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Mitochondrial complex I activity in microglia sustains neuroinflammation. Nature 2024; 628:195-203. [PMID: 38480879 PMCID: PMC10990929 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Sustained smouldering, or low-grade activation, of myeloid cells is a common hallmark of several chronic neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis1. Distinct metabolic and mitochondrial features guide the activation and the diverse functional states of myeloid cells2. However, how these metabolic features act to perpetuate inflammation of the central nervous system is unclear. Here, using a multiomics approach, we identify a molecular signature that sustains the activation of microglia through mitochondrial complex I activity driving reverse electron transport and the production of reactive oxygen species. Mechanistically, blocking complex I in pro-inflammatory microglia protects the central nervous system against neurotoxic damage and improves functional outcomes in an animal disease model in vivo. Complex I activity in microglia is a potential therapeutic target to foster neuroprotection in chronic inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system3.
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Mitochondrial reverse electron transport in myeloid cells perpetuates neuroinflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.574059. [PMID: 38260262 PMCID: PMC10802366 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.574059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Sustained smouldering, or low grade, activation of myeloid cells is a common hallmark of several chronic neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) 1 . Distinct metabolic and mitochondrial features guide the activation and the diverse functional states of myeloid cells 2 . However, how these metabolic features act to perpetuate neuroinflammation is currently unknown. Using a multiomics approach, we identified a new molecular signature that perpetuates the activation of myeloid cells through mitochondrial complex II (CII) and I (CI) activity driving reverse electron transport (RET) and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Blocking RET in pro-inflammatory myeloid cells protected the central nervous system (CNS) against neurotoxic damage and improved functional outcomes in animal disease models in vivo . Our data show that RET in myeloid cells is a potential new therapeutic target to foster neuroprotection in smouldering inflammatory CNS disorders 3 .
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Endogenous CO 2 ice mixture on the surface of Europa and no detection of plume activity. Science 2023; 381:1305-1308. [PMID: 37733858 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Jupiter's moon Europa has a subsurface ocean beneath an icy crust. Conditions within the ocean are unknown, and it is unclear whether it is connected to the surface. We observed Europa with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to search for active release of material by probing its surface and atmosphere. A search for plumes yielded no detection of water, carbon monoxide, methanol, ethane, or methane fluorescence emissions. Four spectral features of carbon dioxide (CO2) ice were detected; their spectral shapes and distribution across Europa's surface indicate that the CO2 is mixed with other compounds and concentrated in Tara Regio. The 13CO2 absorption is consistent with an isotopic ratio of 12C/13C = 83 ± 19. We interpret these observations as indicating that carbon is sourced from within Europa.
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Gasdermin D deficiency delays atherogenesis but stimulates plaque apoptosis in ApoE-/- mice. Atherosclerosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Can Anal Cytology Be a Tool in Following Patients Treated for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anus? Am Surg 2022; 88:1621-1625. [PMID: 35258352 DOI: 10.1177/00031348221080426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is associated with human papillomavirus infection and preceded by high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Following successful treatment, the standard of care is to surveille for local recurrence with both anoscopy and digital rectal examination. While high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) has been shown to identify HSIL during the surveillance period, it requires specialized training and resources.1 The burden of these resources may be reduced by conducting surveillance with anal cytology. We studied 2 questions: (1) Can anal cytology identify HSIL in patients after successful treatment of SCCA? (2) Can HSIL be found with anal cytology after completion of chemoradiation for SCCA? METHODS Patient charts were queried for diagnosis of SCCA. Patients were excluded if they were not successfully treated for cure or if patients had not been seen in the surveillance period of 5 years following treatment. Descriptive statistics were elucidated. RESULTS 104 patient charts met inclusion criteria. 81 were surveilled using standard of care, while 23 were followed with standard of care plus anal cytology. 5 patients followed with cytology demonstrated HSIL. 2/5 were found via cytology, 1/5 via HRA, and 2/5 patients via exam under anesthesia and biopsy. DISCUSSION This study demonstrated that HSIL was identified cytologically in the surveillance period. There may be utility in using anal cytology to identify HSIL in patients during this period in lieu of the specialized resources required for HRA. This may allow dysplasia to be treated with excision and fulguration prior to redevelopment of SCCA.
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129: eQUIP-CR revisited: Reflecting on past projects and addressing ongoing improvement needs in a changing environment. J Cyst Fibros 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The impact of HIPEC on the anticancer immune response. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy487.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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62 Time of Wrapping and the Use of Fermentation Enhancers on Forage Preservation Characteristics of Annual Ryegrass Baleage. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky027.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tolerability of ADXS11-001 Lm-LLO Listeria-Based Immunotherapy With Mitomycin, Fluorouracil, and Radiation for Anal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 100:1175-1178. [PMID: 29722659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To obtain safety and preliminary efficacy data of the combination of ADXS11-001, live attenuated Listeria monocytogenes bacterium, with mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and intensity modulated radiation therapy in locally advanced anal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligibility included patients with previously untreated, nonmetastatic anal cancer with a primary tumor >4 cm or node-positive disease. Patients received 2 cycles of mitomycin and 5-FU concurrent with 54.0 Gy intensity modulated radiation therapy. One intravenous dose of ADXS11-001 (1 × 109 colony-forming units) was administered before chemoradiation; 3 additional monthly doses were given after chemoradiation. RESULTS Ten patients were treated, including 1 with N2 and 4 with N3 disease. Two patients had grade 3 acute toxicities after the initial dose of ADXS11-001, including chills/rigors (n = 2), back pain (n = 1), and hyponatremia (n = 1). All ADXS11-001 toxicities occurred within 24 hours of administration. There was no apparent increase in chemoradiation toxicities or myelosuppression. One patient had a grade 5 cardiopulmonary event shortly after beginning 5-FU treatment. All 9 assessable patients had complete clinical responses by sigmoidoscopy. Eight of 9 patients (89%) are progression-free at a median follow-up of 42 months. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary data show that ADXS11-001 can be safely administered with standard chemoradiation for anal cancer. Further studies of listeria-based immunotherapy with radiation are warranted.
