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Djuicy DD, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Bilounga CN, Yonga MG, Tchatchueng-Mbougua JB, Essima GD, Esso L, Nguidjol IME, Metomb SF, Chebo C, Agwe SM, Ankone PA, Ngonla FNN, Mossi HM, Etoundi AGM, Eyangoh SI, Kazanji M, Njouom R. Concurrent Clade I and Clade II Monkeypox Virus Circulation, Cameroon, 1979-2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:432-443. [PMID: 38325363 PMCID: PMC10902553 DOI: 10.3201/eid3003.230861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
During 1979-2022, Cameroon recorded 32 laboratory-confirmed mpox cases among 137 suspected mpox cases identified by the national surveillance network. The highest positivity rate occurred in 2022, indicating potential mpox re-emergence in Cameroon. Both clade I (n = 12) and clade II (n = 18) monkeypox virus (MPXV) were reported, a unique feature of mpox in Cameroon. The overall case-fatality ratio of 2.2% was associated with clade II. We found mpox occurred only in the forested southern part of the country, and MPXV phylogeographic structure revealed a clear geographic separation among concurrent circulating clades. Clade I originated from eastern regions close to neighboring mpox-endemic countries in Central Africa; clade II was prevalent in western regions close to West Africa. Our findings suggest that MPXV re-emerged after a 30-year lapse and might arise from different viral reservoirs unique to ecosystems in eastern and western rainforests of Cameroon.
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Wang L, Fontaine A, Gaborit P, Guidez A, Issaly J, Girod R, Kazanji M, Rousset D, Vignuzzi M, Epelboin Y, Dusfour I. Interactions between vector competence to chikungunya virus and resistance to deltamethrin in Aedes aegypti laboratory lines? Med Vet Entomol 2022; 36:486-495. [PMID: 35762523 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The urban mosquito species Aedes aegypti is the main vector of arboviruses worldwide. Mosquito control with insecticides is the most prevalent method for preventing transmission in the absence of effective vaccines and available treatments; however, the extensive use of insecticides has led to the development of resistance in mosquito populations throughout the world, and the number of epidemics caused by arboviruses has increased. Three mosquito lines with different resistance profiles to deltamethrin were isolated in French Guiana, including one with the I1016 knock-down resistant allele. Significant differences were observed in the cumulative proportion of mosquitoes with a disseminated chikungunya virus infection over time across these lines. In addition, some genes related to resistance (CYP6BB2, CYP6N12, GST2, trypsin) were variably overexpressed in the midgut at 7 days after an infectious bloodmeal in these three lines. Our work shows that vector competence for chikungunya virus varied between Ae. aegypti laboratory lines with different deltamethrin resistance profiles. More accurate verification of the functional association between insecticide resistance and vector competence remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjiao Wang
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Albin Fontaine
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, cedex 5, France
| | - Pascal Gaborit
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Amandine Guidez
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Jean Issaly
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Romain Girod
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | | | - Dominique Rousset
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Unité des Populations Virales et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Yanouk Epelboin
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité de contrôle et adaptation des vecteurs, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne cedex, France
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Manirakiza A, Tondeur L, Ketta MYB, Sepou A, Serdouma E, Gondje S, Bata GGB, Boulay A, Moyen JM, Sakanga O, Le-Fouler L, Kazanji M, Briand V, Lombart JP, Vray M. Cotrimoxazole versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women in Bangui, Central African Republic: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:1314-1323. [PMID: 34407273 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of the MACOMBA (Maternity and Control of Malaria-HIV co-infection in Bangui) trial was to show that cotrimoxazole (CTX) is more effective than sulphadoxine-pyremethamine-IPTp (IPTp-SP) to prevent placental malaria infection (primary end point) among HIV-positive pregnant women with a CD4+ count ≥350 cells/mm3 in Bangui, CAR. METHODS MACOMBA is a multicentre, open-label randomised trial conducted in four maternity hospitals in Bangui. Between 2013 and 2017, 193 women were randomised and 112 (59 and 53 in CTX and IPTp-SP arms, respectively) were assessed for placental infection defined by microscopic parasitaemia or PCR. RESULTS Thirteen women had a placental infection: five in the CTX arm (one by microscopic placental parasitaemia and four by PCR) and eight by PCR in the SP-IPTp (8.5% vs. 15.1%, p = 0.28). The percentage of newborns with low birthweight (<2500 g) did not differ statistically between the two arms. Self-reported compliance to CTX prophylaxis was good. There was a low overall rate of adverse events in both arms. CONCLUSION Although our results do not allow us to conclude that CTX is more effective, drug safety and good compliance among women with this treatment favour its widespread use among HIV-infected pregnant women, as currently recommended by WHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Manirakiza
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, International Network of Instituts Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Laura Tondeur
- Institut Pasteur of Paris, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Paris, France
| | | | - Abdoulaye Sepou
- Hôpital Communautaire of Bangui, Ministry of Health, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Eugène Serdouma
- Hôpital de l'Amitié, Ministry of Health, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Samuel Gondje
- Maternité de la Gendarmerie, Ministry of Health, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Aude Boulay
- Institut Pasteur of Paris, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Paris, France
| | - Jean Methode Moyen
- Malaria Programme Division, Ministry of Health, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Olga Sakanga
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, International Network of Instituts Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Lenaig Le-Fouler
- Institut Pasteur of Paris, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Paris, France
| | | | - Valerie Briand
- Inserm, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean Pierre Lombart
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, International Network of Instituts Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Muriel Vray
- Institut Pasteur of Paris, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Paris, France.,National Institut of Medical Research, Paris, France
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Berthet N, Descorps-Declère S, Besombes C, Curaudeau M, Nkili Meyong AA, Selekon B, Labouba I, Gonofio EC, Ouilibona RS, Simo Tchetgna HD, Feher M, Fontanet A, Kazanji M, Manuguerra JC, Hassanin A, Gessain A, Nakoune E. Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13085. [PMID: 34158533 PMCID: PMC8219716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease, which has a clinical presentation similar to smallpox. In the two past decades, Central Africa has seen an increase in the frequency of cases, with many monkeypox virus (MPXV) isolates detected in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic (CAR). To date, no complete MPXV viral genome has been published from the human cases identified in the CAR. The objective of this study was to sequence the full genome of 10 MPXV isolates collected during the CAR epidemics between 2001 and 2018 in order to determine their phylogenetic relationships among MPXV lineages previously described in Central Africa and West Africa. Our phylogenetic results indicate that the 10 CAR isolates belong to three lineages closely related to those found in DRC. The phylogenetic pattern shows that all of them emerged in the rainforest block of the Congo Basin. Since most human index cases in CAR occurred at the northern edge of western and eastern rainforests, transmissions from wild animals living in the rainforest is the most probable hypothesis. In addition, molecular dating estimates suggest that periods of intense political instability resulting in population movements within the country often associated also with increased poverty may have led to more frequent contact with host wild animals. The CAR socio-economic situation, armed conflicts and ecological disturbances will likely incite populations to interact more and more with wild animals and thus increase the risk of zoonotic spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berthet
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, No. 320 Yueyang Road, XuHui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France.
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Stéphane Descorps-Declère
- Institut Pasteur, Centre of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology (C3BI), Paris, France
| | - Camille Besombes
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Manon Curaudeau
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Ingrid Labouba
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | - Maxence Feher
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Unité Pasteur-CNAM Risques Infectieux et Emergents (PACRI), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France
| | | | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3569, Paris, France
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N’Yetobouko Tabounie SJ, Kango SC, Bouscaillou J, Tricou V, Fontanet A, Kazanji M, Komas NP. Fatal Outcome in a Hepatitis E Virus/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-Infected Malnourished Child in the Central African Republic. Infect Dis Rep 2020; 12:82-86. [PMID: 33198089 PMCID: PMC7768350 DOI: 10.3390/idr12030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is responsible for major endemic outbreaks in developing countries. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HEV are widespread in the Central African Republic. We report the first documented case of an HEV infection in a 36-month-old child already suffering from HIV and severe acute malnutrition (SAM). The HIV patient was hospitalized for SAM with persistent diarrhea and prolonged fever. The presence of IgG anti-HEV antibodies was noted. Sequencing of the amplified HEV RNA revealed the presence of genotype 3c. The alanine aminotransferase level was slightly above average. The patient died despite being treated by antiretroviral therapy accompanied by probabilistic antibiotic therapy and nutritional rehabilitation. HEV/HIV co-infection in a malnourished patient can accelerate a fatal outcome. In the presence of biological abnormalities in a severe acutely malnourished HIV-infected patient, HEV RNA detection should be added to the standard medical assessment in sub-Saharan African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Judith N’Yetobouko Tabounie
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Bangui (IPB), Bangui BP 923, Central African Republic; (S.J.N.T.); (J.B.)
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui (IPB), Bangui BP 923, Central African Republic; (V.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Simplice Cyriaque Kango
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique de Bangui (CHUPB), BP 923 Bangui, Central African Republic;
| | - Julie Bouscaillou
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Bangui (IPB), Bangui BP 923, Central African Republic; (S.J.N.T.); (J.B.)
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui (IPB), Bangui BP 923, Central African Republic; (V.T.); (M.K.)
- Médecins du Monde, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Vianney Tricou
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui (IPB), Bangui BP 923, Central African Republic; (V.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), 75003 Paris, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui (IPB), Bangui BP 923, Central African Republic; (V.T.); (M.K.)
- Institut Pasteur de Guyane (IPG), 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Narcisse Patrice Komas
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Bangui (IPB), Bangui BP 923, Central African Republic; (S.J.N.T.); (J.B.)
