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Hong Y, Maitner AT, Ratner KG. Psychological effects of anti-Arab politics on American and Arab peoples' views of each other. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301282. [PMID: 38691533 PMCID: PMC11062520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Disparaging rhetoric about Arab people was prevalent during Donald Trump's political rise in the United States. Although this rhetoric was intended to energize conservative Americans, it also echoed throughout many liberal parts of the United States and around the world. In this research, we experimentally examined the effects of such rhetoric on American and Arab people's attitudes and visual representations of each other before and after Trump was elected. Although people overwhelmingly reported not liking the negative rhetoric, the rhetoric alone did not influence explicit and implicit intergroup biases in either location, as measured by feeling thermometers and Implicit Association Tests. However, the election outcome moderated the way rhetoric influenced how American and Arab people visually represented each other. Our research sheds light on nuanced effects of global politics on various information processing stages within intergroup perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngki Hong
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Angela T. Maitner
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kyle G. Ratner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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2
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Andersson PA, Vartanova I, Västfjäll D, Tinghög G, Strimling P, Wu J, Hazin I, Akotia CS, Aldashev A, Andrighetto G, Anum A, Arikan G, Bagherian F, Barrera D, Basnight-Brown D, Batkeyev B, Berezina E, Björnstjerna M, Boski P, Bovina I, Huyen BTT, Čekrlija Đ, Choi HS, Contreras-Ibáñez CC, Costa-Lopes R, de Barra M, de Zoysa P, Dorrough AR, Dvoryanchikov N, Engelmann JB, Euh H, Fang X, Fiedler S, Foster-Gimbel OA, Fülöp M, Gardarsdottir RB, Gill CMHD, Glöckner A, Graf S, Grigoryan A, Gritskov V, Growiec K, Halama P, Hartanto A, Hopthrow T, Hřebíčková M, Iliško D, Imada H, Kapoor H, Kawakami K, Khachatryan N, Kharchenko N, Kiyonari T, Kohút M, Leslie LM, Li Y, Li NP, Li Z, Liik K, Maitner AT, Manhique B, Manley H, Medhioub I, Mentser S, Nejat P, Nipassa O, Nussinson R, Onyedire NG, Onyishi IE, Panagiotopoulou P, Perez-Floriano LR, Persson M, Pirttilä-Backman AM, Pogosyan M, Raver J, Rodrigues RB, Romanò S, Romero PP, Sakki I, San Martin A, Sherbaji S, Shimizu H, Simpson B, Szabo E, Takemura K, Teixeira MLM, Thanomkul N, Tiliouine H, Travaglino GA, Tsirbas Y, Widodo S, Zein R, Zirganou-Kazolea L, Eriksson K. Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5591. [PMID: 38454068 PMCID: PMC10920647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per A Andersson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
- JEDILab, Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Irina Vartanova
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gustav Tinghög
- JEDILab, Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- JEDILab, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Pontus Strimling
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Junhui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lincui Road 16, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Isabela Hazin
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charity S Akotia
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 84, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alisher Aldashev
- International School of Economics, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole Bi Street, 050000, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Giulia Andrighetto
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mälardalen University, 721 23, Västerås, Sweden
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Adote Anum
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 84, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gizem Arikan
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, 2-3 College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fatemeh Bagherian
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Davide Barrera
- University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto, Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Dana Basnight-Brown
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, United States International University Africa, Box 14634 00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Birzhan Batkeyev
- International School of Economics, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole Bi Street, 050000, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Elizaveta Berezina
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Paweł Boski
- SWPS University, Chodakowska 19-31, 03-815, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Inna Bovina
- Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Sretenka Str., 29, 127051, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bui Thi Thu Huyen
- Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Đorđe Čekrlija
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hoon-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2, Sungkyunkwan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03063, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlos C Contreras-Ibáñez
- Departamento de Sociología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rui Costa-Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Anibal de Bettencourt, 9, 1600-189, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Center for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Piyanjali de Zoysa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
| | - Angela R Dorrough
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolay Dvoryanchikov
- Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Sretenka Str., 29, 127051, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jan B Engelmann
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 15867, 1001 NJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Euh
- Gies College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 S 6Th St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivia A Foster-Gimbel
- Stern School of Business, New York University, 40 West 4Th Street, Tisch Hall, Suite 700, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Márta Fülöp
- HUN-REN Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church, Bécsi Út 324, Budapest, 1034, Hungary
| | - Ragna B Gardarsdottir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Nyi Gardur, Saemundargata 12, IS-102, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - C M Hew D Gill
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Universal College Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andreas Glöckner
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Kurt-Schumacher-Str. 10, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ani Grigoryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Alex Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vladimir Gritskov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | | | - Peter Halama
- Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 90 Stamford Road, Singapore, 178903, Singapore
| | - Tim Hopthrow
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NP, UK
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dzintra Iliško
- Daugavpils University, Latvia, Parades Street 1, Room 432, Daugvapils, 5400, Latvia
| | - Hirotaka Imada
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Hansika Kapoor
- Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, 4114, C Wing, Oberoi Garden Estates, Off Saki Vihar Road, Andheri East, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400072, India
| | - Kerry Kawakami
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Narine Khachatryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Alex Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Natalia Kharchenko
- Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Voloska Str., 8/5, Build. 4, Kyiv, 04070, Ukraine
| | - Toko Kiyonari
- Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1, Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara-City, Kanagawa, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Michal Kohút
- Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Hornopotočná 23, 918 43, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Lisa M Leslie
- Stern School of Business, New York University, 40 West 4Th Street, Tisch Hall, Suite 700, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Melbourne School of Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, 1116 Redmond Barry Building, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 90 Stamford Road, Singapore, 178903, Singapore
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Kadi Liik
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Rd 25, 10120, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Angela T Maitner
