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Anderson NJ, Rozenman M, Pennington BF, Willcutt EG, McGrath LM. Compounding Effects of Domain-General Cognitive Weaknesses and Word Reading Difficulties on Anxiety Symptoms in Youth. J Learn Disabil 2023; 56:343-358. [PMID: 35658570 PMCID: PMC9720039 DOI: 10.1177/00222194221098719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether domain-general cognitive weaknesses in processing speed (PS) or executive functioning (EF) moderate the relation between word reading scores and anxiety such that lower word reading scores in combination with lower cognitive scores are associated with higher anxiety symptoms. The sample consisted of 755 youth ages 8-16 who were recruited as part of the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center twins study. Lower scores on PS (R2 = .007, p = .014), EF (R2 = .009, p = .006), and word reading (R2 = .006-.008, p = .010-.032) were associated with higher anxiety scores. In addition, the word reading × cognitive interactions were significant such that lower scores on PS (R2 = .010, p = .005) or EF (R2 = .013, p = .010) combined with lower word reading were associated with higher-than-expected anxiety symptoms. Results suggest that weaknesses in PS, EF, and word reading are modestly associated with higher anxiety symptoms, and these anxiety symptoms may be compounded in youth with both PS or EF weaknesses and word reading difficulties. These findings can guide assessment approaches for identifying youth with word reading challenges who may be at increased risk for anxiety.
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Kramer E, Willcutt EG, Peterson RL, Pennington BF, McGrath LM. Processing Speed is Related to the General Psychopathology Factor in Youth. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1179-1193. [PMID: 37086335 PMCID: PMC10368543 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the p factor and cognition in youth has largely focused on general cognition (IQ) and executive functions (EF). Another cognitive construct, processing speed (PS), is dissociable from IQ and EF, but has received less research attention despite being related to many different mental health symptoms. The present sample included 795 youth, ages 11-16 from the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center (CLDRC) sample. Confirmatory factor analyses tested multiple p factor models, with the primary model being a second-order, multi-reporter p factor. We then tested the correlation between the p factor and a latent PS factor. There was a significant, negative correlation between the p factor and PS (r(87) = -0.42, p < .001), indicating that slower processing speed is associated with higher general mental health symptoms. This association is stronger than previously reported associations with IQ or EF. This finding was robust across models that used different raters (youth and caregiver) and modeling approaches (second-order vs. bifactor). Our findings indicate that PS is related to general psychopathology symptoms. This research points to processing speed as an important transdiagnostic construct that warrants further exploration across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kramer
- University of Denver, Department of Psychology, CO, Denver, US
| | - Erik G Willcutt
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, CO, Boulder, US
- University of Colorado Boulder, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, CO, Boulder, US
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3
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Lee MM, Drury BC, McGrath LM, Stoodley CJ. Shared grey matter correlates of reading and attention. Brain Lang 2023; 237:105230. [PMID: 36731345 PMCID: PMC10153583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of reading (developmental dyslexia) and attention (ADHD) have a high rate of comorbidity (25-40%), yet little is known about the neural underpinnings of this phenomenon. The current study investigated the shared and unique neural correlates of reading and attention in 330 typically developing children ages 8-18 from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Multiple regression analyses were used to identify regions of the brain where grey matter (GM) volume was associated with reading or attention scores (p < 0.001, cluster FDR p < 0.05). Better attention scores correlated with increased GM in the precuneus and higher reading scores were associated with greater thalamic GM. An exploratory conjunction analysis (p < 0.05, k > 239) found that GM in the caudate and precuneus correlated with both reading and attention scores. These results are consistent with a recent meta-analysis which identified GM reductions in the caudate in both dyslexia and ADHD and reveal potential shared neural correlates of reading and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa M Lee
- Department of Psychology, American University, United States; Department of Neuroscience, American University, United States
| | - Brianne C Drury
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, American University, United States
| | | | - Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Psychology, American University, United States; Department of Neuroscience, American University, United States.
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Arnett AB, McGrath LM, Flaherty BP, Pennington BF, Willcutt E. Heritability and Clinical Characteristics of Neuropsychological Profiles in Youth With and Without Elevated ADHD Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1422-1436. [PMID: 35102766 PMCID: PMC9283222 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221075842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the last decade, there has been an increase in research that aims to parse heterogeneity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study tests heritability of latent class neuropsychological subtypes. METHOD Latent class analysis was used to derive subtypes in a sample of school-age twins (N = 2,564) enriched for elevated ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Five neuropsychological profiles replicated across twin 1 and twin 2 datasets. Latent class membership was heritable overall, but heritability varied by profile and was lower than heritability of ADHD status. Variability in neuropsychological performance across domains was the strongest predictor of elevated ADHD symptoms. Neuropsychological profiles showed distinct associations with age, psychiatric symptoms and reading ability. CONCLUSION Neuropsychological profiles are associated with unique neurocognitive presentations, but are not strong candidate endophenotypes for ADHD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B. Arnett
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Brookline, MA
| | | | | | | | - Erik Willcutt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
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Abstract
Despite historical emphasis on "specific" learning disabilities (SLDs), academic skills are strongly correlated across the curriculum. Thus, one can ask how specific SLDs truly are. To answer this question, we used bifactor models to identify variance shared across academic domains (academic g), as well as variance unique to reading, mathematics, and writing. Participants were 686 children ages 8 to 16. Although the sample was overselected for learning disabilities, we intentionally included children across the full range of individual differences in this study in response to growing recognition that a dimensional, quantitative view of SLD is more accurate than a categorical view. Confirmatory factor analysis identified five academic domains (basic reading, reading comprehension, basic math, math problem-solving, and written expression); spelling clustered with basic reading and not writing. In the bifactor model, all measures loaded significantly on academic g. Basic reading and mathematics maintained variance distinct from academic g, consistent with the notion of SLDs in these domains. Writing did not maintain specific variance apart from academic g, and evidence for reading comprehension-specific variance was mixed. Academic g was strongly correlated with cognitive g (r = .72) but not identical to it. Implications for SLD diagnosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L. Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaiton, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | | | - Erik G. Willcutt
- Department of Psychology of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | - Richard K. Olson
- Department of Psychology of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
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Slomowitz RF, Narayan AJ, Pennington BF, Olson RK, DeFries JC, Willcutt EG, McGrath LM. In Search of Cognitive Promotive and Protective Factors for Word Reading. Sci Stud Read 2020; 25:397-416. [PMID: 34650325 PMCID: PMC8514166 DOI: 10.1080/10888438.2020.1821035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether strong cognitive skills (i.e. vocabulary, rapid naming, verbal working memory [VWM], and processing speed [PS]) contributed to resilience in single-word reading skills in children at risk for reading difficulties because of low phonological awareness scores (PA). Promotive factors were identified by main effects and protective factors through PA x cognition interactions. This study included 1,807 children ages 8-16. As predicted, all cognitive skills were significantly related to reading, consistent with promotive effects. A significant, but small effect PA x vocabulary interaction (R2 change=.002, p=.00038) was detected but its form was not consistent with a classic protective effect. Rather, the PA x vocabulary interaction was consistent with a "skill-enhancement" pattern, such that children with strong PA and vocabulary skills had better than expected reading. This study provides a framework for reading resilience research and directs attention to promotive mechanisms underlying reading success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard K. Olson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John C. DeFries
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder CO, USA
| | - Erik G. Willcutt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Anderson A, Sarlo GL, Pearlstein H, McGrath LM. A Review of Online Dyslexia Learning Modules. Front Educ (Lausanne) 2020; 5:118. [PMID: 38250177 PMCID: PMC10798668 DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2020.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of publicly available online dyslexia learning modules with a particular focus on the extent to which modules address the prevalent myth that dyslexia is caused by "backwards reading." The authors conducted a systematic internet search to identify publicly available online dyslexia learning modules and coded the content across education, neurocognition, and policy disciplinary domains. We identified 18 topics across a small number (N = 14) of publicly available modules that focused on dyslexia, with only two modules directly addressing this dyslexia myth. While both identified this myth as false, neither provided information about the neurocognitive underpinnings of dyslexia to explain why this myth is false. This review will be useful for guiding further development of online dyslexia learning modules which are urgently needed due to persisting misinformation about this disorder. The coded content reviews of each module will also be beneficial for directing attention to existing resources for professional development on dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Anderson
- School of Education, Special Education: Learning Disablities Program, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Gabrielle L. Sarlo
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Lauren M. McGrath
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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Abstract
The multiple deficit model (MDM) was proposed because the prevailing single-deficit model provided an inadequate account of atypical neuropsychological development. Across methods and levels of analysis, there has been support for the two fundamental tenets of the MDM, that multiple predictors contribute probabilistically to neurodevelopmental disorders and shared risk factors contribute to comorbidity. Diagnostically, the multiplicity of factors means that no single cognitive deficit or combination of deficits can be used to rule in or out most neurodevelopmental disorders. Challenges for the MDM are that the theory is difficult to falsify and that current cross-sectional studies cannot establish causality. Prospects for further development of the MDM include incorporating an explicit focus on promotive and protective factors and pursuing mechanistic connections between multiple factors across levels of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin L Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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McGrath LM, Stoodley CJ. Are there shared neural correlates between dyslexia and ADHD? A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:31. [PMID: 31752659 PMCID: PMC6873566 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslexia and Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are highly comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders (estimates of 25-40% bidirectional comorbidity). Previous work has identified strong genetic and cognitive overlap between the disorders, but neural overlap is relatively unexplored. This study is a systematic meta-analysis of existing voxel-based morphometry studies to determine whether there is any overlap in the gray matter correlates of both disorders. METHODS We conducted anatomic likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analyses of voxel-based morphometry studies in which individuals with dyslexia (15 studies; 417 cases, 416 controls) or ADHD (22 studies; 898 cases, 763 controls) were compared to typically developing controls. We generated ALE maps for dyslexia vs. controls and ADHD vs. controls using more conservative (p < .001, k = 50) and more lenient (p < .005, k = 50) thresholds. To determine the overlap of gray matter correlates of dyslexia and ADHD, we examined the statistical conjunction between the ALE maps for dyslexia vs. controls and ADHD vs. controls (false discovery rate [FDR] p < .05, k = 50, 5000 permutations). RESULTS Results showed largely distinct gray matter differences associated with dyslexia and ADHD. There was no evidence of statistically significant gray matter overlap at our conservative threshold, and only one region of overlap in the right caudate at our more lenient threshold. Reduced gray matter in the right caudate may be relevant to shared cognitive correlates in executive functioning and/or procedural learning. The more general finding of largely distinct regional differences in gray matter between dyslexia and ADHD suggests that other neuroimaging modalities may be more sensitive to overlapping neural correlates, and that current neuroimaging recruitment approaches may be hindering progress toward uncovering neural systems associated with comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first to meta-analyze overlap between gray matter differences in dyslexia and ADHD, which is a critical step toward constructing a multi-level understanding of this comorbidity that spans the genetic, neural, and cognitive levels of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. McGrath