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui (IPB), Bangui BP 923, Central African Republic; (V.T.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +23-6721-079-12
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6
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Flamand C, Bailly S, Fritzell C, Berthelot L, Vanhomwegen J, Salje H, Paireau J, Matheus S, Enfissi A, Fernandes-Pellerin S, Djossou F, Linares S, Carod JF, Kazanji M, Manuguerra JC, Cauchemez S, Rousset D. Impact of Zika Virus Emergence in French Guiana: A Large General Population Seroprevalence Survey. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1915-1925. [PMID: 31418012 PMCID: PMC6834069 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the identification of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil in May 2015, the virus has spread throughout the Americas. However, ZIKV burden in the general population in affected countries remains unknown. METHODS We conducted a general population survey in the different communities of French Guiana through individual interviews and serologic survey during June-October 2017. All serum samples were tested for anti-ZIKV immunoglobulin G antibodies using a recombinant antigen-based SGERPAxMap microsphere immunoassay, and some of them were further evaluated through anti-ZIKV microneutralization tests. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence was estimated at 23.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.9%-25.9%) among 2697 participants, varying from 0% to 45.6% according to municipalities. ZIKV circulated in a large majority of French Guiana but not in the most isolated forest areas. The proportion of reported symptomatic Zika infection was estimated at 25.5% (95% CI, 20.3%-31.4%) in individuals who tested positive for ZIKV. CONCLUSIONS This study described a large-scale representative ZIKV seroprevalence study in South America from the recent 2015-2016 Zika epidemic. Our findings reveal that the majority of the population remains susceptible to ZIKV, which could potentially allow future reintroductions of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Léna Berthelot
- Arbovirus National Reference Center, Institut Pasteur, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jessica Vanhomwegen
- Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Salje
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Paireau
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Matheus
- Arbovirus National Reference Center, Institut Pasteur, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Enfissi
- Arbovirus National Reference Center, Institut Pasteur, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Félix Djossou
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Sébastien Linares
- Geographic Information and Knowledge Dissemination Unit, Direction de l'Environnement, de l'Aménagement et du Logement Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jean-François Carod
- Medical Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais, Saint-Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana
| | | | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rousset
- Arbovirus National Reference Center, Institut Pasteur, Cayenne, French Guiana
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7
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Tricou V, Bouscaillou J, Laghoe-Nguembe GL, Béré A, Konamna X, Sélékon B, Nakouné E, Kazanji M, Komas NP. Hepatitis E virus outbreak associated with rainfall in the Central African Republic in 2008-2009. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:260. [PMID: 32245368 PMCID: PMC7119096 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-04961-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection by hepatitis E virus (HEV) can cause a high burden of morbidity and mortality in countries with poor access to clean water and sanitation. Our study aimed to investigate the situation of HEV infections in the Central African Republic (CAR). METHODS A retrospective analysis of the blood samples and notification forms collected through the national yellow fever (YF) surveillance program, but for which a diagnosis of YF was discarded, was carried out using an anti-HEV IgM ELISA and a HEV-specific RT-PCR. RESULTS Of 2883 YF-negative samples collected between January 2008 and December 2012, 745 (~ 26%) tested positive by at least either of the 2 tests used to confirm HEV cases. The results revealed that the CAR was hit by a large HEV outbreak in 2008 and 2009. The results also showed a clear seasonal pattern with correlation between HEV incidence and rainfall in Bangui. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the circulating strains belonged to genotypes 1e and 2b. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides further evidences that HEV can be a significant cause of acute febrile jaundice, particularly among adults during rainy season or flood, in a country from Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Tricou
- Laboratoire des Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, BP 923.
| | | | | | - Aubin Béré
- Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales, Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Xavier Konamna
- Laboratoire des Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, BP 923
| | - Benjamin Sélékon
- Laboratoire des Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, BP 923
| | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- Laboratoire des Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic, BP 923
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic, and Institut Pasteur, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Narcisse P Komas
- Laboratoire des Hépatites Virales, Institut Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic
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8
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Flamand C, Bailly S, Fritzell C, Fernandes Pellerin S, Toure A, Chateau N, Saout M, Linares S, Dubois F, Filleul L, Kazanji M. Vaccination coverage in the context of the emerging Yellow Fever threat in French Guiana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007661. [PMID: 31425507 PMCID: PMC6715233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background French Guiana, a French overseas department located in South America between Brazil and Surinam, is the only European territory geographically located in the Amazonian forest complex and is considered endemic for yellow fever (YF). In the context of the emergent threat of YF in Latin America, we conducted a large household cross-sectional survey from June to October 2017 to estimate vaccination coverage in the population and to determine associations with sociodemographic and geographical characteristics. Methodology/Principal findings In total, 1,415 households and 2,697 individuals were included from the 22 municipalities of French Guiana. YF vaccination coverage was estimated at 95.0% (95% CI: 93.4–96.2) in the entire territory but was spatially heterogeneous, with the lowest levels estimated in the western part of the territory along the Surinamese cross-border region, particularly in children under 16 years who were not enrolled in school, immigrant adults and disadvantaged populations with low socioeconomic indexes. Conclusions/Significance Despite the good vaccination coverage against YF in the general population of French Guiana resulting from the compulsory nature of YF vaccination for residents and travelers, there is an urgent need to improve vaccination coverage in vulnerable populations living in the northwestern part of the territory to limit the risk of transmission in the context of the emerging YF threat in South America. Despite the relative rarity of YF and the significant number of infectious and tropical diseases in French Guiana, clinicians should adopt a high index of suspicion for YF, particularly in vulnerable and at-risk populations. Yellow fever (YF) is the most severe arbovirus to circulate in the Americas. French Guiana, a French overseas department located in South America between Brazil and Surinam, is the only European territory geographically located in the Amazonian forest complex and is considered endemic for YF. We conducted a large general population survey from June to October 2017 to estimate vaccination coverage in the population and to identify target vulnerable populations for catch-up vaccination strategies. In total, 1,415 households and 2,697 individuals were included from the 22 municipalities of French Guiana. YF vaccination coverage was estimated at 95.0% (95% CI: 93.4–96.2) in the entire territory but was spatially heterogeneous, with the lowest levels estimated in the western part of the territory along the Surinamese cross-border region, particularly in children under 16 years who were not enrolled in school, immigrant adults and disadvantaged groups of populations with low socioeconomic indexes. Our findings showed that vaccination campaigns should be prioritized and adapted to improve vaccination coverage among vulnerable populations living in the northwestern part of the territory to limit the risk of transmission in the context of the emerging YF threat in South America. Despite the relative rarity of YF and the significant number of infectious and tropical diseases in French Guiana, clinicians should adopt a high index of suspicion for YF, particularly in vulnerable and at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Flamand
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Bailly
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Camille Fritzell
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Alhassane Toure
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Naïssa Chateau
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mona Saout
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Sébastien Linares
- Geographic Information and Knowledge Dissemination Unit, Direction de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement et du logement Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Fabien Dubois
- Geographic Information and Knowledge Dissemination Unit, Direction de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement et du logement Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
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9
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Fritzell C, Rousset D, Adde A, Kazanji M, Van Kerkhove MD, Flamand C. Current challenges and implications for dengue, chikungunya and Zika seroprevalence studies worldwide: A scoping review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006533. [PMID: 30011271 PMCID: PMC6062120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arboviral infections are a public health concern and an escalating problem worldwide. Estimating the burden of these diseases represents a major challenge that is complicated by the large number of unapparent infections, especially those of dengue fever. Serological surveys are thus required to identify the distribution of these diseases and measure their impact. Therefore, we undertook a scoping review of the literature to describe and summarize epidemiological practices, findings and insights related to seroprevalence studies of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus, which have rapidly expanded across the globe in recent years. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Relevant studies were retrieved through a literature search of MEDLINE, WHOLIS, Lilacs, SciELO and Scopus (2000 to 2018). In total, 1389 publications were identified. Studies addressing the seroprevalence of dengue, chikungunya and/or Zika written in English or French and meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. In total, 147 studies were included, from which 185 data points were retrieved, as some studies used several different samples. Most of the studies were exclusively conducted on dengue (66.5%), but 16% were exclusively conducted on chikungunya, and 7 were exclusively conducted on Zika; the remainder were conducted on multiple arboviruses. A wide range of designs were applied, but most studies were conducted in the general population (39%) and in households (41%). Although several assays were used, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were the predominant test used (77%). The temporal distribution of chikungunya studies followed the virus during its rapid expansion since 2004. The results revealed heterogeneity of arboviruses seroprevalence between continents and within a given country for dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses, ranging from 0 to 100%, 76% and 73% respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Serological surveys provide the most direct measurement for defining the immunity landscape for infectious diseases, but the methodology remains difficult to implement. Overall, dengue, chikungunya and Zika serosurveys followed the expansion of these arboviruses, but there remain gaps in their geographic distribution. This review addresses the challenges for researchers regarding study design biases. Moreover, the development of reliable, rapid and affordable diagnosis tools represents a significant issue concerning the ability of seroprevalence surveys to differentiate infections when multiple viruses co-circulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Fritzell
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Dominique Rousset
- National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Antoine Adde
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Claude Flamand
