Sulfated polysaccharides of Laetiporus sulphureus fruiting bodies exhibit anti-breast cancer activity through cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and inhibiting cell migration

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Laetiporus sulphureus has long been used as an edible and medicinal mushroom in Asia, America, and Europe. Its fruiting bodies are widely used in folk medicine for treating cancer, gastric diseases, cough, and rheumatism. Polysaccharides are an important bioactive component of mushrooms. In nature, sulfated polysaccharides have never been reported in mushrooms. Furthermore, there is no information on differences in physicochemical properties and anti-breast cancer activities between polysaccharides (PS) and sulfated polysaccharides (SPS) of L. sulphureus.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of PS and SPS isolated from fruiting bodies of L. sulphureus and examine their anti-proliferative effects and mechanism(s) of action on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

METHODS

Polysaccharides (PS) were isolated using hot water and ethanol precipitation methods. Sulfated polysaccharides (SPS) were isolated by the papain-assisted hydrolysis method. Physicochemical properties comprising sugar, protein, uronic acid, and sulfate contents, and molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural conformation were analyzed on PS and SPS. In the anti-cancer study, a triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and a normal human mammary epithelial cell line (H184B5F5/M10) were used to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity of PS and SPS, and their mechanism(s) of action.

RESULTS

The results showed that SPS, which had higher sulfate and protein contents and diversified monosaccharide composition, exhibited more potent anti-proliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 cells than PS. Furthermore, it had a selective cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells but not the normal cells. SPS induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase via down-regulating CDK4 and cyclin D1 and up-regulating p21 protein expression. Breast cancer cell apoptosis was not observed until 72 h after SPS treatment. In addition, SPS also markedly inhibited breast cancer cell migration.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that SPS exhibited selective cytotoxicity and was more potent than PS in inhibiting MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation. The contents of sulfate and protein, and monosaccharide composition could be the main factors affecting the anti-breast cancer activity of L. sulphureus SPS.

SPS, a sulfated galactoglucan of Laetiporus sulphureus, exhibited anti-inflammatory activities

Laetiporus sulphureus is an edible and medicinal mushroom. A sulfated galactoglucan (SPS) was isolated by the papain method. Polysaccharides (PS) were isolated by hot water and ethanol precipitation. The medium molecular weight SPS of 100 to 1000 kDa accounted for over half of the SPS mixture. Fucose, galactose, glucose, and mannose were the major monosaccharides in SPS and PS. The amount of sulfate in SPS was 1.09 mmol/g. SPS showed inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release and reversed IκB degradation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. The suppression of TNF-α secretion by SPS was through inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). A purified SPS, named SPS-3, was proven to inhibit the LPS-induced phosphorylation of AKT, ERK, and p-38 in RAW264.7 cells. The suppression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) secretion by PS was through inhibiting LPS-induced phosphorylation of p-38 and TGF-β receptor II (TGFRII) signaling pathways. This study demonstrates that the isolated SPS and PS from L. sulphureus possessed good anti-inflammatory activity for dietary supplements and functional food.

Chemical Composition and Chronic Toxicity of Disc-Cultured Antrodia cinnamomea Fruiting Bodies

Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is a popular fungus for use as folk medicine in health maintenance and disease prevention and treatment. Disc culture is a novel technique for producing AC fruiting bodies. This study aimed to investigate the bioactive components and toxicological properties of disc-cultured AC fruiting body powders (ACP) in rats. The HPLC technique was used to quantify the composition of bioactive triterpenoids in ACP. Toxicological properties were evaluated on male and female Sprague-Dawley rats receiving ACP orally at 200, 600, and 1000 mg/kg body weight for 90 days; the control group received only distilled water. The results show that ACP contained seven important AC index compounds, namely antcins A, B, C, K, and H, dehydrosulphurenic acid, and dehydroeburicoic acid. At the tested doses, oral ACP administration for 90 days caused no mortality, adverse effects on general health, body and organ weights, and food intake. Furthermore, no significant variations were observed in hematological and biochemical parameters among either sex of ACP-treated and control animals. An histopathological examination of vital organs showed no significant structural changes in organs, even in high-dose ACP-treated animals. This study indicated that ACP contained the major bioactive triterpenoids of AC fruiting bodies, and its no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 1000 mg/kg/day, about 20 times the recommended daily intake.

Chemical composition and anti-aging effects of standardized herbal chicken essence on D-galactose- induced senescent mice

This study aimed to examine the chemical and anti-aging properties of chicken essence (CE) prepared with Sesamum indicum, Angelica acutiloba, and Zingiber officinale (HCE). HCE was analyzed for nutritional and phytochemical composition, and its anti-aging effects were investigated on the D-galactose (Gal)-induced aging mice. Results showed that HCE possessed significantly higher calories and contents of valine and total phenols than CE; it also contained significant amounts of ferulic acid, sesamin, and sesamolin. HCE significantly decreased MDA and NO levels in serum and liver and increased liver GSH levels in the D-Gal-induced mice. HCE greatly enhanced SOD and CAT activities in serum and liver, and liver GPx activity, as well as upregulating SIRT1 expression and downregulating TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, Cox-2, and MCP-1 expression in liver tissues. This study demonstrates that HCE was effective in suppressing the aging process through enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and modulating the aging-related gene expression.

Safety assessment of the standardized aqueous extract from solid-state cultured Xylaria nigripes (Wuling Shen) in rats

Background

Xylaria nigripes (Koltz.) Cooke, also known as Wuling Shen, is a high-value medicinal mushroom. It is a herbal medicine traditionally used for treating insomnia, trauma and depression. However, its toxicity has never been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of a standardized aqueous extract (XNE), an ingredient of commercial products, prepared from solid-state cultured X. nigripes in rats.