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Frontier Hall, 2155 S. Race St., Denver, CO 80208 USA
| | - Catherine J. Stoodley
- Department of Psychology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC USA
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Willcutt EG, McGrath LM, Pennington BF, Keenan JM, DeFries JC, Olson RK, Wadsworth SJ. Understanding Comorbidity Between Specific Learning Disabilities. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2019; 2019:91-109. [PMID: 31070302 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Current definitions of specific learning disability (SLD) identify a heterogeneous population that includes individuals with weaknesses in reading, math, or writing, and these academic difficulties often co-occur in many of the same individuals. The Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center (CLDRC) is an interdisciplinary, multisite research program that uses converging levels of analysis to understand the genetic and environmental etiology, neuropsychology, and developmental outcomes of SLDs in reading (RD), math (MD), and writing (WD), along with the comorbidity between these SLDs and other developmental disorders. The latest results from the CLDRC twin study suggest that shared genetic influences contribute to the significant covariance between all aspects of reading (word reading, reading fluency, and reading comprehension) and math (calculations, math fluency, and word problems), and distinct genetic or environmental influences also contribute to weaknesses in each specific academic domain. RD and MD are associated with a range of negative outcomes on both concurrent measures and measures of functional outcomes completed 5 years after the twins were first assessed. Over the next several years the CLDRC will continue to expand on this work by administering a comprehensive test battery that includes measures of all dimensions of academic achievement that are described in current definitions of SLD and incorporating these measures in new neuroimaging and molecular genetic studies.
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11
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McGrath LM. Two GWASs Are Better Than One: Enhancing Genetic Discovery for Developmental Phenotypes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:77-79. [PMID: 29413150 PMCID: PMC6178947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hirschtritt ME, Darrow SM, Illmann C, Osiecki L, Grados M, Sandor P, Dion Y, King RA, Pauls D, Budman CL, Cath DC, Greenberg E, Lyon GJ, Yu D, McGrath LM, McMahon WM, Lee PC, Delucchi KL, Scharf JM, Mathews CA. Genetic and phenotypic overlap of specific obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit/hyperactive subtypes with Tourette syndrome. Psychol Med 2018; 48:279-293. [PMID: 28651666 PMCID: PMC7909616 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unique phenotypic and genetic aspects of obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) are not well characterized. Here, we examine symptom patterns and heritability of OCD and ADHD in TS families. METHOD OCD and ADHD symptom patterns were examined in TS patients and their family members (N = 3494) using exploratory factor analyses (EFA) for OCD and ADHD symptoms separately, followed by latent class analyses (LCA) of the resulting OCD and ADHD factor sum scores jointly; heritability and clinical relevance of the resulting factors and classes were assessed. RESULTS EFA yielded a 2-factor model for ADHD and an 8-factor model for OCD. Both ADHD factors (inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms) were genetically related to TS, ADHD, and OCD. The doubts, contamination, need for sameness, and superstitions factors were genetically related to OCD, but not ADHD or TS; symmetry/exactness and fear-of-harm were associated with TS and OCD while hoarding was associated with ADHD and OCD. In contrast, aggressive urges were genetically associated with TS, OCD, and ADHD. LCA revealed a three-class solution: few OCD/ADHD symptoms (LC1), OCD & ADHD symptoms (LC2), and symmetry/exactness, hoarding, and ADHD symptoms (LC3). LC2 had the highest psychiatric comorbidity rates (⩾50% for all disorders). CONCLUSIONS Symmetry/exactness, aggressive urges, fear-of-harm, and hoarding show complex genetic relationships with TS, OCD, and ADHD, and, rather than being specific subtypes of OCD, transcend traditional diagnostic boundaries, perhaps representing an underlying vulnerability (e.g. failure of top-down cognitive control) common to all three disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina M. Darrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cornelia Illmann
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Osiecki
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Grados
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Sandor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yves Dion
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert A. King
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cathy L. Budman
- Department of Psychiatry, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Danielle C. Cath
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, GGz Drenthe and department of psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erica Greenberg
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gholson J. Lyon
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Paul C. Lee
- Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kevin L. Delucchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremiah M. Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol A. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, and University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Macdonald K, Germine L, Anderson A, Christodoulou J, McGrath LM. Dispelling the Myth: Training in Education or Neuroscience Decreases but Does Not Eliminate Beliefs in Neuromyths. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1314. [PMID: 28848461 PMCID: PMC5554523 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyths are misconceptions about brain research and its application to education and learning. Previous research has shown that these myths may be quite pervasive among educators, but less is known about how these rates compare to the general public or to individuals who have more exposure to neuroscience. This study is the first to use a large sample from the United States to compare the prevalence and predictors of neuromyths among educators, the general public, and individuals with high neuroscience exposure. Neuromyth survey responses and demographics were gathered via an online survey hosted at TestMyBrain.org. We compared performance among the three groups of interest: educators (N = 598), high neuroscience exposure (N = 234), and the general public (N = 3,045) and analyzed predictors of individual differences in neuromyths performance. In an exploratory factor analysis, we found that a core group of 7 "classic" neuromyths factored together (items related to learning styles, dyslexia, the Mozart effect, the impact of sugar on attention, right-brain/left-brain learners, and using 10% of the brain). The general public endorsed the greatest number of neuromyths (M = 68%), with significantly fewer endorsed by educators (M = 56%), and still fewer endorsed by the high neuroscience exposure group (M = 46%). The two most commonly endorsed neuromyths across all groups were related to learning styles and dyslexia. More accurate performance on neuromyths was predicted by age (being younger), education (having a graduate degree), exposure to neuroscience courses, and exposure to peer-reviewed science. These findings suggest that training in education and neuroscience can help reduce but does not eliminate belief in neuromyths. We discuss the possible underlying roots of the most prevalent neuromyths and implications for classroom practice. These empirical results can be useful for developing comprehensive training modules for educators that target general misconceptions about the brain and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Macdonald
- Department of Psychology, University of HoustonHouston, TX, United States
| | - Laura Germine
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBelmont, MA, United States
| | - Alida Anderson
- School of Education, American UniversityWashington, DC, United States
| | - Joanna Christodoulou
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health ProfessionsCharlestown, MA, United States
| | - Lauren M McGrath
- Department of Psychology, University of DenverDenver, CO, United States
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14
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Huang AY, Yu D, Davis LK, Sul JH, Tsetsos F, Ramensky V, Zelaya I, Ramos EM, Osiecki L, Chen JA, McGrath LM, Illmann C, Sandor P, Barr CL, Grados M, Singer HS, Nöthen MM, Hebebrand J, King RA, Dion Y, Rouleau G, Budman CL, Depienne C, Worbe Y, Hartmann A, Müller-Vahl KR, Stuhrmann M, Aschauer H, Stamenkovic M, Schloegelhofer M, Konstantinidis A, Lyon GJ, McMahon WM, Barta C, Tarnok Z, Nagy P, Batterson JR, Rizzo R, Cath DC, Wolanczyk T, Berlin C, Malaty IA, Okun MS, Woods DW, Rees E, Pato CN, Pato MT, Knowles JA, Posthuma D, Pauls DL, Cox NJ, Neale BM, Freimer NB, Paschou P, Mathews CA, Scharf JM, Coppola G. Rare Copy Number Variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 Increase Risk for Tourette Syndrome. Neuron 2017; 94:1101-1111.e7. [PMID: 28641109 PMCID: PMC5568251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a model neuropsychiatric disorder thought to arise from abnormal development and/or maintenance of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits. TS is highly heritable, but its underlying genetic causes are still elusive, and no genome-wide significant loci have been discovered to date. We analyzed a European ancestry sample of 2,434 TS cases and 4,093 ancestry-matched controls for rare (< 1% frequency) copy-number variants (CNVs) using SNP microarray data. We observed an enrichment of global CNV burden that was prominent for large (> 1 Mb), singleton events (OR = 2.28, 95% CI [1.39-3.79], p = 1.2 × 10-3) and known, pathogenic CNVs (OR = 3.03 [1.85-5.07], p = 1.5 × 10-5). We also identified two individual, genome-wide significant loci, each conferring a substantial increase in TS risk (NRXN1 deletions, OR = 20.3, 95% CI [2.6-156.2]; CNTN6 duplications, OR = 10.1, 95% CI [2.3-45.4]). Approximately 1% of TS cases carry one of these CNVs, indicating that rare structural variation contributes significantly to the genetic architecture of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alden Y Huang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lea K Davis
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jae Hoon Sul
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fotis Tsetsos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Vasily Ramensky
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Institusky 9, Moscow 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Ivette Zelaya
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lisa Osiecki
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jason A Chen
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lauren M McGrath
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Cornelia Illmann
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paul Sandor
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network and Youthdale Treatment Centres, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Cathy L Barr
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Marco Grados
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Harvey S Singer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Robert A King
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yves Dion
- University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cathy L Budman
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Christel Depienne
- IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France; Brain and Spine Institute, UPMC/INSERM UMR_S1127, 75013 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Brain and Spine Institute, UPMC/INSERM UMR_S1127, 75013 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Andreas Hartmann
