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Zürcher NR, Loggia ML, Mullett JE, Tseng C, Bhanot A, Richey L, Hightower BG, Wu C, Parmar AJ, Butterfield RI, Dubois JM, Chonde DB, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Wey HY, Catana C, Hadjikhani N, McDougle CJ, Hooker JM. [ 11C]PBR28 MR-PET imaging reveals lower regional brain expression of translocator protein (TSPO) in young adult males with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1659-1669. [PMID: 32076115 PMCID: PMC8159742 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of neuroimmune and mitochondrial dysfunction have been repeatedly implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To examine these mechanisms in ASD individuals, we measured the in vivo expression of the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), an activated glial marker expressed on mitochondrial membranes. Participants underwent scanning on a simultaneous magnetic resonance-positron emission tomography (MR-PET) scanner with the second-generation TSPO radiotracer [11C]PBR28. By comparing TSPO in 15 young adult males with ASD with 18 age- and sex-matched controls, we showed that individuals with ASD exhibited lower regional TSPO expression in several brain regions, including the bilateral insular cortex, bilateral precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral temporal, angular, and supramarginal gyri, which have previously been implicated in autism in functional MR imaging studies. No brain region exhibited higher regional TSPO expression in the ASD group compared with the control group. A subset of participants underwent a second MR-PET scan after a median interscan interval of 3.6 months, and we determined that TSPO expression over this period of time was stable and replicable. Furthermore, voxelwise analysis confirmed lower regional TSPO expression in ASD at this later time point. Lower TSPO expression in ASD could reflect abnormalities in neuroimmune processes or mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Zürcher
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - M L Loggia
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J E Mullett
- Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - C Tseng
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Bhanot
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - L Richey
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - B G Hightower
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - C Wu
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - A J Parmar
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - R I Butterfield
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - J M Dubois
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D B Chonde
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Izquierdo-Garcia
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Y Wey
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Catana
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Hadjikhani
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Center, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C J McDougle
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - J M Hooker
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Tootell RBH, Dale AM, Hadjikhani N, Liu AK, Marrett S, Mendola JD. Functional Organisation of Human Visual Cortex Revealed by fMRI. Perception 2016. [DOI: 10.1068/v970007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, comparatively little was known about the functional organisation of human visual cortex. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), in conjunction with cortical flattening techniques and psychophysically relevant visual stimulation, has greatly clarified human visual-information processing. To date, we have completed cortical surface reconstructions (flattening), coupled with a wide range of visual stimulus testing, on 28 normal human subjects. Visual activation was acquired on a 1.5 T GE MR scanner with ANMR echo-planar imaging, with the use of a custom, bilateral, quadrature surface coil covering posterior cortex. Approximately ten visual cortical areas can now be functionally localised each with unique functional and topographical properties. The most well-defined areas are: V1, V2, V3, VP, V3A, V4v, MT, SPO, and perhaps MSTd. Most of the properties in these human areas are similar to those reported in presumably homologous areas of macaque, but distinctive species differences also appear to exist, notably in V3/VP, V4v, and V3A. Human areas showing prominant motion-selectivity include V3A, MT/MSTd, SPO, and a small area near the superior sylvian fissure. Retinotopic areas include V1, V2, V3, VP, V4v, and V3A. The human cortical magnification factor appears higher towards the fovea than in macaque, but, like macaque, preferred spatial frequency tuning varies inversely with eccentricity in all retinotopic areas in which sinusoidal gratings are effective stimuli.
