMC6986326 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the many things teachers do is to give feedback on their students’ work. Feedback pointing out mistakes may be a key to learning, but it may also backfire. We hypothesized that feedback based on students’ mistakes may have more positive effects in cultures where teachers have greater authority over students, which we assume to be cultures that are high on power distance and religiosity. To test this hypothesis we analyzed data from 49 countries taking part in the 2015 wave of the TIMSS assessment, in which students in the 4th and 8th grades were asked whether their teachers in mathematics and science told them how to do better when they had made a mistake. For each country we could then estimate the association between the reported use of mistake-based feedback and student achievement. Consistent with our hypothesis, the estimated effect of mistake-based feedback was positive only in certain countries, and these countries tended to be high on power distance and religiosity. These results highlight the importance of cultural values in educational practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.,Centre for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jannika Lindvall
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Ryve
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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Abstract
Cultural variants may spread by being more appealing, more memorable, or less offensive than other cultural variants. Empirical studies suggest that such “emotional selection” is a force to be reckoned with in cultural evolution. We present a research paradigm that is suitable for the study of emotional selection. It guides empirical research by directing attention to the circumstances under which emotions influence the likelihood that an individual will influence another individual to acquire a cultural variant. We present a modeling framework to translate such knowledge into specific and testable predictions of population-level change. A set of already analyzed basic cases can serve as a toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Centre for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Sweden
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University
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33
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Ödén J, Eriksson K, Toma-Dasu I. Simultaneously Integrated Boost and Variable Relative Biological Effectiveness Effects on Normal Tissue Complication Probability-Based Patient Selection for Proton Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Does selfishness pay in the long term? Previous research has indicated that being prosocial (or otherish) rather than selfish has positive consequences for psychological well-being, physical health, and relationships. Here we instead examine the consequences for individuals' incomes and number of children, as these are the currencies that matter most in theories that emphasize the power of self-interest, namely economics and evolutionary thinking. Drawing on both cross-sectional (Studies 1 and 2) and panel data (Studies 3 and 4), we find that prosocial individuals tend to have more children and higher income than selfish individuals. An additional survey (Study 5) of lay beliefs about how self-interest impacts income and fertility suggests one reason selfish people may persist in their behavior even though it leads to poorer outcomes: people generally expect selfish individuals to have higher incomes. Our findings have implications for lay decisions about the allocation of scarce resources, as well as for economic and evolutionary theories of human behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina
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35
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Abstract
Drawing on the theory of the “Big Two” content dimensions of social judgment—agency and communion—the author proposes that several findings about partisan differences in the United States can be integrated into one hypothesis: Republicans tend to put greater value on agency, while Democrats put greater value on communion. Moreover, on the basis of these values, Republicans and Democrats should judge their own groups as particularly superior on agency and communion, respectively. These hypotheses gained support in three studies on partisan values and ingroup bias, suggesting that the agency-communion framework may be useful for researchers studying how political groups differ in their worldviews, biases, and attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Centre for the Study of Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University and School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, Vasteras, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Engberg L, Eriksson K, Forsgren A. EP-1893: Automated planning through explicit optimization of plan quality. Radiother Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(18)32202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Eriksson K, Cownden D, Strimling P. Social learning may lead to population level conformity without individual level frequency bias. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17341. [PMID: 29230064 PMCID: PMC5725437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A requirement of culture, whether animal or human, is some degree of conformity of behavior within populations. Researchers of gene-culture coevolution have suggested that population level conformity may result from frequency-biased social learning: individuals sampling multiple role models and preferentially adopting the majority behavior in the sample. When learning from a single role model, frequency-bias is not possible. We show why a population-level trend, either conformist or anticonformist, may nonetheless be almost inevitable in a population of individuals that learn through social enhancement, that is, using observations of others’ behavior to update their own probability of using a behavior in the future. The exact specification of individuals’ updating rule determines the direction of the trend. These results offer a new interpretation of previous findings from simulations of social enhancement in combination with reinforcement learning, and demonstrate how results of dynamical models may strongly depend on seemingly innocuous choices of model specifications, and how important it is to obtain empirical data on which to base such choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Stockholm University, Centre for the Study of Cultural Evolution, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden. .,Mälardalen University, School of Education, Culture & Communication, Västerås, 721 23, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Cownden
- Stockholm University, Centre for the Study of Cultural Evolution, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden.,INgrooves, Victoria, BC, V8W 1T4, Canada
| | - Pontus Strimling
- Stockholm University, Centre for the Study of Cultural Evolution, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden.,Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, 101 31, Sweden