Methods

A 90-day subchronic toxicity study was conducted by oral administration of XNE at daily doses of 20, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight to Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes, and the control group was given distilled water (vehicle). All animals were checked daily for general behavior, body weight changes and signs of toxicity. At the end of the treatment period, hematological analysis, biochemical analysis and histopathological examination of organs were conducted.

Results

At tested concentrations, oral XNE administration caused no treatment-induced adverse effects on general health, body weight gain, relative organ weights, and hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological results also showed no significant structural changes in organs even in high-dose XNE-treated animals.

Conclusion

This study suggests that treatment with XNE for 90 days does not produce significant toxicity, even up to 100 fold (2000 mg/kg body weight/day) of the recommended daily intakes. Therefore, the use of XNE as herbal medicines is considered to be relatively safe.

The efficacy of intense pulse light among patients with skin type III-IV in acute facial acne: The Malaysian experience

INTRODUCTION

Twenty-seven adult patients, skin type III -V with mild to moderate acne, were recruited. IPL at wavelengths range of 420 - 600nm with triple pulses was administered every two weeks for a total of 3 sessions. Assessment of acne severity and improvement of treatment was based on Global Acne Grading System (GAGS), scoring before and after treatment for each session and patient satisfaction's using a 5-item Likert scale range at the end of session three.

RESULTS

Of the 27 patients, 77.8% were female. Their ages group ranged from 18 to 35 years, and all patients had skin type III or IV. There were 14 mild acne patients and 13 moderate ones. There was a statistically significant improvement in mean acne severity score from 18.1± 4.3 at baseline to 14.3 ± 4.6 after two weeks post-IPL and 12.3 ± 4.9 after four weeks post-IPL. The result on satisfaction level of patients showed 'satisfied' in 3 patients, "very satisfied" in 5 patients; and, half of the patients (11) answered "fair" at the end of the study. Most patients tolerated well the procedure, and only 5 patients developed either post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or skin hyperpigmentation.

CONCLUSION

The IPL of wavelength of 400-600nm offers effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatment of mild to moderate acne lesions in Malaysians with skin types III-IV. The majority of subjects had a fair score on treatment satisfaction. It is recommended that reasonable expectations for clinical results be addressed with patients before hands to prevent over-expectation.

Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of different polysaccharide components from Xylaria nigripes

Nondigestible polysaccharides are essential nutrients, which are also important bioactive constituents of mushrooms. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties and anti-inflammatory effects of different polysaccharide components of Xylaria nigripes in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Results showed that X. nigripes nondigestible polysaccharide (XN) possessed a molecular weight of 910.7 kDa and mainly composed of glucose; it effectively suppressed NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 production. Based on molecular weight, two bioactive polysaccharide components (F1 and F2) were isolated from XN. F1 was a glucan with high molecular weight (885.2 kDa), whereas F2 was a low molecular weight heteropolysaccharide (24.5 kDa) composing of glucose, mannose, and galactose. F1 showed stronger inhibitory effects on NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 production than F2, however, its inhibitory effects were weaker than XN. Further analysis demonstrated that the combined treatment of F1 and F2 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity as good as XN, and they possessed synergistic effects on inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediator production. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Polysaccharides are essential nutrients, and are major bioactive constituents of mushrooms. This study isolated two bioactive polysaccharide components from Xylaria nigripes, namely F1 and F2. F1 was a high molecular weight glucan, whereas F2 was a low molecular weight heteropolysaccharide. F1 showed stronger anti-inflammatory activity than F2, but was weaker than their combined treatment (F1 + F2). Different polysaccharide components were shown to possess synergistic anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting their importance in the formulation of polysaccharide-based products.

Anti-diabetic effects of Grifola frondosa bioactive compound and its related molecular signaling pathways in palmitate-induced C2C12 cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Grifola frondosa (GF), a high value medicinal mushroom, is popularly consumed as traditional medicines and health foods in China and Japan. It is a herbal medicine traditionally used for treating inflammation, cancer and diabetes.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to examine the anti-diabetic effects of a GF bioactive compound ergosterol peroxide (EPO), and its mechanism(s) of action in palmitate (PA)-induced C2C12 cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

EPO was isolated and purified from GF fruiting bodies, and used to test for anti-diabetic activity in PA-induced murine C2C12 skeletal muscle cells through measuring glucose uptake, intracellular ROS production, and expressions of MAPKs, IRS-1, PI3K, Akt and GLUT-4 proteins.

RESULTS

EPO significantly up-regulated glucose absorption and increased cell growth. At 5 μM, EPO significantly enhanced glucose uptake and decreased ROS formation, as well as up-regulated the expression of IRS-1, p-IRS-1, PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, and GLUT-4 proteins in PA-induced cells, while their p-JNK and p-p38 expression were down-regulated. GLUT-4 siRNA treatment effectively down-regulated the EPO-induced absorption of glucose and inhibited the expression of GLUT-4.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that the anti-diabetic effect of GF was from its bioactive compound EPO through the inhibition of ROS production, up-regulation of glucose absorption, and modulation of PI3K/Akt, MAPKs and GLUT-4 signaling transduction pathways.

Differences in anti-inflammatory properties of water soluble and insoluble bioactive polysaccharides in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages

β-Linked polysaccharides including β-glucans are well known to be important functional ingredients, and are known to possess immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties and participating receptor of water soluble and insoluble bioactive polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa (GFP, non-digestible water soluble polysaccharides), Laminaria digitata (laminarin, a water soluble β-glucan) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (zymosan, a water insoluble β-glucan) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated parental and Dectin-1 highly expressing RAW264.7 macrophages. Results showed that GFP and laminarin significantly inhibited nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production, but only the GFP with high molecular weight exhibited strong inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. The activation of NF-κB was also significantly down-regulated by GFP treatment as compared with cells treated with LPS alone. Although GFP and laminarin were able to bind to β-glucan receptor Dectin-1, there was no relationship between the inhibitory potency and the content of β-glucans in GFP, and these inhibitory effects were not affected by the expression level of Dectin-1 in macrophage cells. In contrast, zymosan significantly intensified LPS-induced inflammatory responses through Dectin-1. In conclusion, these results suggest that the inhibitory effects of water soluble polysaccharides on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediator production in murine macrophages may not involve β-glucan receptor Dectin-1.

