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Borchering RK, Biggerstaff M, Brammer L, Budd A, Garg S, Fry AM, Iuliano AD, Reed C. Responding to the Return of Influenza in the United States by Applying Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Surveillance, Analysis, and Modeling to Inform Understanding of Seasonal Influenza. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e54340. [PMID: 38587882 PMCID: PMC11036179 DOI: 10.2196/54340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the tools that have been developed to characterize and communicate seasonal influenza activity in the United States. Here we focus on systematic surveillance and applied analytics, including seasonal burden and disease severity estimation, short-term forecasting, and longer-term modeling efforts. For each set of activities, we describe the challenges and opportunities that have arisen because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, we highlight how collaboration and communication have been and will continue to be key components of reliable and actionable influenza monitoring, forecasting, and modeling activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Borchering
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Matthew Biggerstaff
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alicia Budd
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shikha Garg
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Fulton County Board of Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - A Danielle Iuliano
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carrie Reed
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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2
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Kniss K, Sumner KM, Tastad KJ, Lewis NM, Jansen L, Julian D, Reh M, Carlson E, Williams R, Koirala S, Buss B, Donahue M, Palm J, Kollmann L, Holzbauer S, Levine MZ, Davis T, Barnes JR, Flannery B, Brammer L, Fry A. Risk for Infection in Humans after Exposure to Birds Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, United States, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1215-1219. [PMID: 37095080 DOI: 10.3201/eid2906.230103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During February 7─September 3, 2022, a total of 39 states experienced outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in birds from commercial poultry farms and backyard flocks. Among persons exposed to infected birds, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viral RNA was detected in 1 respiratory specimen from 1 person.
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3
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Adams K, Tastad KJ, Huang S, Ujamaa D, Kniss K, Cummings C, Reingold A, Roland J, Austin E, Kawasaki B, Meek J, Yousey-Hindes K, Anderson EJ, Openo KP, Reeg L, Leegwater L, McMahon M, Bye E, Poblete M, Landis Z, Spina NL, Engesser K, Bennett NM, Gaitan MA, Shiltz E, Moran N, Sutton M, Abdullah N, Schaffner W, Talbot HK, Olsen K, Staten H, Taylor CA, Havers FP, Reed C, Budd A, Garg S, O’Halloran A, Brammer L. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Coinfection and Clinical Characteristics Among Children and Adolescents Aged <18 Years Who Were Hospitalized or Died with Influenza - United States, 2021-22 Influenza Season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:1589-1596. [PMID: 36520656 PMCID: PMC9762905 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7150a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The 2022-23 influenza season shows an early rise in pediatric influenza-associated hospitalizations (1). SARS-CoV-2 viruses also continue to circulate (2). The current influenza season is the first with substantial co-circulation of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 (3). Although both seasonal influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 can contribute to substantial pediatric morbidity (3-5), whether coinfection increases disease severity compared with that associated with infection with one virus alone is unknown. This report describes characteristics and prevalence of laboratory-confirmed influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 coinfections among patients aged <18 years who had been hospitalized or died with influenza as reported to three CDC surveillance platforms during the 2021-22 influenza season. Data from two Respiratory Virus Hospitalizations Surveillance Network (RESP-NET) platforms (October 1, 2021-April 30, 2022),§ and notifiable pediatric deaths associated¶ with influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection (October 3, 2021-October 1, 2022)** were analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 coinfections occurred in 6% (32 of 575) of pediatric influenza-associated hospitalizations and in 16% (seven of 44) of pediatric influenza-associated deaths. Compared with patients without coinfection, a higher proportion of those hospitalized with coinfection received invasive mechanical ventilation (4% versus 13%; p = 0.03) and bilevel positive airway pressure or continuous positive airway pressure (BiPAP/CPAP) (6% versus 16%; p = 0.05). Among seven coinfected patients who died, none had completed influenza vaccination, and only one received influenza antivirals.†† To help prevent severe outcomes, clinicians should follow recommended respiratory virus testing algorithms to guide treatment decisions and consider early antiviral treatment initiation for pediatric patients with suspected or confirmed influenza, including those with SARS-CoV-2 coinfection who are hospitalized or at increased risk for severe illness. The public and parents should adopt prevention strategies including considering wearing well-fitted, high-quality masks when respiratory virus circulation is high and staying up-to-date with recommended influenza and COVID-19 vaccinations for persons aged ≥6 months.
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Merced-Morales A, Daly P, Abd Elal AI, Ajayi N, Annan E, Budd A, Barnes J, Colon A, Cummings CN, Iuliano AD, DaSilva J, Dempster N, Garg S, Gubareva L, Hawkins D, Howa A, Huang S, Kirby M, Kniss K, Kondor R, Liddell J, Moon S, Nguyen HT, O'Halloran A, Smith C, Stark T, Tastad K, Ujamaa D, Wentworth DE, Fry AM, Dugan VG, Brammer L. Influenza Activity and Composition of the 2022-23 Influenza Vaccine - United States, 2021-22 Season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:913-919. [PMID: 35862284 PMCID: PMC9310632 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7129a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Daly
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Noreen Ajayi
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Ekow Annan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Arielle Colon
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Charisse N Cummings
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - A Danielle Iuliano
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Juliana DaSilva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Nick Dempster
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daneisha Hawkins
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Amanda Howa
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Stacy Huang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Marie Kirby
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Kondor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jimma Liddell
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Shunte Moon
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alissa O'Halloran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Catherine Smith
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Thomas Stark
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Katie Tastad
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Dawud Ujamaa
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Dave E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Vivien G Dugan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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5
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Chung JR, Kim SS, Kondor RJ, Smith C, Budd AP, Tartof SY, Florea A, Talbot HK, Grijalva CG, Wernli KJ, Phillips CH, Monto AS, Martin ET, Belongia EA, McLean HQ, Gaglani M, Reis M, Geffel KM, Nowalk MP, DaSilva J, Keong LM, Stark TJ, Barnes JR, Wentworth DE, Brammer L, Burns E, Fry AM, Patel MM, Flannery B. Interim Estimates of 2021-22 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, February 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:365-370. [PMID: 35271561 PMCID: PMC8911998 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7110a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months except when contraindicated (1). Currently available influenza vaccines are designed to protect against four influenza viruses: A(H1N1)pdm09 (the 2009 pandemic virus), A(H3N2), B/Victoria lineage, and B/Yamagata lineage. Most influenza viruses detected this season have been A(H3N2) (2). With the exception of the 2020-21 season, when data were insufficient to generate an estimate, CDC has estimated the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine at preventing laboratory-confirmed, mild/moderate (outpatient) medically attended acute respiratory infection (ARI) each season since 2004-05. This interim report uses data from 3,636 children and adults with ARI enrolled in the U.S. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network during October 4, 2021-February 12, 2022. Overall, vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended outpatient ARI associated with influenza A(H3N2) virus was 16% (95% CI = -16% to 39%), which is considered not statistically significant. This analysis indicates that influenza vaccination did not reduce the risk for outpatient medically attended illness with influenza A(H3N2) viruses that predominated so far this season. Enrollment was insufficient to generate reliable VE estimates by age group or by type of influenza vaccine product (1). CDC recommends influenza antiviral medications as an adjunct to vaccination; the potential public health benefit of antiviral medications is magnified in the context of reduced influenza VE. CDC routinely recommends that health care providers continue to administer influenza vaccine to persons aged ≥6 months as long as influenza viruses are circulating, even when VE against one virus is reduced, because vaccine can prevent serious outcomes (e.g., hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or death) that are associated with influenza A(H3N2) virus infection and might protect against other influenza viruses that could circulate later in the season.
