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Sharma R, Simon TG, Hagström H, Lochhead P, Roelstraete B, Söderling J, Verna EC, Emond J, Ludvigsson JF. Statins Are Associated With a Decreased Risk of Severe Liver Disease in Individuals With Noncirrhotic Chronic Liver Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 22:749-759.e19. [PMID: 37121528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about the potential impact of statins on the progression of noncirrhotic chronic liver diseases (CLDs) to severe liver disease. METHODS Using liver histopathology data in a nationwide Swedish cohort, we identified 3862 noncirrhotic individuals with CLD and statin exposure, defined as a statin prescription filled for 30 or more cumulative defined daily doses. Statin users were matched to 3862 (statin) nonusers with CLD through direct 1:1 matching followed by propensity score matching. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for the primary outcome of incident severe liver disease (a composite of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplantation/liver-related mortality). RESULTS A total of 45.3% of CLD patients had nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 21.9% had alcohol-related liver disease, 17.7% had viral hepatitis, and 15.1% had autoimmune hepatitis. During follow-up evaluation, 234 (6.1%) statin users vs 276 (7.1%) nonusers developed severe liver disease. Statin use was associated with a decreased risk of developing severe liver disease (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.48-0.74). Statistically significantly lower rates of severe liver disease were seen in alcohol-related liver disease (HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.19-0.49) and in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.45-1.00), but not in viral hepatitis (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.51-1.14) or autoimmune hepatitis (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.48-1.58). Statin use had a protective association in both prefibrosis and fibrosis stages at diagnosis. Statin use was associated with lower rates of progression to cirrhosis (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49-0.78), hepatocellular carcinoma (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.27-0.71), and liver-related mortality (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.36-0.82). CONCLUSIONS Among individuals with noncirrhotic CLD, incident statin use was linked to lower rates of severe liver disease, suggesting a potential disease-modifying role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Sharma
- Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hannes Hagström
- Unit of Hepatology, Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bjorn Roelstraete
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Söderling
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth C Verna
- Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Jean Emond
- Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden; Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Sun J, Halfvarson J, Bergman D, Ebrahimi F, Roelstraete B, Lochhead P, Song M, Olén O, Ludvigsson JF. Statin use and risk of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 63:102182. [PMID: 37662517 PMCID: PMC10474364 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statin use has been linked to a reduced risk of advanced colorectal adenomas, but its association with colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a high risk population for CRC - remains inconclusive. Methods From a nationwide IBD cohort in Sweden, we identified 5273 statin users and 5273 non-statin users (1:1 propensity score matching) from July 2006 to December 2018. Statin use was defined as the first filled prescription for ≥30 cumulative defined daily doses and followed until December 2019. Primary outcome was incident CRC. Secondary outcomes were CRC-related mortality and all-cause mortality. Cox regression estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Findings During a median follow-up of 5.6 years, 70 statin users (incidence rate (IR): 21.2 per 10,000 person-years) versus 90 non-statin users (IR: 29.2) were diagnosed with incident CRC (rate difference (RD), -8.0 (95% CIs: -15.8 to -0.2 per 10,000 person-years); aHR = 0.76 (95% CIs: 0.61 to 0.96)). The benefit for incident CRC was duration-dependent in a nested case-control design: as compared to short-term use (30 days to <1 year), the adjusted odd ratios were 0.59 (0.25 to 1.43) for 1 to <2 years of use, 0.46 (0.21 to 0.98) for 2 to <5 years of use, and 0.38 (0.16 to 0.86) for ≥5 years of use (Pfor tread = 0.016). Compared with non-statin users, statin users also had a decreased risk for CRC-related mortality (IR: 6.0 vs. 11.9; RD, -5.9 (-10.5 to -1.2); aHR, 0.56 (0.37 to 0.83)) and all-cause mortality (IR: 156.4 vs. 231.4; RD, -75.0 (-96.6 to -53.4); aHR, 0.63 (0.57 to 0.69)). Interpretation Statin use was associated with a lower risk of incident CRC, CRC-related mortality, and all-cause mortality. The benefit for incident CRC was duration-dependent, with a significantly lower risk after ≥2 years of statin use. Funding This research was supported by Forte (i.e., the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Sun
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - David Bergman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahim Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clarunis - University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bjorn Roelstraete
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mingyang Song
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ola Olén
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas F. Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Lopes EW, Chan SSM, Song M, Ludvigsson JF, Håkansson N, Lochhead P, Clark A, Burke KE, Ananthakrishnan AN, Cross AJ, Palli D, Bergmann MM, Richter JM, Chan AT, Olén O, Wolk A, Khalili H. Lifestyle factors for the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2022; 72:gutjnl-2022-328174. [PMID: 36591609 PMCID: PMC10241983 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the proportion of cases of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) that could be prevented by modifiable lifestyle factors. DESIGN In a prospective cohort study of US adults from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; n=72 290), NHSII (n=93 909) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; n=41 871), we created modifiable risk scores (MRS; 0-6) for CD and UC based on established lifestyle risk factors, and healthy lifestyle scores (HLS; 0-9) derived from American healthy lifestyle recommendations. We calculated the population attributable risk by comparing the incidence of CD and UC between low-risk (CD-MRS≤1, UC-MRS≤2, HLS≥7) and high-risk groups. We externally validated our findings in three European cohorts: the Swedish Mammography Cohort (n=37 275), Cohort of Swedish Men (n=40 810) and European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (n=404 144). RESULTS Over 5 117 021 