Isolation, Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Physico-chemical Properties of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Fruiting Bodies of Cultivated Cordyceps cicadae (Ascomycetes)

Cordyceps cicadae is a medicinal fungus popularly used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating cancer, asthma, and kidney diseases. In this study, crude polysaccharides (CP) and water-soluble nondigestible polysaccharides (NDPs) were prepared from the fruiting bodies of cultivated C. cicadae, and their physicochemical properties and anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were examined. The results showed yields of CP and NDP of 3.42% and 1.17%, respectively. CP and NDP showed a similar monosaccharide composition, of which the predominant monosaccharide was mannose, followed by galactose and glucose. Differences in molecular weight distribution between CP and NDP were apparent; CP possessed two major (3.1 kDa and 21.5 kDa) and one minor (678.2 kDa) macromolecular populations, whereas NDP contained only one macromolecular population (24.4 kDa). Furthermore, CP but not NDP had a triple helix conformation. The bioassay results showed that, although both CP and NDP possess anti-inflammatory activity, NDP had stronger inhibitory effects on nitric oxide, IL-1β, and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. From this study, we conclude that the differences in conformation and molecular weight distribution between CP and NDP may contribute to their differences in anti-inflammatory activity.

A (1→6)-Branched (1→4)-β-d-Glucan from Grifola frondosa Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Production in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Binding to TLR2 Rather than Dectin-1 or CR3 Receptors

Mushroom polysaccharides including β-glucans possess various health-promoting properties and are known to be the major bioactive constituents of Grifola frondosa (GF), which is a popular edible and medicinal mushroom. Dectin-1, a pattern-recognition receptor, is responsible for recognizing β-glucans. In this study, parental RAW264.7 macrophages and Dectin-1-expressing RAW264.7 macrophages were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and receptor involvement of the water-soluble polysaccharides from GF. Results indicated that the high molecular weight fraction of GF (GF70-F1; 1260 kDa) inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 production as well as NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. Chemical and enzymatic linkage analyses indicated that GF70-F1 mainly contained the known (1→3),(1→6)-β-d-glucan and a polysaccharide not previously isolated from GF, a nondigestible glucan with a β-(1→4)-linked backbone and β-(1→6)-linked branches. The ability of GF70-F1 to inhibit cytokine production was not affected by the expression level of Dectin-1 in cells, and a similar inhibitory activity was observed after removing the (1→3),(1→6)-β-d-glucan from GF70-F1. Blockade of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) but not Dectin-1 or complement receptor 3 (CR3) attenuated the inhibitory activity of GF70-F1. The nondigestible (1→6)-branched (1→4)-β-d-glucan in GF70-F1 may contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity via interacting with TLR2 rather than Dectin-1 or CR3 receptors.

Effects of nitrogen fertilization rate on tocopherols, tocotrienols and γ-oryzanol contents and enzymatic antioxidant activities in rice grains

Tocopherols (Toc), tocotrienols (T3) and γ-oryzanol (GO), major bioactive compounds of rice, are known to possess potent antioxidant activity. In this study, the objective was to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilization rate on contents of Toc, T3 and GO, and activities of enzymatic antioxidants in rice grains. Experiments were conducted on five different levels of nitrogen fertilization. Among the different treatments, grains of 2 N (two-fold of the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer) treatment showed the highest total Toc, total T3, α-T3, β-Toc, γ-Toc and γ-T3 levels, whereas 0 N (no treatment) group had the highest GO content. Increasing nitrogen fertilization significantly reduced the rice grain catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, but not the superoxide dismutase activities. Under 0 N and 0.5 N (low N fertilization) treatments, malondialdehyde and H₂O₂ contents in rice grains were significantly higher than that of other treatments. These results suggest that a two-fold increase in nitrogen fertilization favor the accumulation of Toc and T3 but not GO in rice grains.

Free-Radical-Scavenging, Antityrosinase, and Cellular Melanogenesis Inhibitory Activities of Synthetic Isoflavones

In this study, we examined the potential of synthetic isoflavones for application in cosmeceuticals. Twenty-five isoflavones were synthesized and their capacities of free-radical-scavenging and mushroom tyrosinase inhibition, as well as their impact on cell viability of B16F10 murine melanoma cells and HaCaT human keratinocytes were evaluated. Isoflavones that showed significant mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activities were further studied on reduction of cellular melanin formation and antityrosinase activities in B16F10 melanocytes in vitro. Among the isoflavones tested, 6-hydroxydaidzein (2) was the strongest scavenger of both ABTS(.+) and DPPH(.) radicals with SC50 values of 11.3 ± 0.3 and 9.4 ± 0.1 μM, respectively. Texasin (20) exhibited the most potent inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase (IC50 14.9 ± 4.5 μM), whereas retusin (17) showed the most efficient inhibition both of cellular melanin formation and antityrosinase activity in B16F10 melanocytes, respectively. In summary, both retusin (17) and texasin (20) exhibited potent free-radical-scavenging capacities as well as efficient inhibition of cellular melanogenesis, suggesting that they are valuable hit compounds with potential for advanced cosmeceutical development.