- Brain and Spine Institute, UPMC/INSERM UMR_S1127, 75013 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Kirsten R Müller-Vahl
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Stuhrmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Aschauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Biopsychosocial Corporation, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mara Stamenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Schloegelhofer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasios Konstantinidis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Center for Mental Health Muldenstrasse, BBRZMed, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Gholson J Lyon
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - William M McMahon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Csaba Barta
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsanett Tarnok
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, 1021 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Nagy
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, 1021 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Renata Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy
| | - Danielle C Cath
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen & Drenthe Mental Health Center, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Wolanczyk
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-001 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cheston Berlin
- Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Irene A Malaty
- Department of Neurology and Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology and Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
| | - Douglas W Woods
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Elliott Rees
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK
| | - Carlos N Pato
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | | | - James A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David L Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peristera Paschou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Carol A Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeremiah M Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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15
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Moore DM, D'Mello AM, McGrath LM, Stoodley CJ. The developmental relationship between specific cognitive domains and grey matter in the cerebellum. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 24:1-11. [PMID: 28088647 PMCID: PMC5429176 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the cerebellum is involved in cognition and cognitive development, yet little is known about the developmental relationship between cerebellar structure and cognitive subdomains in children. We used voxel-based morphometry to assess the relationship between cerebellar grey matter (GM) and language, reading, working memory, executive function, and processing speed in 110 individuals aged 8-17 years from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) Study. Further, we examined the effect of age on the relationships between cerebellar GM and cognition. Higher scores on vocabulary, reading, working memory, and set-shifting were associated with increased GM in the posterior cerebellum (lobules VI-IX), in regions which are typically engaged during cognitive tasks in healthy adults. For reading, working memory, and processing speed, the relationship between cerebellar GM and cognitive performance changed with age in specific cerebellar subregions. As in adults, posterior lobe cerebellar GM was associated with cognitive performance in a pediatric population, and this relationship mirrored the known developmental trajectory of posterior cerebellar GM. These findings provide further evidence that specific regions of the cerebellum support cognition and cognitive development, and suggest that the strength of this relationship depends on developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Moore
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anila M D'Mello
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lauren M McGrath
- School of Education, American University, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, USA.
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16
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Darrow SM, Hirschtritt ME, Davis LK, Illmann C, Osiecki L, Grados M, Sandor P, Dion Y, King R, Pauls D, Budman CL, Cath DC, Greenberg E, Lyon GJ, Yu D, McGrath LM, McMahon WM, Lee PC, Delucchi KL, Scharf JM, Mathews CA. Identification of Two Heritable Cross-Disorder Endophenotypes for Tourette Syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:387-396. [PMID: 27809572 PMCID: PMC5378637 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phenotypic heterogeneity in Tourette syndrome is partly due to complex genetic relationships among Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Identifying symptom-based endophenotypes across diagnoses may aid gene-finding efforts. METHOD Assessments for Tourette syndrome, OCD, and ADHD symptoms were conducted in a discovery sample of 3,494 individuals recruited for genetic studies. Symptom-level factor and latent class analyses were conducted in Tourette syndrome families and replicated in an independent sample of 882 individuals. Classes were characterized by comorbidity rates and proportion of parents included. Heritability and polygenic load associated with Tourette syndrome, OCD, and ADHD were estimated. RESULTS The authors identified two cross-disorder symptom-based phenotypes across analyses: symmetry (symmetry, evening up, checking obsessions; ordering, arranging, counting, writing-rewriting compulsions, repetitive writing tics) and disinhibition (uttering syllables/words, echolalia/palilalia, coprolalia/copropraxia, and obsessive urges to offend/mutilate/be destructive). Heritability estimates for both endophenotypes were high and statistically significant (disinhibition factor=0.35, SE=0.03; symmetry factor=0.39, SE=0.03; symmetry class=0.38, SE=0.10). Mothers of Tourette syndrome probands had high rates of symmetry (49%) but not disinhibition (5%). Polygenic risk scores derived from a Tourette syndrome genome-wide association study (GWAS) were significantly associated with symmetry, while risk scores derived from an OCD GWAS were not. OCD polygenic risk scores were significantly associated with disinhibition, while Tourette syndrome and ADHD risk scores were not. CONCLUSIONS The analyses identified two heritable endophenotypes related to Tourette syndrome that cross traditional diagnostic boundaries. The symmetry phenotype correlated with Tourette syndrome polygenic load and was present in otherwise Tourette-unaffected mothers, suggesting that this phenotype may reflect additional Tourette syndrome (rather than OCD) genetic liability that is not captured by traditional DSM-based diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lea K. Davis
- Vanderbilt University Department of Medicine, Nashville
| | - Cornelia Illmann
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Lisa Osiecki
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Marco Grados
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore
| | - Paul Sandor
- University of Toronto Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, and Youthdale Treatment Centers, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yves Dion
- University of Montreal Department of Psychiatry, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert King
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine Department of Genetics, New Haven
| | - David Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Cathy L. Budman
- North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset
| | - Danielle C. Cath
- Utrecht University Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erica Greenberg
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Gholson J. Lyon
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | | | | | - Paul C. Lee
- Tripler Army Medical Center Department of Behavioral Health, Honolulu
| | | | - Jeremiah M. Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s and Massachusetts General Hospitals, Boston
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17
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Peterson RL, Boada R, McGrath LM, Willcutt EG, Olson RK, Pennington BF. Cognitive Prediction of Reading, Math, and Attention: Shared and Unique Influences. J Learn Disabil 2017; 50:408-421. [PMID: 26825667 PMCID: PMC4967036 DOI: 10.1177/0022219415618500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study tested a multiple-cognitive predictor model of word reading, math ability, and attention in a community-based sample of twins ages 8 to 16 years ( N = 636). The objective was to identify cognitive predictors unique to each skill domain as well as cognitive predictors shared among skills that could help explain their overlap and thus help illuminate the basis for comorbidity of related disorders (reading disability, math disability, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Results indicated that processing speed contributes to the overlap between reading and attention as well as math and attention, whereas verbal comprehension contributes to the overlap between reading and math. There was no evidence that executive functioning skills help account for covariation among these skill domains. Instead, specific executive functions differentially related to certain outcomes (i.e., working memory to math and inhibition to attention). We explored whether the model varied in younger versus older children and found only minor differences. Results are interpreted within the context of the multiple deficit framework for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Peterson
- 1 Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Richard Boada
- 1 Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
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18
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Hirschtritt ME, Darrow SM, Illmann C, Osiecki L, Grados M, Sandor P, Dion Y, King RA, Pauls DL, Budman CL, Cath DC, Greenberg E, Lyon GJ, Yu D, McGrath LM, McMahon WM, Lee PC, Delucchi KL, Scharf JM, Mathews CA. Social disinhibition is a heritable subphenotype of tics in Tourette syndrome. Neurology 2016; 87:497-504. [PMID: 27371487 PMCID: PMC4970665 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify heritable symptom-based subtypes of Tourette syndrome (TS). METHODS Forty-nine motor and phonic tics were examined in 3,494 individuals (1,191 TS probands and 2,303 first-degree relatives). Item-level exploratory factor and latent class analyses (LCA) were used to identify tic-based subtypes. Heritabilities of the subtypes were estimated, and associations with clinical characteristics were examined. RESULTS A 6-factor exploratory factor analysis model provided the best fit, which paralleled the somatotopic representation of the basal ganglia, distinguished simple from complex tics, and separated out socially disinhibited and compulsive tics. The 5-class LCA model best distinguished among the following groups: unaffected, simple tics, intermediate tics without social disinhibition, intermediate with social disinhibition, and high rates of all tic types. Across models, a phenotype characterized by high rates of social disinhibition emerged. This phenotype was associated with increased odds of comorbid psychiatric disorders, in particular, obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, earlier age at TS onset, and increased tic severity. The heritability estimate for this phenotype based on the LCA was 0.53 (SE 0.08, p 1.7 × 10(-18)). CONCLUSIONS Expanding on previous modeling approaches, a series of TS-related phenotypes, including one characterized by high rates of social disinhibition, were identified. These phenotypes were highly heritable and may reflect underlying biological networks more accurately than traditional diagnoses, thus potentially aiding future genetic, imaging, and treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Hirschtritt
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Sabrina M Darrow
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Cornelia Illmann
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Lisa Osiecki
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Marco Grados
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Paul Sandor
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Yves Dion
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Robert A King
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - David L Pauls
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Cathy L Budman
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Danielle C Cath
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Erica Greenberg
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Gholson J Lyon
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Dongmei Yu
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Lauren M McGrath
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - William M McMahon
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Paul C Lee
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Kevin L Delucchi
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Jeremiah M Scharf