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bernardo Manhique
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, 3453, Main Campus, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Harry Manley
- Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Education, & Languages, HELP University Subang 2, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Imed Medhioub
- Department of Finance, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sari Mentser
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, 4353701, Raanana, Israel
| | - Pegah Nejat
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Orlando Nipassa
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, 3453, Main Campus, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ravit Nussinson
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, 4353701, Raanana, Israel
- Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Abba Khoushy Ave 199, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nneoma G Onyedire
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Nigeria
| | - Ike E Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Nigeria
| | - Penny Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Education and Social Work, University of Patras, 26500, Rion, Patras, Greece
| | - Lorena R Perez-Floriano
- Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Sta. Clara 797, Huechuraba, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Minna Persson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 54 (Unioninkatu 37), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Pogosyan
- Leadership and Management, Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15953, 1001 NB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Raver
- Queen's University, Goodes Hall, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ricardo Borges Rodrigues
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL, CIS, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Romanò
- Department of Culture, Politics and Society, University of Turin, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Pedro P Romero
- Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), School of Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Inari Sakki
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 42 (Unioninkatu 33), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alvaro San Martin
- IESE Business School, Camino del Cerro del Águila, 3, 28023, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Sherbaji
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-155 Uegahara 1Bancho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 662-8501, Japan
| | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Erna Szabo
- Department of International Management, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Kosuke Takemura
- Faculty of Economics, Shiga University, 1-1-1 Banba, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8522, Japan
| | - Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Business Administration Postgraduate Program, Consolação St, 930, São Paulo, CEP 01302-000, Brazil
| | - Napoj Thanomkul
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Habib Tiliouine
- Labo-PECS, Faculty of Social Sciences, Université d'Oran 2, 31000, Oran, Algeria
| | - Giovanni A Travaglino
- Department of Law and Criminology, Institute for the Study of Power, Crime, and Society, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Yannis Tsirbas
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Athens, 6 Themistokleous Street, 10678, Athens, Greece
| | - Sita Widodo
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus B Unair Jalan Airlangga 4-6, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia
| | - Rizqy Zein
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus B Unair Jalan Airlangga 4-6, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia
| | - Lina Zirganou-Kazolea
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Athens, 6 Themistokleous Street, 10678, Athens, Greece
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mälardalen University, 721 23, Västerås, Sweden
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3
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Andrighetto G, Szekely A, Guido A, Gelfand M, Abernathy J, Arikan G, Aycan Z, Bankar S, Barrera D, Basnight-Brown D, Belaus A, Berezina E, Blumen S, Boski P, Bui HTT, Cárdenas JC, Čekrlija Đ, de Barra M, de Zoysa P, Dorrough A, Engelmann JB, Euh H, Fiedler S, Foster-Gimbel O, Freitas G, Fülöp M, Gardarsdottir RB, Gill CMHD, Glöckner A, Graf S, Grigoryan A, Growiec K, Hashimoto H, Hopthrow T, Hřebíčková M, Imada H, Kamijo Y, Kapoor H, Kashima Y, Khachatryan N, Kharchenko N, León D, Leslie LM, Li Y, Liik K, Liuzza MT, Maitner AT, Mamidi P, McArdle M, Medhioub I, Teixeira MLM, Mentser S, Morales F, Narayanan J, Nitta K, Nussinson R, Onyedire NG, Onyishi IE, Osin E, Özden S, Panagiotopoulou P, Pereverziev O, Perez-Floriano LR, Pirttilä-Backman AM, Pogosyan M, Raver J, Reyna C, Rodrigues RB, Romanò S, Romero PP, Sakki I, Sánchez A, Sherbaji S, Simpson B, Spadoni L, Stamkou E, Travaglino GA, Van Lange PAM, Winata FF, Zein RA, Zhang QP, Eriksson K. Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1436. [PMID: 38365869 PMCID: PMC10873354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 dramatically changed social behavior across societies and contexts. Here we study whether social norms also changed. Specifically, we study this question for cultural tightness (the degree to which societies generally have strong norms), specific social norms (e.g. stealing, hand washing), and norms about enforcement, using survey data from 30,431 respondents in 43 countries recorded before and in the early stages following the emergence of COVID-19. Using variation in disease intensity, we shed light on the mechanisms predicting changes in social norm measures. We find evidence that, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, hand washing norms increased while tightness and punishing frequency slightly decreased but observe no evidence for a robust change in most other norms. Thus, at least in the short term, our findings suggest that cultures are largely stable to pandemic threats except in those norms, hand washing in this case, that are perceived to be directly relevant to dealing with the collective threat.
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Grants
- 2016.0167. Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse (Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation)
- 20178TRM3F Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
- 019.183SG.001 Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research)
- Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
- Czech Science Foundation, 20-01214S Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, RVO: 68081740 Grant 23-061770S of the Czech Science Foundation RVO: 68081740 of the Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences
- Shimabara Science Promotion Foundation
- RA Science Committee, research project N.20TTSH-020
- Open University of Israel, 511687
- HSE University Basic Research Program
- US Army Research Office Grant W911NF-19-1-910281
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, 019.183SG.001 Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, VI.Veni.201G.013 European Commission, Horizon 2020-ID 870827
- UKRI Grant “Secret Power” No. EP/X02170X/1 awarded under the European Commission’s “European Research Council - STG” Scheme
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Andrighetto
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy.
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Aron Szekely
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Guido
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- CEREN EA 7477, Burgundy School of Business, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Michele Gelfand
- Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Jered Abernathy
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Gizem Arikan
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zeynep Aycan
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Management, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Davide Barrera
- Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
- Department of Culture, Politics, and Society, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Anabel Belaus
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); CABA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Sheyla Blumen
- Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - Juan Camilo Cárdenas
- Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, USA
| | - Đorđe Čekrlija
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Angela Dorrough
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan B Engelmann
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Euh
- Gies College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gonçalo Freitas
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Fülöp