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Hirvonen M, Ojala R, Korhonen P, Haataja P, Eriksson K, Rantanen K, Gissler M, Luukkaala T, Tammela O. Intellectual disability in children aged less than seven years born moderately and late preterm compared with very preterm and term-born children - a nationwide birth cohort study. J Intellect Disabil Res 2017; 61:1034-1054. [PMID: 28699168 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prematurity has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of intellectual disability (ID). METHOD The aim was to establish whether the prevalence of ID, defined as significant limitations in both intellectual (intelligence quotient below 70) and adaptive functioning among moderately preterm (MP; 32+0 -33+6 weeks) and late preterm (LP; 34+0 -36+6 weeks) infants, is increased compared with that in term infants (≥37+0 weeks). Antenatal and neonatal risk factors for ID among gestational age groups were sought. The national register study included all live-born infants in Finland in 1991-2008, excluding those who died before one year age, or had any major congenital anomaly or missing data. A total of 1 018 256 infants (98.0%) were analysed: very preterm (VP; <32+0 weeks, n = 6329), MP (n = 6796), LP (n = 39 928) and term (n = 965 203). RESULTS By the age of seven years, the prevalence of ID was 2.48% in the VP group, 0.81% in the MP group, 0.55% in the LP group and 0.35% in the term group. Intracranial haemorrhage increased the ID risk in all groups. Male sex and born small for gestational age predicted an increased risk in all but the MP group. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ID decreased with increasing gestational age. Prevention of intracranial haemorrhages may have a beneficial effect on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hirvonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - R Ojala
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - P Korhonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - P Haataja
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - K Eriksson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - K Rantanen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Psychology Clinic, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Gissler
- Information Services Department, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Luukkaala
- Science Center, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - O Tammela
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Cownden D, Eriksson K, Strimling P. A popular misapplication of evolutionary modeling to the study of human cooperation. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Odén J, Eriksson K, Flejmer A, Dasu A, Toma-Dasu I. PO-0832: The impact of variable RBE and breathing control in proton radiotherapy of breast cancer. Radiother Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(17)31269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Eriksson K, Strimling P, Andersson PA, Lindholm T. Costly punishment in the ultimatum game evokes moral concern, in particular when framed as payoff reduction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Schueler E, Eriksson K, Hynning E, Loo B, Maxim P. TU-H-BRC-03: Evaluation of Very High-Energy Electron (VHEE) Beams in Comparison to VMAT and PBS Treatment Plans. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4957610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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43
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Engberg L, Eriksson K, Forsgren A, Hardemark B. WE-AB-209-07: Explicit and Convex Optimization of Plan Quality Metrics in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4957776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Boeck M, Eriksson K, Forsgren A, Hardemark B. TU-H-CAMPUS-JeP3-01: Towards Robust Adaptive Radiation Therapy Strategies. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4957699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Abstract
Research on cultural transmission among Americans has established a bias for transmitting stories that have disgusting elements (such as exposure to rats and maggots). Conceived of as a cultural evolutionary force, this phenomenon is one type of emotional selection. In a series of online studies with Americans and Indians we investigate whether there are cultural differences in emotional selection, such that the transmission process favours different kinds of content in different countries. The first study found a bias for disgusting content (rats and maggots) among Americans but not among Indians. Four subsequent studies focused on how country interacts with kind of emotional content (disgusting vs. happy surprises and good news) in reactions to transmission of stories or information. Whereas Indian participants, compared to Americans, tended to be less interested in, and excited by, transmission of stories and news involving common disgust-elicitors (like rats), the opposite pattern held for transmission of happy surprises and good news (e.g., the opening of a new public facility). We discuss various possible explanations and implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Centre for the Study of Cultural Evolution, Stockholm UniversitySchool of Education, Communication and Culture, Mälardalen UniversitySwedenWallenberglab, se-10691 Stockholm
| | - Julie C. Coultas
- Centre for the Study of Cultural Evolution, Stockholm UniversityUniversity of SussexSwedenWallenberglab, se-10691 Stockholm
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Centre for the Study of Cultural Evolution, Stockholm UniversitySwedenWallenberglab, se-10691 Stockholm
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Abstract
Determinants of cooperation include ingroup vs. outgroup membership, and individual traits, such as prosociality and trust. We investigated whether these factors can be overridden by beliefs about people's trust. We manipulated the information players received about each other's level of general trust, "high" or "low". These levels were either measured (Experiment 1) or just arbitrarily assigned labels (Experiment 2). Players' choices whether to cooperate or defect in a stag hunt (or an assurance game)--where it is mutually beneficial to cooperate, but costly if the partner should fail to do so--were strongly predicted by what they were told about the other player's trust label, as well as by what they were told that the other player was told about their own label. Our findings demonstrate the importance for cooperation in a risky coordination game of both first- and second-order beliefs about how much people trust each other. This supports the idea that institutions can influence cooperation simply by influencing beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Jansson
- Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
- * E-mail: (FJ); (KE)
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Centre for the Study of Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University, SE-721 23 Västerås, Sweden
- * E-mail: (FJ); (KE)
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Burghelea M, Poels K, Gevaert T, Collen C, Dhont J, Hung C, Eriksson K, Simon V, De Ridder M, Verellen D. Preliminary Dosimetric Evaluation of Dynamic Wave Arc for SBRT Treatments. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Stockholm University, Sweden
- Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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Burghelea M, Poels K, Gevaert T, Tournel K, Dhont J, Hung C, Eriksson K, Simon V, De Ridder M, Verellen D. TU-CD-304-03: Dosimetric Verification and Preliminary Comparison of Dynamic Wave Arc for SBRT Treatments. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4925572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Abstract
Recent studies have found disapproval of peer punishment of norm violations. This seems puzzling, given the potential benefits peer punishers contribute to the group. We suggest part of the answer is that peer punishers tend to come across as aggressive and as such may be viewed as more problematic than beneficial to have around. We used simple computer animations of geometric shapes to enact 15 precise variations of social sanctions against a norm violator. More than 1,800 subjects were recruited to watch an animation and judge the behavior and character of the animated agents. They also completed a trait aggression measure. Across the variations peer punishment was typically disapproved of, especially when severe or openly aggressive, and especially by subjects low on trait aggression. We conclude that there seems to be a social norm against peer punishment and that dislike of aggressiveness seems to be part of the reason why.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Stockholm University, Sweden
- Mälardalen University, Sweden
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