- From the Department of Psychiatry (M.E.H., S.M.D., K.L.D.), University of California, San Francisco; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (C.I., L.O., D.L.P., E.G., D.Y., J.M.S.), Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (M.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry (P.S.), University of Toronto and University Health Network, Youthdale Treatment Centers; Department of Psychiatry (Y.D.), University of Montreal, Canada; Yale Child Study Center (R.A.K.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (C.L.B.), North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY; Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (D.C.C.), Utrecht University and Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics (G.J.L.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY; School of Education (L.M.M.), American University, Washington, DC; Department of Psychiatry (W.M.M.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Department of Behavioral Health (P.C.L.), Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (J.M.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.M.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Psychiatry (C.A.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville
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McGrath LM, Braaten EB, Doty ND, Willoughby BL, Wilson HK, O’Donnell EH, Colvin MK, Ditmars HL, Blais JE, Hill EN, Metzger A, Perlis RH, Willcutt EG, Smoller JW, Waldman ID, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Doyle AE. Extending the 'cross-disorder' relevance of executive functions to dimensional neuropsychiatric traits in youth. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:462-71. [PMID: 26411927 PMCID: PMC4876048 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence that different neuropsychiatric conditions share genetic liability has increased interest in phenotypes with 'cross-disorder' relevance, as they may contribute to revised models of psychopathology. Cognition is a promising construct for study; yet, evidence that the same cognitive functions are impaired across different forms of psychopathology comes primarily from separate studies of individual categorical diagnoses versus controls. Given growing support for dimensional models that cut across traditional diagnostic boundaries, we aimed to determine, within a single cohort, whether performance on measures of executive functions (EFs) predicted dimensions of different psychopathological conditions known to share genetic liability. METHODS Data are from 393 participants, ages 8-17, consecutively enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of Genetic Influences on Cognition (LOGIC). This project is conducting deep phenotyping and genomic analyses in youth referred for neuropsychiatric evaluation. Using structural equation modeling, we examined whether EFs predicted variation in core dimensions of the autism spectrum disorder, bipolar illness, and schizophrenia (including social responsiveness, mania/emotion regulation, and positive symptoms of psychosis, respectively). RESULTS We modeled three cognitive factors (working memory, shifting, and executive processing speed) that loaded on a second-order EF factor. The EF factor predicted variation in our three target traits, but not in a negative control (somatization). Moreover, this EF factor was primarily associated with the overlapping (rather than unique) variance across the three outcome measures, suggesting that it related to a general increase in psychopathology symptoms across those dimensions. CONCLUSIONS Findings extend support for the relevance of cognition to neuropsychiatric conditions that share underlying genetic risk. They suggest that higher-order cognition, including EFs, relates to the dimensional spectrum of each of these disorders and not just the clinical diagnoses. Moreover, results have implications for bottom-up models linking genes, cognition, and a general psychopathology liability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen B. Braaten
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan D. Doty
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian L. Willoughby
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H. Kent Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen H. O’Donnell
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary K. Colvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hillary L. Ditmars
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica E. Blais
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin N. Hill
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Metzger
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Roy H. Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erik G. Willcutt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Commonwealth Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alysa E. Doyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Fowler PJ, McGrath LM, Henry DB, Schoeny M, Chavira D, Taylor JJ, Day O. Housing mobility and cognitive development: Change in verbal and nonverbal abilities. Child Abuse Negl 2015; 48:104-18. [PMID: 26184055 PMCID: PMC4593721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of housing instability on verbal and nonverbal cognitive development among at-risk children and adolescents involved in the child welfare system. Frequent residential changes threaten child mental health, especially among low-income families. Little is known regarding disruptions to cognitive growth, specifically the impact on verbal and nonverbal abilities. The study tests whether developmental timing of housing mobility affects cognitive development beyond individual and family risks. A nationally representative study of families (n=2,442) susceptible to housing and family instability tracked children and adolescents aged 4-14 years (M=8.95 years) over 36 months following investigation by the child welfare system. Youth completed standardized cognitive assessments while caregivers reported on behavior problems and family risk at three time points. Latent growth models examined change in cognitive abilities over time. Housing mobility in the 12 months prior to baseline predicts lower verbal cognitive abilities that improve marginally. Similar effects emerge for all age groups; however, frequent moves in infancy diminish the influence of subsequent housing mobility on verbal tasks. Housing instability threatened cognitive development beyond child maltreatment, family changes, poverty, and other risks. Findings inform emerging research on environmental influences on neurocognitive development, as well as identify targets for early intervention. Systematic assessment of family housing problems, including through the child welfare system, provides opportunities for coordinated responses to prevent instability and cognitive threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Fowler
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Lauren M. McGrath
- American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016
| | - David B. Henry
- University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608
| | | | - Dina Chavira
- DePaul University, 2219 N Kenmore Avenue, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Jeremy J. Taylor
- Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, 815 W. Van Buren St. Ste. 210 Chicago, IL 60607-3567
| | - Orin Day
- Research Triangle International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194
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Yu D, Mathews CA, Scharf JM, Neale BM, Davis LK, Gamazon ER, Derks EM, Evans P, Edlund CK, Crane J, Fagerness JA, Osiecki L, Gallagher P, Gerber G, Haddad S, Illmann C, McGrath LM, Mayerfeld C, Arepalli S, Barlassina C, Barr CL, Bellodi L, Benarroch F, Berrió GB, Bienvenu OJ, Black D, Bloch MH, Brentani H, Bruun RD, Budman CL, Camarena B, Campbell DD, Cappi C, Cardona Silgado JC, Cavallini MC, Chavira DA, Chouinard S, Cook EH, Cookson MR, Coric V, Cullen B, Cusi D, Delorme R, Denys D, Dion Y, Eapen V, Egberts K, Falkai P, Fernandez T, Fournier E, Garrido H, Geller D, Gilbert D, Girard SL, Grabe HJ, Grados MA, Greenberg BD, Gross-Tsur V, Grünblatt E, Hardy J, Heiman GA, Hemmings SM, Herrera LD, Hezel DM, Hoekstra PJ, Jankovic J, Kennedy JL, King RA, Konkashbaev AI, Kremeyer B, Kurlan R, Lanzagorta N, Leboyer M, Leckman JF, Lennertz L, Liu C, Lochner C, Lowe TL, Lupoli S, Macciardi F, Maier W, Manunta P, Marconi M, McCracken JT, Mesa Restrepo SC, Moessner R, Moorjani P, Morgan J, Muller H, Murphy DL, Naarden AL, Ochoa WC, Ophoff RA, Pakstis AJ, Pato MT, Pato CN, Piacentini J, Pittenger C, Pollak Y, Rauch SL, Renner T, Reus VI, Richter MA, Riddle MA, Robertson MM, Romero R, Rosário MC, Rosenberg D, Ruhrmann S, Sabatti C, Salvi E, Sampaio AS, Samuels J, Sandor P, Service SK, Sheppard B, Singer HS, Smit JH, Stein DJ, Strengman E, Tischfield JA, Turiel M, Valencia Duarte AV, Vallada H, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Walitza S, Walkup J, Wang Y, Weale M, Weiss R, Wendland JR, Westenberg HG, Yao Y, Hounie AG, Miguel EC, Nicolini H, Wagner M, Ruiz-Linares A, Cath DC, McMahon W, Posthuma D, Oostra BA, Nestadt G, Rouleau GA, Purcell S, Jenike MA, Heutink P, Hanna GL, Conti DV, Arnold PD, Freimer N, Stewart SE, Knowles JA, Cox NJ, Pauls DL. Cross-disorder genome-wide analyses suggest a complex genetic relationship between Tourette's syndrome and OCD. Am J Psychiatry 2015; 172:82-93. [PMID: 25158072 PMCID: PMC4282594 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's syndrome are highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders that are thought to share genetic risk factors. However, the identification of definitive susceptibility genes for these etiologically complex disorders remains elusive. The authors report a combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) of Tourette's syndrome and OCD. METHOD The authors conducted a GWAS in 2,723 cases (1,310 with OCD, 834 with Tourette's syndrome, 579 with OCD plus Tourette's syndrome/chronic tics), 5,667 ancestry-matched controls, and 290 OCD parent-child trios. GWAS summary statistics were examined for enrichment of functional variants associated with gene expression levels in brain regions. Polygenic score analyses were conducted to investigate the genetic architecture within and across the two disorders. RESULTS Although no individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) achieved genome-wide significance, the GWAS signals were enriched for SNPs strongly associated with variations in brain gene expression levels (expression quantitative loci, or eQTLs), suggesting the presence of true functional variants that contribute to risk of these disorders. Polygenic score analyses identified a significant polygenic component for OCD (p=2×10(-4)), predicting 3.2% of the phenotypic variance in an independent data set. In contrast, Tourette's syndrome had a smaller, nonsignificant polygenic component, predicting only 0.6% of the phenotypic variance (p=0.06). No significant polygenic signal was detected across the two disorders, although the sample is likely underpowered to detect a modest shared signal. Furthermore, the OCD polygenic signal was significantly attenuated when cases with both OCD and co-occurring Tourette's syndrome/chronic tics were included in the analysis (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Previous work has shown that Tourette's syndrome and OCD have some degree of shared genetic variation. However, the data from this study suggest that there are also distinct components to the genetic architectures of these two disorders. Furthermore, OCD with co-occurring Tourette's syndrome/chronic tics may have different underlying genetic susceptibility compared with OCD alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yu
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Co-corresponding authors: Dongmei Yu, MS & David L. Pauls, Ph.D., Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Building, 6th Floor, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Carol A. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremiah M. Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lea K. Davis
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eske M. Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Evans
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher K. Edlund
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Crane
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesen A. Fagerness
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Osiecki
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patience Gallagher
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gloria Gerber
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Haddad
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cornelia Illmann
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren M. McGrath
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Mayerfeld
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristina Barlassina
- Genomic and Bioinformatic Unit, Filarete Foundation, Milano, Italy,Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Nephrology, University of Milano
| | - Cathy L. Barr
- The Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Fortu Benarroch
- Herman Dana Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - O. Joseph Bienvenu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael H. Bloch
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Helena Brentani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - Ruth D. Bruun
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY, USA,New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cathy L. Budman
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA,Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Beatriz Camarena
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Desmond D. Campbell
- University College London, London, UK,Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Carolina Cappi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | | | | | - Denise A. Chavira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sylvain Chouinard
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Edwin H. Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - M. R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vladimir Coric