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ADXS11-001 Lm-LLO Immunotherapy, Mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for Anal Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e15072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e15072 Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is present in the majority of anal cancer. ADXS11-001 Lm-LLO immunotherapy is a live attenuated Listeria monocytogenes ( Lm) bioengineered to secrete a HPV-16-E7 fusion protein targeting HPV transformed cells. The Lmvector is phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells where it cross presents, stimulating MHC class 1 and 2 pathways resulting in specific T-cell immunity. The objective of this study was to determine the safety of ADXS11-001 with mitomycin, 5-FU and IMRT (chemoradiation therapy, CRT) and obtain preliminary data on progression free survival (PFS) in locally advanced anal cancer. Methods: Eligibility included patients (pts) with anal squamous cell cancer and stages T1N2-N3; T2( < 4 cm)N1-N3; T2(≥4cm)N0-N3, T3N0-3, T4N0-3; without evidence of metastases. Pts received standard 54 Gy IMRT with 2 cycles of mitomycin and 5-FU. ADXS11-001, 1x109colony forming units IV, was given x 1 dose before CRT then x 3 additional monthly doses after CRT. Results: The study enrolled the first pt in April 2013. Ten patients were treated (median age 62.5, range 37-71) including 5 with pelvic adenopathy. Two patients had grade 3 toxicities related to the vaccine including chills/rigors (n = 2), back pain (n = 1), hyponatremia (n = 1). All toxicities were within 24 hours of the vaccine and resolved successfully with standard care. There was no exacerbation of CRT toxicities or myelosuppression. One patient had a grade 5 cardiopulmonary event shortly after beginning 5-FU treatment which was judged to be unlikely related to ADXS11-001and possibly related to CRT. Eight patients treated on the study had a complete response at six-month sigmoidoscopy. One additional patient who did not undergo six-month sigmoidoscopy had complete response on sigmoidoscopy performed at approximately one year. Eight of 9 patients (89%) are disease-free at a median follow-up of 34 months. Conclusions: ADXS11-001 can be safely administered with CRT for anal cancer. Promising PFS was observed in patients with locally advanced disease. Clinical trial information: NCT01671488.
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Angiotensin II increases coronary fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy and the incidence of myocardial infarctions in ApoE<sup>-/-</sup>Fbn1<sup>C1039G+/-</sup> mice. Acta Cardiol 2016; 71:483-8. [PMID: 27594365 DOI: 10.2143/ac.71.4.3159703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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The posterior HOXD locus: Its contribution to phenotype and malignancy of Ewing sarcoma. Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)32726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Changes in IUD uptake with the availability of a low-cost levonorgestrel IUD — a retrospective review of Title X clinics. Contraception 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cholesterol-independent effects of atorvastatin prevent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a novel murine model of atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Atherosclerosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Uncovering mouse immune cell dynamics in blood and tissue reservoirs during atherogenesis: implications for therapeutic intervention? Atherosclerosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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A novel, blocking, Fc-silent anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody prolongs nonhuman primate renal allograft survival in the absence of B cell depletion. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2825-36. [PMID: 26139432 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD40-CD154 pathway blockade prolongs renal allograft survival in nonhuman primates (NHPs). However, antibodies targeting CD154 were associated with an increased incidence of thromboembolic complications. Antibodies targeting CD40 prolong renal allograft survival in NHPs without thromboembolic events but with accompanying B cell depletion, raising the question of the relative contribution of B cell depletion to the efficacy of anti-CD40 blockade. Here, we investigated whether fully silencing Fc effector functions of an anti-CD40 antibody can still promote graft survival. The parent anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody HCD122 prolonged allograft survival in MHC-mismatched cynomolgus monkey renal allograft transplantation (52, 22, and 24 days) with accompanying B cell depletion. Fc-silencing yielded CFZ533, an antibody incapable of B cell depletion but still able to potently inhibit CD40 pathway activation. CFZ533 prolonged allograft survival and function up to a defined protocol endpoint of 98-100 days (100, 100, 100, 98, and 76 days) in the absence of B cell depletion and preservation of good histological graft morphology. CFZ533 was well-tolerated, with no evidence of thromboembolic events or CD40 pathway activation and suppressed a gene signature associated with acute rejection. Thus, use of the Fc-silent anti-CD40 antibody CFZ533 appears to be an attractive approach for preventing solid organ transplant rejection.
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Preclinical Development of an Anti-NaPi2b (SLC34A2) Antibody-Drug Conjugate as a Therapeutic for Non-Small Cell Lung and Ovarian Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5139-50. [PMID: 26156394 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) selectively deliver a cytotoxic drug to cells expressing an accessible antigenic target. Here, we have appended monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) to an antibody recognizing the SLC34A2 gene product NaPi2b, the type II sodium-phosphate cotransporter, which is highly expressed on tumor surfaces of the lung, ovary, and thyroid as well as on normal lung pneumocytes. This study evaluated its efficacy and safety in preclinical studies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The efficacy of anti-NaPi2b ADC was evaluated in mouse ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor xenograft models, and its toxicity was assessed in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS We show here that an anti-NaPi2b ADC is effective in mouse ovarian and NSCLC tumor xenograft models and well-tolerated in rats and cynomolgus monkeys at levels in excess of therapeutic doses. Despite high levels of expression in normal lung of non-human primate, the cross-reactive ADC exhibited an acceptable safety profile with a dose-limiting toxicity unrelated to normal tissue target expression. The nonproliferative nature of normal pneumocytes, together with the antiproliferative mechanism of MMAE, likely mitigates the potential liability of this normal tissue expression. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our preclinical results suggest that the ADC targeting NaPi2b provides an effective new therapy for the treatment of NSCLC and ovarian cancer and is currently undergoing clinical developments.
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Fibrillin-1 impairment enhances blood–brain barrier permeability and xanthoma formation in brains of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Neuroscience 2015; 295:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
B7-H4 has been implicated in cancers of the female reproductive system and investigated for its possible use as a biomarker for cancer, but there are no preclinical studies to demonstrate that B7-H4 is a molecular target for therapeutic intervention of cancer. We provide evidence that the prevalence and expression levels of B7-H4 are high in different subtypes of breast cancer and that only a few normal tissues express B7-H4 on the cell membrane. These profiles of low normal expression and upregulation in cancer provide an opportunity for the use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), cytotoxic drugs chemically linked to antibodies, for the treatment of B7-H4 positive cancers. We have developed an ADC specific to B7-H4 that uses a linker drug consisting of a potent antimitotic, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), linked to engineered cysteines (THIOMAB) via a protease labile linker. We will refer to ADCs that use the THIOMAB format as TDCs to help distinguish the format from standard MC-vc-MMAE ADCs that are conjugated to the interchain disulfide bonds. Anti-B7-H4 (h1D11)-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE (h1D11 TDC) produced durable tumor regression in cell line and patient-derived xenograft models of triple-negative breast cancer. It also binds rat B7-H4 with similar affinity to human and allowed us to test for target dependent toxicity in rats. We found that our anti-B7-H4 TDC has toxicity findings similar to untargeted TDC. Our results validate B7-H4 as an ADC target for breast cancer and support the possible use of this TDC in the treatment of B7-H4(+) breast cancer.