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6
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Olsen SJ, Winn AK, Budd AP, Prill MM, Steel J, Midgley CM, Kniss K, Burns E, Rowe T, Foust A, Jasso G, Merced-Morales A, Davis CT, Jang Y, Jones J, Daly P, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Kondor R, Sessions W, Smith C, Wentworth DE, Garg S, Havers FP, Fry AM, Hall AJ, Brammer L, Silk BJ. Changes in influenza and other respiratory virus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic-United States, 2020-2021. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:3481-3486. [PMID: 34624182 PMCID: PMC8653380 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J. Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Correspondence Sonja J. Olsen, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Amber K. Winn
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Amber K. Winn, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Alicia P. Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mila M. Prill
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Steel
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire M. Midgley
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Angela Foust
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gabriela Jasso
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Angiezel Merced-Morales
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C. Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yunho Jang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joyce Jones
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Peter Daly
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca Kondor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wendy Sessions
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Catherine Smith
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fiona P. Havers
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alicia M. Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aron J. Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Silk
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Olsen SJ, Winn AK, Budd AP, Prill MM, Steel J, Midgley CM, Kniss K, Burns E, Rowe T, Foust A, Jasso G, Merced-Morales A, Davis CT, Jang Y, Jones J, Daly P, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Kondor R, Sessions W, Smith C, Wentworth DE, Garg S, Havers FP, Fry AM, Hall AJ, Brammer L, Silk BJ. Changes in Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, 2020-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1013-1019. [PMID: 34292924 PMCID: PMC8297694 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7029a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Schrodt CA, Malenfant JH, Hunter JC, Slifka KJ, Campbell A, Stone N, Whitehouse ER, Wittry B, Christensen B, Barnes JR, Brammer L, Hemarajata P, Green NM, Civen R, Gounder PP, Rao AK. Investigation of a Suspect Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 and Influenza A Mixed Outbreak: Lessons Learned for Long-Term Care Facilities Nationwide. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S77-S80. [PMID: 33956136 PMCID: PMC8135935 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A suspected outbreak of influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 at a long-term care facility in Los Angeles County was months later, determined to not involve influenza. To prevent inadvertent transmission of infections, facilities should use highly specific influenza diagnostics and follow CDC guidelines that specifically address infection control challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Schrodt
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason H Malenfant
- Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Hunter
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kara Jacobs Slifka
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Angela Campbell
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nimalie Stone
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin R Whitehouse
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Beth Wittry
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - John R Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Peera Hemarajata
- Public Health Laboratory, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Downey, California, USA
| | - Nicole M Green
- Public Health Laboratory, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Downey, California, USA
| | - Rachel Civen
- Community Health Services Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Prabhu P Gounder
- Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Agam K Rao
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Kim L, Garg S, O'Halloran A, Whitaker M, Pham H, Anderson EJ, Armistead I, Bennett NM, Billing L, Como-Sabetti K, Hill M, Kim S, Monroe ML, Muse A, Reingold AL, Schaffner W, Sutton M, Talbot HK, Torres SM, Yousey-Hindes K, Holstein R, Cummings C, Brammer L, Hall AJ, Fry AM, Langley GE. Risk Factors for Intensive Care Unit Admission and In-hospital Mortality Among Hospitalized Adults Identified through the US Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET). Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e206-e214. [PMID: 32674114 PMCID: PMC7454425 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the United States has the largest number of reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths globally. Using a geographically diverse surveillance network, we describe risk factors for severe outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19. METHODS We analyzed data from 2491 adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between 1 March-2 May 2020, as identified through the Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network, which comprises 154 acute-care hospitals in 74 counties in 13 states. We used multivariable analyses to assess associations between age, sex, race and ethnicity, and underlying conditions with intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS The data show that 92% of patients had ≥1 underlying condition; 32% required ICU admission; 19% required invasive mechanical ventilation; and 17% died. Independent factors associated with ICU admission included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years versus 18-39 years (adjusted risk ratios [aRRs], 1.53, 1.65, 1.84, and 1.43, respectively); male sex (aRR, 1.34); obesity (aRR, 1.31); immunosuppression (aRR, 1.29); and diabetes (aRR, 1.13). Independent factors associated with in-hospital mortality included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84, and ≥ 85 years versus 18-39 years (aRRs, 3.11, 5.77, 7.67, and 10.98, respectively); male sex (aRR, 1.30); immunosuppression (aRR, 1.39); renal disease (aRR, 1.33); chronic lung disease (aRR 1.31); cardiovascular disease (aRR, 1.28); neurologic disorders (aRR, 1.25); and diabetes (aRR, 1.19). CONCLUSIONS In-hospital mortality increased markedly with increasing age. Aggressive implementation of prevention strategies, including social distancing and rigorous hand hygiene, may benefit the population as a whole, as well as those at highest risk for COVID-19-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Kim
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Shikha Garg
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Alissa O'Halloran
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Whitaker
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Eagle Global Scientific, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huong Pham
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Emerging Infections Program, Georgia Department of Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Isaac Armistead
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nancy M Bennett
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Mary Hill
- Salt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sue Kim
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Maya L Monroe
- Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison Muse
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - H Keipp Talbot
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Yousey-Hindes
- Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rachel Holstein
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charisse Cummings
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Chickasaw Nation Industries, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aron J Hall
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gayle E Langley
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Owusu D, Kim L, O'Halloran A, Whitaker M, Piasecki AM, Reingold A, Alden NB, Maslar A, Anderson EJ, Ryan PA, Kim S, Como-Sabetti K, Hancock EB, Muse A, Bennett NM, Billing LM, Sutton M, Talbot HK, Ortega J, Brammer L, Fry AM, Hall AJ, Garg S. Characteristics of Adults Aged 18-49 Years Without Underlying Conditions Hospitalized With Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the United States: COVID-NET-March-August 2020. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e162-e166. [PMID: 33270136 PMCID: PMC7799269 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among 513 adults aged 18-49 years without underlying medical conditions hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during March 2020-August 2020, 22% were admitted to an intensive care unit, 10% required mechanical ventilation, and 3 patients died (0.6%). These data demonstrate that healthy younger adults can develop severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Owusu
- CDC COVID-NET Team.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lindsay Kim
- CDC COVID-NET Team.,US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Arthur Reingold
- California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California, USA.,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nisha B Alden
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Amber Maslar
- Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Sue Kim
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Emily B Hancock
- New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Alison Muse
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Nancy M Bennett
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | | | - H Keipp Talbot
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jake Ortega
- Salt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Alicia M Fry
- CDC COVID-NET Team.,US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shikha Garg
- CDC COVID-NET Team.,US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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11
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Olsen SJ, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Budd AP, Brammer L, Sullivan S, Pineda RF, Cohen C, Fry AM. Decreased influenza activity during the COVID-19 pandemic-United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:3681-3685. [PMID: 33264506 PMCID: PMC7753605 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transplant recipients are among the groups for whom the updated recommendations for 2020–2021 influenza vaccination should generally be considered essential, notably in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J. Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Correspondence Sonja J. Olsen, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alicia P. Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheena Sullivan
- Doherty Department, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rodrigo F. Pineda
- Virology Department, Public Health Institute of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alicia M. Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Kambhampati AK, O’Halloran AC, Whitaker M, Magill SS, Chea N, Chai SJ, Daily Kirley P, Herlihy RK, Kawasaki B, Meek J, Yousey-Hindes K, Anderson EJ, Openo KP, Monroe ML, Ryan PA, Kim S, Reeg L, Como-Sabetti K, Danila R, Davis SS, Torres S, Barney G, Spina NL, Bennett NM, Felsen CB, Billing LM, Shiltz J, Sutton M, West N, Schaffner W, Talbot HK, Chatelain R, Hill M, Brammer L, Fry AM, Hall AJ, Wortham JM, Garg S, Kim L. COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations Among Health Care Personnel - COVID-NET, 13 States, March 1-May 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:1576-1583. [PMID: 33119554 PMCID: PMC7659917 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6943e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Health care personnel (HCP) can be exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), both within and outside the workplace, increasing their risk for infection. Among 6,760 adults hospitalized during March 1-May 31, 2020, for whom HCP status was determined by the COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET), 5.9% were HCP. Nursing-related occupations (36.3%) represented the largest proportion of HCP hospitalized with COVID-19. Median age of hospitalized HCP was 49 years, and 89.8% had at least one underlying medical condition, of which obesity was most commonly reported (72.5%). A substantial proportion of HCP with COVID-19 had indicators of severe disease: 27.5% were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), 15.8% required invasive mechanical ventilation, and 4.2% died during hospitalization. HCP can have severe COVID-19-associated illness, highlighting the need for continued infection prevention and control in health care settings as well as community mitigation efforts to reduce transmission.
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13
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Delahoy MJ, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, Chai SJ, Kirley PD, Alden N, Kawasaki B, Meek J, Yousey-Hindes K, Anderson EJ, Openo KP, Monroe ML, Ryan PA, Fox K, Kim S, Lynfield R, Siebman S, Davis SS, Sosin DM, Barney G, Muse A, Bennett NM, Felsen CB, Billing LM, Shiltz J, Sutton M, West N, Schaffner W, Talbot HK, George A, Spencer M, Ellington S, Galang RR, Gilboa SM, Tong VT, Piasecki A, Brammer L, Fry AM, Hall AJ, Wortham JM, Kim L, Garg S. Characteristics and Maternal and Birth Outcomes of Hospitalized Pregnant Women with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 13 States, March 1-August 22, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:1347-1354. [PMID: 32970655 PMCID: PMC7727497 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6938e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Olsen SJ, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Budd AP, Brammer L, Sullivan S, Pineda RF, Cohen C, Fry AM. Decreased Influenza Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:1305-1309. [PMID: 32941415 PMCID: PMC7498167 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6937a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
After recognition of widespread community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), by mid- to late February 2020, indicators of influenza activity began to decline in the Northern Hemisphere. These changes were attributed to both artifactual changes related to declines in routine health seeking for respiratory illness as well as real changes in influenza virus circulation because of widespread implementation of measures to mitigate transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Data from clinical laboratories in the United States indicated a 61% decrease in the number of specimens submitted (from a median of 49,696 per week during September 29, 2019-February 29, 2020, to 19,537 during March 1-May 16, 2020) and a 98% decrease in influenza activity as measured by percentage of submitted specimens testing positive (from a median of 19.34% to 0.33%). Interseasonal (i.e., summer) circulation of influenza in the United States (May 17-August 8, 2020) is currently at historical lows (median = 0.20% tests positive in 2020 versus 2.35% in 2019, 1.04% in 2018, and 2.36% in 2017). Influenza data reported to the World Health Organization's (WHO's) FluNet platform from three Southern Hemisphere countries that serve as robust sentinel sites for influenza from Oceania (Australia), South America (Chile), and Southern Africa (South Africa) showed very low influenza activity during June-August 2020, the months that constitute the typical Southern Hemisphere influenza season. In countries or jurisdictions where extensive community mitigation measures are maintained (e.g., face masks, social distancing, school closures, and teleworking), those locations might have little influenza circulation during the upcoming 2020-21 Northern Hemisphere influenza season. The use of community mitigation measures for the COVID-19 pandemic, plus influenza vaccination, are likely to be effective in reducing the incidence and impact of influenza, and some of these mitigation measures could have a role in preventing influenza in future seasons. However, given the novelty of the COVID-19 pandemic and the uncertainty of continued community mitigation measures, it is important to plan for seasonal influenza circulation in the United States this fall and winter. Influenza vaccination of all persons aged ≥6 months remains the best method for influenza prevention and is especially important this season when SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus might cocirculate (1).
