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Olivier M, Bustos VI, Levy MR, Smick GA, Moreno I, Bushard JM, Almendras AA, Sheppard K, Zierten DL, Aggarwal A, Carlson CS, Foster BD, Vo N, Kelly L, Liu X, Cox DR. Complex high-resolution linkage disequilibrium and haplotype patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 2.5 Mb of sequence on human chromosome 21. Genomics 2001; 78:64-72. [PMID: 11707074 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One approach to identify potentially important segments of the human genome is to search for DNA regions with nonrandom patterns of human sequence variation. Previous studies have investigated these patterns primarily in and around candidate gene regions. Here, we determined patterns of DNA sequence variation in 2.5 Mb of finished sequence from five regions on human chromosome 21. By sequencing 13 individual chromosomes, we identified 1460 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and obtained unambiguous haplotypes for all chromosomes. For all five chromosomal regions, we observed segments with high linkage disequilibrium (LD), extending from 1.7 to>81 kb (average 21.7 kb), disrupted by segments of similar or larger size with no significant LD between SNPs. At least 25% of the contig sequences consisted of segments with high LD between SNPs. Each of these segments was characterized by a restricted number of observed haplotypes,with the major haplotype found in over 60% of all chromosomes. In contrast, the interspersed segments with low LD showed significantly more haplotype patterns. The position and extent of the segments of high LD with restricted haplotype variability did not coincide with the location of coding sequences. Our results indicate that LD and haplotype patterns need to be investigated with closely spaced SNPs throughout the human genome, independent of the location of coding sequences, to reliably identify regions with significant LD useful for disease association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Olivier
- Stanford Human Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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Olivier M, Aggarwal A, Allen J, Almendras AA, Bajorek ES, Beasley EM, Brady SD, Bushard JM, Bustos VI, Chu A, Chung TR, De Witte A, Denys ME, Dominguez R, Fang NY, Foster BD, Freudenberg RW, Hadley D, Hamilton LR, Jeffrey TJ, Kelly L, Lazzeroni L, Levy MR, Lewis SC, Liu X, Lopez FJ, Louie B, Marquis JP, Martinez RA, Matsuura MK, Misherghi NS, Norton JA, Olshen A, Perkins SM, Perou AJ, Piercy C, Piercy M, Qin F, Reif T, Sheppard K, Shokoohi V, Smick GA, Sun WL, Stewart EA, Fernando J, Tran NM, Trejo T, Vo NT, Yan SC, Zierten DL, Zhao S, Sachidanandam R, Trask BJ, Myers RM, Cox DR. A high-resolution radiation hybrid map of the human genome draft sequence. Science 2001; 291:1298-302. [PMID: 11181994 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed a physical map of the human genome by using a panel of 90 whole-genome radiation hybrids (the TNG panel) in conjunction with 40,322 sequence-tagged sites (STSs) derived from random genomic sequences as well as expressed sequences. Of 36,678 STSs on the TNG radiation hybrid map, only 3604 (9.8%) were absent from the unassembled draft sequence of the human genome. Of 20,030 STSs ordered on the TNG map as well as the assembled human genome draft sequence and the Celera assembled human genome sequence, 36% of the STSs had a discrepant order between the working draft sequence and the Celera sequence. The TNG map order was identical to one of the two sequence orders in 60% of these discrepant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Olivier
- Stanford Human Genome Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 975 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Williams PD, Bock MG, Evans BE, Freidinger RM, Gallicchio SN, Guidotti MT, Jacobson MA, Kuo MS, Levy MR, Lis EV, Michelson SR, Pawluczyk JM, Perlow DS, Pettibone DJ, Quigley AG, Reiss DR, Salvatore C, Stauffer KJ, Woyden CJ. Nonpeptide oxytocin antagonists: analogs of L-371,257 with improved potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1311-6. [PMID: 10340620 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity studies on the oxytocin antagonist 1 (L-371,257; Ki = 9.3 nM) have led to the identification of a related series of compounds containing an ortho-trifluoroethoxyphenylacetyl core which are orally bioavailable and have significantly improved potency in vitro and in vivo, e.g., compound 8 (L-374,943; Ki = 1.4 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Williams