Uncontrolled hypertension, palpitation and sweating in young female - A rare cause

Extra-adrenal /retroperitoneal paraganglioma is a rare cause of hypertension in young with increased incidence of metastasis as compared to adrenal pheochromocytoma. We present a case of a young female with history of headache, nausea/vomiting, palpitations, uncontrolled hypertension, heat intolerance and diaphoresis. The 24-hour urine catecholamine levels were elevated. Clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was made and further evaluation with Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the adrenals revealed extradrenal para-aortic retroperitoneal mass in keeping with paraganglioma. Gallium-68 DOTATE positron emission tomography-CT scan (PET-CT) confirmed the diagnosis without evidence of metastatic foci.

Clinical associations of anosognosia in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

While loss of insight of cognitive deficits is a common phenomenon in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a lack of consensus regarding the presence of impaired insight among patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We aim to investigate the clinical, cognitive, and behavioral associations of anosognosia in AD and MCI subjects.

METHODS

A consecutive series of 87 subjects (30 healthy older patients, 21 MCI, and 36 AD) each accompanied by a caregiver, underwent clinical assessment including the evaluation of insight using the Anosognosia Questionnaire for Dementia (AQD). We also separately assessed Intellectual Function (AQD-IF) and Behavior domains of the AQD scale. Regression models were subsequently used to investigate associations of AQD scores with cognitive and other neuropsychiatric symptoms, including depression and apathy.

RESULTS

Both AD and MCI groups demonstrated significant anosognosia compared with the healthy control group. In the AD group, 55.6% had "Mild Anosognosia," and 27.8% had "Severe Anosognosia." In the MCI group, 42.9% showed "Mild Anosognosia," and 9.5% had "Severe Anosognosia." Greater levels of AQD-Total and AQD-IF were associated with lower Mini-mental state examination and higher apathy scores in the AD group. In the MCI group, caregiver burden was significantly associated with AQD-Total (p = 0.016) and AQD-IF (p = 0.039).

CONCLUSION

The results indicated that anosognosia is common in both AD and MCI patients and associated with cognitive dysfunction and apathy in AD. The findings of this study warrant further research to delineate the mechanisms of anosognosia as it poses a challenge to treatment outcomes.

Effects of Grifola frondosa non-polar bioactive components on high-fat diet fed and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mice

CONTEXT

Consumption of medicinal mushrooms for disease prevention and maintaining health has a very long history in Asia. Grifola frondosa (Fr) S.F. Gray (GF) (Meripilaceae) is a medicinal fungus popularly used for enhancing immune systems, lowering blood glucose, and improving spleen, stomach, and nerve functions.

OBJECTIVE

This study examines the hypoglycemic effects of GF in vitro and in vivo, and analyzes the chemical profiles of its bioactive components.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vitro hypoglycemic effects of GF was evaluated enzymatically using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays, whereas in vivo study was conducted on high-fat diet fed and streptozotocin (HFD + STZ)-induced hyperglycemic mice. GC-MS was used to determine the chemical profiles of bioactive components.

RESULTS

The non-polar fraction of GF exhibited a stronger anti-α-glucosidase activity (IC50: 0.0332 mg/ml) than acarbose, but its anti-α-amylase activity (IC50: 0.671 mg/ml) was weaker. Oral administration of GF at 600 mg/kg (GF600) significantly lowered the blood glucose, HbA1c, average blood glucose, and serum total cholesterol levels in hyperglycemic mice. Although GF was found to contain mainly oleic acid and linoleic acid, their levels in the fungus were low, suggesting that the effects of GF on HFD + STZ-induced hyperglycemic mice could be due to factors other than these fatty acids.

CONCLUSION

These results conclude that GF possesses anti-α-glucosidase activity, and hypoglycemic effect in HFD + STZ-induced hyperglycemic mice.

Inhibitory potential of Grifola frondosa bioactive fractions on α-amylase and α-glucosidase for management of hyperglycemia

This study examined the inhibitory effects of Grifola frondosa (GF), a medicinal mushroom popularly consumed in traditional medicine and health food, on digestive enzymes related to type 2 diabetes; chemical profiles and inhibitory kinetics of its bioactive fractions were also analyzed. Results showed that all GF extracts showed weak anti-α-amylase activity; however, strong anti-α-glucosidase activity was noted on GF n-hexane extract (GF-H). Further fractionation confirmed that compared with acarbose (a commercial α-glucosidase inhibitor), the nonpolar fraction of GF possessed a stronger anti-α-glucosidase activity but a weaker anti-α-amylase activity. These activities were not derived from ergosterol and ergosterol peroxide, two major compounds of this fraction. The inhibitory kinetics of GF-H on α-glucosidase was competitive inhibition. GF-H was as good as acarbose in inhibiting the starch digestion in vitro. Oleic acid and linoleic acid could be the major active constituents that have contributed to the potency of GF in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity.

Anti-melanogenic effects of δ-tocotrienol are associated with tyrosinase-related proteins and MAPK signaling pathway in B16 melanoma cells

Tocotrienols are known to possess potent antioxidant, anticancer, and cholesterol lowering activities. Being able to rapidly penetrate the skin, these vitamin E isoforms have been explored for potential treatment against melanoma. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism involved in the anti-melanogenic effects of δ-tocotrienol (δT3) in B16 melanoma cells. Results showed that at 20 μM of δT3 significantly inhibited melanin formation and ROS generation. Treatment with δT3 also effectively suppressed the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, including MC1R, MITF, TYRP-1, and TYRP-2. More importantly, we observed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was involved in mediating δT3's inhibitory effect against melanin production. Specifically, δT3 treatment markedly induced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK). The use of ERK activation inhibitor (PD98059) abrogated the δT3-mediated downregulation expression melanogenesis-related proteins and restored melanin production. Furthermore, siRNA targeting ERK effectively blocked the δT3-induced repression of tyrosinase and TYRP-1 expression. These results suggest that δT3's inhibitory effect against melanogenesis is mediated by the activation of ERK signaling, thereby resulting in downstream repression of melanogenesis-related proteins and the subsequent melanin production. These data provide insight to δT3's effect and the targeting of ERK signaling for treatment against melanogenesis.