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15
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Kim L, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, Kambhampati A, Chai SJ, Reingold A, Armistead I, Kawasaki B, Meek J, Yousey-Hindes K, Anderson EJ, Openo KP, Weigel A, Ryan P, Monroe ML, Fox K, Kim S, Lynfield R, Bye E, Shrum Davis S, Smelser C, Barney G, Spina NL, Bennett NM, Felsen CB, Billing LM, Shiltz J, Sutton M, West N, Talbot HK, Schaffner W, Risk I, Price A, Brammer L, Fry AM, Hall AJ, Langley GE, Garg S. Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Children Aged <18 Years Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-July 25, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:1081-1088. [PMID: 32790664 PMCID: PMC7440125 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6932e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children aged <18 years appear to be asymptomatic or mild (1). Less is known about severe COVID-19 illness requiring hospitalization in children. During March 1-July 25, 2020, 576 pediatric COVID-19 cases were reported to the COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET), a population-based surveillance system that collects data on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19-associated hospitalizations in 14 states (2,3). Based on these data, the cumulative COVID-19-associated hospitalization rate among children aged <18 years during March 1-July 25, 2020, was 8.0 per 100,000 population, with the highest rate among children aged <2 years (24.8). During March 21-July 25, weekly hospitalization rates steadily increased among children (from 0.1 to 0.4 per 100,000, with a weekly high of 0.7 per 100,000). Overall, Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) and non-Hispanic black (black) children had higher cumulative rates of COVID-19-associated hospitalizations (16.4 and 10.5 per 100,000, respectively) than did non-Hispanic white (white) children (2.1). Among 208 (36.1%) hospitalized children with complete medical chart reviews, 69 (33.2%) were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU); 12 of 207 (5.8%) required invasive mechanical ventilation, and one patient died during hospitalization. Although the cumulative rate of pediatric COVID-19-associated hospitalization remains low (8.0 per 100,000 population) compared with that among adults (164.5),* weekly rates increased during the surveillance period, and one in three hospitalized children were admitted to the ICU, similar to the proportion among adults. Continued tracking of SARS-CoV-2 infections among children is important to characterize morbidity and mortality. Reinforcement of prevention efforts is essential in congregate settings that serve children, including childcare centers and schools.
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16
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Budd AP, Beacham L, Smith CB, Garten RJ, Reed C, Kniss K, Mustaquim D, Ahmad FB, Cummings CN, Garg S, Levine MZ, Fry AM, Brammer L. Birth Cohort Effects in Influenza Surveillance Data: Evidence That First Influenza Infection Affects Later Influenza-Associated Illness. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:820-829. [PMID: 31053844 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of influenza A viruses results in birth cohorts that have different initial influenza virus exposures. Historically, A/H3 predominant seasons have been associated with more severe influenza-associated disease; however, since the 2009 pandemic, there are suggestions that some birth cohorts experience more severe illness in A/H1 predominant seasons. METHODS United States influenza virologic, hospitalization, and mortality surveillance data during 2000-2017 were analyzed for cohorts born between 1918 and 1989 that likely had different initial influenza virus exposures based on viruses circulating during early childhood. Relative risk/rate during H3 compared with H1 predominant seasons during prepandemic versus pandemic and later periods were calculated for each cohort. RESULTS During the prepandemic period, all cohorts had more influenza-associated disease during H3 predominant seasons than H1 predominant seasons. During the pandemic and later period, 4 cohorts had higher hospitalization and mortality rates during H1 predominant seasons than H3 predominant seasons. CONCLUSIONS Birth cohort differences in risk of influenza-associated disease by influenza A virus subtype can be seen in US influenza surveillance data and differ between prepandemic and pandemic and later periods. As the population ages, the amount of influenza-associated disease may be greater in future H1 predominant seasons than H3 predominant seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia P Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lauren Beacham
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Catherine B Smith
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca J Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carrie Reed
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Desiree Mustaquim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Farida B Ahmad
- Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland
| | - Charisse N Cummings
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, Cummings C, Holstein R, Prill M, Chai SJ, Kirley PD, Alden NB, Kawasaki B, Yousey-Hindes K, Niccolai L, Anderson EJ, Openo KP, Weigel A, Monroe ML, Ryan P, Henderson J, Kim S, Como-Sabetti K, Lynfield R, Sosin D, Torres S, Muse A, Bennett NM, Billing L, Sutton M, West N, Schaffner W, Talbot HK, Aquino C, George A, Budd A, Brammer L, Langley G, Hall AJ, Fry A. Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:458-464. [PMID: 32298251 PMCID: PMC7755063 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1633] [Impact Index Per Article: 408.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first detected in December 2019 (1), approximately 1.3 million cases have been reported worldwide (2), including approximately 330,000 in the United States (3). To conduct population-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed COVID-19-associated hospitalizations in the United States, the COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) was created using the existing infrastructure of the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET) (4) and the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalization Surveillance Network (RSV-NET). This report presents age-stratified COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates for patients admitted during March 1-28, 2020, and clinical data on patients admitted during March 1-30, 2020, the first month of U.S. surveillance. Among 1,482 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, 74.5% were aged ≥50 years, and 54.4% were male. The hospitalization rate among patients identified through COVID-NET during this 4-week period was 4.6 per 100,000 population. Rates were highest (13.8) among adults aged ≥65 years. Among 178 (12%) adult patients with data on underlying conditions as of March 30, 2020, 89.3% had one or more underlying conditions; the most common were hypertension (49.7%), obesity (48.3%), chronic lung disease (34.6%), diabetes mellitus (28.3%), and cardiovascular disease (27.8%). These findings suggest that older adults have elevated rates of COVID-19-associated hospitalization and the majority of persons hospitalized with COVID-19 have underlying medical conditions. These findings underscore the importance of preventive measures (e.g., social distancing, respiratory hygiene, and wearing face coverings in public settings where social distancing measures are difficult to maintain)† to protect older adults and persons with underlying medical conditions, as well as the general public. In addition, older adults and persons with serious underlying medical conditions should avoid contact with persons who are ill and immediately contact their health care provider(s) if they have symptoms consistent with COVID-19 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html) (5). Ongoing monitoring of hospitalization rates, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of hospitalized patients will be important to better understand the evolving epidemiology of COVID-19 in the United States and the clinical spectrum of disease, and to help guide planning and prioritization of health care system resources.