person-years of follow-up (NHS, HPFS: 1986-2016; NHSII: 1991-2017), we documented 346 CD and 456 UC cases. Adherence to a low MRS could have prevented 42.9% (95% CI 12.2% to 66.1%) of CD and 44.4% (95% CI 9.0% to 69.8%) of UC cases. Similarly, adherence to a healthy lifestyle could have prevented 61.1% (95% CI 16.8% to 84.9%) of CD and 42.2% (95% CI 1.7% to 70.9%) of UC cases. In our validation cohorts, adherence to a low MRS and healthy lifestyle could have, respectively, prevented 43.9%-51.2% and 48.8%-60.4% of CD cases and 20.6%-27.8% and 46.8%-56.3% of UC cases. CONCLUSIONS Across six US and European cohorts, a substantial burden of inflammatory bowel diseases risk may be preventable through lifestyle modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Lopes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon S M Chan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Mingyang Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Orebro universitet, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Niclas Håkansson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allan Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Kristin E Burke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda J Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Cancer Screening & Prevention Research Group, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network-ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela M Bergmann
- Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrucke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ola Olén
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Sachs' Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Lopes EW, Lochhead P, Burke KE, Richter JM, Ananthakrishnan AN, Chan AT, Khalili H. Risk Factors for Incident Inflammatory Bowel Disease According to Disease Phenotype. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:2347-2357.e14. [PMID: 35031525 PMCID: PMC9850926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We examined whether relationships between known risk factors for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) differ according to disease phenotype, defined by Montreal classification, at the time of diagnosis. METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of 208,070 adults from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHSII, and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS). Dietary, lifestyle, and medical data were obtained at baseline and every 2-4 years. We confirmed cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and their phenotypes via medical record review. We tested for heterogeneity across CD subtypes using the likelihood ratio test and for linear heterogeneity across UC subtypes using the meta-regression method. RESULTS We ascertained 346 cases of CD and 456 cases of UC over 5,117,021 person-years of follow-up (1986-2016 for NHS and HPFS; 1991-2017 for NHSII). Fiber intake was associated with decreased risk for ileocolonic but not ileal or colonic CD (Pheterogeneity = .04). Physical activity was associated with decreased risk of nonstricturing and nonpenetrating CD but not of penetrating CD (Pheterogeneity = .02). Higher body mass index and current smoking were associated with decreased risk of proctitis and left-sided UC but not of pan-UC (Plinear heterogeneity= .004 and .02, respectively). The associations between other risk factors examined and risk of CD and UC did not differ by disease phenotype (all Pheterogeneity > .06). CONCLUSIONS In 3 large prospective cohorts, we observed that dietary and lifestyle risk factors for IBD may differ according to disease phenotype. These findings highlight the need for disease stratification in future epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Lopes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristin E Burke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Lo CH, Ni P, Yan Y, Ma W, Joshi AD, Nguyen LH, Mehta RS, Lochhead P, Song M, Curhan GC, Cao Y, Chan AT. Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:852-861.e2. [PMID: 35788344 PMCID: PMC9509450 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has increased rapidly in the past 2 decades. Concerns about the regular use of PPIs contributing to mortality have been raised. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study using data collected from the Nurses' Health Study (2004-2018) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (2004-2018). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for mortality according to PPI use. We used a modified lag-time approach to minimize reverse causation (ie, protopathic bias). RESULTS Among 50,156 women and 21,731 men followed for 831,407 person-years and a median of 13.8 years, we documented 22,125 deaths, including 4592 deaths from cancer, 5404 from cardiovascular diseases, and 12,129 deaths from other causes. Compared with nonusers of PPIs, PPI users had significantly higher risks of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.13-1.24) and mortality due to cancer (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.17-1.44), cardiovascular diseases (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02-1.26), respiratory diseases (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.12-1.56), and digestive diseases (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.10-2.05). Upon applying lag times of up to 6 years, the associations were attenuated and no longer statistically significant (all-cause: HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.97-1.11; cancer: HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.89-1.28; cardiovascular diseases: HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.81-1.10; respiratory diseases: HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.95-1.50; digestive diseases: HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.88-2.18). Longer duration of PPI use did not confer higher risks for all-cause and cause-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS After accounting for protopathic bias, PPI use was not associated with higher risks of all-cause mortality and mortality due to major causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Lo
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peiyun Ni
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Yan
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Long H Nguyen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raaj S Mehta