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Effect of mental stress on atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, myocardial infarction and survival in mice. Atherosclerosis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Complete neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer (CONTRE): A Brown University Oncology Research Group phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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MAPK Pathway Inhibition Enhances the Efficacy of an Anti-Endothelin B Receptor Drug Conjugate by Inducing Target Expression in Melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1599-610. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Heterogeneity of colorectal cancer (CRC) in reference to KRAS proto-oncogene utilizing wave technology. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e14637 Background: The use of Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor monotherapy in patients that have KRAS wild type has produced response rates of only 10-20%. We propose two possible explanations to explain these low response rates; 1) levels of resistant CRC cells carrying mutated KRAS are below the sensitivity of standard direct sequencing modalities (<5%) or 2) the standard practice of analyzing a single area within a heterogeneous tumor is a practice that can overlook areas with mutated KRAS. Methods: In a collaborative effort with Lifespan Pathology Department and the Molecular Pathology Core of the COBRE for Cancer Research Development, 3 FFPE tissue blocks of human CRC were obtained. The three specimens previously demonstrated KRAS mutations detected by the Applied Biosystems Kit. The Wave system 4500 (High performance ion-pairing liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC)) was utilized to evaluate tissue for presence of KRAS proto-oncogene mutations at codon 12 and 13. Results: Initially, sensitivity of WAVE technology was compared with direct sequencing by evaluating a dilutional series. WAVE detected mutant alleles at levels of 2.5% compared to 20% performed with standard direct sequencing. Samples from 3 patients were evaluated by WAVE technology. 8 samples from patient 1 were analyzed. In 2 of 8 samples, no mutations were detected at concentrations as low as 5%. In one sample a mutation was noted by WAVE and not by direct sequencing. All 4 samples from patient 2 tested positive for Exon 12/13 mutations. Of the 7 samples from patient 3, 5 were positive for Exon 12/13 mutations and 2 were negative for Exon 12/13 mutations. Conclusions: Results demonstrated a greater degree of sensitivity in mutation detection when compared to standard sequencing. These studies also demonstrated heterogeneity of expression of KRAS mutations between areas of the tissue samples at a genomic level. The low clinical response rates to EGFR inhibition might be explained by the variation in mutation presence, which was dependent upon the region examined. The heterogeneity demonstrated in these studies provides another phenotypic variant that will impact clinical care.
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Total antibody quantification for MMAE-conjugated antibody-drug conjugates: impact of assay format and reagents. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:772-9. [PMID: 23578050 DOI: 10.1021/bc300491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are target-specific anticancer agents consisting of cytotoxic drugs covalently linked to a monoclonal antibody. The number of ADCs in the clinic is growing, and therefore thorough characterization of the quantitative assays used to measure ADC concentrations in support of pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and safety studies is of increasing importance. Cytotoxic drugs such as the tubulin polymerization inhibiting auristatin, monomethyl auristatin E, have been conjugated to antibodies via cleavable linkers (MC-vc-PAB) through internal cysteines. This results in a heterogeneous mixture of antibody species with drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR) ranging from 0 to 8. In order to characterize the assays used to quantitate total MC-vc-PAB-MMAE ADCs (conjugated and unconjugated antibody), we used purified fractions with defined DARs from 6 therapeutic antibodies to evaluate different assay formats and reagents. Our investigations revealed that for quantitation of total antibody, including all unconjugated and conjugated antibody species, sandwich ELISA formats did not always allow for recovery of all purified DAR fractions (DAR 0-8) to within ±20% of the expected values at the reagent concentrations tested. In evaluating alternative approaches, we found that the recovery of DAR fractions with semihomogeneous assay (SHA) formats, in which sample, capture, and detection reagents are preincubated in solution, were less affected by the antibody's MMAE drug load as compared to traditional stepwise sandwich ELISAs. Thus, choosing the optimal assay format and reagents for total antibody assays is valuable for developing accurate quantitative assays.
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Blocking NRG1 and Other Ligand-Mediated Her4 Signaling Enhances the Magnitude and Duration of the Chemotherapeutic Response of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:171ra18. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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A phase II study of complete neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer (CONTRE): The Brown University Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.4_suppl.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
335 Background: While preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery is the standard approach for patients (pts) with newly diagnosed clinical stage II-III rectal cancer, many are unable to tolerate postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy which may compromise disease-free and overall survival. CONTRE is a multicenter phase II study designed to determine the feasibility of administering all chemotherapy prior to surgery and to assess its impact on pathologic complete response (pCR) and complete (R0) resection Methods: Pts with T3-4 and/or N1-2 rectal cancer, staged by endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) and pelvic MRI, receive modified (m) FOLFOX6 every 2 weeks x 8 cycles, followed by repeat MRI and proctoscopy to assess response. Pts then receive 50.4 Gy IMRT with 5-FU 225 mg/m2/day or capecitabine 825mg/m2 BID, 5 days per week during radiation, followed by surgery 4-8 weeks later. Results: Thus far, we have enrolled 36 of a planned 39 pts (median age 58, range 30-79; T2-1, T3-30, T4-2; N1-20, N2-7). 28 of the first 30 (93%) completed 8 cycles of mFOLFOX6. 26 pts have completed chemoradiation while 2 chose to proceed directly to surgery. All patients opted to receive capecitabine during radiation. Grade 3/4 toxicities during chemotherapy and chemoradiation have included diarrhea (16%) and neutropenia (12%), with grade 3 renal and cardiac toxicities reported in one patient each. A clinical complete response after chemotherapy alone was achieved in 3 of 29 (10%). Of the first 21 pts undergoing surgery, pCR has been achieved in 6 (29%) and R0 resections in 100%. Thus far, all pts have been able to undergo sphincter-sparing resections. Study accrual will be completed by the meeting. Conclusions: A larger proportion of stage II-III rectal cancer pts are able to complete mFOLFOX6 (>90% in our cohort) when administered prior to chemoradiation and surgery. Complete neoadjuvant treatment may represent a well-tolerated alternative to the current standard treatment sequence and a platform for the evaluation of novel therapeutics such as targeted agents during preoperative therapy. Funded in part by LIFEcycle, Inc. Clinical trial information: NCT01363843.