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18
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Dawood FS, Chung JR, Kim SS, Zimmerman RK, Nowalk MP, Jackson ML, Jackson LA, Monto AS, Martin ET, Belongia EA, McLean HQ, Gaglani M, Dunnigan K, Foust A, Sessions W, DaSilva J, Le S, Stark T, Kondor RJ, Barnes JR, Wentworth DE, Brammer L, Fry AM, Patel MM, Flannery B. Interim Estimates of 2019-20 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, February 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:177-182. [PMID: 32078591 PMCID: PMC7043386 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6907a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Owusu D, Hand J, Tenforde MW, Feldstein LR, DaSilva J, Barnes J, Lee G, Tran J, Sokol T, Fry AM, Brammer L, Rolfes MA. Early season pediatric influenza B/Victoria virus infections associated with a recently emerged virus subclade — Louisiana, 2019. Am J Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Owusu
- Epidemic Intelligence Service CDC Atlanta Georgia
- Influenza Division National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases CDC Atlanta Georgia
| | - Julie Hand
- Louisiana Department of Health New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Mark W. Tenforde
- Epidemic Intelligence Service CDC Atlanta Georgia
- Influenza Division National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases CDC Atlanta Georgia
| | - Leora R. Feldstein
- Influenza Division National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases CDC Atlanta Georgia
| | - Juliana DaSilva
- Influenza Division National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases CDC Atlanta Georgia
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases CDC Atlanta Georgia
| | - Grace Lee
- Tulane University Preventive Medicine Residency New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Juliet Tran
- Tulane University Preventive Medicine Residency New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Theresa Sokol
- Louisiana Department of Health New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Alicia M. Fry
- Influenza Division National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases CDC Atlanta Georgia
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases CDC Atlanta Georgia
| | - Melissa A. Rolfes
- Influenza Division National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases CDC Atlanta Georgia
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20
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Owusu D, Hand J, Tenforde MW, Feldstein LR, DaSilva J, Barnes J, Lee G, Tran J, Sokol T, Fry AM, Brammer L, Rolfes MA. Early Season Pediatric Influenza B/Victoria Virus Infections Associated with a Recently Emerged Virus Subclade - Louisiana, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:40-43. [PMID: 31945035 PMCID: PMC6973347 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6902e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Flannery B, Kondor RJG, Chung JR, Gaglani M, Reis M, Zimmerman RK, Nowalk MP, Jackson ML, Jackson LA, Monto AS, Martin ET, Belongia EA, McLean HQ, Kim SS, Blanton L, Kniss K, Budd AP, Brammer L, Stark TJ, Barnes JR, Wentworth DE, Fry AM, Patel M. Spread of Antigenically Drifted Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses and Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States During the 2018-2019 Season. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:8-15. [PMID: 31665373 PMCID: PMC7325528 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased illness due to antigenically drifted A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a influenza viruses prompted concerns about vaccine effectiveness (VE) and vaccine strain selection. We used US virologic surveillance and US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (Flu VE) Network data to evaluate consequences of this clade. METHODS Distribution of influenza viruses was described using virologic surveillance data. The Flu VE Network enrolled ambulatory care patients aged ≥6 months with acute respiratory illness at 5 sites. Respiratory specimens were tested for influenza by means of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and were sequenced. Using a test-negative design, we estimated VE, comparing the odds of influenza among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants. RESULTS During the 2018-2019 influenza season, A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses caused an increasing proportion of influenza cases. Among 2763 Flu VE Network case patients, 1325 (48%) were infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 and 1350 (49%) with A(H3N2); clade 3C.3a accounted for 977 (93%) of 1054 sequenced A(H3N2) viruses. VE was 44% (95% confidence interval, 37%-51%) against A(H1N1)pdm09 and 9% (-4% to 20%) against A(H3N2); VE was 5% (-10% to 19%) against A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses. CONCLUSIONS The predominance of A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses during the latter part of the 2018-2019 season was associated with decreased VE, supporting the A(H3N2) vaccine component update for 2019-2020 northern hemisphere influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Flannery
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jessie R Chung
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Michael Reis
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- University of Pittsburgh Schools of Health Sciences and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- University of Pittsburgh Schools of Health Sciences and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael L Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisa A Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Arnold S Monto
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emily T Martin
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Huong Q McLean
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Sara S Kim
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellowship Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alicia P Budd
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas J Stark
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John R Barnes
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Manish Patel
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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22
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Epperson S, Davis CT, Brammer L, Abd Elal AI, Ajayi N, Barnes J, Budd AP, Burns E, Daly P, Dugan VG, Fry AM, Jang Y, Johnson SJ, Kniss K, Kondor R, Grohskopf LA, Gubareva L, Merced-Morales A, Sessions W, Stevens J, Wentworth DE, Xu X, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity - United States and Worldwide, May 19-September 28, 2019, and Composition of the 2020 Southern Hemisphere Influenza Vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019; 68:880-884. [PMID: 31600182 PMCID: PMC6788403 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6840a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Epperson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - C Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Noreen Ajayi
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia P Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Peter Daly
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Vivien G Dugan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Yunho Jang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Sara Jo Johnson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Kondor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lisa A Grohskopf
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | | | - Wendy Sessions
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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23
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Caini S, Kusznierz G, Garate VV, Wangchuk S, Thapa B, de Paula Júnior FJ, Ferreira de Almeida WA, Njouom R, Fasce RA, Bustos P, Feng L, Peng Z, Araya JL, Bruno A, de Mora D, Barahona de Gámez MJ, Pebody R, Zambon M, Higueros R, Rivera R, Kosasih H, Castrucci MR, Bella A, Kadjo HA, Daouda C, Makusheva A, Bessonova O, Chaves SS, Emukule GO, Heraud JM, Razanajatovo NH, Barakat A, El Falaki F, Meijer A, Donker GA, Huang QS, Wood T, Balmaseda A, Palekar R, Arévalo BM, Rodrigues AP, Guiomar R, Lee VJM, Ang LW, Cohen C, Treurnicht F, Mironenko A, Holubka O, Bresee J, Brammer L, Le MTQ, Hoang PVM, El Guerche-Séblain C, Paget J. The epidemiological signature of influenza B virus and its B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages in the 21st century. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222381. [PMID: 31513690 PMCID: PMC6742362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the epidemiological characteristics, pattern of circulation, and geographical distribution of influenza B viruses and its lineages using data from the Global Influenza B Study. We included over 1.8 million influenza cases occurred in thirty-one countries during 2000–2018. We calculated the proportion of cases caused by influenza B and its lineages; determined the timing of influenza A and B epidemics; compared the age distribution of B/Victoria and B/Yamagata cases; and evaluated the frequency of lineage-level mismatch for the trivalent vaccine. The median proportion of influenza cases caused by influenza B virus was 23.4%, with a tendency (borderline statistical significance, p = 0.060) to be higher in tropical vs. temperate countries. Influenza B was the dominant virus type in about one every seven seasons. In temperate countries, influenza B epidemics occurred on average three weeks later than influenza A epidemics; no consistent pattern emerged in the tropics. The two B lineages caused a comparable proportion of influenza B cases globally, however the B/Yamagata was more frequent in temperate countries, and the B/Victoria in the tropics (p = 0.048). B/Yamagata patients were significantly older than B/Victoria patients in almost all countries. A lineage-level vaccine mismatch was observed in over 40% of seasons in temperate countries and in 30% of seasons in the tropics. The type B virus caused a substantial proportion of influenza infections globally in the 21st century, and its two virus lineages differed in terms of age and geographical distribution of patients. These findings will help inform health policy decisions aiming to reduce disease burden associated with seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Caini
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabriela Kusznierz
- National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Emilio Coni", Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Royal Centre for Disease Control, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Binay Thapa
- Royal Centre for Disease Control, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | | | | | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rodrigo A. Fasce
- Sub-Department of Viral Diseases, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Bustos
- Sub-Department of Viral Diseases, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhibin Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jenny Lara Araya
- National Influenza Center, Ministry of Health, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alfredo Bruno
- National Institute of Public Health Research (INSPI), National Reference Centre for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Agricultural University of Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Doménica de Mora
- National Institute of Public Health Research (INSPI), National Reference Centre for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Maria Zambon
- Public Health England, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rocio Higueros
- National Influenza Center, Ministry of Health, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | - Maria Rita Castrucci
- National Influenza Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Bella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Hervé A. Kadjo
- Department of Epidemic Virus, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Coulibaly Daouda
- Service of Epidemiological Diseases Surveillance, National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ainash Makusheva
- National Center of Expertise, Committee of Public Health Protection, Ministry of Health, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Olga Bessonova
- National Center of Expertise, Committee of Public Health Protection, Ministry of Health, Uralsk City, Kazakhstan
| | - Sandra S. Chaves
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon O. Emukule
- Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jean-Michel Heraud
- National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Norosoa H. Razanajatovo
- National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Amal Barakat
- National Influenza Center, Institut National d'Hygiène, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima El Falaki
- National Influenza Center, Institut National d'Hygiène, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Adam Meijer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gé A. Donker
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Q. Sue Huang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Weillngton, New Zealand
| | - Tim Wood
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Weillngton, New Zealand
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- National Influenza Center, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Rakhee Palekar
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | | | - Ana Paula Rodrigues
- Department of epidemiology, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel Guiomar
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Li Wei Ang
- Public Health Group, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Florette Treurnicht
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alla Mironenko
- L.V.Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine, Department of Respiratory and other Viral Infections, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olha Holubka