- HUN-REN Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, Karoli Gáspár University of the Reformed Churches, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Andreas Glöckner
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ani Grigoryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Tim Hopthrow
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Hansika Kapoor
- Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, Mumbai, India
| | - Yoshihisa Kashima
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Narine Khachatryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Lisa M Leslie
- Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kadi Liik
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela T Maitner
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Michele McArdle
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Imed Medhioub
- Department of Finance and Investment, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sari Mentser
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Ravit Nussinson
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
- Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making (IIPDM), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Ike E Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Seniha Özden
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Marianna Pogosyan
- Leadership and Management, Amsterdam Business School (ABS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Raver
- Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cecilia Reyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); CABA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Borges Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Romanò
- Department of Culture, Politics, and Society, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pedro P Romero
- School of Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Inari Sakki
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angel Sánchez
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Sherbaji
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Lorenzo Spadoni
- Department of Economics and Law, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - Eftychia Stamkou
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Malardalens University, Vasteras, Sweden
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4
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Kosakowska-Berezecka N, Bosson JK, Jurek P, Besta T, Olech M, Vandello JA, Bender M, Dandy J, Hoorens V, Jasinskaja-Lahti I, Mankowski E, Venäläinen S, Abuhamdeh S, Agyemang CB, Akbaş G, Albayrak-Aydemir N, Ammirati S, Anderson J, Anjum G, Ariyanto A, Aruta JJBR, Ashraf M, Bakaitytė A, Becker M, Bertolli C, Bërxulli D, Best DL, Bi C, Block K, Boehnke M, Bongiorno R, Bosak J, Casini A, Chen Q, Chi P, Cubela Adoric V, Daalmans S, de Lemus S, Dhakal S, Dvorianchikov N, Egami S, Etchezahar E, Esteves CS, Froehlich L, Garcia-Sanchez E, Gavreliuc A, Gavreliuc D, Gomez Á, Guizzo F, Graf S, Greijdanus H, Grigoryan A, Grzymała-Moszczyńska J, Guerch K, Gustafsson Sendén M, Hale ML, Hämer H, Hirai M, Hoang Duc L, Hřebíčková M, Hutchings PB, Jensen DH, Karabati S, Kelmendi K, Kengyel G, Khachatryan N, Ghazzawi R, Kinahan M, Kirby TA, Kovacs M, Kozlowski D, Krivoshchekov V, Kryś K, Kulich C, Kurosawa T, Lac An NT, Labarthe-Carrara J, Lauri MA, Latu I, Lawal AM, Li J, Lindner J, Lindqvist A, Maitner AT, Makarova E, Makashvili A, Malayeri S, Malik S, Mancini T, Manzi C, Mari S, Martiny SE, Mayer CH, Mihić V, MiloševićĐorđević J, Moreno-Bella E, Moscatelli S, Moynihan AB, Muller D, Narhetali E, Neto F, Noels KA, Nyúl B, O’Connor EC, Ochoa DP, Ohno S, Olanrewaju Adebayo S, Osborne R, Pacilli MG, Palacio J, Patnaik S, Pavlopoulos V, de León PP, Piterová I, Porto JB, Puzio A, Pyrkosz-Pacyna J, Rentería Pérez E, Renström E, Rousseaux T, Ryan MK, Safdar S, Sainz M, Salvati M, Samekin A, Schindler S, Sevincer AT, Seydi M, Shepherd D, Sherbaji S, Schmader T, Simão C, Sobhie R, Sobiecki J, De Souza L, Sarter E, Sulejmanović D, Sullivan KE, Tatsumi M, Tavitian-Elmadjian L, Thakur SJ, Thi Mong Chi Q, Torre B, Torres A, Torres CV, Türkoğlu B, Ungaretti J, Valshtein T, Van Laar C, van der Noll J, Vasiutynskyi V, Vauclair CM, Vohra N, Walentynowicz M, Ward C, Włodarczyk A, Yang Y, Yzerbyt V, Zanello V, Zapata-Calvente AL, Zawisza M, Žukauskienė R, Żadkowska M. Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221129687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countries. Using data from 62 countries ( N = 28,640), we examine binary gender gaps in agentic and communal self-views as a function of country-level objective gender equality (the Global Gender Gap Index) and subjective distributions of social power (the Power Distance Index). Findings show that in more egalitarian countries, gender gaps in agency are smaller and gender gaps in communality are larger. These patterns are driven primarily by cross-country differences in men’s self-views and by the Power Distance Index (PDI) more robustly than the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). We consider possible causes and implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Justine Dandy
- Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir
- London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Joel Anderson
- Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annalisa Casini
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Sofia Esteves
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Ángel Gomez
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sylvie Graf
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Keltouma Guerch
- Mohamed I University, Oujda, Morocco
- Centre Régional des Mètiers de l’Education et de la Formation de l’Oriental, Oujda, Morocco
| | | | | | | | | | - Lam Hoang Duc
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kuba Kryś
- Institute of Psychology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
| | | | | | - Nhan Thi Lac An
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | - Junyi Li
- Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Palacio
- Universidad del Norte, Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michelle K. Ryan
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- The Australian National University, Australia
| | | | - Mario Sainz
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Adil Samekin
- School of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara Sherbaji
- American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- University College London, UK
| | - Toni Schmader
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cláudia Simão
- Católica Lisbon School of Business & Economics, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Emma Sarter
- South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beatriz Torre
- University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ana Torres
- Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincent Yzerbyt
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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5
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Abstract
Counterfactual thinking is a ubiquitous feature of daily life with links to causal reasoning. Therefore, we argue that cultures that vary in perceptions of what controls important life outcomes may also vary in counterfactual thought. Investigating White American and United Arab Emirates-based Arab participants' counterfactual potency and spontaneous counterfactual thinking, we found that Arab participants endorsed counterfactual thoughts less than White Americans, and were unaffected by the routine nature of action when negative outcomes were severe. Differences in counterfactual endorsement in response to severe negative outcomes were linked to greater beliefs in divine control and fate in Arab participants, and not to religiosity, reinforcing an important role of perceptions of control in counterfactual thought. However, although reporting less counterfactual endorsement overall, Arabs showed a similar pattern of counterfactual thought to White Americans when negative outcomes were mild, or when reporting spontaneous thought. Arabs likewise showed a similar pattern of regret as White Americans regardless of event severity, reporting more regret when outcomes resulted from unusual action. These patterns suggest a dissociation between affect and cognition, and between what kind of outcomes are subject to counterfactual scrutiny in Arab participants. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela T Maitner
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah
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6