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Maillard AM, Ruef A, Pizzagalli F, Migliavacca E, Hippolyte L, Adaszewski S, Dukart J, Ferrari C, Conus P, Männik K, Zazhytska M, Siffredi V, Maeder P, Kutalik Z, Kherif F, Hadjikhani N, Beckmann JS, Reymond A, Draganski B, Jacquemont S. The 16p11.2 locus modulates brain structures common to autism, schizophrenia and obesity. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:140-7. [PMID: 25421402 PMCID: PMC4320286 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical structures and mechanisms linking genes to neuropsychiatric disorders are not deciphered. Reciprocal copy number variants at the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 locus offer a unique opportunity to study the intermediate phenotypes in carriers at high risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or schizophrenia (SZ). We investigated the variation in brain anatomy in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers. Beyond gene dosage effects on global brain metrics, we show that the number of genomic copies negatively correlated to the gray matter volume and white matter tissue properties in cortico-subcortical regions implicated in reward, language and social cognition. Despite the near absence of ASD or SZ diagnoses in our 16p11.2 cohort, the pattern of brain anatomy changes in carriers spatially overlaps with the well-established structural abnormalities in ASD and SZ. Using measures of peripheral mRNA levels, we confirm our genomic copy number findings. This combined molecular, neuroimaging and clinical approach, applied to larger datasets, will help interpret the relative contributions of genes to neuropsychiatric conditions by measuring their effect on local brain anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Maillard
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Ruef
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Pizzagalli
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Migliavacca
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Hippolyte
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Adaszewski
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Dukart
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Ferrari
- Department of Psychiatry, CERY Hospital Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Conus
- Department of Psychiatry, CERY Hospital Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Männik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Zazhytska
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V Siffredi
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Maeder
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Z Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Kherif
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Hadjikhani
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachussetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - 16p11.2 European Consortium
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, CERY Hospital Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachussetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J S Beckmann
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Draganski
- LREN—Département des neurosciences cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Jacquemont
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lemonnier E, Degrez C, Phelep M, Tyzio R, Josse F, Grandgeorge M, Hadjikhani N, Ben-Ari Y. A randomised controlled trial of bumetanide in the treatment of autism in children. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e202. [PMID: 23233021 PMCID: PMC3565189 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated synapses and the oscillations they orchestrate are altered in autism. GABA-acting benzodiazepines exert in some patients with autism paradoxical effects, raising the possibility that like in epilepsies, GABA excites neurons because of elevated intracellular concentrations of chloride. Following a successful pilot study,(1) we have now performed a double-blind clinical trial using the diuretic, chloride-importer antagonist bumetanide that reduces intracellular chloride reinforcing GABAergic inhibition. Sixty children with autism or Asperger syndrome (3-11 years old) received for 3 months placebo or bumetanide (1 mg daily), followed by 1-month wash out. Determination of the severity of autism was made with video films at day 0 (D0) and D90 by blind, independent evaluators. Bumetanide reduced significantly the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) (D90-D0; P<0.004 treated vs placebo), Clinical Global Impressions (P<0.017 treated vs placebo) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule values when the most severe cases (CARS values above the mean ± s.d.; n=9) were removed (Wilcoxon test: P-value=0.031; Student's t-test: P-value=0.017). Side effects were restricted to an occasional mild hypokalaemia (3.0-3.5 mM l(-1) K(+)) that was treated with supplemental potassium. In a companion study, chronic bumetanide treatment significantly improved accuracy in facial emotional labelling, and increased brain activation in areas involved in social and emotional perception (Hadjikhani et al., submitted). Therefore, bumetanide is a promising novel therapeutic agent to treat autism. Larger trials are warranted to better determine the population best suited for this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lemonnier
- Centre de Ressources Autisme de Bretagne, CHRU Brest Hôpital Bohars, Route de Ploudalmezeau, Bohars, France.