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Murrell JN, Robinson GN, Continetti RE, Lee YT, Zare RN, Nathanson GM, Grice R, Bowers MT, Rieley H, Leone SR, Holmlid L, Elofson PA, Setser DW, Herschbach DR, Kruus EJ, Niefer BI, Sloan JJ, Truhlar DG, McKendrick KG, Dagdigian PJ, Alexander MH, Firth NC, Laganà A, Basterrechea FJ, Alvariño JM, Trickl T, Wanner J, Keane NW, Smith DJ, Whitehead JC, Girard B, Billy N, Gouédard G, Vigué J, Wagemann K, Zeng XK, Quintales LAM, Levy MR, Costes M, Naulin C, Dorthe G. General discussion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1039/dc9878400087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Levy MR, Lambe ME, Shear CL. Do-not-resuscitate orders in a county hospital. West J Med 1984; 140:111-3. [PMID: 6702187 PMCID: PMC1011068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of the do-not-resuscitate order has become accepted medical practice. To date, however, no study has been done of how often it is used or factors associated with its use. Reports of all deaths of inpatients occurring during calendar year 1981 at San Bernardino County Medical Center were eligible for study. Retrospective review of the 237 cases indicated that a do-not-resuscitate order had been written for 165 (69.6%) of the patients. Comparison of reports of those for whom such an order had been written with those for whom no order had been written indicated that a do-not-resuscitate order was not associated with age, sex, ethnicity or pay status. Indices of mental clarity, however, were associated with orders not to resuscitate; those patients residing in nursing homes, and not alert and oriented on admission were overrepresented in the group given this order. Primary discharge diagnosis was also associated with such an order, as was an increased duration of hospital stay.
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Shear CL, Gipe BT, Mattheis JK, Levy MR. Provider continuity and quality of medical care. A retrospective analysis of prenatal and perinatal outcome. Med Care 1983; 21:1204-10. [PMID: 6656343 DOI: 10.1097/00005650-198312000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It is often assumed that family physicians are able to provide a higher quality of medical care because of the greater degree of continuity inherent in their practices. The authors attempted to measure the association between continuity and quality of medical care using pregnancy as a tracer condition. Using a retrospective cohort study design, two groups of pregnant women were identified--those cared for in the family practice (FP) centers and those cared for in the obstetric (OB) clinics. Process and outcome of medical care were measured along with patient satisfaction. Provider continuity, as measured by the SECON value, was much higher in the FP group, and was highly correlated with the presence of an "attitudinal contract" between patient and physician. Although not statistically significant, four times as many newborns from the OB group were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. FP group newborn weight averaged 220 grams more than the OB group (P less than 0.05). This difference remained after control for covariates. While not reaching statistical significance, patient satisfaction scores tended to be higher for the FP group in two of three categories measured. The results suggest that continuity of care was associated with better patient outcome and satisfaction. Directions for causal interpretation and future research are discussed.
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Yu MH, Levy MR, Wittig C. The production of CN(X 2Σ+) and C2(a 3Πu) via the infrared multiple photon dissociation of C2H3CN. J Chem Phys 1980. [DOI: 10.1063/1.439593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bly SHP, Dickson LW, Nomura Y, Polanyi JC, Smith IWM, Clough PN, Kneba M, Wellhausen U, Wolfrum J, Siska PE, Wolf RJ, Sloane CS, Hase WL, Holmlid L, Rynefors K, Luther K, Quack M, Freed K, Jackson WM, Naaman R, Zare RN, Hancock G, Walsh R, Troe J, Lubman DM, Atkinson G, Setser DW, Levy MR, Mangir M, Reisler H, Yu MH, Wittig C, Miller CM, Tablas FMG, Ashfold MNR, Roberts AJ, Veltman I, Durkin A, Smith DJ, Grice R, Herschbach DR, McClelland GM, Kompa KL. General discussion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1039/dc9796700221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Levy MR, McConkey CL. Enzyme inactivation by a cellular neutral protease: enzyme specificity, effects of ligands on inactivation, and implications for the regulation of enzyme degradation. J Cell Physiol 1977; 90:253-63. [PMID: 14168 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040900211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A protease from Tetrahymena pyriformis inactivated eight of nine commercially available enzymes tested, including lactate deyhdrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (TPN-specific), glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, D-amino acid oxidase, fumarase, pyruvate kinase, hexokinase, and citrate synthase. Urate oxidase was not inactivated. Inactivation occurred at neutral pH, was prevented by inhibitors of the protease, and followed first order kinetics. In those cases tested, inactivation was