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Maitner AT, DeCoster J, Andersson PA, Eriksson K, Sherbaji S, Giner-Sorolla R, Mackie DM, Aveyard M, Claypool HM, Crisp RJ, Gritskov V, Habjan K, Hartanto A, Kiyonari T, Kuzminska AO, Manesi Z, Molho C, Munasinghe A, Peperkoorn LS, Shiramizu V, Smallman R, Soboleva N, Stivers AW, Summerville A, Wu B, Wu J. Perceptions of Emotional Functionality: Similarities and Differences Among Dignity, Face, and Honor Cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221211065108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Emotions are linked to wide sets of action tendencies, and it can be difficult to predict which specific action tendency will be motivated or indulged in response to individual experiences of emotion. Building on a functional perspective of emotion, we investigate whether anger and shame connect to different behavioral intentions in dignity, face, and honor cultures. Using simple animations that showed perpetrators taking resources from victims, we conducted two studies across eleven countries investigating the extent to which participants expected victims to feel anger and shame, how they thought victims should respond to such violations, and how expectations of emotions were affected by enacted behavior. Across cultures, anger was associated with desires to reclaim resources or alert others to the violation. In face and honor cultures, but not dignity cultures, shame was associated with the desire for aggressive retaliation. However, we found that when victims indulged motivationally-relevant behavior, expected anger and shame were reduced, and satisfaction increased, in similar ways across cultures. Results suggest similarities and differences in expectations of how emotions functionally elicit behavioral responses across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Stockholm University, Sweden
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Sherbaji
- American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- University College London, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Aveyard
- American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Heather M. Claypool
- Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Richard J. Crisp
- Durham University, UK
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Vladimir Gritskov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Russian Federation
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Kristina Habjan
- Durham University, UK
- University of Fribourg, Switzerland
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Andree Hartanto
- Singapore Management University, Singapore
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Toko Kiyonari
- Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Anna O. Kuzminska
- University of Warsaw, Poland
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Zoi Manesi
- Singapore Management University, Singapore
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Catherine Molho
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, France
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Anudhi Munasinghe
- University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Leonard S. Peperkoorn
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Victor Shiramizu
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- University of Glasgow, UK
- University of Strathclyde, UK
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Rachel Smallman
- Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Natalia Soboleva
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Adam W. Stivers
- Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, USA
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Amy Summerville
- Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Kairos Research, Dayton, OH, USA
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Baopei Wu
- Beijing Forestry University, China
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Junhui Wu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Normal University, China
- These authors have contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
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7
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Maitner AT. Perceptions and explanations of status in the United Arab Emirates: The role of ascribed and achieved characteristics. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302211042421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ascribed and achieved characteristics influence individuals’ positions in a social hierarchy. I explore how status characteristics and status ideologies influence expectations about economic opportunities in the United Arab Emirates, a wealthy, highly diverse, and internationally stratified society where beliefs in meritocracy are nationally supported. In Studies 1 and 2, participants reported the extent to which they perceived various characteristics to influence an individual’s salary. Participants whose nationality placed them higher in the economic hierarchy expected achieved markers of status to play a larger role than ascribed markers in determining pay. Across groups, the more participants believed in meritocracy, the more they expected achieved markers to play a role. In Study 3, participants predicted the economic success of individuals who varied in ascribed and achieved characteristics. Across participant groups, both ascribed and achieved characteristics were expected to influence an individual’s economic success. Taken together, results suggested that both ascribed and achieved characteristics are expected to influence an individual’s position in the socioeconomic hierarchy, but only differences rooted in achieved characteristics are legitimized. Group differences and implications for system stability are discussed.
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8
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Kret ME, Maitner AT, Fischer AH. Interpreting Emotions From Women With Covered Faces: A Comparison Between a Middle Eastern and Western-European Sample. Front Psychol 2021; 12:620632. [PMID: 34025499 PMCID: PMC8137903 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.620632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While new regulations obligate or recommend people to wear medical masks at public places to prevent further spread of the Covid-19 virus, there are still open questions as to what face coverage does to social emotional communication. Previous research on the effects of wearing veils or face-covering niqabs showed that covering of the mouth led to the attribution of negative emotions and to the perception of less intense positive emotions. The current study compares a sample from the Netherlands with a sample from the United Arab Emirates on their perception of emotions from faces covered by a niqab, censoring black bars, or uncovered faces. The results show that covering the mouth area leads to greater anxiety in participants in both countries. Furthermore, although participants did not report greater decoding difficulties for faces that were covered as compared to fully visible, results show that face coverage did influence emotion perception. Specifically, happiness and anger were perceived as being less intense. Further, face coverage by a niqab, as compared to black bars, yielded lower emotional intensity ratings. We conclude that face coverage in particular can modulate the perception of emotions, but that affective contextual cues may play a role as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska E Kret
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Angela T Maitner
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Agneta H Fischer
- Social Psychology Department, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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9
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Eriksson K, Strimling P, Gelfand M, Wu J, Abernathy J, Akotia CS, Aldashev A, Andersson PA, Andrighetto G, Anum A, Arikan G, Aycan Z, Bagherian F, Barrera D, Basnight-Brown D, Batkeyev B, Belaus A, Berezina E, Björnstjerna M, Blumen S, Boski P, Bou Zeineddine F, Bovina I, Huyen BTT, Cardenas JC, Čekrlija Đ, Choi HS, Contreras-Ibáñez CC, Costa-Lopes R, de Barra M, de Zoysa P, Dorrough A, Dvoryanchikov N, Eller A, Engelmann JB, Euh H, Fang X, Fiedler S, Foster-Gimbel OA, Fülöp M, Gardarsdottir RB, Gill CMHD, Glöckner A, Graf S, Grigoryan A, Gritskov V, Growiec K, Halama P, Hartanto A, Hopthrow T, Hřebíčková M, Iliško D, Imada H, Kapoor H, Kawakami K, Khachatryan N, Kharchenko N, Khoury N, Kiyonari T, Kohút M, Linh LT, Leslie LM, Li Y, Li NP, Li Z, Liik K, Maitner AT, Manhique B, Manley H, Medhioub I, Mentser S, Mohammed L, Nejat P, Nipassa O, Nussinson R, Onyedire NG, Onyishi IE, Özden S, Panagiotopoulou P, Perez-Floriano LR, Persson MS, Pheko M, Pirttilä-Backman AM, Pogosyan M, Raver J, Reyna C, Rodrigues RB, Romanò S, Romero PP, Sakki I, San Martin A, Sherbaji S, Shimizu H, Simpson B, Szabo E, Takemura K, Tieffi H, Mendes Teixeira ML, Thanomkul N, Tiliouine H, Travaglino GA, Tsirbas Y, Wan R, Widodo S, Zein R, Zhang QP, Zirganou-Kazolea L, Van Lange PAM. Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1481. [PMID: 33674587 PMCID: PMC7935962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate. Little is known about people’s preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in people’s perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.