- L.V.Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine, Department of Respiratory and other Viral Infections, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Joseph Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mai T. Q. Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Clotilde El Guerche-Séblain
- Global Vaccine Epidemiology and Modeling Department (VEM), Franchise Epidemiologist, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - John Paget
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Xu X, Blanton L, Elal AIA, Alabi N, Barnes J, Biggerstaff M, Brammer L, Budd AP, Burns E, Cummings CN, Garg S, Kondor R, Gubareva L, Kniss K, Nyanseor S, O'Halloran A, Rolfes M, Sessions W, Dugan VG, Fry AM, Wentworth DE, Stevens J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity in the United States During the 2018-19 Season and Composition of the 2019-20 Influenza Vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019; 68:544-551. [PMID: 31220057 PMCID: PMC6586370 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6824a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Influenza activity* in the United States during the 2018-19 season (September 30, 2018-May 18, 2019) was of moderate severity (1). Nationally, influenza-like illness (ILI)† activity began increasing in November, peaked during mid-February, and returned to below baseline in mid-April; the season lasted 21 weeks,§ making it the longest season in 10 years. Illness attributed to influenza A viruses predominated, with very little influenza B activity. Two waves of influenza A were notable during this extended season: influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from October 2018 to mid-February 2019 and influenza A(H3N2) viruses from February through May 2019. Compared with the 2017-18 influenza season, rates of hospitalization this season were lower for adults, but were similar for children. Although influenza activity is currently below surveillance baselines, testing for seasonal influenza viruses and monitoring for novel influenza A virus infections should continue year-round. Receiving a seasonal influenza vaccine each year remains the best way to protect against seasonal influenza and its potentially severe consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Noreen Alabi
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Matthew Biggerstaff
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia P Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Charisse N Cummings
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Kondor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Sankan Nyanseor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alissa O'Halloran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Melissa Rolfes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Wendy Sessions
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Vivien G Dugan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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25
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Blanton L, Dugan VG, Abd Elal AI, Alabi N, Barnes J, Brammer L, Budd AP, Burns E, Cummings CN, Garg S, Garten R, Gubareva L, Kniss K, Kramer N, O'Halloran A, Reed C, Rolfes M, Sessions W, Taylor C, Xu X, Fry AM, Wentworth DE, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, September 30, 2018-February 2, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019; 68:125-134. [PMID: 30763296 PMCID: PMC6375659 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6806a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Vivien G Dugan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Noreen Alabi
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia P Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Charisse N Cummings
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Natalie Kramer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alissa O'Halloran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Carrie Reed
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Melissa Rolfes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Wendy Sessions
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Calli Taylor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jacqueline Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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26
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Budd AP, Abd Elal AI, Alabi N, Barnes J, Blanton L, Brammer L, Burns E, Cummings CN, Dugan VG, Garg S, Garten R, Grohskopf LA, Gubareva L, Kniss K, Kramer N, O'Halloran A, Sessions W, Taylor C, Wentworth DE, Xu X, Fry AM, Katz J, Jernigan D. Influenza Activity - United States, September 30-December 1, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:1369-1371. [PMID: 30543604 PMCID: PMC6300078 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6749a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza activity in the United States was low during October 2018, and, although it increased slowly during November, activity remains low across most of the country.* During the week ending December 1, 2018, the percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness† (ILI) was equal to the national baseline§ (Figure) and was at or slightly above the region-specific baseline in four of the 10 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regions¶ (Regions 4 and 7–9). The majority of jurisdictions experienced minimal or low ILI activity since September 30; however, two experienced moderate ILI activity, and two experienced high ILI activity** during the week ending December 1. The percentage of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza remains below the epidemic threshold,†† and the rate of influenza-associated hospitalizations remains low. Five laboratory-confirmed, influenza-associated pediatric deaths occurring since September 30 have been reported to CDC. During the week ending December 1, the majority of jurisdictions (40 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands) reported sporadic or local geographic spread of influenza activity, nine states reported regional activity, and one state reported widespread activity.§§
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia P Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Noreen Alabi
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Charisse N Cummings
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Vivien G Dugan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lisa A Grohskopf
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Natalie Kramer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alissa O'Halloran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Wendy Sessions
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Calli Taylor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jacqueline Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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27
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Chow EJ, Davis CT, Abd Elal AI, Alabi N, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Barnes J, Blanton L, Brammer L, Budd AP, Burns E, Davis WW, Dugan VG, Fry AM, Garten R, Grohskopf LA, Gubareva L, Jang Y, Jones J, Kniss K, Lindstrom S, Mustaquim D, Porter R, Rolfes M, Sessions W, Taylor C, Wentworth DE, Xu X, Zanders N, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity - United States and Worldwide, May 20-October 13, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:1178-1185. [PMID: 30359347 PMCID: PMC6290813 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6742a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During May 20-October 13, 2018,* low levels of influenza activity were reported in the United States, with a mix of influenza A and B viruses circulating. Seasonal influenza activity in the Southern Hemisphere was low overall, with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 predominating in many regions. Antigenic testing of available influenza A and B viruses indicated that no significant antigenic drift in circulating viruses had emerged. In late September, the components for the 2019 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine were selected and included an incremental update to the A(H3N2) vaccine virus used in egg-based vaccine manufacturing; no change was recommended for the A(H3N2) component of cell-manufactured or recombinant influenza vaccines. Annual influenza vaccination is the best method for preventing influenza illness and its complications, and all persons aged ≥6 months who do not have contraindications should receive influenza vaccine, preferably before the onset of influenza circulation in their community, which often begins in October and peaks during December-February. Health care providers should offer vaccination by the end of October and should continue to recommend and administer influenza vaccine to previously unvaccinated patients throughout the 2018-19 influenza season (1). In addition, during May 20-October 13, a small number of nonhuman influenza "variant" virus infections† were reported in the United States; most were associated with exposure to swine. Although limited human-to-human transmission might have occurred in one instance, no ongoing community transmission was identified. Vulnerable populations, especially young children and other persons at high risk for serious influenza complications, should avoid swine barns at agricultural fairs, or close contact with swine.§.
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MESH Headings
- Disease Outbreaks
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Global Health/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/drug effects
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Population Surveillance
- Seasons
- United States/epidemiology
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28
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Jester B, Schwerzmann J, Mustaquim D, Aden T, Brammer L, Humes R, Shult P, Shahangian S, Gubareva L, Xu X, Miller J, Jernigan D. Mapping of the US Domestic Influenza Virologic Surveillance Landscape. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24. [PMID: 29715078 PMCID: PMC6038762 DOI: 10.3201/eid2407.180028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virologic surveillance is critical each season for tracking influenza circulation, following trends in antiviral drug resistance, detecting novel influenza infections in humans, and selecting viruses for use in annual seasonal vaccine production. We developed a framework and process map for characterizing the landscape of US influenza virologic surveillance into 5 tiers of influenza testing: outpatient settings (tier 1), inpatient settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state public health laboratories (tier 3), National Influenza Reference Center laboratories (tier 4), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention laboratories (tier 5). During the 2015–16 season, the numbers of influenza tests directly contributing to virologic surveillance were 804,000 in tiers 1 and 2; 78,000 in tier 3; 2,800 in tier 4; and 3,400 in tier 5. With the release of the 2017 US Pandemic Influenza Plan, the proposed framework will support public health officials in modeling, surveillance, and pandemic planning and response.
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29
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Roto SM, Park SH, Lee SI, Kaldhone P, Pavlidis HO, Frankenbach SB, McIntyre DR, Striplin K, Brammer L, Ricke SC. Effects of feeding Original XPC™ to broilers with a live coccidiosis-vaccine under industry conditions: Part 1. Growth performance and Salmonella inhibition. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1831-1837. [PMID: 28340000 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of poultry diets with Diamond V Original XPC™ (XPC) has been proposed as a means to ameliorate the commonly observed loss of appetite and depression of growth in birds given a live coccidiosis vaccine. A study was conducted to compare the effects on bird performance of a live coccidiosis vaccine in broilers, with and without the dietary inclusion of XPC (1.25 g/kg). Ross 708 male broilers (n = 1,280) were allocated to one of 4 feed treatments: cocci-vaccine (T1), cocci-vaccine + XPC (T2), cocci-vaccine + salinomycin in the grower diet only, (T3), and cocci-vaccine + salinomycin in the grower diet + XPC (T4). Birds consuming diets containing XPC (T2 and T4) and salinomycin (T3) exhibited increased (P < 0.05) feed intake and significantly heavier body weights at 28 d (1.70, 1.74, and 1.67 kg, respectively) and 42 d (3.29, 3.31, and 3.26 kg, respectively). Feed conversion ratio at 28 d was improved (P < 0.05) by adding XPC to diets (T2: 1.47 and T4: 1.44) compared to control diets (T1: 1.50 and T3: 1.47). Salmonella prevalence determined via selective media indicated the inclusion of XPC in the diet resulted in a significant reduction of Salmonella when compared to treatments lacking XPC. Molecular confirmation of Salmonella species indicated S. Kentucky to be present in 38 of the 39 positive samples. Results revealed the ability of XPC in reducing the prevalence of Salmonella. Results from this study also suggest that XPC could be used in conjunction with a live coccidiosis-vaccine to increase growth rate and improve feed conversion of broilers. However, further work is needed to delineate more specific effects directly attributable to XPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Roto
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72704
| | - S H Park
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72704
| | - S I Lee
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72704
| | - P Kaldhone
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72704
| | | | | | | | | | - L Brammer
- OK Foods, Inc., Fort Smith, AR 72916
| | - S C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72704
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30