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Canadian Surgery Forum1 Is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy a reasonable stand-alone procedure for super morbidly obese patients?2 Postoperative monitoring requirements of patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing bariatric surgery3 Role of relaparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of bariatric complications in the early postoperative period4 Changes of active and total ghrelin, GLP-1 and PYY following restrictive bariatric surgery and their impact on satiety: comparison of sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric banding5 Prioritization and willingness to pay for bariatric surgery: the patient perspective6 Ventral hernia at the time of laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery: Should it be repaired?7 Linear stapled gastrojejunostomy with transverse handsewn enterotomy closure significantly reduces strictures for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y bypass8 Laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch as second stage for super super morbidly obese patients. Do all patients benefit?9 Sleeve gastrectomy in the super super morbidly obese (BMI > 60 kg/m2): a Canadian experience10 Laparoscopic gastric bypass for the treatment of refractory idiopathic gastroparesis: a report of 2 cases11 Duodeno-ileal switch as a primary bariatric and metabolic surgical option for the severely obese patient with comorbidities: review of a single-institution case series of duodeno-ileal intestinal bypass12 Management of large paraesophageal hernias in morbidly obese patients with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a case series13 Early results of the Ontario bariatric surgical program: using the bariatric registry14 Improving access to bariatric surgical care: Is universal health care the answer?15 Early and liberal postoperative exploration can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing bariatric surgery16 Withdrawn17 Identification and assessment of technical errors in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass18 A valid and reliable tool for assessment of surgical skill in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass19 Psychiatric predictors of presurgery drop-out following suitability assessment for bariatric surgery20 Predictors of outcomes following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery at The Ottawa Hospital21 Prophylactic management of cholelithiasis in bariatric patients: Is routine cholecystectomy warranted?22 Early outcomes of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a publicly funded obesity program23 Similar incidence of gastrojejunal anastomotic stricture formation with hand-sewn and 21 mm circular stapler techniques during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass24 (CAGS Basic Science Award) Exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 improves clinical, morphological and histological outcomes of intestinal adaptation in a distal-intestinal resection piglet model of short bowel syndrome25 (CAGS Clinical Research Award) Development and validation of a comprehensive curriculum to teach an advanced minimally invasive procedure: a randomized controlled trial26 Negative-pressure wound therapy (iVAC) on closed, high-risk incisions following abdominal wall reconstruction27 The impact of seed granting on research in the University of British Columbia Department of Surgery28 Quality of surgical care is inadequate for elderly patients29 Recurrence of inguinal hernia in general and hernia specialty hospitals in Ontario, Canada30 Oncostatin M receptor deficiency results in increased mortality in an intestinal ischemia reperfusion model in mice31 Laparoscopic repair of large paraesophageal hernias with anterior gastropexy: a multicentre trial32 Response to preoperative medical therapy predicts success of laparoscopic splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura33 Perioperative sepsis, but not hemorrhagic shock, promotes the development of cancer metastases in a murine model34 Measuring the impact of implementing an acute care surgery service on the management of acute biliary disease35 Patient flow and efficiency in an acute care surgery service36 The relationship between treatment factors and postoperative complications after radical surgery for rectal cancer37 Risk of ventral hernia after laparoscopic colon surgery38 Urinary metabolomics as a tool for early detection of Barrett’s and esophageal cancer39 Construct validity of individual and summary performance metrics associated with a computer-based laparo-scopic simulator40 Impact of a city-wide health system reorganization on emergency department visits in hospitals in surrounding communities41 Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for the nonoperative management of aortic stenosis: a cost-effectiveness analysis42 Breast cancer: racial differences in age of onset. A potential confounder in Canadian screening recommendations43 Risk taking in surgery: in and out of the comfort zone44 A tumour board in the office: Track those cancer patients!45 Increased patient BMI is not associated with advanced colon cancer stage or grade on presentation: a retrospective chart review46 Consensus statements regarding the multidisciplinary care of limb amputation patients in disasters or humanitarian emergencies. Report of the 2011 Humanitarian Action Summit Surgical Working Group on amputations following disasters or conflict47 Learning the CanMEDS role of professional: a pilot project of supervised discussion groups addressing the hidden curriculum48 Assessing the changing scope of training in Canadian general surgery programs: expected versus actual experience49 Predicting need for surgical management for massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage50 International health care experience: using CanMEDS to evaluate learning outcomes following a surgical mission in Mampong, Ghana51 The open abdomen: risk factors for mortality and rates of closure52 How surgeons think: an exploration of mental practice in surgical preparation53 The surgery wiki: a novel method for delivery of under-graduate surgical education54 Understanding surgical residents’ postoperative practices before implementing an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) guideline at the University of Toronto55 From laparoscopic transabdominal to posterior retroperitoneal adrenalectomy: a paradigm shift in operative approach56 A retrospective audit of outcomes in patients over the age of 80 undergoing acute care abdominal surgery57 Canadian general surgery residents’ perspectives on work-hour regulations58 Timing of surgical intervention and its outcomes in acute appendicitis59 Preparing surgical trainees to deal with adverse events. An outline of learning issues60 Acute care surgical service: surgeon agreement at the time of handover61 Predicting discharge of elderly patients to prehospitalization residence following emergency general surgery62 Morbidity and mortality after emergency abdominal surgery in octo- and nonagenarians63 The impact of acute abdominal illness and urgent admission to hospital on the living situation of elderly patients64 A comparison of laparoscopic versus open subtotal gastrectomy for antral gastric adenocarcinoma: a North American perspective65 Minimally invasive excision of ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenomas66 Perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic hernia repair in a tertiary care centre: a single institution’s experience67 Evaluation of a student-run, practical and didactic curriculum for preclerkship medical students68 Joseph Lister: Father of Modern Surgery69 Comparisons of melanoma sentinel lymph node biopsy prediction nomograms in a cohort of Canadian patients70 Local experience with myocutaneous flaps after extensive pelvic surgery71 The treatment of noncirrhotic