Changes of tocopherols, tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol, and γ-aminobutyric acid levels in the germinated brown rice of pigmented and nonpigmented cultivars

This study examined the changes of tocopherols (Toc), tocotrienols (T3), γ-oryzanol (GO), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contents in germinated brown rice (GBR) of pigmented and nonpigmented cultivars under different germination conditions. Results showed that the Toc and T3 contents in GBR were significantly different between treatments in both rice cultivars. The pigmented GBR possessed higher total vitamin E, total Toc, total T3, and GO contents than the nonpigmented GBR; however, its level of GABA was lower. The order of the three highest vitamin E homologues in pigmented and nonpigmented GBR was γ-T3 > γ-Toc > α-Toc and α-Toc > γ-T3 > α-T3, respectively; β-Toc, β-T3, δ-Toc, and δ-T3 were present in only small amounts (≤1.0 mg/kg) in GBR of both cultivars. Although both cultivars showed an increase in GABA contents with increasing germination time, the GABA content in nonpigmented GBR was higher.

Inhibitory potential of fatty acids on key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes

This study aimed to examine the inhibitory mechanisms of fatty acids on key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes, and their effects on starch digestion rate. Among the 10 fatty acids analyzed, oleic acid showed the strongest anti-α-glucosidase activity, followed by linoleic acid, and their activities were more potent than acarbose, but they possessed a weaker anti-α-amylase activity. Kinetic assays demonstrated that oleic acid and linoleic acid were competitive inhibitors, and their interactions with α-glucosidase exhibited a character of static quenching, which indicates that they would bind to α-glucosidase to form a complex. However, they had little effects on the secondary structures of α-glucosidase. In vitro study showed that oleic acid and linoleic acid were more potent than acarbose in inhibiting starch digestion. Taken together, these results conclude that oleic acid and linoleic acid possess potent inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase activity.

Immunomodulatory activities of medicinal mushroom Grifola frondosa extract and its bioactive constituent

Grifola frondosa (GF), a high value medicinal mushroom in China and Japan, is popularly consumed as traditional medicines and health foods, especially for enhancing immune functions. In this study, our aim was to examine the immunomodulatory activities of GF and its bioactive compound ergosterol peroxide (EPO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human monocytic (THP-1) cells. At low concentrations, EPO but not other extracts showed a full protection against LPS-induced cell toxicity. EPO significantly blocked MyD88 and VCAM-1 expression, and cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) production in LPS-stimulated cells. It also effectively inhibited NF-κB activation, which was further confirmed with siRNA treatment. These results conclude that EPO may play an important role in the immunomodulatory activity of GF through inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and activation of NF-κB signaling pathway.

Inhibitory effects of medicinal mushrooms on α-amylase and α-glucosidase - enzymes related to hyperglycemia

In Asia, medicinal mushrooms have been popularly used as folk medicine and functional foods. In this study, our aim was to examine the inhibitory effects of six medicinal mushrooms on key enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) related to hyperglycemia; chemical profiles of bioactive extracts were also examined. The results showed that the n-hexane extract of Coriolus versicolor had the strongest anti-α-amylase activity, while the n-hexane extract of Grifola frondosa showed the most potent anti-α-glucosidase activity. Compared with acarbose, the anti-α-amylase activity of all mushroom extracts was weaker, however a stronger anti-α-glucosidase activity was noted. GC-MS analysis showed that the magnitude of potency of inhibiting α-glucosidase activity varied with the levels of oleic acid and linoleic acid present in the extracts. These findings were consistent with the IC50 values of these free fatty acids on inhibiting α-glucosidase activity. Taken together, this study suggests that oleic acid and linoleic acid could have contributed to the potent anti-α-glucosidase activity of selected medicinal mushrooms.

Antioxidant and Antiradical Activities of Wu Ling Shen in a Cell Free System

The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antiradical activities of Wu Ling Shen, a popular medicinal fungus (Xylaria nigripes) used in traditional Chinese medicine preparations. Two different X. nigripes materials, the cultivated X. nigripes mycelia (XN) and a commercial X. nigripes product (XNP), were used to prepare the aqueous (XN-H vs. XNP-H) and ethanol (XN-E vs. XNP-E) extracts for this study. Polyphenol and total polysaccharide contents of these extracts were also examined. Results showed that extracts of XN possessed stronger antioxidant and antiradical activities than XNP in all tested model systems. However, all extracts exhibited a weak activity in metal chelation and reducing power. Total antioxidant activity of XN extracts (IC50 6.20 μg/ml for XN-H and 5.41 μg/ml for XN-E), but not XNP extracts (IC50 128.13 μg/ml for XNP-H and 96.16 μg/ml for XNP-E), was more potent than Trolox (IC50 19.64 μg/ml) and vitamin C (IC50 26.39 μg/ml). XN-E (IC50 5.12 μg/ml) and XNP-E (IC50 8.89 μg/ml) possessed a relatively similar potency as that of positive controls (IC50 6.94 μg/ml for Trolox and 4.25 μg/ml for vitamin C) in the superoxide radical scavenging activity. Although the DPPH radical scavenging of XN extracts was weaker than that of Trolox and vitamin C, it was about eight times more potent than that of XNP extracts. In ABTS assay, both XN and XNP extracts exhibited a moderate ABTS radical scavenging activity. Among the different extracts, XN-E showed the highest total flavonoid (32.69 mg/g) and phenol (59.75 mg/g) contents, while XNP-H (7.50% w/w) had the highest level in total polysaccharide content. These results conclude that XN-E possesses the most potent antioxidant and antiradical activities, and that these activities could be derived from its high polyphenol content, but not the level of polysaccharides.