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Garten R, Blanton L, Elal AIA, Alabi N, Barnes J, Biggerstaff M, Brammer L, Budd AP, Burns E, Cummings CN, Davis T, Garg S, Gubareva L, Jang Y, Kniss K, Kramer N, Lindstrom S, Mustaquim D, O'Halloran A, Sessions W, Taylor C, Xu X, Dugan VG, Fry AM, Wentworth DE, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity in the United States During the 2017-18 Season and Composition of the 2018-19 Influenza Vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:634-642. [PMID: 29879098 PMCID: PMC5991814 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6722a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Noreen Alabi
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Matthew Biggerstaff
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia P Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Charisse N Cummings
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Yunho Jang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Natalie Kramer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Stephen Lindstrom
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Desiree Mustaquim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alissa O'Halloran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Wendy Sessions
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Calli Taylor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Vivien G Dugan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jacqueline Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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Caini S, Spreeuwenberg P, Kusznierz GF, Rudi JM, Owen R, Pennington K, Wangchuk S, Gyeltshen S, Ferreira de Almeida WA, Pessanha Henriques CM, Njouom R, Vernet MA, Fasce RA, Andrade W, Yu H, Feng L, Yang J, Peng Z, Lara J, Bruno A, de Mora D, de Lozano C, Zambon M, Pebody R, Castillo L, Clara AW, Matute ML, Kosasih H, Nurhayati, Puzelli S, Rizzo C, Kadjo HA, Daouda C, Kiyanbekova L, Ospanova A, Mott JA, Emukule GO, Heraud JM, Razanajatovo NH, Barakat A, El Falaki F, Huang SQ, Lopez L, Balmaseda A, Moreno B, Rodrigues AP, Guiomar R, Ang LW, Lee VJM, Venter M, Cohen C, Badur S, Ciblak MA, Mironenko A, Holubka O, Bresee J, Brammer L, Hoang PVM, Le MTQ, Fleming D, Séblain CEG, Schellevis F, Paget J. Distribution of influenza virus types by age using case-based global surveillance data from twenty-nine countries, 1999-2014. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:269. [PMID: 29884140 PMCID: PMC5994061 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza disease burden varies by age and this has important public health implications. We compared the proportional distribution of different influenza virus types within age strata using surveillance data from twenty-nine countries during 1999-2014 (N=358,796 influenza cases). Methods For each virus, we calculated a Relative Illness Ratio (defined as the ratio of the percentage of cases in an age group to the percentage of the country population in the same age group) for young children (0-4 years), older children (5-17 years), young adults (18-39 years), older adults (40-64 years), and the elderly (65+ years). We used random-effects meta-analysis models to obtain summary relative illness ratios (sRIRs), and conducted meta-regression and sub-group analyses to explore causes of between-estimates heterogeneity. Results The influenza virus with highest sRIR was A(H1N1) for young children, B for older children, A(H1N1)pdm2009 for adults, and (A(H3N2) for the elderly. As expected, considering the diverse nature of the national surveillance datasets included in our analysis, between-estimates heterogeneity was high (I2>90%) for most sRIRs. The variations of countries’ geographic, demographic and economic characteristics and the proportion of outpatients among reported influenza cases explained only part of the heterogeneity, suggesting that multiple factors were at play. Conclusions These results highlight the importance of presenting burden of disease estimates by age group and virus (sub)type. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3181-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Caini
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Otterstraat 118-124, 3513, CR, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Spreeuwenberg
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Otterstraat 118-124, 3513, CR, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela F Kusznierz
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Dr. Emilio Coni", Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Rudi
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Dr. Emilio Coni", Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rhonda Owen
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Section, Health Policy Protection branch, Office for Health Protection, Department of Health, Woden, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kate Pennington
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Section, Health Policy Protection branch, Office for Health Protection, Department of Health, Woden, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Sonam Gyeltshen
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | | | | | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Rodrigo A Fasce
- Sección Virus Respiratorios, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Winston Andrade
- Sección Virus Respiratorios, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Peng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jenny Lara
- National Influenza Center, Ministry of Health, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alfredo Bruno
- Instituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica (INSPI), Centro de Referencia Nacional de Influenza y otros Virus Respiratorios, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Doménica de Mora
- Instituto Nacional de Investigacion en Salud Publica (INSPI), Centro de Referencia Nacional de Influenza y otros Virus Respiratorios, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Celina de Lozano
- National Influenza Center, Ministry of Health, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Maria Zambon
- Respiratory Virus Unit, Public Health England, London, Colindale, UK
| | - Richard Pebody
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Public Health England, London, Colindale, UK
| | - Leticia Castillo
- National Influenza Center, Ministry of Health, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Alexey W Clara
- US Centers for Disease Control, Central American Region, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | - Nurhayati
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No.2, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Simona Puzelli
- National Influenza Center, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzo
- National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Herve A Kadjo
- Department of Epidemic Virus, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Coulibaly Daouda
- Service of Epidemiological Diseases Surveillance, National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Lyazzat Kiyanbekova
- National Center of Expertise, Committee of Consumer Right Protection, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Akerke Ospanova
- Zonal Virology Laboratory, National Center of Expertise, Committee of Consumer Right Protection, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Joshua A Mott
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Kenya Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya.,US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Gideon O Emukule
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Kenya Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jean-Michel Heraud
- National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Amal Barakat
- National Influenza Center, Institut National d'Hygiène, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima El Falaki
- National Influenza Center, Institut National d'Hygiène, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sue Q Huang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Liza Lopez
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- National Influenza Center, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Brechla Moreno
- National Influenza Center, IC Gorgas, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ana Paula Rodrigues
- Department of epidemiology, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel Guiomar
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Li Wei Ang
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Marietjie Venter
- Global Disease Detection, US-CDC, Pretoria, South Africa.,Zoonoses Research Center, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis (CRDM), National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Alla Mironenko
- L.V.Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine, Reiv, Ukraine
| | - Olha Holubka
- L.V.Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine, Reiv, Ukraine
| | - Joseph Bresee
- Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - François Schellevis
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Otterstraat 118-124, 3513, CR, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of General Practice & Elderly Care Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John Paget
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Otterstraat 118-124, 3513, CR, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Biggerstaff M, Kniss K, Jernigan DB, Brammer L, Bresee J, Garg S, Burns E, Reed C. Systematic Assessment of Multiple Routine and Near Real-Time Indicators to Classify the Severity of Influenza Seasons and Pandemics in the United States, 2003-2004 Through 2015-2016. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1040-1050. [PMID: 29053783 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessments of influenza season severity can guide public health action. We used the moving epidemic method to develop intensity thresholds (ITs) for 3 US surveillance indicators from the 2003-2004 through 2014-2015 influenza seasons (excluding the 2009 pandemic). The indicators were: 1) outpatient visits for influenza-like illness; 2) influenza-related hospitalizations; and 3) influenza- and pneumonia-related deaths. ITs were developed for the population overall and separately for children, adults, and older adults, and they were set at the upper limit of the 50% (IT50), 90% (IT90), and 98% (IT98) 1-sided confidence intervals of the geometric mean of each season's 3 highest values. Severity was classified as low if ≥2 systems peaked below IT50, moderate if ≥2 peaked between IT50 and IT90, high if ≥2 peaked between IT90 and IT98, and very high if ≥2 peaked above IT98. We pilot-tested this method with the 2015-2016 season and the 2009 pandemic. Overall, 4 seasons were classified as low severity, 7 as moderate, 2 as high, and none as very high. Among the age groups, older adults had the most seasons (n = 3) classified as high, and children were the only group to have seasons (n = 2) classified as very high. We will apply this method to classify the severity of future seasons and inform pandemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Biggerstaff
- Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Krista Kniss
- Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel B Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shikha Garg
- Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carrie Reed
- Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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33
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Shang M, Blanton L, Brammer L, Olsen SJ, Fry AM. Influenza-Associated Pediatric Deaths in the United States, 2010-2016. Pediatrics 2018; 141:peds.2017-2918. [PMID: 29440502 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza-associated pediatric deaths became a notifiable condition in the United States in 2004. METHODS We analyzed deaths in children aged <18 years with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during the 2010-2011 to 2015-2016 influenza seasons. Data were collected with a standard case report form that included demographics, medical conditions, and clinical diagnoses. RESULTS Overall, 675 deaths were reported. The median age was 6 years (interquartile range: 2-12). The average annual incidence was 0.15 per 100 000 children (95% confidence interval: 0.14-0.16) and was highest among children aged <6 months (incidence: 0.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.53-0.82), followed by children aged 6-23 months (incidence: 0.33; 95% confidence interval: 0.27-0.39). Only 31% (n = 149 of 477) of children aged ≥6 months had received any influenza vaccination. Overall, 65% (n = 410 of 628) of children died within 7 days after symptom onset. Half of the children (n = 327 of 654) had no preexisting medical conditions. Compared with children with preexisting medical conditions, children with none were younger (median: 5 vs 8 years old), less vaccinated (27% vs 36%), more likely to die before hospital admission (77% vs 48%), and had a shorter illness duration (4 vs 7 days; P < .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Each year, influenza-associated pediatric deaths are reported. Young children have the highest death rates, especially infants aged <6 months. Increasing vaccination among children, pregnant women, and caregivers of infants may reduce influenza-associated pediatric deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Shang
- Epidemic Intelligence Service and.,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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34
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Budd AP, Wentworth DE, Blanton L, Elal AIA, Alabi N, Barnes J, Brammer L, Burns E, Cummings CN, Davis T, Flannery B, Fry AM, Garg S, Garten R, Gubareva L, Jang Y, Kniss K, Kramer N, Lindstrom S, Mustaquim D, O'Halloran A, Olsen SJ, Sessions W, Taylor C, Xu X, Dugan VG, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 1, 2017-February 3, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:169-179. [PMID: 29447145 PMCID: PMC5815487 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6706a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia P Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Noreen Alabi
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Charisse N Cummings
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Yunho Jang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Natalie Kramer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Stephen Lindstrom