| | | | - Michele Gelfand
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Junhui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jered Abernathy
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Charity S Akotia
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 84 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alisher Aldashev
- New School of Economics, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Per A Andersson
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Giulia Andrighetto
- Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.,Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Adote Anum
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 84 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gizem Arikan
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zeynep Aycan
- Koç University, Rumelifeneri, Sarıyer Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Bagherian
- Department of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davide Barrera
- University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
| | - Dana Basnight-Brown
- United States International University - Africa, Box 14634 00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Birzhan Batkeyev
- International School of Economics, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anabel Belaus
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, República Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Facultad de Psicología (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. de la Reforma esquina, Enfermera Gordillo s/n, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elizaveta Berezina
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Sheyla Blumen
- Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, San Miguel, Lima, Peru
| | - Paweł Boski
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Chodakowska, Poland
| | | | - Inna Bovina
- Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bui Thi Thu Huyen
- Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Đorđe Čekrlija
- Faculty of philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Hoon-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlos C Contreras-Ibáñez
- Departamento de Sociología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rui Costa-Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Center for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Angela Dorrough
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Anja Eller
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. Universidad 3004, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jan B Engelmann
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 15867, Amsterdam, NJ, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Euh
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Márta Fülöp
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - C M Hew D Gill
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Andreas Glöckner
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ani Grigoryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Katarzyna Growiec
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Chodakowska, Poland
| | - Peter Halama
- Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tim Hopthrow
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hirotaka Imada
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Kerry Kawakami
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Narine Khachatryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Toko Kiyonari
- Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michal Kohút
- Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Lê Thuỳ Linh
- National Economics University, Hai Ba Trung, Dong Tam District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lisa M Leslie
- New York University, Stern School of Business, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Melbourne School of Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kadi Liik
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Angela T Maitner
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bernardo Manhique
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Harry Manley
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Imed Medhioub
- Department of Finance and Investment, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Linda Mohammed
- Institute of Criminology and Public Safety, Valsayn Campus, Graver Road, Valsayn, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Pegah Nejat
- Department of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Orlando Nipassa
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ravit Nussinson
- The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel.,University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nneoma G Onyedire
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ike E Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Seniha Özden
- Koç University, Rumelifeneri, Sarıyer Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Mpho Pheko
- Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00705, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, PO Box 54 (Unioninkatu 37), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Pogosyan
- Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics (PPLE), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15575, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Raver
- Queen's University, Goodes Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Cecilia Reyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, República Argentina
| | | | - Sara Romanò
- Department of Culture, Politics and Society, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pedro P Romero
- Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), School of Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Inari Sakki
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 162770211, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Sara Sherbaji
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Erna Szabo
- Department of International Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Kosuke Takemura
- Faculty of Economics, Shiga University, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hassan Tieffi
- Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan, Centre Ivoirien d'Etude et de Recherche en Psychologie Appliquée (CIERPA), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Napoj Thanomkul
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Habib Tiliouine
- Labo-PECS, Faculty of Social Sciences, Université d'Oran 2, Oran, Algeria
| | - Giovanni A Travaglino
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yannis Tsirbas
- University of Athens, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard Wan
- Department of International Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Sita Widodo
- Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rizqy Zein
- Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Qing-Peng Zhang
- Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lina Zirganou-Kazolea
- University of Athens, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Athens, Greece
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- VU Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Bosson JK, Jurek P, Vandello JA, Kosakowska-Berezecka N, Olech M, Besta T, Bender M, Hoorens V, Becker M, Timur Sevincer A, Best DL, Safdar S, Włodarczyk A, Zawisza M, Żadkowska M, Abuhamdeh S, Badu Agyemang C, Akbaş G, Albayrak-Aydemir N, Ammirati S, Anderson J, Anjum G, Ariyanto A, Jamir Benzon R. Aruta J, Ashraf M, Bakaitytė A, Bertolli C, Bërxulli D, Bi C, Block K, Boehnke M, Bongiorno R, Bosak J, Casini A, Chen Q, Chi P, Cubela Adoric V, Daalmans S, Dandy J, Lemus SD, Dhakal S, Dvorianchikov N, Egami S, Etchezahar E, Sofia Esteves C, Felix N, Froehlich L, Garcia-Sanchez E, Gavreliuc A, Gavreliuc D, Gomez Á, Guizzo F, Graf S, Greijdanus H, Grigoryan A, Grzymała-Moszczyńska J, Guerch K, Gustafsson Sendén M, Hale ML, Hämer H, Hirai M, Hoang Duc L, Hřebíčková M, Hutchings PB, Høj Jensen D, Jasinskaja-Lahti I, Karabati S, Kelmendi K, Kengyel G, Khachatryan N, Ghazzawi R, Kinahan M, Kirby TA, Kovács M, Kozlowski D, Krivoshchekov V, Kulich C, Kurosawa T, Thi Lac An N, Labarthe J, Latu I, Anne Lauri M, Mankowski E, Musbau Lawal A, Li J, Lindner J, Lindqvist A, Maitner AT, Makarova E, Makashvili A, Malayeri S, Malik S, Mancini T, Manzi C, Mari S, Martiny SE, Mayer CH, Mihić V, Milošević Đorđević J, Moreno-Bella E, Moscatelli S, Bryan Moynihan A, Muller D, Narhetali E, Neto F, Noels KA, Nyúl B, O’Connor EC, Ochoa DP, Ohno S, Olanrewaju Adebayo S, Osborne R, Giuseppina Pacilli M, Palacio J, Patnaik S, Pavlopoulos V, Pérez de León P, Piterová I, Barreiros Porto J, Puzio A, Pyrkosz-Pacyna J, Rentería Pérez E, Renström E, Rousseaux T, Ryan MK, Sainz M, Salvati M, Samekin A, Schindler S, Seydi M, Shepherd D, Sherbaji S, Schmader T, Simão C, Sobhie R, Souza LD, Sarter E, Sulejmanović D, Sullivan KE, Tatsumi M, Tavitian-Elmadjian L, Jain Thakur S, Thi Mong Chi Q, Torre B, Torres A, Torres CV, Türkoğlu B, Ungaretti J, Valshtein T, Van Laar C, van der Noll J, Vasiutynskyi V, Vauclair CM, Venäläinen S, Vohra N, Walentynowicz M, Ward C, Yang Y, Yzerbyt V, Zanello V, Ludmila Zapata-Calvente A, Žukauskienė R. Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022121997997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions ( N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Bender