Armillariella melleaShows Anti-inflammatory Activity by Inhibiting the Expression of NO, iNOS, COX-2 and Cytokines in THP-1 Cells

Armillariella mellea (AM), also known as Mi-Huan-Ku, a popular medicinal fungus used in the traditional Chinese medicine for treating headache, neurasthenia and insomnia. In the present study, our aim was to determine the effects of aqueous (AAM) and ethanol (EAM) extracts of A. mellea on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response by measuring the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2) protein expression, cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-8) formation, nitric oxide (NO) release and prostaglandin (PGE2) production in human monocytic (THP-1) cells. At concentration of 100 μg/ml, EAM, but not AAM, effectively protected against LPS-induced cell death in THP-1 cells. At concentrations of 10~100 μg/ml, EAM showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity as demonstrated by a dose-dependent inhibition of LPS (1 μg/ml)-induced release of NO and PGE2, and significantly decreased the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines. EAM at 100 μg/ml significantly blocked the LPS induction of iNOS and COX-2 expression, but not COX-1. Therefore, the protective effect of EAM against LPS-induced inflammatory mediators release could explain, at least in part, its effectiveness in alleviating certain inflammatory related diseases.

Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Peh-Hue-Juwa-Chi-Cao in a Cell Free System

In traditional Chinese medicine preparations, Hedyotis diffusa (HD), Hedyotis corymbosa (HC) and Mollugo pentaphylla (MP) are often used interchangeably under the name of "Peh-Hue-Juwa-Chi-Cao (PHJCC)." Although studies have been conducted to characterize the therapeutic activities of these different plant species, their antioxidant activity has never been investigated. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of these three different plant materials. At a concentration of 10 mg/ml, results showed that HD possesses the strongest inhibition on the FeCl2-ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate, followed by HC and MP. MP showed a weak anti-lipid peroxidation activity at 1 and 3 mg/ml. Using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) analysis, the order of superoxide anion scavenging activity was HC>HD>MP. However, MP was found to have the greatest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity compared to HC and HD. In conclusion, all three species used as PHJCC in Taiwan exhibited different antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities; these differences could explain, at least in part, the variation in therapeutic properties of PHJCC products in the market.

Comparative effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction, α-tocopherol and α-tocopheryl acetate on inflammatory mediators and nuclear factor kappa B expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages

The effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), α-tocopherol (T) and α-tocopheryl acetate (TA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in mouse peritoneal macrophages were examined. Results showed that at 5-30 μg/ml, all test compounds plus 1 μg/ml LPS exhibited no cytotoxic effects on macrophage cells. Compared with T and TA, TRF showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity as demonstrated by its potency in inhibiting the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6) production. At 10 μg/ml, it significantly blocked the LPS induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, but has no effect on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). Furthermore, TRF also showed a greater inhibition on the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression than T and TA. These results suggest that TRF could be a better agent than T and TA for use in the prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Characteristics and antioxidant activities of silymarin nanoparticles

Silymarin, a well known hepatoprotective drug, has been routinely used in treating liver disorders. However, its bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency are limited by the poor aqueous solubility. In this study, we used the nanoprecipitation technique to develop a nanoparticles system to improve the solubility of silymarin. The newly developed silymarin nanoparticles were characterized for mean particle size, morphology, intermolecular interaction, crystalline features and dissolution property, as well as assessing for antioxidant activities. Results indicated that a drastic change in the physiochemical properties of silymarin was noted in the form of nanoparticles, as displayed by the extremely small particle size (46.1 +/- 1.73 nm), the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between silymarin and matrix of nanoparticles, and the rendering of amorphous state. These phenomena have contributed to the enhanced dissolution property of silymarin nanoparticles, as well as a greater potency in DPPH radical scavenging, anti-superoxide anion formation, and superoxide anion scavenging activities than the crude silymarin. The present study concludes that silymarin nanoparticles have an improved physicochemical property as demonstrated by an increased solubility and enhanced antioxidant activities.

Immunomodulatory properties of Xylaria nigripes in peritoneal macrophage cells of Balb/c mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Wu Ling Shen, a folklore name for Xylaria nigripes (XN), is a high value medicinal fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine.

AIM OF STUDY

The present study aimed to examine the immunomodulatory properties of aqueous (XN-H) and ethanol (XN-E) XN extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritoneal macrophage cells of Balb/c mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

After treating the macrophage cells with LPS (1 μg/ml) and different XN extracts, the immunomodulatory properties were determined by the responses of inflammatory mediators, namely nitrite oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) and cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ) production, iNOS, COX-2 and IκB-α expression, and NF-κB activation.

RESULTS

Results showed that treatment of macrophages with 5-30 μg/ml of XN-H or XN-E plus 1 μg/ml LPS exhibited no cytotoxic effect on cell viability. At these concentrations, although both XN-H and XN-E showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on NO, PGE(2), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ production in LPS-stimulated macrophages, a greater potency was noted in the XN-H treated group. RT-PCR assay also showed that XN-H possessed a greater inhibition than XN-E on iNOS and COX-2 RNA expression. Furthermore, XN-H also showed a significant stronger suppression than XN-E on the LPS-induced IκB-α phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. XN-E showed a higher total flavonoid and phenol contents but a lower β-glucan content than XN-H.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these results conclude that XN-H possesses a stronger anti-inflammatory activity than XN-E, and its mechanism of action could be mediated by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 expression via the NF-κB signaling pathway, and these activities could be contributed by the β-glucan content.