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Kveraga K, Boshyan J, Adams R, Hamalainen M, Hadjikhani N, Bar M, Feldman Barrett L. Spatiotemporal dynamics and neural synchrony during perception of threatening vs. merely negative visual scenes. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Granziera C, Daducci A, Meskaldji DE, Roche A, Maeder P, Michel P, Hadjikhani N, Sorensen AG, Frackowiak RS, Thiran JP, Meuli R, Krueger G. A new early and automated MRI-based predictor of motor improvement after stroke. Neurology 2012; 79:39-46. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31825f25e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Van den Stock J, Vandenbulcke M, Zhu Q, Hadjikhani N, de Gelder B. Developmental prosopagnosia in a patient with hypoplasia of the vermis cerebelli. Neurology 2012; 78:1700-2. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182575130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Jacquemont S, Curie A, des Portes V, Torrioli MG, Berry-Kravis E, Hagerman RJ, Ramos FJ, Cornish K, He Y, Paulding C, Neri G, Chen F, Hadjikhani N, Martinet D, Meyer J, Beckmann JS, Delange K, Brun A, Bussy G, Gasparini F, Hilse T, Floesser A, Branson J, Bilbe G, Johns D, Gomez-Mancilla B. Epigenetic Modification of the FMR1 Gene in Fragile X Syndrome Is Associated with Differential Response to the mGluR5 Antagonist AFQ056. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:64ra1. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Meeren HK, Hadjikhani N, Ahlfors SP, Hamalainen MS, de Gelder B. Ultrarapid extraction of configural information from biologically salient visual stimuli: Magnetoencephalographic evidence. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/6.6.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Walters RG, Jacquemont S, Valsesia A, de Smith AJ, Martinet D, Andersson J, Falchi M, Chen F, Andrieux J, Lobbens S, Delobel B, Stutzmann F, Moustafa JSES, Chèvre JC, Lecoeur C, Vatin V, Bouquillon S, Buxton JL, Boute O, Holder-Espinasse M, Cuisset JM, Lemaitre MP, Ambresin AE, Brioshi A, Gaillard M, Giusti V, Fellmann F, Ferrarini A, Hadjikhani N, Campion D, Guilmatre A, Goldenberg A, Calmels N, Mandel JL, Le Caignec C, David A, Isidor B, Cordier MP, Dupuis-Girod S, Labalme A, Sanlaville D, Béri-Deixheimer M, Jonveaux P, Leheup B, Õunap K, Bochukova EG, Henning E, Keogh J, Ellis RJ, MacDermot KD, Vincent-Delorme C, Plessis G, Touraine R, Philippe A, Malan V, Mathieu-Dramard M, Chiesa J, Blaumeiser B, Kooy RF, Caiazzo R, Pigeyre M, Balkau B, Sladek R, Bergmann S, Mooser V, Waterworth D, Reymond A, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Kurg A, Palta P, Esko T, Metspalu A, Nelis M, Elliott P, Hartikainen AL, McCarthy MI, Peltonen L, Carlsson L, Jacobson P, Sjöström L, Huang N, Hurles ME, O’Rahilly S, Farooqi IS, Männik K, Jarvelin MR, Pattou F, Meyre D, Walley AJ, Coin LJM, Blakemore AIF, Froguel P, Beckmann JS. A new highly penetrant form of obesity due to deletions on chromosome 16p11.2. Nature 2010; 463:671-5. [PMID: 20130649 PMCID: PMC2880448 DOI: 10.1038/nature08727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major worldwide challenge to public health, owing to an interaction between the Western 'obesogenic' environment and a strong genetic contribution. Recent extensive genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with obesity, but these loci together account for only a small fraction of the known heritable component. Thus, the 'common disease, common variant' hypothesis is increasingly coming under challenge. Here we report a highly penetrant form of obesity, initially observed in 31 subjects who were heterozygous for deletions of at least 593 kilobases at 16p11.2 and whose ascertainment included cognitive deficits. Nineteen similar deletions were identified from GWAS data in 16,053 individuals from eight European cohorts. These deletions were absent from healthy non-obese controls and accounted for 0.7% of our morbid obesity cases (body mass index (BMI) >or= 40 kg m(-2) or BMI standard deviation score >or= 4; P = 6.4 x 10(-8), odds ratio 43.0), demonstrating the potential importance in common disease of rare variants with strong effects. This highlights a promising strategy for identifying missing heritability in obesity and other complex traits: cohorts with extreme phenotypes are likely to be enriched for rare variants, thereby improving power for their discovery. Subsequent analysis of the loci so identified may well reveal additional rare variants that further contribute to the missing heritability, as recently reported for SIM1 (ref. 3). The most productive approach may therefore be to combine the 'power of the extreme' in small, well-phenotyped cohorts, with targeted follow-up in case-control and population cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. G. Walters
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S. Jacquemont
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. Valsesia
- Departement de Génétique Médicale, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. J. de Smith
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D. Martinet
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J. Andersson
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M. Falchi
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - F. Chen
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J. Andrieux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - S. Lobbens
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - B. Delobel
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, GHICL, Lille, France
| | - F. Stutzmann
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | | | - J.-C. Chèvre
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - C. Lecoeur
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - V. Vatin
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - S. Bouquillon
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - J. L. Buxton
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - O. Boute
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - M. Holder-Espinasse
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - J.-M. Cuisset
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - M.-P. Lemaitre
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - A.-E. Ambresin
- Unité Multidisciplinaire de Santé des Adolescents, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. Brioshi
- Service de Neuropsychologie et de Neuroréhabilitation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. Gaillard
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V. Giusti