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Codrington J, Roosblad J, Baidjoe A, Holband N, Adde A, Kazanji M, Flamand C. Zika virus outbreak in Suriname, a report based on laboratory surveillance data. PLoS Curr 2018; 10:ecurrents.outbreaks.ff0f6190d5431c2a2e824255eaeaf339. [PMID: 29896441 PMCID: PMC5969994 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.ff0f6190d5431c2a2e824255eaeaf339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the identification of ZIKV in Brazil in May 2015, the virus has spread extensively throughout the Americas. Cases of ZIKV infection have been reported in Suriname since October 2, 2015. METHODS A laboratory-based surveillance system was quickly implemented according to previous experience with the emergence of chikungunya. General practitioners and public health centers located in different districts of Suriname were asked to send blood samples from suspicious cases to Academic Hospital for molecular diagnosis of Zika virus infection. We investigated Zika-related laboratory data collected during surveillance and response activities to provide the first outbreak report in Suriname in terms of time, location and person. RESULTS A total of 791 molecularly confirmed cases were reported during a 48-week interval from October 2015 to August 2016. The majority of ZIKV-positive cases involved women between 20 and 39 years of age, reflecting concern about Zika infection during pregnancy. The outbreak peaked in mid-January and gradually spread from the district of Paramaribo to western coastal areas. DISCUSSION This report provides a simple and comprehensive description of the outbreak in Suriname and demonstrates the utility of laboratory data to highlight the spatiotemporal dynamics of the outbreak in that country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jimmy Roosblad
- Academich Hospital Paramaribo, Clinical Chemistry, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Amrish Baidjoe
- Institut Pasteur and EUPHEM fellow at European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France and European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Antoine Adde
- Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
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11
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Flamand C, Fritzell C, Matheus S, Dueymes M, Carles G, Favre A, Enfissi A, Adde A, Demar M, Kazanji M, Cauchemez S, Rousset D. The proportion of asymptomatic infections and spectrum of disease among pregnant women infected by Zika virus: systematic monitoring in French Guiana, 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 22. [PMID: 29113627 PMCID: PMC5710134 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.44.17-00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with complications during pregnancy. Although the presence of symptoms might be a risk factor for complication, the proportion of ZIKV-infected pregnant women with symptoms remains unknown. Following the emergence of ZIKV in French Guiana, all pregnancies in the territory were monitored by RT-PCR and/or detection of ZIKV antibodies. Follow-up data collected during pregnancy monitoring interviews were analysed from 1 February to 1 June 2016. We enrolled 3,050 pregnant women aged 14–48 years and 573 (19%) had laboratory-confirmed ZIKV infection. Rash, arthralgia, myalgia and conjunctival hyperaemia were more frequently observed in ZIKV-positive women; 23% of them (95% confidence interval (CI): 20–27) had at least one symptom compatible with ZIKV infection. Women 30 years and older were significantly more likely to have symptoms than younger women (28% vs 20%). The proportion of symptomatic infections varied from 17% in the remote interior to 35% in the urbanised population near the coast (adjusted risk ratio: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4–1.9.). These estimates put findings on cohorts of symptomatic ZIKV-positive pregnant women into the wider context of an epidemic with mainly asymptomatic infections. The proportion of symptomatic ZIKV infections appears to vary substantially between populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Flamand
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Camille Fritzell
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Séverine Matheus
- National Reference Center for arboviruses, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Maryvonne Dueymes
- Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Gabriel Carles
- Gynaecology-Obstetrics Department, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais, Saint-Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Anne Favre
- Neonatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Antoine Enfissi
- National Reference Center for arboviruses, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Antoine Adde
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- These authors contributed equally to the study.,Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA3012, Paris, France.,Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rousset
- These authors contributed equally to the study.,National Reference Center for arboviruses, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
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12
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Fritzell C, Raude J, Kazanji M, Flamand C. Emerging trends of Zika apprehension in an epidemic setting. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006167. [PMID: 29370170 PMCID: PMC5800699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background French Guiana is a territory that has a decades-long history of dengue outbreaks and more recently, in 2014, a chikungunya outbreak. Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged in late 2015 and subsequently led to an important outbreak. Methodology/Principal findings A cross-sectional phone survey was conducted among the general population during the outbreak in June 2016 with a total of 1,129 individuals interviewed to assess perceptions, knowledge and behaviors regarding zika infection. The population seemed aware of zika, and perceived the infection as a more serious health threat than other common mosquito-borne diseases. Furthermore, both the perceptions and behaviors related to zika and its prevention were found to vary considerably among different social groups, geographic areas and gender; less educated female participants were found to perceive the disease as more worrisome and were less likely to adopt protective behaviors. Moreover, female population has been particularly responsive to awareness campaigns and rapidly understood the extent of risks associated with ZIKV infection. Conclusions/Significance These results revealed that ZIKV appeared at the time of the survey as a new health threat that concerns the public more than chikungunya and dengue fever with differences observed among subgroups of population. These results have implications for the development of multifaceted infection control programs, including strategies for prevention and awareness, helping the population to develop an accurate perception of the threat they are facing and encouraging behavior changes. Although dengue fever has been a focus of many awareness campaigns in Latin America, very little information is available about beliefs, attitudes and behaviors regarding vector-borne diseases among the population of French Guiana. Following the end of the first chikungunya outbreak and at the initial onset of the first zika outbreak, a quantitative survey was conducted among 1129 individuals aiming to study the emotional, cognitive and behavioral response to the risk of zika infection and assess variations among different groups of population. People from French Guiana were found to perceive zika substantially differently from other Aedes mosquito-borne diseases. Overall, ZIKV appeared at the time of the survey as a new health threat that makes the population more scared than chikungunya and dengue fever. Furthermore, both the beliefs and behaviors related to zika and its prevention were found to vary considerably among different social groups, gender and geographic areas. Education had an impact on perceptions and behaviors among women. Female population has been particularly responsive to awareness campaigns and rapidly understood the extent of risks associated with ZIKV infection. Overall, findings emphasize the importance of developing appropriate and relevant strategies helping population to engage in protective behaviors adapted to the health threat they are facing. Given the importance of the public response and precautionary actions to control the spread of an emergent threat, additional research on risk perceptions and other behavioral determinants is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn Raude
- UMR “Emergence des Pathologies Virales” (Université Aix-Marseille, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, EHESP), Marseille, France
- UMR “Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical” (INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Université de La Réunion), Réunion, France
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13
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Nakoune E, Lampaert E, Ndjapou SG, Janssens C, Zuniga I, Van Herp M, Fongbia JP, Koyazegbe TD, Selekon B, Komoyo GF, Garba-Ouangole SM, Manengu C, Manuguerra JC, Kazanji M, Gessain A, Berthet N. A Nosocomial Outbreak of Human Monkeypox in the Central African Republic. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx168. [PMID: 29732376 PMCID: PMC5920348 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of familial monkeypox occurred in the Central African Republic in 2015/2016 by 3 transmission modes: familial, health care–related, and transport-related. Ten people (3 children and 7 adults) were infected. Most presented with cutaneous lesions and fever, and 2 children died. The viral strain responsible was a Zaire genotype strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nakoune
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Emmanuel Lampaert
- Médecins Sans Frontière (MSF) Belgique, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Séverin Gervais Ndjapou
- Ministère de la Santé, de l'Hygiène Publique et de la Population, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Carole Janssens
- Médecins Sans Frontière (MSF) Belgique, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Isabel Zuniga
- Médecins Sans Frontière (MSF) Belgique, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Michel Van Herp
- Médecins Sans Frontière (MSF) Belgique, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Jean Paul Fongbia
- Ministère de la Santé, de l'Hygiène Publique et de la Population, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Benjamin Selekon
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | | | | | | | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR3569, Paris, France.,Department of Zoonosis and Emerging Diseases, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
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14
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Manirakiza A, Ketta MYB, Vickos U, Komoyo GF, Garba-Ouangole S, Bangue C, Djimbele E, Pasotti O, Kanga E, Mboufoungou EN, Yambiyo BM, Victoir K, Gody JC, Kazanji M, Nakoune E. Sentinel surveillance of influenza-like illness in the Central African Republic, 2010-2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 75:61. [PMID: 29034093 PMCID: PMC5628463 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-017-0229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Influenza-like illness (ILI) is an important public health problem worldwide. In the Central African Republic, acute infectious diseases are the commonest reason for consultation. The Institut Pasteur of Bangui set up a surveillance network in 2008 to monitor the circulation of influenza viruses. We report the results of use of this surveillance system during the period 2010–2015. Methods The first surveillance centre covered Bangui, the capital of the country, and neighbouring areas and epidemiological data on syndromes similar to ILI. Throat and nasopharyngeal swab samples are transmitted weekly to the Institut Pasteur of Bangui, where real-time and multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction are used to detect and subtype influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B viruses. The demographic characteristics of all patients and of positive cases according to age and the seasonal patterns of influenza virus circulation were analysed. Results Between January 2010 and December 2015, 5385 throat swabs were collected; 454 (8.4%) of the samples were positive. Of these, 450 yielded at least one influenza virus and four showed co-infections. Children under the age of 5 years were the most frequently infected (257/450, 57.1%), with irregular peaks of ILI. Influenza B predominated (56.2%; n = 201), with 39.0% H3N2 and 16.7%H1N1pdm09. Influenza viruses were detected mainly in the rainy season (July–December). Conclusion The sentinel surveillance site is yielding important information about the seasonality and age pattern of circulating influenza virus. Nationwide distribution of sentinel sites is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Manirakiza
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Epidemiology service, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Ulrich Vickos
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Virology department, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Giscard Francis Komoyo
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Virology department, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Sandra Garba-Ouangole
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Virology department, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Colette Bangue
- Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Ministry of Health, PO Box 883, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Edgar Djimbele
- Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Ministry of Health, PO Box 883, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Ombretta Pasotti
- Emergency International, Representation in Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Eugene Kanga
- Hopital de district de Bossembele, Ministry of Health, Bangui, PO Box 883, Central African Republic
| | | | - Brice Martial Yambiyo
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Epidemiology service, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Jean-Chrysostome Gody