- Tilburg University, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
- Gratia Christian College, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel Anderson
- Australian Catholic University, Australia
- La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Gulnaz Anjum
- Institute of Business Administration Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neto Felix
- Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Ángel Gomez
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Keltouma Guerch
- CRMEF (Centre Régional des métiers de l’Education et de la Formation) Oujda, Morocco
| | | | | | | | | | - Lam Hoang Duc
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ioana Latu
- Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | | | | | - Junyi Li
- Sichuan Normal University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adil Samekin
- International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan
| | | | | | | | - Sara Sherbaji
- American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Cláudia Simão
- Católica Lisbon School of Business & Economics, Portugal
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11
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Kosakowska‐Berezecka N, Besta T, Bosson JK, Jurek P, Vandello JA, Best DL, Wlodarczyk A, Safdar S, Zawisza M, Żadkowska M, Sobiecki J, Agyemang CB, Akbaş G, Ammirati S, Anderson J, Anjum G, Aruta JJBR, Ashraf M, Bakaitytė A, Bi C, Becker M, Bender M, Bërxulli D, Bosak J, Daalmans S, Dandy J, Lemus S, Dvorianchikov N, Etchezahar E, Froehlich L, Gavreliuc A, Gavreliuc D, Gomez Á, Greijdanus H, Grigoryan A, Hale M, Hämer H, Hoorens V, Hutchings PB, Jensen DH, Kelmendi K, Khachatryan N, Kinahan M, Kozlowski D, Lauri MA, Li J, Maitner AT, Makashvili A, Mancini T, Martiny SE, Đorđević JM, Moreno‐Bella E, Moscatelli S, Bryan Moynihan A, Muller D, Ochoa D, Adebayo SO, Pacilli MG, Palacio J, Patnaik S, Pavlopoulos V, Piterová I, Puzio A, Pyrkosz‐Pacyna J, Rentería‐Pérez E, Rousseaux T, Sainz M, Salvati M, Samekin A, García‐Sánchez E, Schindler S, Sherbaji S, Sobhie R, Sulejmanović D, Sullivan KE, Torre B, Torres CV, Ungaretti J, Valshtein T, Laar C, Noll J, Vasiutynskyi V, Vohra N, Zapata‐Calvente AL, Žukauskienė R. Country‐level and individual‐level predictors of men's support for gender equality in 42 countries. Eur J Soc Psychol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel Anderson
- Australian Catholic University Melbourne Australia
- Australian Research Centre In Sex Health and Society La Trobe University. Melbourne Australia
| | - Gulnaz Anjum
- Institute of Business Administration Karachi Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | - Maja Becker
- CLLEUniversité de ToulouseCNRS, UT2J Toulouse France
| | - Michael Bender
- Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands
- Gratia Christian College Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ángel Gomez
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia Madrid Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Junyi Li
- Sichuan Normal University Chengdu China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Danielle Ochoa
- University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivana Piterová
- Institute of Social Sciences, Košice, Slovakia Košice Slovakia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosita Sobhie
- Anton de Kom University of Suriname Paramaribo Suriname
| | | | | | - Beatriz Torre
- University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vadym Vasiutynskyi
- Institute of Social and Political Psychology, NAPS of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
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12
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Klein RA, Vianello M, Hasselman F, Adams BG, Adams RB, Alper S, Aveyard M, Axt JR, Babalola MT, Bahník Š, Batra R, Berkics M, Bernstein MJ, Berry DR, Bialobrzeska O, Binan ED, Bocian K, Brandt MJ, Busching R, Rédei AC, Cai H, Cambier F, Cantarero K, Carmichael CL, Ceric F, Chandler J, Chang JH, Chatard A, Chen EE, Cheong W, Cicero DC, Coen S, Coleman JA, Collisson B, Conway MA, Corker KS, Curran PG, Cushman F, Dagona ZK, Dalgar I, Dalla Rosa A, Davis WE, de Bruijn M, De Schutter L, Devos T, de Vries M, Doğulu C, Dozo N, Dukes KN, Dunham Y, Durrheim K, Ebersole CR, Edlund JE, Eller A, English AS, Finck C, Frankowska N, Freyre MÁ, Friedman M, Galliani EM, Gandi JC, Ghoshal T, Giessner SR, Gill T, Gnambs T, Gómez Á, González R, Graham J, Grahe JE, Grahek I, Green EGT, Hai K, Haigh M, Haines EL, Hall MP, Heffernan ME, Hicks JA, Houdek P, Huntsinger JR, Huynh HP, IJzerman H, Inbar Y, Innes-Ker ÅH, Jiménez-Leal W, John MS, Joy-Gaba JA, Kamiloğlu RG, Kappes HB, Karabati S, Karick H, Keller VN, Kende A, Kervyn N, Knežević G, Kovacs C, Krueger LE, Kurapov G, Kurtz J, Lakens D, Lazarević LB, Levitan CA, Lewis NA, Lins S, Lipsey NP, Losee JE, Maassen E, Maitner AT, Malingumu W, Mallett RK, Marotta SA, Međedović J, Mena-Pacheco F, Milfont TL, Morris WL, Murphy SC, Myachykov A, Neave N, Neijenhuijs K, Nelson AJ, Neto F, Lee Nichols A, Ocampo A, O’Donnell SL, Oikawa H, Oikawa M, Ong E, Orosz G, Osowiecka M, Packard G, Pérez-Sánchez R, Petrović B, Pilati R, Pinter B, Podesta L, Pogge G, Pollmann MMH, Rutchick AM, Saavedra P, Saeri AK, Salomon E, Schmidt K, Schönbrodt FD, Sekerdej MB, Sirlopú D, Skorinko JLM, Smith MA, Smith-Castro V, Smolders KCHJ, Sobkow A, Sowden W, Spachtholz P, Srivastava M, Steiner TG, Stouten J, Street CNH, Sundfelt OK, Szeto S, Szumowska E, Tang ACW, Tanzer N, Tear MJ, Theriault J, Thomae M, Torres D, Traczyk J, Tybur JM, Ujhelyi A, van Aert RCM, van Assen MALM, van der Hulst M, van Lange PAM, van ’t Veer AE, Vásquez- Echeverría A, Ann Vaughn L, Vázquez A, Vega LD, Verniers C, Verschoor M, Voermans IPJ, Vranka MA, Welch C, Wichman AL, Williams LA, Wood M, Woodzicka JA, Wronska MK, Young L, Zelenski JM, Zhijia Z, Nosek BA. Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245918810225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance ( p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion ( p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely high-powered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relatively high and low WEIRDness scores, respectively). Cumulatively, variability in the observed effect sizes was attributable more to the effect being studied than to the sample or setting in which it was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Klein
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie, Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social (LIP/PC2S), Université Grenoble Alpes
| | - Michelangelo Vianello
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | - Fred Hasselman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen
| | - Byron G. Adams
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University
- Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg
| | | | | | - Mark Aveyard
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah
| | | | | | - Štěpán Bahník
- Department of Management, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Economics, Prague
| | - Rishtee Batra
- Erivan K. Haub School of Business, Saint Joseph’s University
| | | | - Michael J. Bernstein
- Psychological and Social Sciences Program, Pennsylvania State University Abington
| | - Daniel R. Berry
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos
| | - Olga Bialobrzeska
- Warsaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | - Konrad Bocian
- Sopot Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | | | | | - Huajian Cai
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Fanny Cambier
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Université catholique de Louvain
- Center on Consumers and Marketing Strategy (CCMS), Université catholique de Louvain
| | - Katarzyna Cantarero
- Social Behavior Research Centre, Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | - Francisco Ceric
- Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad del Desarrollo
- Centro de Apego y Regulacion Emocional, Universidad del Desarrollo
| | - Jesse Chandler
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
- Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jen-Ho Chang
- Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University
| | - Armand Chatard
- Department of Psychology, Poitiers University
- CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 7295, Poitiers, France
| | - Eva E. Chen
- Division of Social Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Sharon Coen
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, University of Salford
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilker Dalgar
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University
| | - Anna Dalla Rosa
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | | | | | - Leander De Schutter
- Leadership and Human Resource Management, WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management
| | - Thierry Devos
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University
| | - Marieke de Vries
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen
- Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research, Tilburg University
| | | | - Nerisa Dozo
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland
| | | | | | - Kevin Durrheim