- Service d’Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Fellmann
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. Ferrarini
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N. Hadjikhani
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA, USA
| | - D. Campion
- INSERM, U614, Faculté de Médecine, Rouen, France
| | - A. Guilmatre
- INSERM, U614, Faculté de Médecine, Rouen, France
| | - A. Goldenberg
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - N. Calmels
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Nouvel hôpital civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - J.-L. Mandel
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Nouvel hôpital civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - C. Le Caignec
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
- INSERM, UMR915, L’Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - A. David
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - B. Isidor
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - M.-P. Cordier
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de l’Hotel Dieu, Lyon, France
| | - S. Dupuis-Girod
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de l’Hotel Dieu, Lyon, France
| | - A. Labalme
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de l’Hotel Dieu, Lyon, France
| | - D. Sanlaville
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de l’Hotel Dieu, Lyon, France
- EA 4171, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - M. Béri-Deixheimer
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nancy University, Nancy, France
| | - P. Jonveaux
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nancy University, Nancy, France
| | - B. Leheup
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nancy University, Nancy, France
- EA4368 Medical School Nancy, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy, France
| | - K. Õunap
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories,Tartu University Children’s Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E. G. Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - E. Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - J. Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - R. J. Ellis
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park & St Marks Hospital, Harrow, UK
| | - K. D. MacDermot
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park & St Marks Hospital, Harrow, UK
| | | | - G. Plessis
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Clemenceau, Caen, France
| | - R. Touraine
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire–Hôpital Nord, Service de Génétique, Saint Etienne, France
| | - A. Philippe
- Département de Génétique et INSERM U781, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - V. Malan
- Département de Génétique et INSERM U781, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - M. Mathieu-Dramard
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
| | - J. Chiesa
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caremeau, Nîmes, France
| | - B. Blaumeiser
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital & University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R. F. Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital & University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R. Caiazzo
- INSERM U859, Biotherapies for Diabetes, Lille, France
- University Lille Nord de France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, France
| | - M. Pigeyre
- University Lille Nord de France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, France
| | - B. Balkau
- INSERM U780-IFR69, Villejuif, France
| | - R. Sladek
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - S. Bergmann
- Departement de Génétique Médicale, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V. Mooser
- Division of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - D. Waterworth
- Division of Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - A. Reymond
- The Center for Integrated Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P. Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G. Waeber
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A. Kurg
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P. Palta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - T. Esko
- Estonian Genome Project, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A. Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Project, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M. Nelis
- Estonian Genome Project, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P. Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A.-L. Hartikainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M. I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L. Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Broad Institute, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - L. Carlsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - P. Jacobson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - L. Sjöström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - N. Huang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - M. E. Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - S. O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - I. S. Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - K. Männik
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M.-R. Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu Finland
| | - F. Pattou
- INSERM U859, Biotherapies for Diabetes, Lille, France
- University Lille Nord de France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, France
| | - D. Meyre
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - A. J. Walley
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L. J. M. Coin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - P. Froguel
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - J. S. Beckmann
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Departement de Génétique Médicale, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Abstract