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bernadette Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Genomic and Bioinformatic Unit, Filarete Foundation, Milano, Italy,Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Nephrology, University of Milano
| | - Richard Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,Foundation Fondamental, French National Science Foundation, France,AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yves Dion
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valsama Eapen
- Infant Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia,Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry, South West Sydney LHD (AUCS), Australia
| | - Karin Egberts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fernandez
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Helena Garrido
- Clinica Herrera Amighetti, Avenida Escazú, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel Geller
- OCD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Donald Gilbert
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Simon L. Girard
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios-Hospital Stralsund, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco A. Grados
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Varda Gross-Tsur
- Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gary A. Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, US
| | - Sian M.J. Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Dianne M. Hezel
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James L. Kennedy
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A. King
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anuar I. Konkashbaev
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Roger Kurlan
- Atlantic Neuroscience Institute, Overlook Hospital, Summit, NJ, USA
| | | | - Marion Leboyer
- Foundation Fondamental, French National Science Foundation, France,AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatric Genetics, Créteil, F 94000, France
| | - James F. Leckman
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leonhard Lennertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Thomas L. Lowe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Lupoli
- Genomic and Bioinformatic Unit, Filarete Foundation, Milano, Italy,Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Nephrology, University of Milano
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), California, USA
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute - Chair of Nephrology, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Marconi
- Center of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - James T. McCracken
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, California, USA
| | | | - Rainald Moessner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Priya Moorjani
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Dennis L. Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allan L. Naarden
- Department of Clinical Research, Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J. Pakstis
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michele T. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Piacentini
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yehuda Pollak
- Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Scott L. Rauch
- Partners Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Renner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Victor I. Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret A. Richter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A. Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Maria C. Rosário
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit (UPIA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University and the Detroit Medical Center
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chiara Sabatti
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erika Salvi
- Genomic and Bioinformatic Unit, Filarete Foundation, Milano, Italy,Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Nephrology, University of Milano
| | - Aline S. Sampaio
- University Health Care Services - SMURB, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jack Samuels
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Sandor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto Western Research Institute and Youthdale Treatment Centers, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan K. Service
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Sheppard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan J. Stein
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eric Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jay A. Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, US
| | - Maurizio Turiel
- Department of Health Technologies, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Homero Vallada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, and Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - John Walkup
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mike Weale
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, UK
| | | | - Jens R. Wendland
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Herman G.M. Westenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yin Yao
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ana G. Hounie
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Danielle C. Cath
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - William McMahon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Section of Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 8, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael A. Jenike
- OCD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Heutink
- Section of Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gregory L. Hanna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David V. Conti
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul D. Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nelson Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S. Evelyn Stewart
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David L. Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Co-corresponding authors: Dongmei Yu, MS & David L. Pauls, Ph.D., Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Building, 6th Floor, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114
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Smoller JW, Gallagher PJ, Duncan LE, McGrath LM, Haddad SA, Holmes A, Wolf AB, Hilker S, Block SR, Weill S, Young S, Choi EY, Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Roffman J, Manfro GG, Blaya C, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Stein MB, Van Ameringen M, Tolin DF, Otto MW, Pollack MH, Simon NM, Buckner RL, Ongur D, Cohen BM. The human ortholog of acid-sensing ion channel gene ASIC1a is associated with panic disorder and amygdala structure and function. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:902-10. [PMID: 24529281 PMCID: PMC4103972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with panic disorder (PD) exhibit a hypersensitivity to inhaled carbon dioxide, possibly reflecting a lowered threshold for sensing signals of suffocation. Animal studies have shown that carbon dioxide-mediated fear behavior depends on chemosensing of acidosis in the amygdala via the acid-sensing ion channel ASIC1a. We examined whether the human ortholog of the ASIC1a gene, ACCN2, is associated with the presence of PD and with amygdala structure and function. METHODS We conducted a case-control analysis (n = 414 PD cases and 846 healthy controls) of ACCN2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and PD. We then tested whether variants showing significant association with PD are also associated with amygdala volume (n = 1048) or task-evoked reactivity to emotional stimuli (n = 103) in healthy individuals. RESULTS Two single nucleotide polymorphisms at the ACCN2 locus showed evidence of association with PD: rs685012 (odds ratio = 1.32, gene-wise corrected p = .011) and rs10875995 (odds ratio = 1.26, gene-wise corrected p = .046). The association appeared to be stronger when early-onset (age ≤ 20 years) PD cases and when PD cases with prominent respiratory symptoms were compared with controls. The PD risk allele at rs10875995 was associated with increased amygdala volume (p = .035) as well as task-evoked amygdala reactivity to fearful and angry faces (p = .0048). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation at ACCN2 appears to be associated with PD and with amygdala phenotypes that have been linked to proneness to anxiety. These results support the possibility that modulation of acid-sensing ion channels may have therapeutic potential for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital,Harvard School of Public Health
| | | | - Laramie E. Duncan
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital,Harvard School of Public Health,Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard,Harvard Medical School
| | - Lauren M. McGrath
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Stephen A. Haddad
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Avram. Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital,Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University
| | - Aaron B. Wolf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Sidney Hilker
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital,Harvard College
| | | | - Sydney Weill
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Sarah Young
- McLean Hospital,Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University
| | - Jerrold F. Rosenbaum
- Harvard Medical School,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | | | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University
| | - Joshua Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Gisele G. Manfro
- Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA),Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Psychiatry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Carolina Blaya
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de Ciencias da Saude de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | | | - Murray B. Stein
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry,University of California San Diego, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine
| | | | - David F. Tolin
- The Institute of Living,Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Naomi M. Simon
- Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital,Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University
| | - Dost Ongur
- Harvard Medical School,McLean Hospital
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23
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Samocha KE, Robinson EB, Sanders SJ, Stevens C, Sabo A, McGrath LM, Kosmicki JA, Rehnström K, Mallick S, Kirby A, Wall DP, MacArthur DG, Gabriel SB, DePristo M, Purcell SM, Palotie A, Boerwinkle E, Buxbaum JD, Cook EH, Gibbs RA, Schellenberg GD, Sutcliffe JS, Devlin B, Roeder K, Neale BM, Daly MJ. A framework for the interpretation of de novo mutation in human disease. Nat Genet 2014; 46:944-50. [PMID: 25086666 PMCID: PMC4222185 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously arising (‘de novo’) mutations play an important role in medical genetics. For diseases with extensive locus heterogeneity – such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) – the signal from de novo mutations (DNMs) is distributed across many genes, making it difficult to distinguish disease-relevant mutations from background variation. We provide a statistical framework for the analysis of DNM excesses per gene and gene set by calibrating a model of de novo mutation. We applied this framework to DNMs collected from 1,078 ASD trios and – while affirming a significant role for loss-of-function (LoF) mutations – found no excess of de novo LoF mutations in cases with IQ above 100, suggesting that the role of DNMs in ASD may reside in fundamental neurodevelopmental processes. We also used our model to identify ~1,000 genes that are significantly lacking functional coding variation in non-ASD samples and are enriched for de novo LoF mutations identified in ASD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin E Samocha
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Program in Genetics and Genomics, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elise B Robinson
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephan J Sanders
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christine Stevens
- 1] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lauren M McGrath
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack A Kosmicki
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karola Rehnström
- 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Kirby
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dennis P Wall
- 1] Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stacey B Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Shaun M Purcell
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [5] Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [6] Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- 1] Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- 1] Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. [2] Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [3] Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [4] Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [5] Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [6] Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James S Sutcliffe
- Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- 1] Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. [2] Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Daly