enhanced by mercaptoethanol. Most of the enzyme-inactivating activity was due to a protease of molecular weight 25,000 that eluted from DEAE-Sephadex at 0.3 M KCl. A second protease of this molecular weight, which was not retained by the gel, inactivated only isocitrate dehydrogenase and D-amino acid oxidase. These two proteases could also be distinguished by temperature and inhibitor sensitivity. Two other protease peaks obtained by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography had little or no no enzyme inactivating activity, while another attacked only D-amino acid oxidase. At least six of the enzymes could be protected from proteolytic inactivation by various ligands. Isocitrates dehydrogenase was protected by isocitrate, TPN, or TPNH, glucose-6-dehydrogenase by glucose-6-P or TPN, pyruvate kinase by phosphoenolypyruvate or ADP, hexokinase by glucose, and fumarase by a mixture of fumarate and malate. Lactate dehdrogenase was not protected by either of its substrates of coenzymes. Citrate synthase was probably protected by oxalacetate. Our data suggest that the protease or proteases discussed here may participate in the inactivation or degradation of a least some enzymes in Tetrahymena. Since the inactivation occurs at neutral pH, this process could be regulated by variations in the cellular levels of substrates, coenzymes, or allosteric regulators resulting form changes in growth conditions or growth state. Such a mechanism would permit the selective retention of enzymes of metabolically active pathways.
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Levy MR, Sisskin EE, McConkey CL. A protease that increases during a period of enzymic and metabolic adjustment in Tetrahymena. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 172:634-47. [PMID: 4023 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The specific activity of a peroxisomal enzyme, lactate oxidase, and of pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, which are not peroxisomal, increased rapidly when shaken cultures of Tetrahymena were transferred to conditions of oxygen restriction and supplemented with glucose. Two other peroxisomal enzymes, catalase and TPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, did not increase substantially, nor did succinate dehydrogenase. The increases were reduced if glucose was not added at the time of transfer, and were prevented by actinomycin D or cycloheximide, but not by chloramphenicol. The results suggest an involvement of peroxisomes in the metabolism of glycolytic endproducts when the availability of oxygen to the cell is limiting.
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Levy MR, Chou SC. Inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in the malarial parasites by inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes. Experientia 1975; 31:52-4. [PMID: 1089545 DOI: 10.1007/bf01924675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Levy MR, Siddiqui WA, Chou SC. Acid protease activity in Plasmodium falciparum and P. knowlesi and ghosts of their respective host red cells. Nature 1974; 247:546-9. [PMID: 4206506 DOI: 10.1038/247546a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Levy MR, Chou SC. Activity and some properties of an acid proteinase from normal and Plasmodium berghei-infected red cells. J Parasitol 1973; 59:1064-70. [PMID: 4202515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Levy MR. Decrease of peroxisomal enzymes in Tetrahymena and its prevention by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. Biochim Biophys Acta 1973; 304:367-74. [PMID: 4710764 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(73)90255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Davies DW, del Conde G, Lin SM, Grice R, McDonald JD, Polanyi JC, Schreiber JL, Whitehead JC, Dixon DA, King DL, Herschbach DR, Cheung JT, Marcus RA, Parson JM, Shobatake K, Lee YT, Rice SA, Carter CF, Levy MR, Woodall KB, Wong YC, Parrish DD, Hunter G. General discussion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1039/dc9735500369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Levy MR. Drug abuse education: a pedagogical schizophrenia. Am J Pharm Sci Support Public Health 1971; 143:51-8. [PMID: 5106026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Levy MR, Gollon CE, Elliott AM. Effects of hyperthermia on Tetrahymena. I. Localization of acid hydrolases and changes in cell ultrastructure. Exp Cell Res 1969; 55:295-305. [PMID: 5786848 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(69)90562-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Levy MR. Interaction of acetate, glucose and growth conditions on glyconeogenesis and isocitrate lyase activity in Tetrahymena. Comp Biochem Physiol 1967; 21:291-8. [PMID: 6036928 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(67)90789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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