- Complexe Pédiatrique de Bangui, Ministry of Health, PO Box 883, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de Cayenne, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, Guyane France
| | - Emmanuel Nakoune
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Virology department, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
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Ölschläger S, Enfissi A, Zaruba M, Kazanji M, Rousset D. Diagnostic Validation of the RealStar ® Zika Virus Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Kit for Detection of Zika Virus RNA in Urine and Serum Specimens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1070-1071. [PMID: 28722641 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
With the Zika virus outbreak in South America starting in 2015 and its potential to cause malformation of the fetus in infected women, the need for diagnostic methods became obvious. Until now, only limited data are available on the diagnostic performance of commercial kits. Here, we present data comparing the RealStar® Zika Virus RT-PCR Kit 1.0 for detection of Zika virus from 208 serum and urine samples collected in French Guiana with a reference method. Of these, 114 samples tested positive with the RealStar® Kit and 111 with the reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Enfissi
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CNR des Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CNR des Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Dominique Rousset
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CNR des Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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16
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Pegha Moukandja I, Ngoungou EB, Lemamy GJ, Bisvigou U, Gessain A, Toure Ndouo FS, Kazanji M, Lekana-Douki JB. Non-malarial infectious diseases of antenatal care in pregnant women in Franceville, Gabon. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17:185. [PMID: 28606185 PMCID: PMC5469160 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In sub-tropical countries, infectious diseases remain one of the main causes of mortality. Because of their lack of active immunity, pregnant women and their unborn children represent the most susceptible people. In Gabon, data on infectious diseases of pregnant women such as syphilis and rubella are either scarce or very old. Few studies have assessed T. gondii infection during pregnancy in the country. Here, we evaluate seroprevalence of HIV, HTVL-1, syphilis and T. gondii and rubella infection during antenatal care among women living in Franceville, Gabon. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on data collected from May 2007 to July 2010. After signing an informed written consent form, all pregnant women consulting in two hospitals of Franceville (Gabon) and in offices of maternity and childbirth health centers were included. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Serum samples were collected and analysed using immunological assays relevant for HIV (Genscreen HIV-1 version 2, Bio-Rad®, Marne la Roquette, France).HTLV-1 (Vironostika HTLV-1, Biomérieux®, Marcy l’Etoile, France), T. pallidum (TPHA/VDRL), BIOLABO®SA), rubella virus (Vidas Biomerieux®, Marcy l’Etoile, France) and T. gondii (Vidas Biomerieux®, Marcy l’Etoile, France) diagnoses were performed. Data analysis was done using the Stat view 5.0 software. Results A total of 973 pregnant women were assessed. The mean age was 25.84 ± 6.9 years, with a minimum age of 14.0 years and a maximum of 45.0 years. Women from 26 to 45 years old and unemployed women were the most prevalent: 41.93% and 77.18%, respectively. The prevalence of studied infectious diseases were 2.50% for syphilis, 2.88% for HTLV-1, 4.00% for HIV with no significant difference between them (p = 0.1). Seropositivity against rubella was higher (87.56%, n = 852) than seropositivity against T. gondii (57.35%, n = 557), (p < 0.0001). Only 5 (0.51%) co-infection cases were found: 2 co-infected with HIVand T. pallidum, 2 co-infected with HIV and HTLV-1, and one co-infected with T. pallidum and HTLV-1. Sixty-two pregnant women were seronegative against toxoplasmosis and rubella (6.37%). Conclusion High levels of seropositivity against T. gondii and the rubella virus were observed. The prevalence of T. pallidum and HTLV-1 were lowest but HIV prevalence in young women was worrying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pegha Moukandja
- Unite de Parasitologie Medicale (UPARAM), Centre International de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Edgard Brice Ngoungou
- Departement de Sante Publique et de Medecine Legale et du Travail, Faculte de Medecine, Universite des Sciences de la Sante, B P 4009, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Guy Joseph Lemamy
- Departement de Biologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire Universite des Sciences de la Sante, B P 4009, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Ulrick Bisvigou
- Unite de Parasitologie Medicale (UPARAM), Centre International de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Departement de Sante Publique et de Medecine Legale et du Travail, Faculte de Medecine, Universite des Sciences de la Sante, B P 4009, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unite d'Epidemiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogenes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fousseyni S Toure Ndouo
- Unite de Parasitologie Medicale (UPARAM), Centre International de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, République Centrafricaine
| | - Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Unite de Parasitologie Medicale (UPARAM), Centre International de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Departement de Parasitologie-Mycologie Medecine Tropicale, Faculte de Medecine, Universite des Sciences de la Sante, BP 4009, Libreville, Gabon. .,Present address:UPARAM, CIRMF, B P 769, Franceville, Gabon.
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Simo Tchetgna HD, Nakoune E, Selekon B, Gessain A, Manuguerra JC, Kazanji M, Berthet N. Molecular Characterization of the Kamese Virus, an Unassigned Rhabdovirus, Isolated from Culex pruina in the Central African Republic. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:447-451. [PMID: 28350284 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoviridae is one of the most diversified families of RNA viruses whose members infect a wide range of plants, animals, and arthropods. The members of this family are classified into 13 genera and >150 unassigned viruses. Here, we sequenced the complete genome of a rhabdovirus belonging to the Hart Park serogroup, the Kamese virus (KAMV), isolated in 1977 from Culex pruina in the Central African Republic. The genomic sequence showed an organization typical of rhabdoviruses with additional genes in the P-M and G-L intergenic regions, as already reported for the Hart Park serogroup. Our Kamese strain (ArB9074) had 98% and 78.8% nucleotide sequence similarity with the prototypes of the KAMV and Mossuril virus isolated in Uganda and Mozambique in two different Culex species, respectively. Moreover, the protein sequences had 98-100% amino acid similarity with the prototype of the KAMV, except for an additional gene (U3) that showed a divergence of 6%. These molecular data show that our strain of the KAMV is genetically close to the Culex annuliorus strain that was circulating in Uganda in 1967. However, this study suggests the need to improve our knowledge of the KAMV to better understand its behavior, its life cycle, and its potential reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Nakoune
- 2 Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui , Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Benjamin Selekon
- 2 Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui , Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Antoine Gessain
- 3 Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses, Institut Pasteur , Paris, France .,4 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3569 , Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- 5 Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur , Paris, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- 2 Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui , Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- 1 Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) , Franceville, Gabon .,4 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3569 , Paris, France .,5 Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur , Paris, France
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Ngoagouni C, Kamgang B, Kazanji M, Paupy C, Nakouné E. Potential of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus populations in the Central African Republic to transmit enzootic chikungunya virus strains. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:164. [PMID: 28347325 PMCID: PMC5368999 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Major chikungunya outbreaks have affected several Central African countries during the past decade. The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was isolated from humans and sylvan mosquitoes in the Central African Republic (CAR) during the 1970 and 1980s but has not been found recently, despite the presence of Aedes albopictus since 2010. The risk of a massive chikungunya epidemic is therefore potentially high, as the human populations are immunologically naïve and because of the presence of the mosquito vector. In order to estimate the risk of a large outbreak, we assessed the vector competence of local Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations for ancient local strains of CHIKV in CAR. Mosquitoes were orally infected with the virus, and its presence in mosquito saliva was analysed 7 and 14 days post-infection (dpi) by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results The two species had similar infection rates at 7 and 14 days, and the dissemination rate of both vectors was ≥ 80% at 14 dpi. Only females followed up to 14 dpi had CHKV in their saliva. Conclusion These results confirm the risk of transmission of enzootic CHIKV by anthropophilic vectors such as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Ngoagouni
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.,Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, PO Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, BP 6010, 23 Ave Pasteur, 97306, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
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Ngoagouni C, Kamgang B, Brengues C, Yahouedo G, Paupy C, Nakouné E, Kazanji M, Chandre F. Susceptibility profile and metabolic mechanisms involved in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus resistant to DDT and deltamethrin in the Central African Republic. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:599. [PMID: 27881148 PMCID: PMC5121976 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the main epidemic vectors of dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses worldwide. Their control during epidemics relies mainly on control of larvae and adults with insecticides. Unfortunately, loss of susceptibility of both species to several insecticide classes limits the efficacy of interventions. In Africa, where Aedes-borne viruses are of growing concern, few data are available on resistance to insecticides. To fill this gap, we assessed the susceptibility to insecticides of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations in the Central African Republic (CAR) and studied the mechanisms of resistance. Methods Immature stages were sampled between June and September 2014 in six locations in Bangui (the capital of CAR) for larval and adult bioassays according to WHO standard procedures. We also characterized DDT- and pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes molecularly and biochemically, including tests for the activities of nonspecific esterases (α and β), mixed-function oxidases, insensitive acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferases. Results Larval bioassays, carried out to determine the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC95) and resistance ratios (RR50 and RR95), suggested that both vector species were susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israeliensis and to temephos. Bioassays of adults showed susceptibility to propoxur and fenitrothion, except for one Ae. albopictus population that was suspected to be resistant to fenithrothion. None of the Ae. aegypti populations was fully susceptible to DDT. Ae. albopictus presented a similar profile to Ae. aegypti but with a lower mortality rate (41%). Possible resistance to deltamethrin was observed among Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, although some were susceptible. No kdr mutations were detected in either species; however, the activity of detoxifying enzymes was higher in most populations than in the susceptible Ae. aegypti strain, confirming decreased susceptibility to DDT and deltamethrin. Conclusion These findings suggested that regular, continuous monitoring of resistance is necessary in order to select the most effective adulticides for arbovirus control in Bangui. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1887-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Ngoagouni
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, PO Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Cécile Brengues
- Laboratoire des Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Unité mixte de Recherche 224-5290, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gildas Yahouedo