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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McGrath LM, Yu D, Marshall C, Davis LK, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Li B, Cappi C, Gerber G, Wolf A, Schroeder FA, Osiecki L, O'Dushlaine C, Kirby A, Illmann C, Haddad S, Gallagher P, Fagerness JA, Barr CL, Bellodi L, Benarroch F, Bienvenu OJ, Black DW, Bloch MH, Bruun RD, Budman CL, Camarena B, Cath DC, Cavallini MC, Chouinard S, Coric V, Cullen B, Delorme R, Denys D, Derks EM, Dion Y, Rosário MC, Eapen V, Evans P, Falkai P, Fernandez TV, Garrido H, Geller D, Grabe HJ, Grados MA, Greenberg BD, Gross-Tsur V, Grünblatt E, Heiman GA, Hemmings SMJ, Herrera LD, Hounie AG, Jankovic J, Kennedy JL, King RA, Kurlan R, Lanzagorta N, Leboyer M, Leckman JF, Lennertz L, Lochner C, Lowe TL, Lyon GJ, Macciardi F, Maier W, McCracken JT, McMahon W, Murphy DL, Naarden AL, Neale BM, Nurmi E, Pakstis AJ, Pato MT, Pato CN, Piacentini J, Pittenger C, Pollak Y, Reus VI, Richter MA, Riddle M, Robertson MM, Rosenberg D, Rouleau GA, Ruhrmann S, Sampaio AS, Samuels J, Sandor P, Sheppard B, Singer HS, Smit JH, Stein DJ, Tischfield JA, Vallada H, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Walitza S, Wang Y, Wendland JR, Shugart YY, Miguel EC, Nicolini H, Oostra BA, Moessner R, Wagner M, Ruiz-Linares A, Heutink P, Nestadt G, Freimer N, Petryshen T, Posthuma D, Jenike MA, Cox NJ, Hanna GL, Brentani H, Scherer SW, Arnold PD, Stewart SE, Mathews CA, Knowles JA, Cook EH, Pauls DL, Wang K, Scharf JM. Copy number variation in obsessive-compulsive disorder and tourette syndrome: a cross-disorder study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53:910-9. [PMID: 25062598 PMCID: PMC4218748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) are heritable neurodevelopmental disorders with a partially shared genetic etiology. This study represents the first genome-wide investigation of large (>500 kb), rare (<1%) copy number variants (CNVs) in OCD and the largest genome-wide CNV analysis in TS to date. METHOD The primary analyses used a cross-disorder design for 2,699 case patients (1,613 ascertained for OCD, 1,086 ascertained for TS) and 1,789 controls. Parental data facilitated a de novo analysis in 348 OCD trios. RESULTS Although no global CNV burden was detected in the cross-disorder analysis or in secondary, disease-specific analyses, there was a 3.3-fold increased burden of large deletions previously associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders (p = .09). Half of these neurodevelopmental deletions were located in a single locus, 16p13.11 (5 case patient deletions: 0 control deletions, p = .08 in the current study, p = .025 compared to published controls). Three 16p13.11 deletions were confirmed de novo, providing further support for the etiological significance of this region. The overall OCD de novo rate was 1.4%, which is intermediate between published rates in controls (0.7%) and in individuals with autism or schizophrenia (2-4%). CONCLUSION Several converging lines of evidence implicate 16p13.11 deletions in OCD, with weaker evidence for a role in TS. The trend toward increased overall neurodevelopmental CNV burden in TS and OCD suggests that deletions previously associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders may also contribute to these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M McGrath
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; American University, Washington, DC; Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Boston
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Boston
| | | | | | | | - Bingbin Li
- University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cathy L Barr
- University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruth D Bruun
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY; New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Cathy L Budman
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY; Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Beatriz Camarena
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Delorme
- Robert Debre University Hospital, Paris and the French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France; Institut Pasteur, Paris
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Helena Garrido
- Hospital Nacional de Niños, San Jose, Costa Rica; Clinica Herrera Amighetti, Avenida Escazú, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Hans J Grabe
- University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marion Leboyer
- Robert Debre University Hospital, Paris and the French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | | | | | | | - Thomas L Lowe
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dennis L Murphy
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Benjamin M Neale
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Boston
| | - Erika Nurmi
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - John Piacentini
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Victor I Reus
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine
| | - Margaret A Richter
- University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto
| | - Mark Riddle
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | | | | | | | | | - Aline S Sampaio
- Federal University of São Paulo; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jack Samuels
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Paul Sandor
- University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto
| | - Brooke Sheppard
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine
| | | | - Jan H Smit
- VU Amsterdam and Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam; VU University Amsterdam; VU Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Wang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Jens R Wendland
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yin Yao Shugart
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Ben A Oostra
- Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn and VU Medical Center Amsterdam
| | | | - Nelson Freimer
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA
| | - Tracey Petryshen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Boston
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul D Arnold
- University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - S Evelyn Stewart
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Carol A Mathews
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Kai Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Los Angeles
| | - Jeremiah M Scharf
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston; Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Boston.
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25
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McGrath LM, Cornelis MC, Lee PH, Robinson EB, Duncan LE, Barnett JH, Huang J, Gerber G, Sklar P, Sullivan P, Perlis RH, Smoller JW. Genetic predictors of risk and resilience in psychiatric disorders: a cross-disorder genome-wide association study of functional impairment in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:779-88. [PMID: 24039173 PMCID: PMC4019336 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Functional impairment is one of the most enduring, intractable consequences of psychiatric disorders and is both familial and heritable. Previous studies have suggested that variation in functional impairment can be independent of symptom severity. Here we report the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of functional impairment in the context of major mental illness. Participants of European-American descent (N = 2,246) were included from three large treatment studies of bipolar disorder (STEP-BD) (N = 765), major depressive disorder (STAR*D) (N = 1091), and schizophrenia (CATIE) (N = 390). At study entry, participants completed the SF-12, a widely used measure of health-related quality of life. We performed a GWAS and pathway analysis of the mental and physical components of health-related quality of life across diagnosis (∼1.6 million single nucleotide polymorphisms), adjusting for psychiatric symptom severity. Psychiatric symptom severity was a significant predictor of functional impairment, but it accounted for less than one-third of the variance across disorders. After controlling for diagnostic category and symptom severity, the strongest evidence of genetic association was between variants in ADAMTS16 and physical functioning (P = 5.87 × 10(-8) ). Pathway analysis did not indicate significant enrichment after correction for gene clustering and multiple testing. This study illustrates a phenotypic framework for examining genetic contributions to functional impairment across psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. McGrath
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Phil H. Lee
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Elise B. Robinson
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Laramie E. Duncan
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jie Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gloria Gerber
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Roy H. Perlis
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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26
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Davis LK, Yu D, Keenan CL, Gamazon ER, Konkashbaev AI, Derks EM, Neale BM, Yang J, Lee SH, Evans P, Barr CL, Bellodi L, Benarroch F, Berrio GB, Bienvenu OJ, Bloch MH, Blom RM, Bruun RD, Budman CL, Camarena B, Campbell D, Cappi C, Cardona Silgado JC, Cath DC, Cavallini MC, Chavira DA, Chouinard S, Conti DV, Cook EH, Coric V, Cullen BA, Deforce D, Delorme R, Dion Y, Edlund CK, Egberts K, Falkai P, Fernandez TV, Gallagher PJ, Garrido H, Geller D, Girard SL, Grabe HJ, Grados MA, Greenberg BD, Gross-Tsur V, Haddad S, Heiman GA, Hemmings SMJ, Hounie AG, Illmann C, Jankovic J, Jenike MA, Kennedy JL, King RA, Kremeyer B, Kurlan R, Lanzagorta N, Leboyer M, Leckman JF, Lennertz L, Liu C, Lochner C, Lowe TL, Macciardi F, McCracken JT, McGrath LM, Mesa Restrepo SC, Moessner R, Morgan J, Muller H, Murphy DL, Naarden AL, Ochoa WC, Ophoff RA, Osiecki L, Pakstis AJ, Pato MT, Pato CN, Piacentini J, Pittenger C, Pollak Y, Rauch SL, Renner TJ, Reus VI, Richter MA, Riddle MA, Robertson MM, Romero R, Rosàrio MC, Rosenberg D, Rouleau GA, Ruhrmann S, Ruiz-Linares A, Sampaio AS, Samuels J, Sandor P, Sheppard B, Singer HS, Smit JH, Stein DJ, Strengman E, Tischfield JA, Valencia Duarte AV, Vallada H, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Walitza S, Wang Y, Wendland JR, Westenberg HGM, Shugart YY, Miguel EC, McMahon W, Wagner M, Nicolini H, Posthuma D, Hanna GL, Heutink P, Denys D, Arnold PD, Oostra BA, Nestadt G, Freimer NB, Pauls DL, Wray NR, Stewart SE, Mathews CA, Knowles JA, Cox NJ, Scharf JM. Partitioning the heritability of Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder reveals differences in genetic architecture. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003864. [PMID: 24204291 PMCID: PMC3812053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct estimation of heritability from genome-wide common variant data as implemented in the program Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) has provided a means to quantify heritability attributable to all interrogated variants. We have quantified the variance in liability to disease explained by all SNPs for two phenotypically-related neurobehavioral disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette Syndrome (TS), using GCTA. Our analysis yielded a heritability point estimate of 0.58 (se = 0.09, p = 5.64e-12) for TS, and 0.37 (se = 0.07, p = 1.5e-07) for OCD. In addition, we conducted multiple genomic partitioning analyses to identify genomic elements that concentrate this heritability. We examined genomic architectures of TS and OCD by chromosome, MAF bin, and functional annotations. In addition, we assessed heritability for early onset and adult onset OCD. Among other notable results, we found that SNPs with a minor allele frequency of less than 5% accounted for 21% of the TS heritability and 0% of the OCD heritability. Additionally, we identified a significant contribution to TS and OCD heritability by variants significantly associated with gene expression in two regions of the brain (parietal cortex and cerebellum) for which we had available expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Finally we analyzed the genetic correlation between TS and OCD, revealing a genetic correlation of 0.41 (se = 0.15, p = 0.002). These results are very close to previous heritability estimates for TS and OCD based on twin and family studies, suggesting that very little, if any, heritability is truly missing (i.e., unassayed) from TS and OCD GWAS studies of common variation. The results also indicate that there is some genetic overlap between these two phenotypically-related neuropsychiatric disorders, but suggest that the two disorders have distinct genetic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea K. Davis
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LKD); (JMS)
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clare L. Keenan
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anuar I. Konkashbaev
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eske M. Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jian Yang
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - S. Hong Lee
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick Evans
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cathy L. Barr
- The Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fortu Benarroch
- Herman Dana Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Oscar J. Bienvenu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rianne M. Blom
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth D. Bruun
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cathy L. Budman
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Camarena