splanchnic vein thrombosis: Is anticoagulation enough?72 Implementation of an acute care surgery service does not affect wait-times for elective cancer surgeries: an institutional experience73 Use of human collagen mesh for closure of a large abdominal wall defect, after colon cancer surgery, a case report74 The role of miR-200b in pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia75 Systematic review and meta-analysis of electrocautery versus scalpel for incising epidermis and dermis76 Accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy for early breast cancer in the community setting in St. John’s, New-foundland: results of a retrospective review77 Acute surgical outcomes in the 80 plus population78 The liberal use of platelets transfusions in the acute phase of trauma resuscitation: a systematic review79 Implementation of an acute care surgical on call program in a Canadian community hospital80 Short-term outcomes following paraesophageal hernia repair in the elderly patient81 First experience with single incision surgery: feasibility in the pediatric population and cost evaluation82 The impact of the establishment of an acute care surgery unit on the outcomes of appendectomies and cholecystectomies83 Description and preliminary evaluation of a low-cost simulator for training and evaluation of flexible endoscopic skills84 Tumour lysis syndrome in metastatic colon cancer: a case report85 Acute care surgery service model implementation study at a single institution86 Colonic disasters approached by emergent subtotal and total colectomy: lessons learned from 120 consecutive cases87 Acellular collagen matrix stent to protect bowel anastomoses88 Lessons we learned from preoperative MRI-guided wire localization of breast lesions: the University Health Network (UHN) experience89 Interim cost comparison for the use of platinum micro-coils in the operative localization of small peripheral lung nodules90 Routine barium esophagram has minimal impact on the postoperative management of patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer91 Iron deficiency anemia is a common presenting issue with giant paraesophageal hernia and resolves following repair92 A randomized comparison of different ventilation strategies during thoracotomy and lung resection93 The Canadian Lung Volume Reduction Surgery study: an 8-year follow-up94 A comparison of minimally invasive versus open Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy95 A new paradigm in the follow-up after curative resection for lung cancer: minimal-dose CT scan allows for early detection of asymptomatic cancer activity96 Predictors of lymph node metastasis in early esophageal adenocarcinoma: Is endoscopic resection worth the risk?97 How well can thoracic surgery residents operate? Comparing resident and program director opinions98 The impact of extremes of age on short- and long-term outcomes following surgical resection of esophageal malignancy99 Epidermal growth factor receptor targeted gold nanoparticles for the enhanced radiation treatment of non–small cell lung cancer100 Laparoscopic Heller myotomy results in excellent outcomes in all subtypes of achalasia as defined by the Chicago classification101 Neoadjuvant chemoradiation versus surgery in managing esophageal cancer102 Quality of life postesophagectomy for cancer!103 The implementation, evolution and translocation of standardized clinical pathways can improve perioperative outcomes following surgical treatment of esophageal cancer104 A tissue-mimicking phantom for applications in thoracic surgical simulation105 Sublobar resection compared with lobectomy for early stage non–small cell lung cancer: a single institution study106 Not all reviews are equal: the quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in thoracic surgery107 Do postoperative complications affect health-related quality of life after video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy for patients with lung cancer? A cohort study108 Thoracoscopic plication for palliation of dyspnea secondary to unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis: A worthwhile venture?109 Thoracic surgery experience in Canadian general surgery residency programs110 Perioperative morbidity and pathologic response rates following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma111 An enhanced recovery pathway reduces length of stay after esophagectomy112 Predictors of dysplastic and neoplastic progression of Barrett’s esophagus113 Recurrent esophageal cancer complicated by tracheoesophageal fistula: management by means of palliative airway stenting114 Pancreaticopleural fistula-induced empyema thoracis: principles and results of surgical management115 Prognostic factors of early postoperative mortality following right extended hepatectomy116 Optimizing steatotic livers for transplantation using a cell-penetrating peptide CPP-fused heme oxygenase117 Video outlining the technical steps for a robot-assisted laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy118 Establishment of a collaborative group to conduct innovative clinical trials in Canada119 Hepatic resection for metastatic malignant melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis120 Acellular normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion for donor liver preservation121 Pancreatic cancer and predictors of survival: comparing the CA 19–9/bilirubin ratio with the McGill Brisbane Scoring System122 Staged liver resections for bilobar hepatic colorectal metastases: a single centre experience123 Economic model of observation versus immediate resection of hepatic adenomas124 Resection of colorectal liver metastasis in the elderly125 Acceptable long-term survival in patients undergoing liver resection for metastases from noncolorectal, non-neuroendocrine, nonsarcoma malignancies126 Patient and clinicopathological features and prognosis of CK19+ hepatocellular carcinomas: a case–control study127 The management of blunt hepatic trauma in the age of angioembolization: a single centre experience128 Liver resections for noncolorectal and non-neuroendocrine metastases: an evaluation of oncologic outcomes129 Developing an evidence-based clinical pathway for patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy130 Hepatitis C infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in liver transplant: a 20 year experience131 The effect of medication on the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis132 Temporal trends in the use of diagnostic imaging for patients with hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) conditions: How much ionizing radiation are we really using?196 A phase II study of aggressive metastasectomy for intra-and extrahepatic metastases from colorectal cancer133 Why do women choose mastectomy for breast cancer treatment? A conceptual framework for understanding surgical decision-making in early-stage breast cancer134 Synoptic operative reporting: documentation of quality of care data for rectal cancer surgery135 Learning curve analysis for cytoreductive surgery: a useful application of the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method136 Pancreatic cancer is strongly associated with a unique urinary metabolomic signature137 Concurrent neoadjuvant chemo/radiation in locally advanced breast cancer138 Impact of positron emission tomography on clinical staging of newly diagnosed rectal cancer: a specialized single centre retrospective study139 An evaluation of intraoperative Faxitron microradiography versus conventional specimen radiography for the excision of nonpalpable breast lesions140 Comparison of breast cancer treatment wait-times in the Southern Interior of British Columbia in 2006 and 2010141 Factors affecting lymph nodes harvest in colorectal carcinoma142 Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastases143 You have a message! Social networking as a motivator for fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) training144 