- Laboratoire des Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Unité mixte de Recherche 224-5290, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire des Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Unité mixte de Recherche 224-5290, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, PO Box 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.,Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, BP 6010, 23 Avenue Pasteur, 97306, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Laboratoire des Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Unité mixte de Recherche 224-5290, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Nakouné E, Kamgang B, Berthet N, Manirakiza A, Kazanji M. Rift Valley Fever Virus Circulating among Ruminants, Mosquitoes and Humans in the Central African Republic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005082. [PMID: 27760144 PMCID: PMC5070846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes a viral zoonosis, with discontinuous epizootics and sporadic epidemics, essentially in East Africa. Infection with this virus causes severe illness and abortion in sheep, goats, and cattle as well as other domestic animals. Humans can also be exposed through close contact with infectious tissues or by bites from infected mosquitoes, primarily of the Aedes and Culex genuses. Although the cycle of RVFV infection in savannah regions is well documented, its distribution in forest areas in central Africa has been poorly investigated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To evaluate current circulation of RVFV among livestock and humans living in the Central African Republic (CAR), blood samples were collected from sheep, cattle, and goats and from people at risk, such as stock breeders and workers in slaughterhouses and livestock markets. The samples were tested for anti-RVFV immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. We also sequenced the complete genomes of two local strains, one isolated in 1969 from mosquitoes and one isolated in 1985 from humans living in forested areas. The 1271 animals sampled comprised 727 cattle, 325 sheep, and 219 goats at three sites. The overall seroprevalence of anti-RVFV IgM antibodies was 1.9% and that of IgG antibodies was 8.6%. IgM antibodies were found only during the rainy season, but the frequency of IgG antibodies did not differ significantly by season. No evidence of recent RVFV infection was found in 335 people considered at risk; however, 16.7% had evidence of past infection. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the strains isolated in the CAR with those isolated in other African countries showed that they belonged to the East/Central African cluster. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE This study confirms current circulation of RVFV in CAR. Further studies are needed to determine the potential vectors involved and the virus reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nakouné
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Department of Zoonosis and Emerging Diseases, Centre International Recherches Médicales de Franceville Gabon, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Alexandre Manirakiza
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Matheus S, Boukhari R, Labeau B, Ernault V, Bremand L, Kazanji M, Rousset D. Specificity of Dengue NS1 Antigen in Differential Diagnosis of Dengue and Zika Virus Infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:1691-3. [PMID: 27347853 PMCID: PMC4994358 DOI: 10.3201/eid2209.160725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Berthet N, Descorps-Declère S, Nkili-Meyong AA, Nakouné E, Gessain A, Manuguerra JC, Kazanji M. Improved assembly procedure of viral RNA genomes amplified with Phi29 polymerase from new generation sequencing data. Biol Res 2016; 49:39. [PMID: 27605096 PMCID: PMC5015205 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New sequencing technologies have opened the way to the discovery and the characterization of pathogenic viruses in clinical samples. However, the use of these new methods can require an amplification of viral RNA prior to the sequencing. Among all the available methods, the procedure based on the use of Phi29 polymerase produces a huge amount of amplified DNA. However, its major disadvantage is to generate a large number of chimeric sequences which can affect the assembly step. The pre-process method proposed in this study strongly limits the negative impact of chimeric reads in order to obtain the full-length of viral genomes. Findings Three different assembly softwares (ABySS, Ray and SPAdes) were tested for their ability to correctly assemble the full-length of viral genomes. Although in all cases, our pre-processed method improved genome assembly, only its combination with the use of SPAdes allowed us to obtain the full-length of the viral genomes tested in one contig. Conclusions The proposed pipeline is able to overcome drawbacks due to the generation of chimeric reads during the amplification of viral RNA which considerably improves the assembling of full-length viral genomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40659-016-0099-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berthet
- Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris, France. .,Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR 3569, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris, France. .,Département Zoonose Et Maladies Emergentes, Syndromes Cliniques Et Virus Associés, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | | | - Andriniaina Andy Nkili-Meyong
- Département Zoonose Et Maladies Emergentes, Syndromes Cliniques Et Virus Associés, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, République Centrafricaine
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris, France.,Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR 3569, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Unité Environnement Et Risques Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, Cellule D'Intervention Biologique D'Urgence, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, République Centrafricaine
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Ndiath MO, Eiglmeier K, Olé Sangba ML, Holm I, Kazanji M, Vernick KD. Composition and genetics of malaria vector populations in the Central African Republic. Malar J 2016; 15:387. [PMID: 27456078 PMCID: PMC4960874 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In many African countries malaria has declined sharply due to a synergy of actions marked by the introduction of vector control strategies, but the disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Central African Republic (CAR). An entomological study was initiated with the aim to characterize the malaria vectors in Bangui, the capital of CAR, and determine their vector competence. Methods A cross-sectional entomological study was conducted in 15 sites of the district of Bangui, the capital of CAR, in September–October 2013 and a second collection was done in four of those sites between November and December 2013. Mosquitoes were collected by human landing catch (HLC) indoors and outdoors and by pyrethrum spray catch of indoor-resting mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were analysed for species and multiple other attributes, including the presence of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein or DNA, blood meal source, 2La inversion karyotype, and the L1014F kdr insecticide resistance mutation. Results Overall, 1292 anophelines were analysed, revealing a predominance of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus, with a small fraction of Anopheles coluzzii. Molecular typing of the An. gambiae complex species showed that An. gambiae was predominant (95.7 %) as compared to An. coluzzii (2.1 %), and Anopheles arabiensis was not present. In some areas the involvement of secondary vectors, such as Anopheles coustani, expands the risk of infection. By HLC sampling, An. funestus displayed a stronger endophilic preference than mosquitoes from the An. gambiae sister taxa, with a mean indoor-capture rate of 54.3 % and 67.58 % for An. gambiae sister taxa and An. funestus, respectively. Human biting rates were measured overall for each of the species with 28 or 29 bites/person/night, respectively. Both vectors displayed a strong human feeding preference as determined by blood meal source, which was not different between the different sampling sites. An. coustani appears to be highly exophilic, with 92 % of HLC samples captured outdoors. The mean CSP rate in head-thorax sections of all Anopheles was 5.09 %, and was higher in An. gambiaes.l. (7.4 %) than in An. funestus (3.3 %). CSP-positive An. coustani were also detected in outdoor HLC samples. In the mosquitoes of the An. gambiae sister taxa the kdr-w mutant allele was nearly fixed, with 92.3 % resistant homozygotes, and no susceptible homozygotes detected. Conclusions This study collected data on anopheline populations in CAR, behaviour of vectors and transmission levels. Further studies should investigate the biting behaviour and susceptibility status of the anophelines to different insecticides to allow the establishment of appropriate vector control based on practical entomological knowledge. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1431-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath
- G4 Malaria Group, Institut Pasteur of Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.,G4 Malaria Group, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, BP 1274, Ambohitrakely, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Karin Eiglmeier
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France. .,Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), CNRS, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Marina Lidwine Olé Sangba
- G4 Malaria Group, Institut Pasteur of Bangui, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Inge Holm
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.,Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), CNRS, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.,Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP 6010, 97306, Cayenne Cedex, French-Guiana
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.,Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), CNRS, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
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Richard L, Mouinga-Ondémé A, Betsem E, Filippone C, Nerrienet E, Kazanji M, Gessain A. Zoonotic Transmission of Two New Strains of Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type 4 in Hunters Bitten by a Gorilla in Central Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:800-803. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Sangba MLO, Deketramete T, Wango SP, Kazanji M, Akogbeto M, Ndiath MO. Insecticide resistance status of the Anopheles funestus population in Central African Republic: a challenge in the war. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:230. [PMID: 27113956 PMCID: PMC4845364 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the Central African Republic, malaria is a major public health problem and the leading cause of death among children. This disease appears to be hyperendemic but no substantial entomological data, including data on Anopheles spp. susceptibility to insecticides, is available. This study evaluates, for the first time in the CAR, the status of insecticide resistance in the Anopheles funestus population, the second major vector of malaria in Africa. Methods WHO standard bioassay susceptibility tests were performed on the An. funestus population using F1 generation from gravid females mosquitoes (F0) collected by manual aspirator sampling of households in Gbanikola, Bangui in October 2014 to assess: (i) An. funestus susceptibility to bendiocarb, malathion, permethrin, lamda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and DDT, and (ii) the effect of pre-exposure to the piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist on insecticide susceptibility. Additional tests were conducted to investigate metabolic resistance status (cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases, and esterases). Results A high phenotypic resistance of An. funestus population to malathion, DDT and pyrethroids was observed with a mortality rate ranging from 23 to 74 %. For the pyrethroid groups, the mortality rate was 35, 31 and 23 % for lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin, respectively. In contrast a 100 % mortality rate to bendiocarb was recorded. Knockdown time (KDT) was long for all pyrethroids, DDT and malathion with KDT50 higher than 50 min. Pre-exposure of An. funestus to PBO synergist significantly restored susceptibility to all pyrethroids (Fisher's exact test P <0.0001) but not in DDT (Fisher's exact test P = 0.724). Data from biochemical tests suggest the involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, esterases and glutatione S-transferases in the resistance of An. funestus population from Gbanikola (Wilcoxon test P <0.05). Conclusion Evidence of biochemical resistance to insecticide was detected in An. funestus population from the district of Gbanikola, Bangui. This study suggests that detoxifying enzymes are involved in insecticide resistance of An. funestus. However, despite disruptive violence, further research is urgently needed to assess the insecticide susceptibility status of An. funestus population in all CAR regions; insecticide resistance could rapidly compromise the success of malaria control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lidwine Olé Sangba
- G4 Malaria Group Institut Pasteur in Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Tanguy Deketramete
- G4 Malaria Group Institut Pasteur in Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie Animale Appliquée et de Biodiversité, Université de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Solange Patricia Wango
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie Animale Appliquée et de Biodiversité, Université de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur in Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Martin Akogbeto
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin.,Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, 06 BP 2604, Bénin