Hydrolysable tannins of tropical almond show antifibrotic effects in TGF-β1-induced hepatic stellate cells

BACKGROUND

Persistent activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6) has been known to cause liver fibrosis. In this study, our objective was to investigate the effects of chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid, two hydrolysable tannins of tropical almond (Terminalia chebula) fruits, on collagen synthesis and signal transduction in transforming growth factor-β1-stimulated HSC-T6 cells. The expression of Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, collagen I(α1)/III, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) mRNAs was determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and their protein levels were assessed by western blotting.

RESULTS

Results showed that chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid at 20 µmol L(-1) exhibited cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects on HSC-T6 cells. They also significantly decreased the expression of Smd2, Smad3 and Smad4, and the synthesis of collagen, procollagen I (α1) and III, as well as suppressing the activation of PAI-1; these events consequently facilitated the resolution of fibrosis.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that both chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid possess antifibrotic activity, and their mechanism of action could be through the inhibition of the Smad pathway.

Quantification of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and γ-oryzanol contents and their distribution in some commercial rice varieties in Taiwan

The eight vitamin E isomers [α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols (T) and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienols (T3)] and γ-oryzanol are known to possess diverse biological activities. This study examined the contents of these compounds and their distribution in 16 commercial rice varieties in Taiwan. Results showed that the order of vitamin E, total T, total T3, and γ-oryzanol contents was rice bran > brown rice > rice husk > polished rice. γ-T3 was the highest vitamin E isomer present in all rice samples, while β-T, β-T3, δ-T, and δ-T3 were present in trace amounts. The Japonica varieties contained a higher total T, total T3, and γ-oryzanol than the Indica varieties. They also have a higher level of α-T and α-T3 but a lower level of γ-T and γ-T3 than the Indica varieties. However, no obvious difference in total T, total T3, and γ-oryzanol content was noted between black- and red-colored rice varieties.

Antiproliferative Activity of Cinnamomum cassia Constituents and Effects of Pifithrin-Alpha on Their Apoptotic Signaling Pathways in Hep G2 Cells

Cinnamaldehyde (Cin), cinnamic acid (Ca) and cinnamyl alcohol (Cal), major constituents of Cinnamomum cassia, have been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and other activities. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of these compounds in human hepatoma Hep G2 cells and examine the effects of pifithrin-alpha (PFTα; a specific p53 inhibitor) on their apoptotic signaling transduction mechanism. The antiproliferative activity was measured by XTT assay. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins was detected by western blotting. Results showed that at a concentration of 30 μM, the order of antiproliferative activity in Hep G2 cells was Cin > Ca > Cal. Cin (IC(50) 9.76 ± 0.67 μM) demonstrated an antiproliferative potency as good as 5-fluorouracil (an anti-cancer drug; IC(50) 9.57 ± 0.61 μM). Further studies on apoptotic mechanisms of Cin showed that it downregulated the expression of Bcl-(XL), upregulated CD95 (APO-1), p53 and Bax proteins, as well as cleaving the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in a time-dependent pattern. PFTα pre-incubation significantly diminished the effect of Cin-induced apoptosis. It markedly upregulated the anti-apoptotic (Bcl-(XL)) expression and downregulated the pro-apoptotic (Bax) expression, as well as effectively blocking the CD95 (APO-1) and p53 expression, and PARP cleavage in Cin-treated cells. This study indicates that Cin was the most potent antiproliferative constituent of C. cassia, and its apoptotic mechanism in Hep G2 cells could be mediated through the p53 induction and CD95 (APO-1) signaling pathways.

Resveratrol arrests cell cycle and induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh-7 cells

Resveratrol has been shown to possess anticancer, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activities. In this study, we examined the antiproliferative properties of resveratrol and its molecular mechanism(s) of action in Huh-7 cells, a new human hepatoma cell line system for hepatitis C virus. Results showed that resveratrol significantly inhibited Huh-7 cell proliferation (50% inhibitory concentration = 22.4 μg/mL) and effectively induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. It up-regulated p21/WAF1 expression in a p53-independent manner, but the expressions of cyclin E, cyclin A, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 were down-regulated. It also caused an increase in the ratio of pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic protein, which was associated with the mitochondrial membrane depolarization and the increase in caspase activity. Resveratrol showed no effect on Fas, Fas ligand, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and p38 expression but down-regulated phospho-ERK and phospho-p38 expression. In addition, resveratrol was noted to trigger autophagic cell death through the increased expression of autophagy-related Atg5, Atg7, Atg9, and Atg12 proteins. These results suggest that resveratrol could be an important chemoprevention agent for hepatoma of hepatitis C virus infection.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationship study of deoxybenzoins on relaxing effects of porcine coronary artery

Deoxybenzoins are potent antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors with potential to be developed as food preservatives and cosmetic ingredients. To explore the potential in cardiovascular protection, 25 polyphenolic deoxybenzoins were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory effects on KCl-induced porcine coronary arterial contraction. The results revealed deoxybenzoins are significant inhibitors of KCl-induced arterial contraction. Among those synthesized, two-thirds of the deoxybenzoins exhibited moderate to good efficacy on relaxing contracted artery including 2,4-dihydroxydeoxybenzoin with EC50=3.30 μM (Emax=100%, n=7) and 2,4-dihydroxy-4'-methoxydeoxybenzoin EC50=3.70 μM (Emax=100%, n=5). Deoxybenzoins displayed an endothelium-dependent relaxing manner on the contracted artery; the contractile responses of neither endothelium denuded nor L-NAME deactivated rings were inhibited. The structure-activity relationships of deoxybenzoin on arterial relaxing effects concluded that the 2,4-dihydroxylated deoxybenzoins presented a potential vascular relaxing pharmacophore, with favoring substitution on ring B in the order of H≥p-OMe>p-OH>o-OMe>m,p-diOMe≥m-OMe.