The evaluation and validation of a rapid diagnostic and support clinic for women assessment for breast cancer145 Oncoplastic breast surgery: oncologic benefits and limitations146 A qualitative study on rectal cancer patients’ preferences for location of surgical care147 The effect of surgery on local recurrence in young women with breast cancer148 Elevated IL-6 and IL-8 levels in tumour microenvironment is not associated with increased serum levels in humans with Pseudomyxoma peritonei and peritoneal mesothelioma149 Conversion from laparoscopic to open approach during gastrectomy: a population-based analysis150 A scoping review of surgical process improvement tools (SPITs) in cancer surgery151 Splenectomy during gastric cancer surgery: a population-based study152 Defining the polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) interactome in cancer cell protrusions153 Neoadjuvant imatinib mesylate for locally advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours154 Implementing results from ACOSOG Z0011: Practice-changing or practice-affirming?155 Should lymph node retrieval be a surgical quality indicator in colon cancer?156 Long-term outcomes following resection of retroperitoneal recurrence of colorectal cancer157 Clinical research in surgical oncology: an analysis of clinicaltrials.gov158 Radiation therapy after breast conserving surgery: When are we missing the mark?159 The accuracy of endorectal ultrasound in staging rectal lesions in patients undergoing transanal endoscopic microsurgery160 Quality improvement in gastrointestinal cancer surgery: expert panel recommendations for priority research areas161 Factors influencing the quality of local management of ductal carcinoma in situ: a cohort study162 Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Does size matter?163 Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion for extremity soft tissue sarcomas: systematic review of clinical efficacy and quality assessment of reported trials164 Adherence to antiestrogen therapy in seniors with breast cancer: How well are we doing?165 Parathyroid carcinoma: Challenging the surgical dogma?166 A qualitative assessment of the journey to delayed breast reconstruction195 The role of yoga therapy in breast cancer patients167 Outcomes reported in comparative studies of surgical interventions168 Enhanced recovery pathways decrease length of stay following colorectal surgery, but how quickly do patients actually recover?169 The impact of complications on bed utilization after elective colorectal resection170 Impact of trimodal prehabilitation program on functional recovery after colorectal cancer surgery: a pilot study171 Complex fistula-in-ano: Should the plug be abandoned in favour of the LIFT or BioLIFT?172 Prognostic utility of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by colon and rectal cancer173 Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with complete mesocolic excision provides acceptable perioperative outcomes but is complex and time-consuming: analysis of learning curves for a novice minimally invasive surgeon174 Intraoperative quality assessment following double stapled circular colorectal anastomosis175 Improving patient outcomes through quality assessment of rectal cancer care176 Are physicians willing to accept a decrease in treatment effectiveness for improved functional outcomes for low rectal cancer?177 Turnbull-Cutait delayed coloanal anastomosis for the treatment of distal rectal cancer: a prospective cohort study178 Preoperative high-dose rate brachytherapy in preparation for sphincter preservation surgery for patients with advanced cancer of the lower rectum179 Impact of an enhanced recovery program on short-term outcomes after scheduled laparoscopic colon resection180 The clinical results of the Turnbull-Cutait delayed coloanal anastomosis: a systematic review181 Is a vertical rectus abdominus flap (VRAM) necessary? An analysis of perineal wound complications182 Fistula plug versus endorectal anal advancement flap for the treatment of high transsphincteric cryptoglandular anal fistulas: a systematic review and meta-analysis183 Maternal and neonatal outcomes following colorectal cancer surgery184 Transanal drainage to treat anastomotic leaks after low anterior resection for rectal cancer: a valuable option185 Trends in colon cancer in Ontario: 2002–2009186 Validation of electronically derived short-term outcomes in colorectal surgery187 A population-based assessment of transanal and endoscopic resection for adenocarcinoma of the rectum188 Laparoscopic colorectal surgery in the emergency setting: trends in the province of Ontario from 2002 to 2009189 Prevention of perineal hernia after laparoscopic and robotic abdominoperineal resection: review with case series of internal hernia through pelvic mesh which was placed in attempt to prevent perineal hernia190 Effect of rectal cancer treatments on quality of life191 The use of antibacterial sutures as an adjunctive preventative strategy for surgical site infection in Canada: an economic analysis192 Impact of socioeconomic status on colorectal cancer screening and stage at presentation: preliminary results of a population-based study from an urban Canadian centre193 Initial perioperative results of the first transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) program in the province of Quebec194 Use of negative pressure wound therapy decreases perineal wound infections following abdominal perineal resection. Can J Surg 2012; 55:S63-S135. [DOI: 10.1503/cjs.016712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Abstract B192: Pharmacokinetic characterization of anti-ETBR antibody drug conjugate in preclinical species. Mol Cancer Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-11-b192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose. Anti-ETBR-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE (anti-ETBR-vc-E) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting the Endothelin B receptor. It comprises the humanized IgG1 anti-ETBR monoclonal antibody and a potent anti-mitotic agent, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), linked through MC-VC-PAB linker. Anti-ETBR antibody and its conjugate cross-react with mouse, rat, cynomolgus monkey and human, which provides an opportunity to compare and evaluate the impact of normal tissue expression on ADC disposition in preclinical species.
Methods. Anti-ETBR-vc-E was administered intravenously in mice (0.5 and 5 mg/kg), rats (0.5 and 5 mg/kg), and cynomolgus monkeys (0.3 and 1 mg/kg). The samples were assayed for total antibody and conjugated antibody concentrations in mice and rats while total antibody and antibody-conjugated MMAE concentrations were determined in monkeys. Concentration-time data were used to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters.
Results. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the ADC was characterized by monitoring and comparing total antibody, conjugated antibody, and antibody-conjugated MMAE disposition. The clearances for all three analytes were dose-independent after intravenous administration in mice, rats, or cynomolgus monkeys over the dose range studied. Conjugated antibody and antibody-conjugated MMAE clearances were approximately 2-fold higher than total antibody clearance. Clearance of total antibody in rat was approximately 2-fold higher than in mouse and monkey, with values of 19.4, 7.91, and 8.99 mL/day/kg, respectively. Half-life ranged from 8 to 10 days and volume of distribution ranged from 37 to 40 mL/kg.
Conclusions. The pharmacokinetics of anti-ETBR-vc-E total antibody was dose proportional in rodents and monkey suggesting that the presence of cross-reactive antigen in the preclinical species had no impact on clearance. All three species showed a relatively higher deconjugation clearance compared to total antibody clearance.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B192.