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Tricou V, Bouscaillou J, Kamba Mebourou E, Koyanongo FD, Nakouné E, Kazanji M. Surveillance of Canine Rabies in the Central African Republic: Impact on Human Health and Molecular Epidemiology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004433. [PMID: 26859829 PMCID: PMC4747513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although rabies represents an important public health threat, it is still a neglected disease in Asia and Africa where it causes tens of thousands of deaths annually despite available human and animal vaccines. In the Central African Republic (CAR), an endemic country for rabies, this disease remains poorly investigated. METHODS To evaluate the extent of the threat that rabies poses in the CAR, we analyzed data for 2012 from the National Reference Laboratory for Rabies, where laboratory confirmation was performed by immunofluorescence and PCR for both animal and human suspected cases, and data from the only anti-rabies dispensary of the country and only place where post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is available. Both are located in Bangui, the capital of the CAR. For positive samples, a portion of the N gene was amplified and sequenced to determine the molecular epidemiology of circulating strains. RESULTS In 2012, 966 exposed persons visited the anti-rabies dispensary and 632 received a post-exposure rabies vaccination. More than 90% of the exposed persons were from Bangui and its suburbs and almost 60% of them were under 15-years of age. No rabies-related human death was confirmed. Of the 82 samples from suspected rabid dogs tested, 69 were confirmed positive. Most of the rabid dogs were owned although unvaccinated. There was a strong spatiotemporal correlation within Bangui and within the country between reported human exposures and detection of rabid dogs (P<0.001). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that three variants belonging to Africa I and II lineages actively circulated in 2012. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that canine rabies was endemic in the CAR in 2012 and had a detrimental impact on human health as shown by the hundreds of exposed persons who received PEP. Implementation of effective public health interventions including mass dog vaccination and improvement of the surveillance and the access to PEP are urgently needed in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Tricou
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Fidèle Dieudonné Koyanongo
- Service de Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Agence Nationale du Développement de l'Elevage, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Laboratoire National de Référence pour la Rage, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
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Berthet N, Nakouné E, Gessain A, Manuguerra JC, Kazanji M. Complete Genome Characterization of the Arumowot Virus (Unclassified Phlebovirus) Isolated from Turdus libonyanus Birds in the Central African Republic. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:139-43. [PMID: 26807610 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bunyaviridae family is currently composed of five genera, including Phlebovirus, in which several phleboviruses are associated with human diseases. Using high-throughput sequencing, we obtained and characterized one complete genome of the Arumowot virus (AMTV) isolated in 1978 from Turdus libonyanus, the Kurrichane Thrush, in the Central African Republic (CAR). The genomic segment of the new strain of AMTV isolated in the CAR had 75.4-83.5% sequence similarity and 82-98.4% amino acid similarity to the prototype sequence of AMTV. The different conserved proteins of the small (S) and large (L) segments (Nc, NSP, and RNA polymerase) showed close similarity at the amino acid level, whereas the polyprotein of the medium (M) segment was highly divergent, with 18% and 37.7%, respectively, for the prototype sequence of AMTV and the Odrenisrou virus (ODRV) isolated from Culex (Cx.) albiventris mosquitoes in the Tai forest, Ivory Coast. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the sequence homology analysis and indicated that AMTV-CAR clustered into the Salehabad virus antigenic complex. The two closest viruses were the prototype sequences of AMTV originally isolated from Cx. antennatus mosquitoes and ODRV. These molecular data suggest the need for a deep genetic characterization of the diversity of this viral species to enhance its detection in the Central African region and to understand better its behavior and life cycle so that its potential spread to the human population can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berthet
- 1 Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses , Paris, France .,2 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Paris, France .,3 Institut Pasteur de Bangui , Virology Department, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- 3 Institut Pasteur de Bangui , Virology Department, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Antoine Gessain
- 1 Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses , Paris, France .,2 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- 4 Institut Pasteur , Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- 3 Institut Pasteur de Bangui , Virology Department, Bangui, Central African Republic
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Enfissi
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Laboratoire de Virologie, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | | | | | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Laboratoire de Virologie, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Dominique Rousset
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Laboratoire de Virologie, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.
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François-Souquière S, Makuwa M, Bisvigou U, Kazanji M. Epidemiological and molecular features of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus transmission in a remote rural community in central Africa. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 39:12-21. [PMID: 26747245 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) occur worldwide and are prevalent in both urban and remote rural communities. In a remote village in Gabon, central Africa, we observed a high prevalence of HBsAg carriage and HDV infection, particularly in children and adolescents. The prevalence of HBsAg differed significantly by gender and age, females being more likely than males to carry the HBsAg during the first 10 years of life, while the prevalence was higher among males than females aged 11-20 years. We also characterised HBV and HDV strains circulating in the village. The principal HBV strains belonged to genotype HBV-E and subgenotype QS-A3. Complete genome analysis revealed for the first time the presence of the HBV-D genotype in Gabon, in the form of an HBV-D/E recombinant. Molecular analysis of HDV strains and their complete genomic characterisation revealed two distinct groups within the dominant HDV clade 8. Molecular analysis of HBV and HDV strains did not reveal vertical transmission within the families studied but rather horizontal, intrafamilial transmission among children aged 0-10 years. Our findings indicate that HBV is transmitted in early childhood by body fluids rather than by sexual contact. Health education adapted to the different age groups might therefore help to reduce HBV transmission. Young children should be vaccinated to control HBV infection in areas of extremely high prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine François-Souquière
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Maria Makuwa
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Ulrich Bisvigou
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon; Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, French Guiana, France.
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Richard L, Rua R, Betsem E, Mouinga-Ondémé A, Kazanji M, Leroy E, Buseyne F, Afonso PV, Gessain A. Co-circulation of two envelope variants for both gorilla and chimpanzee Simian Foamy Virus strains among humans and apes living in Central Africa. Retrovirology 2015. [PMCID: PMC4577855 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-12-s1-p82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Lambert CA, Gouzil J, Rua R, Betsem E, Ondémé AM, Kazanji M, Njouom R, Gessain A, Buseyne F. Neutralizing antibodies in humans infected with zoonotic simian foamy viruses. Retrovirology 2015. [PMCID: PMC4577860 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-12-s1-p42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Berthet N, Nakouné E, Kamgang B, Selekon B, Descorps-Declère S, Gessain A, Manuguerra JC, Kazanji M. Molecular characterization of three Zika flaviviruses obtained from sylvatic mosquitoes in the Central African Republic. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 14:862-5. [PMID: 25514122 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen belonging to the Spondweni serocomplex within the genus Flavivirus. It has been isolated from several mosquito species. Two lineages of ZIKV have been defined by polyprotein homology. Using high-throughput sequencing, we obtained and characterized three complete genomes of ZIKV isolated between 1976 and 1980 in the Central African Republic. The three viruses were isolated from two species of mosquito, Aedes africanus and Ae. opok. Two sequences from Ae. africanus had 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity and 100% amino acid identity, whereas the complete genome obtained from Ae. opok had 98.3% nucleotide identity and 99.4% amino acid identity with the other two genomes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequence of the polyprotein showed that the three ZIKV strains clustered together but diverged from all other ZIKV strains. Our molecular data suggest that a different subtype of West African ZIKV strains circulated in Aedes species in Central Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berthet
- 1 Institut Pasteur de Bangui , Virology Department, Bangui, Central African Republic
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Roulette CJ, Kazanji M, Breurec S, Hagen EH. High prevalence of cannabis use among Aka foragers of the Congo Basin and its possible relationship to helminthiasis. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:5-15. [PMID: 26031406 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about cannabis use in hunter-gatherers. Therefore, we investigated cannabis use in the Aka, a population of foragers of the Congo Basin. Because cannabis contains anthelminthic compounds, and the Aka have a high prevalence of helminthiasis, we also tested the hypothesis that cannabis use might be an unconscious form of self-medication against helminths. METHODS We collected self- and peer-reports of cannabis use from all adult Aka in the Lobaye district of the Central African Republic (n = 379). Because female cannabis use was low, we restricted sample collection to men. Using an immunoassay for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid (THCA), a urinary biomarker of recent cannabis consumption, we validated cannabis use in men currently residing in camps near a logging road (n = 62). We also collected stool samples to assay worm burden. A longitudinal reinfection study was conducted among a subsample of the male participants (n = 23) who had been treated with a commercial anthelmintic 1 year ago. RESULTS The prevalence of self- and peer-reported cannabis use was 70.9% among men and 6.1% among women, for a total prevalence of 38.6%. Using a 50 ng/ml threshold for THCA, 67.7% of men used cannabis. Cannabis users were significantly younger and had less material wealth than the non-cannabis users. There were significant negative associations between THCA levels and worm burden, and reinfection with helminths 1 year after treatment with a commercial anthelmintic. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of cannabis use among adult Aka men was high when compared to most global populations. THCA levels were negatively correlated with parasite infection and reinfection, supporting the self-medication hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Roulette
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA
| | | | | | - Edward H Hagen
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA
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Desdouits M, Kamgang B, Berthet N, Tricou V, Ngoagouni C, Gessain A, Manuguerra JC, Nakouné E, Kazanji M. Genetic characterization of Chikungunya virus in the Central African Republic. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 33:25-31. [PMID: 25911440 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by the bite of mosquito vectors. Over the past 10 years, the virus has gained mutations that enhance its transmissibility by the Aedes albopictus vector, resulting in massive outbreaks in the Indian Ocean, Asia and Central Africa. Recent introduction of competent A. albopictus vectors into the Central African Republic (CAR) pose a threat of a Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) epidemic in this region. We undertook this study to assess the genetic diversity and background of CHIKV strains isolated in the CAR between 1975 and 1984 and also to estimate the ability of local strains to adapt to A. albopictus. Our results suggest that, local CHIKV strains have a genetic background compatible with quick adaptation to A. albopictus, as previously observed in other Central African countries. Intense surveillance of the human and vector populations is necessary to prevent or anticipate the emergence of a massive CHIKF epidemic in the CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Desdouits
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic; Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Vianney Tricou
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Carine Ngoagouni
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | | | - Emmanuel Nakouné
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.