Tocotrienols Inhibited Growth and Induced Apoptosis in Human HeLa Cells Through the Cell Cycle Signaling Pathway

Tocotrienols of palm oil have been shown to possess potent neuroprotective, antioxidative, anticancer, and cholesterol-lowering activities. In this study, the authors examined the antiproliferative effects of α-, γ- and δ-tocotrienols (αT3, γT3, and δT3), and α-tocopherol (αT) in human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. Their mechanism(s) of action on cell cycle signaling pathway were also investigated. Results showed that the antiproliferative effect of αT3 (IC50: 3.19 ± 0.05 µM) and γT3 (IC 50: 2.85 ± 0.07 µM) was more potent than δT3 (IC 50: >100 µM) and αT (IC50: 69.46 ± 3.01 µM). Both αT3 and γT3 also demonstrated a dose-dependent and time-dependent induction of cell death.They caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and triggered apoptosis as displayed by the externalization of annexin V—targeted phosphatidylserine and accumulation of sub-G1 peak. At a concentration of 3 µM, αT3 downregulated the expression of cyclin D3, p16, and CDK6, while having no effect on cyclin D1, p15, p21, p27, and CDK4 expression. However, γT3 showed no effect on these proteins. The induction of HeLa cell apoptosis by αT3 and γT3 appeared to be associated with the expression of IL-6, but not the other cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-10).Taken together, the results suggest that αT3 and γT3 are more effective than δT3 and αT in inhibiting HeLa cell proliferation, and their mode of action could be through the upregulation of IL-6, and the downregulation of cyclin D3, p16, and CDK6 expression in the cell cycle signaling pathway.

Chlorophyll a, an active anti-proliferative compound of Ludwigia octovalvis, activates the CD95 (APO-1/CD95) system and AMPK pathway in 3T3-L1 cells

Ludwigia octovalvis is an aquatic plant widely distributed in Taiwan. It is traditionally used as a diuretic and is consumed as health drink. In this study, we evaluated the anti-proliferative activity of extracts and active constituent (chlorophyll a; CHL-a) of L. octovalvis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes; its mode of action on apoptosis was also investigated. Results showed that, among the different extracts and fractions, the ethylacetate layer (EAL) possessed the most potent anti-proliferative activity. Activity guided fractionation of the EAL obtained the bioactive constituent CHL-a (IC50: 24.10+/-0.83 nM). At concentrations 5-30 nM, CHL-a exhibited a dose-dependent accumulation of the Sub-G1 peak and caused cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. At 30 nM, it significantly reduced the cell viability, induced the appearance of DNA fragments, and enhanced the activation of caspase-3. Western blot data revealed that CHL-a decreased the level of Bcl-2, and increased the expression of CD95 (APO-1/CD95) and Bax. Furthermore, CHL-a up-regulated the AMPK and p-AMPK levels, and down-regulated the expression of PPAR-gamma. These results conclude that CHL-a possesses potent anti-proliferative activity, and its apoptotic effects on 3T3-L1 adipocytes are mediated through the activation of CD95 (APO-1/CD95) system and the AMPK signaling pathway.

Effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction on exercise endurance capacity and oxidative stress in forced swimming rats

The present study aimed to examine the effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on exercise endurance and oxidative stress in forced swimming rats. Rats fed on isocaloric diet were orally given 25 (TRF-25) and 50 (TRF-50) mg/kg of TRF, or 25 mg/kg D-alpha-tocopherol (T-25) whilst the control group received only the vehicle for 28 days, followed by being forced to undergo swimming endurance tests, with measurements taken of various biochemical parameters, including blood glucose, lactate and urea nitrogen, glycogen, total antioxidant capacity, antioxidant enzymes, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and protein carbonyl. Results showed that the TRF-treated animals (268.0 +/- 24.1 min for TRF-25 and 332.5 +/- 24.3 min for TRF-50) swam significantly longer than the control (135.5 +/- 32.9 min) and T-25-treated (154.1 +/- 36.4 min) animals, whereas there was no difference in the performance between the T-25 and control groups. The TRF-treated rats also showed significantly higher concentrations of liver glycogen, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as of muscle glycogen and SOD than the control and the T-25-treated animals, but lower levels in blood lactate, plasma and liver TBARS, and liver and muscle protein carbonyl. Taken together, these results suggest that TRF is able to improve the physiological condition and reduce the exercise-induced oxidative stress in forced swimming rats.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extract of Physalis peruviana induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung cancer H661 cells

Physalis peruviana L. (PP) is a popular folk medicine used for treating cancer, leukemia, hepatitis, rheumatism and other diseases. In this study, our objectives were to examine the total flavonoid and phenol content of different PP extracts (aqueous: HWEPP; ethanolic: EEPP; supercritical carbon dioxide: SCEPP-0, SCEPP-4 and SCEPP-5) and their antiproliferative effects in human lung cancer H661 cells. Among all the extracts tested, results showed that SCEPP-5 possessed the highest total flavonoid (226.19 +/- 4.15 mg/g) and phenol (100.82 +/- 6.25 mg/g) contents. SCEPP-5 also demonstrated the most potent inhibitory effect on H661 cell proliferation. Using DNA ladder and flow cytometry analysis, SCEPP-5 effectively induced H661 cell apoptosis as demonstrated by the accumulation of Sub-G1 peak and fragmentation of DNA. SCEPP-5 not only induced cell cycle arrest at S phase, it also up-regulated the expression of pro-apoptotic protein (Bax) and down-regulated the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP). Furthermore, the apoptotic induction in H661 cells was found to associate with an elevated p53 protein expression, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. Taken together, these results conclude that SCEPP-5 induced cell cycle arrest at S phase, and its apoptotic induction could be mediated through the p53-dependent pathway and modification of Bax and XIAP proteins expression. The results have also provided important pharmacological backgrounds for the potential use of PP supercritical fluid extract as products for cancer prevention.