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Abstract B189: Impact of site of conjugation on efficacy and pharmacokinetics of anti-NaPi3b antibody drug conjugate variants. Mol Cancer Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-11-b189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Optimization of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with therapeutic potential involves several critical parameters, including selection of the antibody, linker, cytotoxic drug, and drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). To minimize the heterogeneity from conjugation, the antibody can be engineered at different conjugation sites to achieve a defined DAR at specific sites. Anti-NaPi3b-vc-MMAE (anti-NaPi3b-vc-E) is an ADC targeting sodium dependent phosphate transporter expressed in lung and ovarian cancers. Construction and production of the THIOMAB variant of antibody was reported previously. Briefly, a cysteine residue was engineered at Ala118 position of heavy chain (HC) or Val205 position of light chain (LC) to produce its THIOMAB HC and LC variants, respectively. The MMAE conjugates were produced with a drug to antibody ratio (DAR) of two. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the site of conjugation on ADC efficacy and antibody pharmacokinetics.
Methods: The anti-tumor activity of anti-Napi3b ADC variants was evaluated in a mouse xenograft model of human ovarian cancer OVCAR3-X2.1 after single dose administration in a range of doses. The unconjugated antibodies including anti-NaPi3b (control) and anti-NaPi3b (HC and LC) and their respective ADC variants were administered intravenously to mice and rats; and the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters measured by a total antibody assay were estimated by a two-compartmental model.
Results: Based on comparisons of tumor growth inhibition, both LC and HC anti-Napi3b-vc-E showed clear dose-dependent inhibitory activity when given at 3 to 12 mg/kg versus the vehicle group. Non-NaPi3b-binding ADCs did not significantly affect tumor growth, indicating targeted anti-tumor activity. The activities of LC and HC variants were similar. Dose proportional pharmacokinetics of total antibody following administration of anti-NaPi3b-vc-E (HC and LC) were observed in mice and rats over the dose range tested. Total antibody clearance of the three unconjugated antibodies (control, thio HC, and thio LC) was comparable. Conjugation with MMAE only modestly increased the total antibody clearance in both LC and HC conjugates when compared to unconjugated antibodies. Overall, PK behavior of the HC and LC variants were similar.
Conclusion: The results demonstrated that ADC variants with different sites of conjugation exhibited similar anti-tumor activities, which provided additional choice of conjugation sites for individual antibody. Cysteine mutation in either HC or LC of the unconjugated antibodies did not affect the PK when compared to the control. In addition, conjugation did not significantly change the overall clearance of the antibody, and the site of MMAE conjugations did not have a significant impact on the PK.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B189.
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Fecal incontinence. MEDICINE AND HEALTH, RHODE ISLAND 2010; 93:356-358. [PMID: 21155518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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When antimullerian and follicle stimulating hormone offer a discrepant prognosis of ovarian reserve, in vitro fertilization outcomes are worse than when both values predict poor ovarian reserve. Fertil Steril 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
The semaphorin family is a large group of proteins controlling cell migration and axonal growth cone guidance. These proteins are bi-functional signals capable of growth promotion or growth inhibition. Initially described in the nervous system, the majority of studies related to semaphorins and semaphorin signalling are nowadays performed in model systems outside the nervous system. Here, we provide an exhaustive review of the many faces of semaphorins both during developmental, regulatory and pathological processes. Indeed, because of their crucial fundamental roles, the semaphorins and their receptors represent important targets for the development of drugs directed at a variety of diseases.
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Abstract
Diverticulitis is classified as uncomplicated or complicated, i.e., associated with perforation, fistula, or obstruction. CT allows more reliable characterization of an acute attack of diverticulitis. Medical management is reserved for uncomplicated diverticulitis and the initial phase of treatment of diverticulitis associated with abscess formation. Percutaneous abscess drainage is a major advance, which permits one-stage resection in a majority of cases. Diverticulitis associated with free perforation can be selectively managed with resection and primary anastomosis, although a Hartmann resection is likely to be performed. A fistula associated with diverticulitis can usually be managed with a one-stage resection. Obstruction can be managed selectively with resection with on-table bowel preparation, primary anastomosis, and proximal diversion. Laparoscopic techniques permit successful performance of elective resections most of the time. Hand assistance is of particular value when the patient has dense fibrosis.
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Current management of diverticulitis. Am Surg 2008; 74:1041-1049. [PMID: 19062658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diverticulitis is classified as uncomplicated or complicated, i.e., associated with perforation, fistula, or obstruction. CT allows more reliable characterization of an acute attack of diverticulitis. Medical management is reserved for uncomplicated diverticulitis and the initial phase of treatment of diverticulitis associated with abscess formation. Percutaneous abscess drainage is a major advance, which permits one-stage resection in a majority of cases. Diverticulitis associated with free perforation can be selectively managed with resection and primary anastomosis, although a Hartmann resection is likely to be performed. A fistula associated with diverticulitis can usually be managed with a one-stage resection. Obstruction can be managed selectively with resection with on-table bowel preparation, primary anastomosis, and proximal diversion. Laparoscopic techniques permit successful performance of elective resections most of the time. Hand assistance is of particular value when the patient has dense fibrosis.
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The chemokine receptor Cxcr3 is not essential for acute cardiac allograft rejection in mice and rats. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1604-13. [PMID: 18557719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors have gained attention as potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies. We investigated the mechanisms of allograft rejection in chemokine receptor Cxcr3-deficient mice using a model of acute heart allograft rejection in the strain combination BALB/c to C57BL/6. Allograft survival was minimally prolonged in Cxcr3-deficient mice compared to wild-type (wt) animals (8 vs. 7 days) and treatment with a subtherapeutic dose of cyclosporine A (CsA) led to similar survival in Cxcr3-deficient and wt recipients (13 vs. 12 days). At rejection grafts were histologically indistinguishable. Microarray analysis revealed that besides Cxcr3 only few genes were differentially expressed in grafts or in spleens from transplanted or untransplanted animals. Transcript analysis by quantitative RT-PCR of selected cytokines, chemokines, or chemokine receptors or serum levels of selected cytokines and chemokines showed similar levels between the two groups. Furthermore, in a rat heart allograft transplantation model treatment with a small molecule CXCR3 antagonist did not prolong survival despite full blockade of Cxcr3 in vivo. In summary, Cxcr3 deficiency or pharmacologic blockade does not diminish graft infiltration, tempo and severity of rejection. Thus, Cxcr3 does not appear to play a pivotal role in the allograft rejection models described here.