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Rachas A, Nakouné E, Bouscaillou J, Paireau J, Selekon B, Senekian D, Fontanet A, Kazanji M. Timeliness of yellow fever surveillance, Central African Republic. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1004-8. [PMID: 24857597 PMCID: PMC4036780 DOI: 10.3201/eid2006.130671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During January 2007-July 2012, a total of 3,220 suspected yellow fever cases were reported in the Central African Republic; 55 were confirmed and 11 case-patients died. Mean delay between onset of jaundice and case confirmation was 16.6 days. Delay between disease onset and blood collection could be reduced by increasing awareness of the population.
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Roussel M, Pontier D, Kazanji M, Ngoubangoye B, Mahieux R, Verrier D, Fouchet D. Quantifying transmission by stage of infection in the field: the example of SIV-1 and STLV-1 infecting mandrills. Am J Primatol 2014; 77:309-18. [PMID: 25296992 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The early stage of viral infection is often followed by an important increase of viral load and is generally considered to be the most at risk for pathogen transmission. Most methods quantifying the relative importance of the different stages of infection were developed for studies aimed at measuring HIV transmission in Humans. However, they cannot be transposed to animal populations in which less information is available. Here we propose a general method to quantify the importance of the early and late stages of the infection on micro-organism transmission from field studies. The method is based on a state space dynamical model parameterized using Bayesian inference. It is illustrated by a 28 years dataset in mandrills infected by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (SIV-1) and the Simian T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus type-1 (STLV-1). For both viruses we show that transmission is predominant during the early stage of the infection (transmission ratio for SIV-1: 1.16 [0.0009; 18.15] and 9.92 [0.03; 83.8] for STLV-1). However, in terms of basic reproductive number (R0 ), which quantifies the weight of both stages in the spread of the virus, the results suggest that the epidemics of SIV-1 and STLV-1 are mainly driven by late transmissions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Roussel
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon ; Université Lyon 1 ; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; LabEx ECOFECT - Ecoevolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Roulette CJ, Mann H, Kemp BM, Remiker M, Roulette JW, Hewlett BS, Kazanji M, Breurec S, Monchy D, Sullivan RJ, Hagen EH. Tobacco use vs. helminths in Congo basin hunter-gatherers: self-medication in humans? EVOL HUM BEHAV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kazanji M, Mouinga-Ondémé A, Lekana-Douki-Etenna S, Caron M, Makuwa M, Mahieux R, Gessain A. Origin of HTLV-1 in hunters of nonhuman primates in Central Africa. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:361-5. [PMID: 25147276 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Of 78 Gabonese individuals who had received bites from nonhuman primates (NHPs) while hunting, 7 were infected with human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1). Five had been bitten by gorillas and were infected with subtype B strains; however, a 12-year-old girl who was severely bitten by a Cercopithecus nictitans was infected with a subtype D strain that was closely related to the simian T lymphotropic virus (STLV-1) that infects this monkey species. Her mother was infected with a subtype B strain. These data confirm that hunters in Africa can be infected by HTLV-1 that is closely related to the strains circulating among local NHP game. Our findings strongly suggest that a severe bite represent a risk factor for STLV-1 acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Central African Republic Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | - Mélanie Caron
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Gabon
| | - Maria Makuwa
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Gabon
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, équipe labelisée "Ligue Contre le Cancer" U1111 CIRI, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes and UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Kamgang B, Ngoagouni C, Tricou V, Nakouné E, Kazanji M. What are the risks of emergence of chikungunya outbreak in Central African Republic? Int J Infect Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Kamgang B, Ngoagouni C, Manirakiza A, Nakouné E, Paupy C, Kazanji M. Temporal patterns of abundance of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and mitochondrial DNA analysis of Ae. albopictus in the Central African Republic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2590. [PMID: 24349596 PMCID: PMC3861192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) was first reported in central Africa in 2000, in Cameroon, with the indigenous mosquito species Ae. aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Today, this invasive species is present in almost all countries of the region, including the Central African Republic (CAR), where it was first recorded in 2009. As invasive species of mosquitoes can affect the distribution of native species, resulting in new patterns of vectors and concomitant risk for disease, we undertook a comparative study early and late in the wet season in the capital and the main cities of CAR to document infestation and the ecological preferences of the two species. In addition, we determined the probable geographical origin of invasive populations of Ae. albopictus with two mitochondrial DNA genes, COI and ND5. Analysis revealed that Ae. aegypti was more abundant earlier in the wet season and Ae. albopictus in the late wet season. Used tyres were the most heavily colonized productive larval habitats for both species in both seasons. The invasive species Ae. albopictus predominated over the resident species at all sites in which the two species were sympatric. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed broad low genetic diversity, confirming recent introduction of Ae. albopictus in CAR. Phylogeographical analysis based on COI polymorphism indicated that the Ae. albopictus haplotype in the CAR population segregated into two lineages, suggesting multiple sources of Ae. albopictus. These data may have important implications for vector control strategies in central Africa. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the main vectors of human arboviral diseases such as dengue and chikungunya. Ae. aegypti is indigenous in the Central African Republic (CAR), whereas Ae. Albopictus, originating from Asian forests, was first reported in 2009. To determine the consequences of this invasion of Ae. albopictus for epidemiological transmission of arboviruses, we conducted a comparative study in the early and late wet season in the capital, Bangui, and in the other main cities of the country to document infestation by the two species and their ecological preferences. In addition, we explored the geographical origin of populations of Ae. albopictus with two mitochondrial DNA genes (COI and ND5). We demonstrate that Ae. aegypti predominates early and Ae. albopictus late in the wet season. Ae. albopictus was the most prevalent species in almost all the sites investigated, except Bouar, where only Ae. aegypti was found, suggesting that Ae. albopictus tends to supplant Ae. aegypti in sympatric areas. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed broad low genetic diversity, confirming recent introduction of Ae. albopictus. Phylogeographical analysis with MtDNA COI gene suggested that Ae. albopictus in CAR came from multiple invasions and from multiple population sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Kamgang
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Paupy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Laboratoire des Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle, UMR 224-5290, CNRS-IRD-UM1-UM2, IRD Montpellier, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- * E-mail:
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Lekana-Douki SE, Mouinga-Ondémé A, Nkoghe D, Drosten C, Drexler JF, Kazanji M, Leroy EM. Early introduction and delayed dissemination of pandemic influenza, Gabon. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:644-7. [PMID: 23631999 PMCID: PMC3647404 DOI: 10.3201/eid1904.111925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance in health care centers in Gabon during 2009–2011 detected 72 clinical cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pH1N1). We found that pH1N1 virus was introduced in mid-2009 but spread throughout the country in 2010. Thus, Gabon was also affected by pH1N1.