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Desmond Campbell
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carolina Cappi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle C. Cath
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Denise A. Chavira
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - David V. Conti
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Edwin H. Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Coric
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bernadette A. Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Fondation Fondamental, French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - Yves Dion
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher K. Edlund
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Karin Egberts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas V. Fernandez
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Patience J. Gallagher
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helena Garrido
- Clinica Herrera Amighetti, Avenida Escazú, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel Geller
- OCD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios-Hospital Stralsund, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco A. Grados
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin D. Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Varda Gross-Tsur
- Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stephen Haddad
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sian M. J. Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ana G. Hounie
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cornelia Illmann
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Jenike
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James L. Kennedy
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A. King
- Yale Child Study Center, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Roger Kurlan
- Atlantic Neuroscience Institute, Overlook Hospital, Summit, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation Fondamental, French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatric Genetics, Créteil, France
| | - James F. Leckman
- Child Study Center, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Leonhard Lennertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Thomas L. Lowe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - James T. McCracken
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. McGrath
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Rainald Moessner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jubel Morgan
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Heike Muller
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis L. Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allan L. Naarden
- Department of Clinical Research, Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Osiecki
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Pakstis
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michele T. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John Piacentini
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yehuda Pollak
- Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Scott L. Rauch
- Partners Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tobias J. Renner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Victor I. Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Richter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A. Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary M. Robertson
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- St George's Hospital and Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria C. Rosàrio
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit (UPIA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University and the Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Aline S. Sampaio
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo, Brazil
- University Health Care Services - SMURB, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jack Samuels
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Sandor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto Western Research Institute and Youthdale Treatment Centers, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brooke Sheppard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Harvey S. Singer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan J. Stein
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - E. Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jay A. Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Homero Vallada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, and Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jens R. Wendland
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Herman G. M. Westenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yin Yao Shugart
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Euripedes C. Miguel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William McMahon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine-SAP, Carracci Medical Group, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory L. Hanna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peter Heutink
- Section of Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul D. Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - S. Evelyn Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carol A. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah M. Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LKD); (JMS)
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Nag A, Bochukova EG, Kremeyer B, Campbell DD, Muller H, Valencia-Duarte AV, Cardona J, Rivas IC, Mesa SC, Cuartas M, Garcia J, Bedoya G, Cornejo W, Herrera LD, Romero R, Fournier E, Reus VI, Lowe TL, Farooqi IS, Mathews CA, McGrath LM, Yu D, Cook E, Wang K, Scharf JM, Pauls DL, Freimer NB, Plagnol V, Ruiz-Linares A. CNV analysis in Tourette syndrome implicates large genomic rearrangements in COL8A1 and NRXN1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59061. [PMID: 23533600 PMCID: PMC3606459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with a strong genetic component. However, the genetic architecture of TS remains uncertain. Copy number variation (CNV) has been shown to contribute to the genetic make-up of several neurodevelopmental conditions, including schizophrenia and autism. Here we describe CNV calls using SNP chip genotype data from an initial sample of 210 TS cases and 285 controls ascertained in two Latin American populations. After extensive quality control, we found that cases (N = 179) have a significant excess (P = 0.006) of large CNV (>500 kb) calls compared to controls (N = 234). Amongst 24 large CNVs seen only in the cases, we observed four duplications of the COL8A1 gene region. We also found two cases with ∼400 kb deletions involving NRXN1, a gene previously implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, including TS. Follow-up using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (and including 53 more TS cases) validated the CNV calls and identified additional patients with rearrangements in COL8A1 and NRXN1, but none in controls. Examination of available parents indicates that two out of three NRXN1 deletions detected in the TS cases are de-novo mutations. Our results are consistent with the proposal that rare CNVs play a role in TS aetiology and suggest a possible role for rearrangements in the COL8A1 and NRXN1 gene regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Nag
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena G. Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kremeyer
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Desmond D. Campbell
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heike Muller
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana V. Valencia-Duarte
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julio Cardona
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Isabel C. Rivas
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sandra C. Mesa
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Cuartas
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jharley Garcia
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - William Cornejo
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Victor I. Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Lowe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carol A. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. McGrath
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ed Cook
- University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kai Wang
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah M. Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David L. Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Flores-Mir C, McGrath LM, Heo G, Major PW. Efficiency of molar distalization with the XBow appliance related to second molar eruption stage. Eur J Orthod 2012; 35:745-51. [PMID: 23172578 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjs090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To quantitatively evaluate on lateral cephalograms horizontal, vertical, and angular changes in the position of the maxillary first molar based on the presence and absence of erupted maxillary second molars when it is distalized with the XBow appliance. In this retrospective study, a total of 102 consecutively treated cases were assessed. Lateral cephalograms were obtained at the start and after completion of active treatment with the XBow appliance. In one group of patients, distal movement of the maxillary first molars was performed before the eruption of maxillary second molars; in the other group of patients, both first and second maxillary molars were simultaneously moved distally. All cephalograms were superimposed on palatal plane using the method of best-fit. In order to compare the mean horizontal, vertical, and angular changes in molar position between the treatment groups and gender, a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was performed with the pre-treatment class II severity used as a covariate. Regression analysis was also performed to further explore any possible relationships between the predictor variables and the quantity and quality of distalization. A MANCOVA revealed that the eruption stage of the maxillary second molar did not have a significant effect on the change in position of the maxillary first molar after treatment with a XBow appliance. When distalizing maxillary first molars with a XBow appliance, there is no difference in the amount of distalization in patients with erupted and unerupted maxillary second molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Flores-Mir
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB and
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Abstract
Despite substantial recent advancements in psychiatric genetic research, progress in identifying the genetic basis of anxiety disorders has been limited. We review the candidate gene and genome-wide literatures in anxiety, which have made limited progress to date. We discuss several reasons for this hindered progress, including small samples sizes, heterogeneity, complicated comorbidity profiles, and blurred lines between normative and pathological anxiety. To address many of these challenges, we suggest a developmental, multivariate framework that can inform and enhance anxiety phenotypes for genetic research. We review the psychiatric and genetic epidemiological evidence that supports such a framework, including the early onset and chronic course of anxiety disorders, shared genetic risk factors among disorders both within and across time, and developmentally dynamic genetic influences. We propose three strategies for developmentally sensitive phenotyping: examination of early temperamental risk factors, use of latent factors to model underlying anxiety liability, and use of developmental trajectories as phenotypes. Expanding the range of phenotypic approaches will be important for advancing studies of the genetic architecture of anxiety disorders.
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McGrath LM, Pennington BF, Shanahan MA, Santerre-Lemmon LE, Barnard HD, Willcutt EG, DeFries JC, Olson RK. A multiple deficit model of reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: searching for shared cognitive deficits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52:547-57. [PMID: 21126246 PMCID: PMC3079018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tests a multiple cognitive deficit model of reading disability (RD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and their comorbidity. METHODS A structural equation model (SEM) of multiple cognitive risk factors and symptom outcome variables was constructed. The model included phonological awareness as a unique predictor of RD and response inhibition as a unique predictor of ADHD. Processing speed, naming speed, and verbal working memory were modeled as potential shared cognitive deficits. RESULTS Model fit indices from the SEM indicated satisfactory fit. Closer inspection of the path weights revealed that processing speed was the only cognitive variable with significant unique relationships to RD and ADHD dimensions, particularly inattention. Moreover, the significant correlation between reading and inattention was reduced to non-significance when processing speed was included in the model, suggesting that processing speed primarily accounted for the phenotypic correlation (or comorbidity) between reading and inattention. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates the power of a multiple deficit approach to complex developmental disorders and psychopathologies, particularly for exploring comorbidities. The theoretical role of processing speed in the developmental pathways of RD and ADHD and directions for future research are discussed.