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Predictors of intimate partner violence among women requesting medical abortion. Contraception 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zytoreduktive Chirurgie beim metastasierenden Hodenkarzinom: Histologie retroperitonealer Residualmetastasen nach Chemotherapie. Aktuelle Urol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1062765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Characterisation of the deletion breakpoints in two patients with severe haemophilia A, large deletions and inhibitors. Hamostaseologie 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1621627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
The surface of Saturn's haze-shrouded moon Titan has long been proposed to have oceans or lakes, on the basis of the stability of liquid methane at the surface. Initial visible and radar imaging failed to find any evidence of an ocean, although abundant evidence was found that flowing liquids have existed on the surface. Here we provide definitive evidence for the presence of lakes on the surface of Titan, obtained during the Cassini Radar flyby of Titan on 22 July 2006 (T16). The radar imaging polewards of 70 degrees north shows more than 75 circular to irregular radar-dark patches, in a region where liquid methane and ethane are expected to be abundant and stable on the surface. The radar-dark patches are interpreted as lakes on the basis of their very low radar reflectivity and morphological similarities to lakes, including associated channels and location in topographic depressions. Some of the lakes do not completely fill the depressions in which they lie, and apparently dry depressions are present. We interpret this to indicate that lakes are present in a number of states, including partly dry and liquid-filled. These northern-hemisphere lakes constitute the strongest evidence yet that a condensable-liquid hydrological cycle is active in Titan's surface and atmosphere, in which the lakes are filled through rainfall and/or intersection with the subsurface 'liquid methane' table.
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[P250]: Functional interaction between matrix metalloproteinase‐3 and semaphorin‐3C during cortical axonal growth and guidance. Int J Dev Neurosci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.09.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Functional interaction between matrix metalloproteinase-3 and semaphorin-3C during cortical axonal growth and guidance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 17:1712-21. [PMID: 17021275 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the developing cortex, axons and dendrites extend progressively in response to environmental cues attracting or repelling growing processes. Recent evidence suggests the existence of a functional link between guidance molecules and metalloproteinases. Here, we analyzed the putative functional interaction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) with guidance cues of the semaphorin family during growth and guidance of cortical axons. Our results demonstrate that the expression pattern and the proteolytic activity of MMP-3 are consistent with a role of this particular MMP during cortical axon outgrowth. We found that MMP-3 is required for an optimal axon extension and is involved in the Sema3C-dependent chemoattraction of cortical axons by modulating both the growth capacity and the orientation of growth. Interestingly, the inhibitory Sema3A decreased both the expression and activity of MMP-3. Taken together, our results reveal a molecular interaction between MMPs and semaphorins providing new insight into the molecular mechanism allowing axonal growth cone to respond to environmental guidance cues in the context of cortical development.
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Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are critical regulators of cell growth and differentiation, whose dysfunction is associated with many human diseases, including cancer. To facilitate the discovery of functionally altered TFs among the approximately 2,000 human TFs, we (Panomics, Inc., Fremont, CA) developed a Protein/DNA array technology that can be used to profile the activities of multiple TFs simultaneously. In this study, we applied this technology to examine the TF activities in three different breast cancer cell lines: MCF7 (estrogen receptor [ER] +, tamoxifen-sensitive), T47D (ER+, tamoxifen-resistant), and HCC1806 (ER-, tamoxifen-resistant). We compared the differences in TF activity in these cells lines following treatment with estradiol or tamoxifen. We found a number of TF activities unique to each of these cell lines. In addition to verifying previous findings, the novel findings of this study provide a more comprehensive view of the differences in the response of these cancer lines to estrogen and tamoxifen.
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Titan Radar Mapper observations from Cassini's T3 fly-by. Nature 2006; 441:709-13. [PMID: 16760968 DOI: 10.1038/nature04786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cassini's Titan Radar Mapper imaged the surface of Saturn's moon Titan on its February 2005 fly-by (denoted T3), collecting high-resolution synthetic-aperture radar and larger-scale radiometry and scatterometry data. These data provide the first definitive identification of impact craters on the surface of Titan, networks of fluvial channels and surficial dark streaks that may be longitudinal dunes. Here we describe this great diversity of landforms. We conclude that much of the surface thus far imaged by radar of the haze-shrouded Titan is very young, with persistent geologic activity.
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Abstract
The most recent Cassini RADAR images of Titan show widespread regions (up to 1500 kilometers by 200 kilometers) of near-parallel radar-dark linear features that appear to be seas of longitudinal dunes similar to those seen in the Namib desert on Earth. The Ku-band (2.17-centimeter wavelength) images show approximately 100-meter ridges consistent with duneforms and reveal flow interactions with underlying hills. The distribution and orientation of the dunes support a model of fluctuating surface winds of approximately 0.5 meter per second resulting from the combination of an eastward flow with a variable tidal wind. The existence of dunes also requires geological processes that create sand-sized (100- to 300-micrometer) particulates and a lack of persistent equatorial surface liquids to act as sand traps.
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Structures of a novel N-acetyl-L-ornithine transcarbamylase. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305091920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
The Cassini Titan Radar Mapper imaged about 1% of Titan's surface at a resolution of approximately 0.5 kilometer, and larger areas of the globe in lower resolution modes. The images reveal a complex surface, with areas of low relief and a variety of geologic features suggestive of dome-like volcanic constructs, flows, and sinuous channels. The surface appears to be young, with few impact craters. Scattering and dielectric properties are consistent with porous ice or organics. Dark patches in the radar images show high brightness temperatures and high emissivity and are consistent with frozen hydrocarbons.
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Protein-DNA Array-based Identification of Transcription Factor Activities Regulated by Interaction with the Glucocorticoid Receptor. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:38480-5. [PMID: 15247296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403948200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates gene expression by binding specific sequence elements within the promoters of target genes or by cross-talk with other transcription factors (TFs). For some TFs, interaction with the GR results in alteration of DNA binding and transcriptional regulation. We used a protein-DNA array, a system that facilitates simultaneous profiling of the activities of multiple transcription factors, to systematically examine the potential cross-talk of GRalpha with 149 TFs. Using this array, we identified several TFs, including IRF, E47, and COUP-TF, whose DNA binding activities were modulated by GRalpha. We then confirmed these results with in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays and in vivo reporter assays. In this study, IRF and E47 were identified as participants in GRalpha cross-talk for the first time. This new finding expands our understanding of the functional role of GRalpha in the context of gene expression regulation.
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Abstract
Thirteen major depressive patients not responding to a 4-week venlafaxine 300 mg treatment were eligible for a 4-week open trial of lithium addition. Two patients had to stop lithium for a possible moderate serotonin syndrome and five patients became responders, including one dramatic response and two semi-rapid responses.
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