- School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal
| | | | - John E. Edlund
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology
| | - Anja Eller
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | | | - Carolyn Finck
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
| | - Natalia Frankowska
- Warsaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | - Mike Friedman
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Université catholique de Louvain
- Center on Consumers and Marketing Strategy (CCMS), Université catholique de Louvain
| | - Elisa Maria Galliani
- Department of Political and Juridical Sciences and International Studies, University of Padua
| | - Joshua C. Gandi
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, University of Jos
| | - Tanuka Ghoshal
- Department of Marketing and International Business, Baruch College, CUNY
| | - Steffen R. Giessner
- Department of Organisation and Personnel Management, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University
| | - Tripat Gill
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University
| | - Timo Gnambs
- Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg, Germany
- Institute of Education and Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz
| | - Ángel Gómez
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Grahek
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University
| | - Eva G. T. Green
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne
| | - Kakul Hai
- Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences, Amity University
| | | | | | | | - Marie E. Heffernan
- Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua A. Hicks
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | - Petr Houdek
- Department of Economics and Management, Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University
| | | | - Ho Phi Huynh
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University-San Antonio
| | - Hans IJzerman
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie, Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social (LIP/PC2S), Université Grenoble Alpes
| | - Yoel Inbar
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough
| | | | | | - Melissa-Sue John
- Department of Social Science and Policy Studies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
| | | | | | | | - Serdar Karabati
- Department of Business Administration, Istanbul Bilgi University
| | - Haruna Karick
- Warsaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, University of Jos
| | - Victor N. Keller
- Department of Social and Work Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia
| | - Anna Kende
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Nicolas Kervyn
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Université catholique de Louvain
- Center on Consumers and Marketing Strategy (CCMS), Université catholique de Louvain
| | - Goran Knežević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
| | - Carrie Kovacs
- Department of Work, Organizational and Media Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz
| | - Lacy E. Krueger
- Department of Psychology & Special Education, Texas A&M University-Commerce
| | - German Kurapov
- International Victimology Institute Tilburg, Tilburg University
| | - Jamie Kurtz
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University
| | - Daniël Lakens
- School of Innovation Science, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | | | | | | | - Samuel Lins
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | | | | | - Esther Maassen
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University
| | | | - Winfrida Malingumu
- Department of Education Policy Planning and Administration, Faculty of Education, Open University of Tanzania
| | | | | | - Janko Međedović
- Faculty of Media and Communications, Singidunum University
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Taciano L. Milfont
- Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, Victoria University of Wellington
| | | | - Sean C. Murphy
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne
| | | | - Nick Neave
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University
| | - Koen Neijenhuijs
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Félix Neto
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | | | - Aaron Ocampo
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | - Elsie Ong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Professional and Continuing Education (LiPACE), The Open University of Hong Kong
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
| | | | - Grant Packard
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University
| | | | - Boban Petrović
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ronaldo Pilati
- Department of Social and Work Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia
| | - Brad Pinter
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Lysandra Podesta
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander K. Saeri
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University
| | - Erika Salomon
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago
| | - Kathleen Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Agata Sobkow
- Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | - Walter Sowden
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Manini Srivastava
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science and Physical Education, University of Regensburg
| | | | - Jeroen Stouten
- Occupational & Organisational Psychology and Professional Learning, KU Leuven
| | | | | | - Stephanie Szeto
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, University of Salford
| | - Ewa Szumowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków
| | - Andrew C. W. Tang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Professional and Continuing Education (LiPACE), The Open University of Hong Kong
| | | | - Morgan J. Tear
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University
| | | | | | - David Torres
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Iberoamerica
| | - Jakub Traczyk
- Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | - Joshua M. Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - Adrienn Ujhelyi
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | | | | | - Marije van der Hulst
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandra Vázquez
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
| | | | - Catherine Verniers
- Institute of Psychology, Paris Descartes University - Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Mark Verschoor
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen
| | | | - Marek A. Vranka
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University
| | - Cheryl Welch
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University
| | - Aaron L. Wichman
- Department of Psychological Science, Western Kentucky University
| | | | - Michael Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Winchester
| | | | - Marta K. Wronska
- Sopot Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | | | - Zeng Zhijia
- Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics
| | - Brian A. Nosek
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Maitner AT, Henry PJ. Ambivalent sexism in the United Arab Emirates: Quantifying gender attitudes in a rapidly modernizing society. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430217740433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has prioritized increasing equality between men and women. This research investigates whether equality initiatives are reflected in residents’ attitudes toward women. Five hundred eighty-four Arab participants completed measures of ambivalent sexism, religiosity, and political conservatism, and reported stereotypes about women. Results suggest that Arab participants score similarly on measures of hostile and benevolent sexism to participants from other countries high in economic and political gender inequality; and measures of hostility and benevolence correlate with social attitudes as they do elsewhere around the globe. However, unlike in other datasets exploring contexts of high gender inequality, Arab women score significantly lower on benevolent sexism than men. We explore these findings in light of political and legal policies that have different implications for women’s empowerment in the public and private spheres.
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Abstract
Three studies investigated the role of intergroup satisfaction in intergroup conflict. After reading about real acts of aggression committed by an ingroup, participants reported how those actions made them feel and how much they would support similar aggression in the future. In all three studies, experiencing intergroup satisfaction increased support for similar aggression, whereas experiencing intergroup guilt decreased support for similar aggression. Study 2 showed that ingroup identification increased justification appraisals, which increased satisfaction and decreased guilt, and thus increased support for future aggression. Study 3 provided an experimental test of the model: when justification appraisals were manipulated, emotion and support for further aggression changed accordingly. These findings demonstrate conditions under which intergroup satisfaction can facilitate and sustain intergroup conflict.