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McGrath LM, Pennington BF, Shanahan MA, Santerre-Lemmon LE, Barnard HD, Willcutt EG, Defries JC, Olson RK. A multiple deficit model of reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: searching for shared cognitive deficits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010. [PMID: 21126246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02346.x"] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tests a multiple cognitive deficit model of reading disability (RD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and their comorbidity. METHODS A structural equation model (SEM) of multiple cognitive risk factors and symptom outcome variables was constructed. The model included phonological awareness as a unique predictor of RD and response inhibition as a unique predictor of ADHD. Processing speed, naming speed, and verbal working memory were modeled as potential shared cognitive deficits. RESULTS Model fit indices from the SEM indicated satisfactory fit. Closer inspection of the path weights revealed that processing speed was the only cognitive variable with significant unique relationships to RD and ADHD dimensions, particularly inattention. Moreover, the significant correlation between reading and inattention was reduced to non-significance when processing speed was included in the model, suggesting that processing speed primarily accounted for the phenotypic correlation (or comorbidity) between reading and inattention. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates the power of a multiple deficit approach to complex developmental disorders and psychopathologies, particularly for exploring comorbidities. The theoretical role of processing speed in the developmental pathways of RD and ADHD and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M McGrath
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, USA University of Denver, USA.
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Willcutt EG, Betjemann RS, McGrath LM, Chhabildas NA, Olson RK, DeFries JC, Pennington BF. Etiology and neuropsychology of comorbidity between RD and ADHD: the case for multiple-deficit models. Cortex 2010; 46:1345-61. [PMID: 20828676 PMCID: PMC2993430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disability (RD) are complex childhood disorders that frequently co-occur, but the etiology of this comorbidity remains unknown. METHOD Participants were 457 twin pairs from the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center (CLDRC) twin study, an ongoing study of the etiology of RD, ADHD, and related disorders. Phenotypic analyses compared groups with and without RD and ADHD on composite measures of six cognitive domains. Twin analyses were then used to test the etiology of the relations between the disorders and any cognitive weaknesses. RESULTS Phenotypic analyses supported the hypothesis that both RD and ADHD arise from multiple cognitive deficits rather than a single primary cognitive deficit. RD was associated independently with weaknesses on measures of phoneme awareness, verbal reasoning, and working memory, whereas ADHD was independently associated with a heritable weakness in inhibitory control. RD and ADHD share a common cognitive deficit in processing speed, and twin analyses indicated that this shared weakness is primarily due to common genetic influences that increase susceptibility to both disorders. CONCLUSIONS Individual differences in processing speed are influenced by genes that also increase risk for RD, ADHD, and their comorbidity. These results suggest that processing speed measures may be useful for future molecular genetic studies of the etiology of comorbidity between RD and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G Willcutt
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Pennington BF, McGrath LM, Rosenberg J, Barnard H, Smith SD, Willcutt EG, Friend A, Defries JC, Olson RK. Gene X environment interactions in reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Dev Psychol 2009; 45:77-89. [PMID: 19209992 DOI: 10.1037/a0014549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article examines Gene x Environment (G x E) interactions in two comorbid developmental disorders--reading disability (RD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)--as a window on broader issues on G x E interactions in developmental psychology. The authors first briefly review types of G x E interactions, methods for detecting them, and challenges researchers confront in interpreting such interactions. They then review previous evidence for G x E interactions in RD and ADHD, the directions of which are opposite to each other: bioecological for RD and diathesis stress for ADHD. Given these results, the authors formulate and test predictions about G x E interactions that would be expected at the favorable end of each symptom dimension (e.g., above-average reading or attention). Consistent with their prediction, the authors found initial evidence for a resilience interaction for above-average reading: higher heritability in the presence of lower parental education. However, they did not find a G x E interaction at the favorable end of the ADHD symptom dimension. The authors conclude with implications for future research.
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Ingman WV, McGrath LM, Breed WG, Musgrave IF, Robker RL, Robertson SA. The mechanistic basis for sexual dysfunction in male transforming growth factor beta1 null mutant mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 31:95-107. [PMID: 19234313 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.108.006569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFB1) is implicated in male sexual function. Previous behavioral studies show that Tgfb1 null mutant mice mount and display limited intromission behavior with receptive females but are unable to complete successful copulation. The studies presented here explore the physiologic basis for sexual dysfunction in Tgfb1 null mutant males. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the surface of the penis in Tgfb1 null mutant males was abnormally coated in superficial keratinized epithelial cells. There was a significant reduction in protrusion of penile spines through the superficial tissue in Tgfb1 null mutant mice; in some mice, the spines were almost completely embedded. Histologic analysis revealed reduced skin thickness in the penis of Tgfb1 null mutant males. Nerve fibers, endothelial cells, smooth muscle actin, macrophages, and neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase were present in similar abundance and location in Tgfb1 null mutant mice compared with wild-type controls; however, an increase in collagen I deposition was detected. Behavioral studies revealed that Tgfb1 null mutant males undergo spontaneous noncontact erections, albeit at a reduced rate compared with control mice, and engage in less frequent genital grooming activity. These studies suggest that Tgfb1 null mutation may adversely influence copulatory behavior through effects on both altered structural integrity of the penile skin and impaired tissue compliance leading to erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- W V Ingman
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health and Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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McGrath LM, Hutaff-Lee C, Scott A, Boada R, Shriberg LD, Pennington BF. Children with comorbid speech sound disorder and specific language impairment are at increased risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2007; 36:151-63. [PMID: 17882543 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-007-9166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and speech sound disorder (SSD). SSD is a developmental disorder characterized by speech production errors that impact intelligibility. Previous research addressing this comorbidity has typically used heterogeneous groups of speech-language disordered children. This study employed more precise speech-language diagnostic criteria and examined ADHD symptomatology in 108 SSD children between the ages of 4 and 7 years old with specific language impairment (SLI) (n = 23, 14 males, 9 females) and without SLI (n = 85, 49 males, 36 females). We also examined whether a subcategory of SSD, persistent (n = 39, 25 males, 14 females) versus normalized SSD (n = 67, 38 males, 29 females), was associated with ADHD and/or interacted with SLI to predict ADHD symptomatology. Results indicated that participants in the SSD + SLI group had higher rates of inattentive ADHD symptoms than those in the SSD-only and control groups. In addition, an unexpected interaction emerged such that children with SLI and normalized-SSD had significantly higher ADHD inattentive ratings than the other subgroups. A proposed explanation for this interaction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M McGrath
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Frontier Hall 2155 S. Race St., Denver, CO 80209, USA.
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Abstract
The authors review the neuropsychology, brain bases, and genetics of three related disorders of language development: reading disability, or developmental dyslexia (RD); language impairment (LI); and speech sound disorder (SSD). Over the past three decades, cognitive analysis has demonstrated that the reading difficulties of most children who have RD result from phonologic impairments (difficulties processing the sound structure of language). Although understanding of LI and SSD is somewhat less developed, both disorders are also associated with phonologic impairments, which may account for their comorbidity with RD. Research across levels of analysis is progressing rapidly to promote understanding not only of each disorder by itself but also of the relationships of the three disorders to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Peterson
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
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McGrath LM, Smith SD, Pennington BF. Breakthroughs in the search for dyslexia candidate genes. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:333-41. [PMID: 16781891 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Four genes have recently been proposed as candidates for dyslexia: dyslexia susceptibility 1 candidate 1 (DYX1C1), roundabout Drosophila homolog 1 (ROBO1), doublecortin domain-containing protein 2 (DCDC2) and KIAA0319. Each gene is implicated in global brain-development processes such as neural migration and axonal guidance, with the exception of DYX1C1, the function of which is still unknown. The most immediate clinical prospect of the discovery of these genes is the possibility of early identification of dyslexia via genetic screening. However, research efforts have yet to identify a functional mutation in any of these genes. When causal variants are identified, they will need to be considered within a multifactorial framework, which is likely to involve gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, to make accurate predictions of diagnostic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M McGrath
- University of Denver, Department of Psychology, Frontier Hall, 2155 S. Race St., Denver, CO 80208, USA.
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Abstract
This study examined executive dysfunction and its relation to language ability in verbal school-age children with autism. Participants were 37 children with autism and 31 nonautistic comparison participants who were matched on age and on verbal and nonverbal IQ but not on language ability, which was lower in the autism group. Children with autism exhibited deficits compared to the comparison group across all 3 domains of executive function that were assessed including working memory (Block Span Backward; Isaacs & Vargha-Khadem, 1989), working memory and inhibitory control (NEPSY Knock-Tap; Korkman, Kirk, & Kemp, 1998), and planning (NEPSY Tower; Korkman et al., 1998). Children with autism were less developed than the comparison group in their language skills, but correlational analyses revealed no specific association between language ability and executive performance in the autism group. In contrast, executive performance was positively correlated with language ability in the comparison group. This pattern of findings suggest that executive dysfunction in autism is not directly related to language impairment per se but rather involves an executive failure to use of language for self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Joseph
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA.
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Khachatourians GG, McGrath LM. Analysis of cell division in rapidly growing synchronous cultures of Escherichia coli recovering from an inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Can J Microbiol 1973; 19:1111-4. [PMID: 4585302 DOI: 10.1139/m73-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics of cell division in cultures of Escherichia coli grown in casamino acids – glucose and recovering from short pulses of inhibition of DNA synthesis by nalidixic acid clearly demonstrates that preexisting cycles of chromosome replication continue to their ends.
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