Migraine affects the cortical physiology and may induce dysfunction both ictally and interictally. Although visual symptoms predominate during aura, other contiguous cortical areas related to less impressive symptoms are also impaired in migraine. Answers from 72.2% migraine with aura and 48.6% of migraine without aura patients on human faces and objects recognition, colour perception, proper names recalling and memory in general showed dysfunctions suggestive of prosopagnosia, dyschromatopsia, ideational apraxia, alien hand syndrome, proper name anomia or aphasia, varying in duration and severity. Symptoms frequently occurred in a successively building-up pattern fitting with the geographical distribution of the various cortical functions. When specifically inquired, migraineurs reveal less evident symptoms that are not usually considered during routine examination. Spreading depression most likely underlies the aura symptoms progression. Interictal involvement indicates that MWA and MWoA are not completely silent outside attacks, and that both subforms of migraine may share common mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Vincent
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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12
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Abstract
Measurement of the EEG during fMRI scanning can give rise to image distortions due to magnetic susceptibility, eddy currents or chemical shift artifacts caused by certain types of EEG electrodes, cream, leads, or amplifiers. Two different creams were tested using MRS and T2* measurements, and we found that the one with higher water content was superior. This study introduces an index that quantifies the influence of EEG equipment on the BOLD fMRI signal. This index can also be used more generally to measure the changes in the fMRI signal due to the presence of any type of device inside (or outside) of the field of view (e.g., with fMRI and diffuse optical tomography, infrared imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, ultrasound imaging, etc.). Quantitative noise measurements are hampered by the normal variability of functional activation within the same subject and by the different slice profiles obtained when inserting a subject multiple times inside a MR imaging system. Our measurements account for these problems by using a matched filtering of cortical surface maps of functional activations. The results demonstrate that the BOLD signal is not influenced by the presence of EEG electrodes when using a properly constructed MRI compatible recording cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bonmassar
- A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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13
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Abstract
We have used surface-based atlases of the cerebral cortex to analyze the functional organization of visual cortex in humans and macaque monkeys. The macaque atlas contains multiple partitioning schemes for visual cortex, including a probabilistic atlas of visual areas derived from a recent architectonic study, plus summary schemes that reflect a combination of physiological and anatomical evidence. The human atlas includes a probabilistic map of eight topographically organized visual areas recently mapped using functional MRI. To facilitate comparisons between species, we used surface-based warping to bring functional and geographic landmarks on the macaque map into register with corresponding landmarks on the human map. The results suggest that extrastriate visual cortex outside the known topographically organized areas is dramatically expanded in human compared to macaque cortex, particularly in the parietal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Van Essen
- Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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14
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Hadjikhani N, Sanchez Del Rio M, Wu O, Schwartz D, Bakker D, Fischl B, Kwong KK, Cutrer FM, Rosen BR, Tootell RB, Sorensen AG, Moskowitz MA. Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4687-92. [PMID: 11287655 PMCID: PMC31895 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.071582498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 993] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2000] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has been suggested to underlie migraine visual aura. However, it has been challenging to test this hypothesis in human cerebral cortex. Using high-field functional MRI with near-continuous recording during visual aura in three subjects, we observed blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes that demonstrated at least eight characteristics of CSD, time-locked to percept/onset of the aura. Initially, a focal increase in BOLD signal (possibly reflecting vasodilation), developed within extrastriate cortex (area V3A). This BOLD change progressed contiguously and slowly (3.5 +/- 1.1 mm/min) over occipital cortex, congruent with the retinotopy of the visual percept. Following the same retinotopic progression, the BOLD signal then diminished (possibly reflecting vasoconstriction after the initial vasodilation), as did the BOLD response to visual activation. During periods with no visual stimulation, but while the subject was experiencing scintillations, BOLD signal followed the retinotopic progression of the visual percept. These data strongly suggest that an electrophysiological event such as CSD generates the aura in human visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hadjikhani
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center and Stroke and Neurovascular Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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15
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Abstract
In flattened human visual cortex, we defined the topographic homologue of macaque dorsal V4 (the 'V4d topologue'), based on neighborhood relations among visual areas (i.e. anterior to V3A, posterior to MT+, and superior to ventral V4). Retinotopic functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data suggest that two visual areas ('LOC' and 'LOP') are included within this V4d topologue. Except for an overall bias for either central or peripheral stimuli (respectively), the retinotopy within LOC and LOP was crude or nonexistent. Thus the retinotopy in the human V4d topologue differed from previous reports in macaque V4d. Unlike some previous reports in macaque V4d, the human V4d topologue was not significantly color-selective. However, the V4d topologue did respond selectively to kinetic motion boundaries, consistent with previous human fMRI reports. Because striking differences were found between the retinotopy and functional properties of the human topologues of 'V4v' and 'V4d', it is unlikely that these two cortical regions are subdivisions of a singular human area 'V4'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Tootell
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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16