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Desiree Mustaquim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alissa O'Halloran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Wendy Sessions
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Calli Taylor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Vivien G Dugan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jacqueline Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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35
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Rolfes MA, Foppa IM, Garg S, Flannery B, Brammer L, Singleton JA, Burns E, Jernigan D, Olsen SJ, Bresee J, Reed C. Annual estimates of the burden of seasonal influenza in the United States: A tool for strengthening influenza surveillance and preparedness. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:132-137. [PMID: 29446233 PMCID: PMC5818346 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Estimates of influenza disease burden are broadly useful for public health, helping national and local authorities monitor epidemiologic trends, plan and allocate resources, and promote influenza vaccination. Historically, estimates of the burden of seasonal influenza in the United States, focused mainly on influenza‐related mortality and hospitalization, were generated every few years. Since the 2010‐2011 influenza season, annual US influenza burden estimates have been generated and expanded to include estimates of influenza‐related outpatient medical visits and symptomatic illness in the community. Methods We used routinely collected surveillance data, outbreak field investigations, and proportions of people seeking health care from survey results to estimate the number of illnesses, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths due to influenza during six influenza seasons (2010‐2011 through 2015‐2016). Results We estimate that the number of influenza‐related illnesses that have occurred during influenza season has ranged from 9.2 million to 35.6 million, including 140 000 to 710 000 influenza‐related hospitalizations. Discussion These annual efforts have strengthened public health communications products and supported timely assessment of the impact of vaccination through estimates of illness and hospitalizations averted. Additionally, annual estimates of influenza burden have highlighted areas where disease surveillance needs improvement to better support public health decision making for seasonal influenza epidemics as well as future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Rolfes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ivo M Foppa
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James A Singleton
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carrie Reed
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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36
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Dugan VG, Blanton L, Elal AIA, Alabi N, Barnes J, Brammer L, Burns E, Cummings CN, Davis T, Flannery B, Fry AM, Garg S, Garten R, Gubareva L, Jang Y, Kniss K, Kramer N, Lindstrom S, Mustaquim D, O'Halloran A, Olsen SJ, Sessions W, Taylor C, Trock S, Xu X, Wentworth DE, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 1-November 25, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:1318-1326. [PMID: 29216030 PMCID: PMC5757637 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6648a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien G Dugan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Noreen Alabi
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Charisse N Cummings
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Yunho Jang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Natalie Kramer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Stephen Lindstrom
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Desiree Mustaquim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alissa O'Halloran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Wendy Sessions
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Calli Taylor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Susan Trock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jacqueline Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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37
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Blanton L, Wentworth DE, Alabi N, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Barnes J, Brammer L, Burns E, Davis CT, Dugan VG, Fry AM, Garten R, Grohskopf LA, Gubareva L, Kniss K, Lindstrom S, Mustaquim D, Olsen SJ, Roguski K, Taylor C, Trock S, Xu X, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity - United States and Worldwide, May 21-September 23, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:1043-1051. [PMID: 28981486 PMCID: PMC5720887 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6639a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Noreen Alabi
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | | | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - C Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Vivien G Dugan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lisa A Grohskopf
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Stephen Lindstrom
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Desiree Mustaquim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Katherine Roguski
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Calli Taylor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Susan Trock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jacqueline Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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38
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Park S, Roto S, Pavlidis H, McIntyre D, Striplin K, Brammer L, Ricke S. Effects of feeding Original XPC™ to broilers with a live coccidiosis vaccine under industrial conditions: Part 2. Cecal microbiota analysis. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2400-2411. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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39
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Blanton L, Alabi N, Mustaquim D, Taylor C, Kniss K, Kramer N, Budd A, Garg S, Cummings CN, Chung J, Flannery B, Fry AM, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Dugan V, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity in the United States During the 2016-17 Season and Composition of the 2017-18 Influenza Vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:668-676. [PMID: 28662019 PMCID: PMC5687497 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6625a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Noreen Alabi
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Desiree Mustaquim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Calli Taylor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Natalie Kramer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Charisse N Cummings
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jessie Chung
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Wendy Sessions
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Vivien Dugan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jacqueline Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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40
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Blanton L, Mustaquim D, Alabi N, Kniss K, Kramer N, Budd A, Garg S, Cummings CN, Fry AM, Bresee J, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 2, 2016-February 4, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66:159-166. [PMID: 28207684 PMCID: PMC5657859 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6606a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Desiree Mustaquim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Noreen Alabi
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Natalie Kramer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Charisse N Cummings
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Joseph Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Wendy Sessions
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jacqueline Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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41
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Shang M, Blanton L, Kniss K, Mustaquim D, Alabi N, Barnes S, Budd A, Davlin SL, Kramer N, Garg S, Cummings CN, Flannery B, Fry AM, Grohskopf LA, Olsen SJ, Bresee J, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 2-December 17, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65:1439-1444. [PMID: 28033315 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm655051a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 2-December 17, 2016.† Influenza activity in the United States remained low in October and has been slowly increasing since November. Influenza A viruses were identified most frequently, with influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominating. Most influenza viruses characterized during this period were genetically or antigenically similar to the reference viruses representing vaccine components recommended for production in the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Ambulatory Care/statistics & numerical data
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Child
- Child Mortality
- Child, Preschool
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/drug effects
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Middle Aged
- Pneumonia/mortality
- Population Surveillance
- Seasons
- United States/epidemiology
- Young Adult
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42
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Budd A, Blanton L, Kniss K, Smith S, Mustaquim D, Davlin SL, Kramer N, Flannery B, Fry AM, Grohskopf LA, Olsen SJ, Bresee J, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity - United States and Worldwide, May 22-September 10, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65:1008-1014. [PMID: 27657671 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6537a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During May 22-September 10, 2016,* the United States experienced typical low levels of seasonal influenza activity overall; beginning in late August, clinical laboratories reported a slight increase in influenza positive test results and CDC received reports of a small number of localized influenza outbreaks caused by influenza A (H3N2) viruses. Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B viruses were detected during May-September in the United States and worldwide. The majority of the influenza viruses collected from the United States and other countries during that time have been characterized antigenically or genetically or both as being similar to the reference viruses representing vaccine components recommended for the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere vaccine. During May 22-September 10, 2016, 20 influenza variant virus† infections were reported; two were influenza A (H1N2) variant (H1N2v) viruses (Minnesota and Wisconsin) and 18 were influenza A (H3N2) variant (H3N2v) viruses (12 from Michigan and six from Ohio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Budd
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Sophie Smith
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Desiree Mustaquim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Stacy L Davlin
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Natalie Kramer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lisa A Grohskopf
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Joseph Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Wendy Sessions
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jacqueline Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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Davlin SL, Blanton L, Kniss K, Mustaquim D, Smith S, Kramer N, Cohen J, Cummings CN, Garg S, Flannery B, Fry AM, Grohskopf LA, Bresee J, Wallis T, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Influenza Activity - United States, 2015-16 Season and Composition of the 2016-17 Influenza Vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65:567-75. [PMID: 27281364 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6522a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During the 2015-16 influenza season (October 4, 2015-May 21, 2016) in the United States, influenza activity* was lower and peaked later compared with the previous three seasons (2012-13, 2013-14, and 2014-15). Activity remained low from October 2015 until late December 2015 and peaked in mid-March 2016. During the most recent 18 influenza seasons (including this season), only two other seasons have peaked in March (2011-12 and 2005-06). Overall influenza activity was moderate this season, with a lower percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI),(†) lower hospitalization rates, and a lower percentage of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) compared with the preceding three seasons. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses predominated overall, but influenza A(H3N2) viruses were more commonly identified from October to early December, and influenza B viruses were more commonly identified from mid-April through mid-May. The majority of viruses characterized this season were antigenically similar to the reference viruses representing the recommended components of the 2015-16 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine (1). This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States during the 2015-16 influenza season (October 4, 2015-May 21, 2016)(§) and reports the vaccine virus components recommended for the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Child
- Child Mortality
- Child, Preschool
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant Mortality
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/drug effects
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Middle Aged
- Outpatients/statistics & numerical data
- Pneumonia/mortality
- Population Surveillance
- Seasons
- United States/epidemiology