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Manirakiza A, Sepou A, Serdouma E, Gondje S, Bata GGB, Moussa S, Boulay A, Moyen JM, Sakanga O, Le-Fouler L, Kazanji M, Vray M. Effectiveness of two antifolate prophylactic strategies against malaria in HIV-positive pregnant women in Bangui, Central African Republic: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (MACOMBA). Trials 2013; 14:255. [PMID: 23945130 PMCID: PMC3751878 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-infection with malaria parasite and HIV is an emerging public health problem in tropical areas, particularly in pregnant women, and management of the concurrent effects of these two infections is challenging. Co-trimoxazole is a sulfamide preparation used to prevent opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients, and many studies have reported that it has significant activity against malaria. As the efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) against malaria is decreasing, co-trimoxazole might be an alternative for preventing malaria among HIV-infected populations. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of SP-IPT, which is recommended for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy in the Central African Republic, with that of a daily dose of co-trimoxazole against P. falciparum infections among HIV-infected pregnant women in Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic. METHODS/DESIGN The MACOMBA study (MAternity and COntrol of Malaria-HIV co-infection in BAngui) is a multicentre open-label randomized clinical trial conducted at four maternity hospitals in Bangui. All HIV-infected pregnant women presenting for an antenatal clinic visit between the weeks 16 and 28 of amenorrhoea, with a CD4 count of more than 350 cells/mm3, will be eligible. All the women will provide written consent before being enrolled in the study and will then be randomly allocated to either SP-IPT (25 mg of sulfadoxine and 1.25 mg of pyrimethamine) or daily co-trimoxazole doses (960 mg per dose). The primary end-point is the placental malaria parasitaemia rate at delivery. Other main outcome measures include the number of malaria episodes during pregnancy, safety, and treatment compliance. Furthermore, the frequency of molecular resistance markers dhfr and dhps will be measured. DISCUSSION In this trial, we seek to confirm whether co-trimoxazole is operationally suitable to replace SP-IPT in order to prevent malaria among pregnant women infected with HIV in the Central African Republic. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01746199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Manirakiza
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, International Network of Instituts Pasteur, PO Box 923, Pasteur Avenue, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Abdoulaye Sepou
- Hôpital Communautaire of Bangui, Ministry of Public Health, Population and AIDS Control, PO Box 1383, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Eugène Serdouma
- Hôpital de l’Amitié, Ministry of Public Health, Population and AIDS Control, PO Box 1383, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Samuel Gondje
- Maternité de la Gendarmerie, Ministry of Public Health, Population and AIDS Control, PO Box 1383, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Ghislain Géraud Banthas Bata
- Maternité du Centre de Santé des Castors, Ministry of Public Health, Population and AIDS Control, PO Box 1383, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Sandrine Moussa
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, International Network of Instituts Pasteur, PO Box 923, Pasteur Avenue, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Aude Boulay
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, International Network of Instituts Pasteur, PO Box 923, Pasteur Avenue, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Jean Methode Moyen
- Malaria Programme Division, Ministry of Public Health, Population and AIDS Control, PO Box 883, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Olga Sakanga
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, International Network of Instituts Pasteur, PO Box 923, Pasteur Avenue, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Lenaig Le-Fouler
- Institut Pasteur of Paris, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, International Network of Instituts Pasteur, PO Box 923, Pasteur Avenue, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Muriel Vray
- Institut Pasteur of Paris, Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
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Bouscaillou J, Komas N, Tricou V, Nakouné E, Sélékon B, Fontanet A, Kazanji M. Imported hepatitis e virus, central african republic, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:335-7. [PMID: 23347578 PMCID: PMC3559044 DOI: 10.3201/eid1902.120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mouinga-Ondémé A, Kazanji M. Simian foamy virus in non-human primates and cross-species transmission to humans in Gabon: an emerging zoonotic disease in central Africa? Viruses 2013; 5:1536-52. [PMID: 23783811 PMCID: PMC3717720 DOI: 10.3390/v5061536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now known that all human retroviruses have a non-human primate counterpart. It has been reported that the presence of these retroviruses in humans is the result of interspecies transmission. Several authors have described the passage of a simian retrovirus, simian foamy virus (SFV), from primates to humans. To better understand this retroviral “zoonosis” in natural settings, we evaluated the presence of SFV in both captive and wild non-human primates and in humans at high risk, such as hunters and people bitten by a non-human primate, in Gabon, central Africa. A high prevalence of SFV was found in blood samples from non-human primates and in bush meat collected across the country. Mandrills were found to be highly infected with two distinct strains of SFV, depending on their geographical location. Furthermore, samples collected from hunters and non-human primate laboratory workers showed clear, extensive cross-species transmission of SFV. People who had been bitten by mandrills, gorillas and chimpanzees had persistent SFV infection with low genetic drift. Thus, SFV is presumed to be transmitted from non-human primates mainly through severe bites, involving contact between infected saliva and blood. In this review, we summarize and discuss our five-year observations on the prevalence and dissemination of SFV in humans and non-human primates in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; E-Mail:
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; E-Mail:
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui BP 923, Central African Republic
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +236-21-61-0866; Fax: +236-21-61-0109
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Frank T, Gody JC, Nguyen LBL, Berthet N, Le Fleche-Mateos A, Bata P, Rafaï C, Kazanji M, Breurec S. First case of Elizabethkingia anophelis meningitis in the Central African Republic. Lancet 2013; 381:1876. [PMID: 23706804 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Frank
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Unit of Medical Biology, Bangui, Central African Republic
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Nakouné E, Tricou V, Manirakiza A, Komoyo F, Selekon B, Gody JC, Victoir K, Buchy P, Kazanji M. First introduction of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 and detection of respiratory viruses in pediatric patients in Central African Republic. Virol J 2013; 10:49. [PMID: 23391188 PMCID: PMC3598402 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute viral respiratory illnesses in children in sub-Saharan Africa have received relatively little attention, although they are much more frequent causes of morbidity and mortality than in developed countries. Active surveillance is essential to identify the causative agents and to improve clinical management, especially in the context of possible circulation of pandemic viruses. Findings A prospective study was conducted in the Central African Republic (CAR) between January and December 2010 among infants and children aged 0–15 years attending sentinel sites for influenza-like illness or acute respiratory illness. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected, and one-step real-time and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to detect respiratory viruses. Respiratory viruses were detected in 49 of the 329 (14.9%) nasopharyngeal samples: 29 (8.8%) contained influenza viruses (5 (1.5%) had pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus and 24 (7.3%) had influenza B viruses), 11 (3.3%) contained parainfluenza viruses types 1 and 3 and 9 (2.7%) contained human respiratory syncytial virus. Most cases were detected during the rainy season in the CAR. Analysis of the amplicon sequences confirmed the identity of each detected virus. Conclusions The influenza surveillance system in the CAR has provided valuable data on the seasonality of influenza and the circulation of other respiratory viruses. Our network could therefore play a valuable role in the prevention and control of influenza epidemics in the CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nakouné
- Virology department, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
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Pomier C, Rabaaoui S, Pouliquen JF, Couppié P, El Guedj M, Nacher M, Lacoste V, Wattel E, Kazanji M, Mortreux F. Antiretroviral therapy promotes an inflammatory-like pattern of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) replication in human immunodeficiency virus type 1/HTLV-1 co-infected individuals. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:753-757. [PMID: 23239567 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.048348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon antiretroviral therapy (ART) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) co-infected individuals frequently develop neurological disorders through hitherto unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that effective anti-HIV ART increases HTLV-1 proviral load through a polyclonal integration pattern of HTLV-1 in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets that is reminiscent of that typically associated with HTLV-1-related inflammatory conditions. These data indicate that preventing ART-triggered clonal expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells in co-infected individuals deserves investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Pomier
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirology and Biotherapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Samira Rabaaoui
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirology and Biotherapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pierre Couppié
- Service de dermatologie, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Myriam El Guedj
- Hôpital de Jour Adultes, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidemiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane CIC-EC INSERM CIE 802, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, French Guiana
| | - Eric Wattel
- Service d'Hématologie, Pavillon Marcel Bérard, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud 165, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre Bénite Cedex, France.,Present address: Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, ENS - HCL, Pierre Bénite, France.,Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirology and Biotherapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Franck Mortreux
- Present address: Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, ENS - HCL, Pierre Bénite, France.,Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirology and Biotherapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Caron M, Bouscaillou J, Kazanji M. Acute risk for hepatitis E virus infection among HIV-1-positive pregnant women in central Africa. Virol J 2012; 9:254. [PMID: 23114258 PMCID: PMC3495846 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an enterically transmitted pathogen, is highly endemic in several African countries. Pregnant women are at particularly high risk for acute or severe hepatitis E. In Gabon, a central African country, the prevalence of antibodies to HEV among pregnant women is 14.1%. Recent studies have demonstrated unusual patterns of hepatitis E (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis) among immunodeficient patients. FINDINGS We investigated the prevalence of antibodies to HEV among pregnant women infected with HIV-1 or HTLV-1 in Gabon. Of 243 samples collected, 183 were positive for HIV-1 and 60 for HTLV-1; 16 women (6.6%) had IgG antibodies to HEV. The seroprevalence was higher among HIV-1-infected women (7.1%) than HTLV-1-infected women (5.0%). Moreover, the HIV-1 viral load was significantly increased (p ≤ 0.02) among women with past-HEV exposure (1.3E+05 vs 5.7E+04 copies per ml), whereas no difference was found in HTLV-1 proviral load (9.0E+01 vs 1.1E+03 copies per ml). CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that HIV-1-infected women are at risk for acute or severe infection if they are exposed to HEV during pregnancy, with an increased viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Caron
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales, Franceville, BP 769, Gabon
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Souquière S, Makuwa M, Sallé B, Kazanji M. New strain of simian immunodeficiency virus identified in wild-born chimpanzees from central Africa. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44298. [PMID: 22984489 PMCID: PMC3440395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of primate lentiviruses continue to provide information about the evolution of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) and the origin and emergence of HIV since chimpanzees in west–central Africa (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) were recognized as the reservoir of SIVcpzPtt viruses, which have been related phylogenetically to HIV-1. Using in-house peptide ELISAs to study SIV prevalence, we tested 104 wild-born captive chimpanzees from Gabon and Congo. We identified two new cases of SIVcpz infection in Gabon and characterized a new SIVcpz strain, SIVcpzPtt-Gab4. The complete sequence (9093 bp) was obtained by a PCR-based ‘genome walking’ approach to generate 17 overlapping fragments. Phylogenetic analyses of separated genes (gag, pol-vif and env-nef) showed that SIVcpzPtt-Gab4 is closely related to SIVcpzPtt-Gab1 and SIVcpzPtt-Gab2. No significant variation in viral load was observed during 3 years of follow-up, but a significantly lower CD4+ T cells count was found in infected than in uninfected chimpanzees (p<0.05). No clinical symptoms of SIV infection were observed in the SIV-positive chimpanzees. Further field studies with non-invasive methods are needed to determine the prevalence, geographic distribution, species association, and natural history of SIVcpz strains in the chimpanzee habitat in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Souquière
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Maria Makuwa
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Bettina Sallé
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic
- * E-mail:
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