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Sasaki Y, Hadjikhani N, Fischl B, Liu AK, Marrett S, Dale AM, Tootell RB, Marret S. Local and global attention are mapped retinotopically in human occipital cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:2077-82. [PMID: 11172078 PMCID: PMC29384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that control mechanisms for local and global attention are lateralized in the temporal-parietal cortex. However, in the human occipital (visual) cortex, the evidence for lateralized local/global attention is controversial. To clarify this matter, we used functional MRI to map activity in the human occipital cortex, during local and global attention, with sustained visual fixation. Data were analyzed in a flattened cortical format, relative to maps of retinotopy and spatial frequency peak tuning. Neither local nor global attention was lateralized in the occipital cortex. Instead, local attention and global attention appear to be special cases of visual spatial attention, which are mapped consistently with the maps of retinotopy and spatial frequency tuning, in multiple visual cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sasaki
- NMR Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pellerin
- Institut de Physiologie, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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18
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19
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Abstract
We used high-field (3T) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to label cortical activity due to visual spatial attention, relative to flattened cortical maps of the retinotopy and visual areas from the same human subjects. In the main task, the visual stimulus remained constant, but covert visual spatial attention was varied in both location and load. In each of the extrastriate retinotopic areas, we found MR increases at the representations of the attended target. Similar but smaller increases were found in V1. Decreased MR levels were found in the same cortical locations when attention was directed at retinotopically different locations. In and surrounding area MT+, MR increases were lateralized but not otherwise retinotopic. At the representation of eccentricities central to that of the attended targets, prominent MR decreases occurred during spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Tootell
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, USA.
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20
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21
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Hadjikhani N, Liu AK, Dale AM, Cavanagh P, Tootell RB. Retinotopy and color sensitivity in human visual cortical area V8. Nat Neurosci 1998; 1:235-41. [PMID: 10195149 DOI: 10.1038/681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/1998] [Accepted: 05/21/1998] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies suggest the presence of a color-selective area in the inferior occipital-temporal region of human visual cortex. It has been proposed that this human area is homologous to macaque area V4, which is arguably color selective, but this has never been tested directly. To test this model, we compared the location of the human color-selective region to the retinotopic area boundaries in the same subjects, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), cortical flattening and retinotopic mapping techniques. The human color-selective region did not match the location of area V4 (neither its dorsal nor ventral subdivisions), as extrapolated from macaque maps. Instead this region coincides with a new retinotopic area that we call 'V8', which includes a distinct representation of the fovea and both upper and lower visual fields. We also tested the response to stimuli that produce color afterimages and found that these stimuli, like real colors, caused preferential activation of V8 but not V4.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hadjikhani
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, USA.
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22
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Hadjikhani N, Roland PE. Cross-modal transfer of information between the tactile and the visual representations in the human brain: A positron emission tomographic study. J Neurosci 1998; 18:1072-84. [PMID: 9437027 PMCID: PMC6792755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography in three-dimensional acquisition mode was used to identify the neural populations involved in tactile-visual cross-modal transfer of shape. Eight young male volunteers went through three runs of three different matching conditions: tactile-tactile (TT), tactile-visual (TV), and visual-visual (VV), and a motor control condition. Fifteen spherical ellipsoids were used as stimuli. By subtracting the different matching conditions and calculating the intersections of statistically significant activations, we could identify cortical functional fields involved in the formation of visual and tactile representation of the objects alone and those involved in cross-modal transfer of the shapes of the objects. Fields engaged in representation of visual shape, revealed in VV-control, TV-control and TV-TT, were found bilaterally in the lingual, fusiform, and middle occipital gyri and the cuneus. Fields engaged in the formation of the tactile representation of shape, appearing in TT-control, TV-control and TV-VV, were found in the left postcentral gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, and right cerebellum. Finally, fields active in both TV-VV and TV-TT were considered as those involved in cross-modal transfer of information. One field was found, situated in the right insula-claustrum. This region has been shown to be activated in other studies involving cross-modal transfer of information. The claustrum may play an important role in cross-modal matching, because it receives and gives rise to multimodal cortical projections. We propose here that modality-specific areas can communicate, exchange information, and interact via the claustrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hadjikhani
- Division of Human Brain Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Hadjikhani N, Roland P. Cross-modal transfer of information between the tactile and the visual systems in the human brain — a PET study. Neuroimage 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(96)80365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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