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Garcia-Marques T, Mackie DM, Maitner AT, Claypool HM. Moderation of the Familiarity-Stereotyping Effect: The Role of Stereotype Fit. Social Cognition 2016. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2016.34.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Maitner AT, DeCoster J. Perceptions of national wealth and skill influence pay expectations: replicating global hierarchy on a microscale. Front Psychol 2015; 6:703. [PMID: 26074852 PMCID: PMC4445327 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In highly multicultural societies, the economic status hierarchy may come to mimic the hierarchy of global wealth, reinforcing social inequality by tying pay scales to national wealth. We investigated how nationality influences expectations of payment in the UAE. Participants reported how much they expected people to be paid and how much skill they were perceived to have by nationality. They also reported their perceptions of the national wealth of different countries. Participants generally expected Westerners to be paid more than Arabs, who would be paid more than Sub-Saharan Africans and Asians. Expectations about payment in private sector employment were driven by both actual and stereotyped differences in national wealth and skill, with non-Gulf Cooperation Council Arabs most likely to see national wealth as a factor explaining the economic hierarchy. These results suggest that people expect payment to be tied to national wealth, reflecting the global hierarchy on a microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela T Maitner
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah Sharjah, UAE
| | - Jamie DeCoster
- Center for Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA, USA
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Abstract
People respond to low-status inequality with feelings of anger and shame. This work investigates the impact of meritocracy beliefs and implied salary negotiability on individuals’ emotional reactions within a stable status hierarchy. When an unequal system appears negotiable, believing that hard work pays off may decrease anger felt in response to inequality. However, learning that a system is non-negotiable violates expectations associated with meritocratic beliefs, and may therefore increase negative emotion. In two experiments investigating participants’ emotional reactions to payment systems, the more participants endorsed meritocratic ideologies, the less anger they felt when unequal treatment appeared negotiable. Experiment 2 showed that endorsement of meritocracy beliefs increased negative emotions when individuals learned that the unequal payment was non-negotiable. Taken together, this work suggests that it is important to consider beliefs about individual agency alongside system parameters establishing opportunities for individual mobility to understand emotional reactions to unequal treatment.
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Abstract
The threat of terrorist attacks motivates emotional reactions that elicit functional behavioral responses to characteristics of a threatening group. We argue that the more the group is seen as unjust, the more anger arises, whereas the more it is seen as powerful, the more fear arises. In Experiment 1, British participants read about terrorist groups with varied levels of injustice and power. As expected, the manipulation of injustice increased anger, and power increased fear. Anger and fear predicted offensive and defensive reactions. Experiment 2 used a representative sample of U.S. residents and again found distinct effects of an injustice manipulation on anger, and a power manipulation on fear. Anger was a primary motivator of support for offensive and defensive measures in both experiments. Willingness to negotiate was reduced with more injustice and anger, but increased with more outgroup power and fear. These findings have implications on public reactions to terrorist organizations.
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Maitner AT, Mackie DM, Claypool HM, Crisp RJ. Identity salience moderates processing of group-relevant information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Crisp RJ, Bache LM, Maitner AT. Dynamics of social comparison in counter‐stereotypic domains: Stereotype boost, not stereotype threat, for women engineering majors. Social Influence 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15534510802607953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sherman DK, Hogg MA, Maitner AT. Perceived Polarization: Reconciling Ingroup and Intergroup Perceptions Under Uncertainty. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430208098779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two studies investigated how generalized uncertainty affects the tendency to coordinate perceptions of the ingroup with intergroup perceptions. Across two field studies, we found that uncertainty leads to a stronger association between the perceived entitativity of an ingroup and the extent of perceived attitude polarization between the ingroup and outgroup. Study 1 showed that, for striking grocery store employees, feelings of uncertainty were associated with enhanced coordination of ingroup entitativity and intergroup polarization. Study 2 primed Democrat and Republican partisans to feel either high uncertainty or high certainty. Those who felt uncertain associated their perceptions of their group's entitativity with perceived polarization of the two parties more strongly than did those who felt certain. Discussion centers on processes underlying the phenomena as well as the implications of the findings for political polarization in American society.
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Rydell RJ, Mackie DM, Maitner AT, Claypool HM, Ryan MJ, Smith ER. Arousal, Processing, and Risk Taking: Consequences of Intergroup Anger. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2008; 34:1141-52. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167208319694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intergroup emotions theory (IET) posits that when social categorization is salient, individuals feel the same emotions as others who share their group membership. Extensive research supporting this proposition has relied heavily on self-reports of group-based emotions. In three experiments, the authors provide converging evidence that group-based anger has subtle and less explicitly controlled consequences for information processing, using measures that do not rely on self-reported emotional experience. Specifically, the authors show that intergroup anger involves arousal (Experiment 1), reduces systematic processing of persuasive messages (Experiment 2), is moderated by group identification (Experiment 2, posttest), and compared to intergroup fear, increases risk taking (Experiment 3). These findings provide converging evidence that consistent with IET, emotions triggered by social categorization have psychologically consequential effects and are not evident solely in self-reports.
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Foley MA, Foley HJ, Durley JR, Maitner AT. Anticipating partners' responses: examining item and source memory following interactive exchanges. Mem Cognit 2007; 34:1539-47. [PMID: 17263077 DOI: 10.3758/bf03195917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Within the context of an interactive anagram-solving task, the present studies tested predictions about the role of cognitive anticipation in both source and item memory. After working in pairs to solve anagram problems, participants were surprised by a source-monitoring test focused on the source of solutions (self vs. partner, Experiment 1) or a standard recognition test focused on the solutions themselves (Experiment 2). With the intention of affecting the opportunity to anticipate partners' solutions, two variables were manipulated: anagram difficulty (easy vs. hard) and the delaybetween the presentation of an anagram problem and theprompt tha t designated one member of each pair as the anagram solver. Consistent w i th predictions, asthe opportunity t oanticipate partners'solutions increased, there was a decrease in source accuracy suggesting increased confusion about whether the solution had been self- or partner-generated. Generation-effect failures were observed in item memory. However, these failures reflected increases in item memory for partners' responses rather than decreases in memory for self-generated ones. These studies suggest that when opportunities to anticipate partners' responses are available, self-generative activities may be associated with both self-and partner-generated items, influencing the expression of the generation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Foley
- Department of Psychology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
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Maitner AT, Mackie DM, Smith ER. Evidence for the regulatory function of intergroup emotion: Emotional consequences of implemented or impeded intergroup action tendencies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Smith ER, Miller DA, Maitner AT, Crump SA, Garcia-Marques T, Mackie DM. Familiarity can increase stereotyping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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