- Young Adult
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44
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Caini S, Huang QS, Ciblak MA, Kusznierz G, Owen R, Wangchuk S, Henriques CMP, Njouom R, Fasce RA, Yu H, Feng L, Zambon M, Clara AW, Kosasih H, Puzelli S, Kadjo HA, Emukule G, Heraud JM, Ang LW, Venter M, Mironenko A, Brammer L, Mai LTQ, Schellevis F, Plotkin S, Paget J. Epidemiological and virological characteristics of influenza B: results of the Global Influenza B Study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 9 Suppl 1:3-12. [PMID: 26256290 PMCID: PMC4549097 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Literature on influenza focuses on influenza A, despite influenza B having a large public health impact. The Global Influenza B Study aims to collect information on global epidemiology and burden of disease of influenza B since 2000. METHODS Twenty-six countries in the Southern (n = 5) and Northern (n = 7) hemispheres and intertropical belt (n = 14) provided virological and epidemiological data. We calculated the proportion of influenza cases due to type B and Victoria and Yamagata lineages in each country and season; tested the correlation between proportion of influenza B and maximum weekly influenza-like illness (ILI) rate during the same season; determined the frequency of vaccine mismatches; and described the age distribution of cases by virus type. RESULTS The database included 935 673 influenza cases (2000-2013). Overall median proportion of influenza B was 22·6%, with no statistically significant differences across seasons. During seasons where influenza B was dominant or co-circulated (>20% of total detections), Victoria and Yamagata lineages predominated during 64% and 36% of seasons, respectively, and a vaccine mismatch was observed in ≈25% of seasons. Proportion of influenza B was inversely correlated with maximum ILI rate in the same season in the Northern and (with borderline significance) Southern hemispheres. Patients infected with influenza B were usually younger (5-17 years) than patients infected with influenza A. CONCLUSION Influenza B is a common disease with some epidemiological differences from influenza A. This should be considered when optimizing control/prevention strategies in different regions and reducing the global burden of disease due to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Caini
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Q Sue Huang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Gabriela Kusznierz
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Dr. Emilio Coni, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rhonda Owen
- Department of Health and Ageing, Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Woden, ACT, Australia
| | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | | | - Richard Njouom
- Service de Virologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Rodrigo A Fasce
- Sección de Virus Respiratorios y Exantemáticos, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Maria Zambon
- Respiratory Virus Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Alexey W Clara
- US Centers for Disease Control, Central American Region, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Herman Kosasih
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Simona Puzelli
- National Influenza Center, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Herve A Kadjo
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Gideon Emukule
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jean-Michel Heraud
- National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Li Wei Ang
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Global Disease Detection, US-CDC, Pretoria, South Africa.,Zoonoses Research Unit, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alla Mironenko
- L.V.Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - François Schellevis
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Paget
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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45
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Caini S, Andrade W, Badur S, Balmaseda A, Barakat A, Bella A, Bimohuen A, Brammer L, Bresee J, Bruno A, Castillo L, Ciblak MA, Clara AW, Cohen C, Daouda C, de Lozano C, De Mora D, Dorji K, Emukule GO, Fasce RA, Feng L, Ferreira de Almeida WA, Guiomar R, Heraud JM, Holubka O, Huang QS, Kadjo HA, Kiyanbekova L, Kosasih H, Kusznierz G, Lee V, Lara J, Li M, Lopez L, Mai HP, Pessanha HC, Matute ML, Mironenko A, Moreno B, Mott JA, Njouom R, Ospanova A, Owen R, Pebody R, Pennington K, Puzelli S, Quynh Le MT, Razanajatovo NH, Rodrigues A, Rudi JM, Venter M, Vernet MA, Wei AL, Wangchuk S, Yang J, Yu H, Zambon M, Schellevis F, Paget J. Correction: Temporal Patterns of Influenza A and B in Tropical and Temperate Countries: What Are the Lessons for Influenza Vaccination? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155089. [PMID: 27135748 PMCID: PMC4852893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152310.].
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46
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Russell K, Blanton L, Kniss K, Mustaquim D, Smith S, Cohen J, Garg S, Flannery B, Fry AM, Grohskopf LA, Bresee J, Wallis T, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity--United States, October 4, 2015-February 6, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65:146-53. [PMID: 26891596 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6506a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
From October through mid-December 2015, influenza activity remained low in most regions of the United States. Activity began to increase in late December 2015 and continued to increase slowly through early February 2016. Influenza A viruses have been most frequently identified, with influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominating during October until early December, and influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 viruses predominating from mid-December until early February. Most of the influenza viruses characterized during that time are antigenically similar to vaccine virus strains recommended for inclusion in the 2015-16 Northern Hemisphere vaccines. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 4, 2015-February 6, 2016, and updates the previous summary (1).
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Child
- Child Mortality
- Child, Preschool
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Female
- Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/drug effects
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pneumonia/mortality
- Population Surveillance
- Pregnancy
- Seasons
- United States/epidemiology
- Young Adult
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47
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Smith S, Blanton L, Kniss K, Mustaquim D, Steffens C, Reed C, Bramley A, Flannery B, Fry AM, Grohskopf LA, Bresee J, Wallis T, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64:1342-8. [PMID: 26656182 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6448a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
CDC collects, compiles, and analyzes data on influenza activity year-round in the United States. The influenza season generally begins in the fall and continues through the winter and spring months; however, the timing and severity of circulating influenza viruses can vary by geographic location and season. Influenza activity in the United States remained low through October and November in 2015. Influenza A viruses have been most frequently identified, with influenza A (H3) viruses predominating. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity for the period October 4-November 28, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Smith
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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48
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Blanton L, Kniss K, Smith S, Mustaquim D, Steffens C, Flannery B, Fry AM, Bresee J, Wallis T, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity — United States and Worldwide, May 24–September 5, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64:1011-6. [DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6436a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Sophie Smith
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Desiree Mustaquim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Craig Steffens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Alicia M. Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Joseph Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Teresa Wallis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jacqueline Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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49
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Greenbaum A, Quinn C, Bailer J, Su S, Havers F, Durand LO, Jiang V, Page S, Budd J, Shaw M, Biggerstaff M, de Fijter S, Smith K, Reed C, Epperson S, Brammer L, Feltz D, Sohner K, Ford J, Jain S, Gargiullo P, Weiss E, Burg P, DiOrio M, Fowler B, Finelli L, Jhung MA. Investigation of an Outbreak of Variant Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Infection Associated With an Agricultural Fair-Ohio, August 2012. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1592-9. [PMID: 25948864 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2012, one third of cases in a multistate outbreak of variant influenza A(H3N2) virus ([H3N2]v) infection occurred in Ohio. We conducted an investigation of (H3N2)v cases associated with agricultural Fair A in Ohio. METHODS We surveyed Fair A swine exhibitors and their household members. Confirmed cases had influenza-like illness (ILI) and a positive laboratory test for (H3N2)v, and probable cases had ILI. We calculated attack rates. We determined risk factors for infection, using multivariable log-binomial regression. RESULTS We identified 20 confirmed and 94 probable cases associated with Fair A. Among 114 cases, the median age was 10 years, there were no hospitalizations or deaths, and 82% had swine exposure. In the exhibitor household cohort of 359 persons (83 households), we identified 6 confirmed cases (2%) and 40 probable cases (11%). An age of <10 years was a significant risk factor (P < .01) for illness. One instance of likely human-to-human transmission was identified. CONCLUSIONS In this (H3N2)v outbreak, no evidence of sustained human-to-human (H3N2)v transmission was found. Our risk factor analysis contributed to the development of the recommendation that people at increased risk of influenza-associated complications, including children aged <5 years, avoid swine barns at fairs during the 2012 fair season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celia Quinn
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Ohio Department of Health, Columbus
| | | | | | - Fiona Havers
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Influenza Division
| | - Lizette O Durand
- Epidemic Intelligence Service US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward Weiss
- Division of Applied Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pat Burg
- Butler County Health Department, Hamilton, Ohio
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50
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D’Mello T, Brammer L, Blanton L, Kniss K, Smith S, Mustaquim D, Steffens C, Dhara R, Cohen J, Chaves SS, Finelli L, Bresee J, Wallis T, Xu X, Abd Elal AI, Gubareva L, Wentworth D, Villanueva J, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza activity--United States, September 28, 2014-February 21, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64:206-12. [PMID: 25742380 PMCID: PMC4584716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza activity in the United States began to increase in mid-November, remained elevated through February 21, 2015, and is expected to continue for several more weeks. To date, influenza A (H3N2) viruses have predominated overall. As has been observed in previous seasons during which influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominated, adults aged ≥65 years have been most severely affected. The cumulative laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalization rate among adults aged ≥65 years is the highest recorded since this type of surveillance began in 2005. This age group also accounts for the majority of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza. The majority of circulating influenza A (H3N2) viruses are different from the influenza A (H3N2) component of the 2014-15 Northern Hemisphere seasonal vaccines, and the predominance of these antigenically and genetically drifted viruses has resulted in reduced vaccine effectiveness. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* since September 28, 2014, and updates the previous summary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany D’Mello
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC,Corresponding author: Tiffany D’Mello, , 404-639-3747
| | - Lynnette Brammer
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lenee Blanton
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Krista Kniss
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Sophie Smith
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Desiree Mustaquim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Craig Steffens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Rosaline Dhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jessica Cohen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Sandra S. Chaves
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Lyn Finelli
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Joseph Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Teresa Wallis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Anwar Isa Abd Elal
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Larisa Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Julie Villanueva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Jackie Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Daniel Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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