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gary C Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yin Cao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Lo CH, Khandpur N, Rossato SL, Lochhead P, Lopes EW, Burke KE, Richter JM, Song M, Korat AVA, Sun Q, Fung TT, Khalili H, Chan AT, Ananthakrishnan AN. Ultra-processed Foods and Risk of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:e1323-e1337. [PMID: 34461300 PMCID: PMC8882700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in regions undergoing Westernization has coincided with the increase in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption over the past few decades. We aimed to examine the association between consumption of UPFs and the risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of 3 nationwide cohorts of health professionals in the United States-the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2014), the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2017), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2012). We employed Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for confounders to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CD and UC according to self-reported consumption of UPFs. RESULTS The study included 245,112 participants. Over 5,468,444 person-years of follow-up, we documented 369 incident cases of CD and 488 incident cases of UC. The median age at diagnosis was 56 years (range, 29-85 years). Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of simple updated UPF consumption, those in the highest quartile had a significantly increased risk of CD (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.23-2.35; Ptrend = .0008). Among different UPF subgroups, ultra-processed breads and breakfast foods; frozen or shelf-stable ready-to-eat/heat meals; and sauces, cheeses, spreads, and gravies showed the strongest positive associations with CD risk (HR per 1 standard deviation increase in intake, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.07-1.29], 1.11 [95% CI, 1.01-1.22], and 1.14 [95% CI, 1.02-1.27], respectively). There was no consistent association between UPF intake and UC risk. CONCLUSIONS Higher UPF intake was associated with an increased risk of incident CD. Further studies are needed to identify specific contributory dietary components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Lo
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neha Khandpur
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Epidemiological Studies in Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sinara Laurini Rossato
- Graduation course in Public Health, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily W. Lopes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristin E. Burke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James M. Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andres Victor Ardisson Korat
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Teresa T. Fung
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chan SSM, Chen Y, Casey K, Olen O, Ludvigsson JF, Carbonnel F, Oldenburg B, Gunter MJ, Tjønneland A, Grip O, Lochhead P, Chan AT, Wolk A, Khalili H. Obesity is Associated With Increased Risk of Crohn's disease, but not Ulcerative Colitis: A Pooled Analysis of Five Prospective Cohort Studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:1048-1058. [PMID: 34242756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is unclear whether obesity is associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease despite compelling data from basic science studies. We therefore examined the association between obesity and risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS We conducted pooled analyses of 5 prospective cohorts with validated anthropometric measurements for body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio and other lifestyle factors. Diagnoses of CD and UC were confirmed through medical records or ascertained using validated definitions. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to calculate pooled multivariable-adjusted HRs (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Among 601,009 participants (age range, 18-98 years) with 10,110,018 person-years of follow-up, we confirmed 563 incident cases of CD and 1047 incident cases of UC. Obesity (baseline BMI ≥30 kg/m2) was associated with an increased risk of CD (pooled aHR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.05-1.71, I2 = 0%) compared with normal BMI (18.5 to <25 kg/m2). Each 5 kg/m2 increment in baseline BMI was associated with a 16% increase in risk of CD (pooled aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.05-1.22; I2 = 0%). Similarly, with each 5 kg/m2 increment in early adulthood BMI (age, 18-20 years), there was a 22% increase in risk of CD (pooled aHR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.05-1.40; I2 = 13.6%). An increase in waist-hip ratio was associated with an increased risk of CD that did not reach statistical significance (pooled aHR across quartiles, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.97-1.19; I2 = 0%). No associations were observed between measures of obesity and risk of UC. CONCLUSIONS In an adult population, obesity as measured by BMI was associated with an increased risk of older-onset CD but not UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S M Chan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Ye Chen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin Casey
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ola Olen
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Franck Carbonnel
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Centre hospitalier Universitaire de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Bas Oldenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer - WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olof Grip
- Department of Gastroenterology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alicia Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Lochhead P, Khalili H, Ananthakrishnan AN, Burke KE, Richter JM, Sun Q, Grandjean P, Chan AT. Plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and risk of inflammatory bowel diseases in women: A nested case control analysis in the Nurses' Health Study cohorts. Environ Res 2022; 207:112222. [PMID: 34662575 PMCID: PMC9960490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic compounds used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer applications. An association between PFAS exposure and risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been reported in a highly exposed population. However, data are limited on risk of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) among individuals with background population levels of PFAS exposure. OBJECTIVES We set out to examine the association between plasma PFAS concentrations and risk of IBD among women in two population-based, prospective cohort studies in which pre-diagnostic blood specimens were available. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study in the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II cohorts. We identified 73 participants with incident Crohn's disease (CD) and 80 participants with incident UC who had provided blood samples before diagnosis. Cases were matched 1:2 to IBD-free controls. Plasma concentrations of five major PFASs were measured by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. We used conditional logistic models to estimated odds ratios for risk of IBD according to log10-transformed PFAS concentrations, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS In multivariable models, we observed inverse associations between plasma concentrations of three PFASs and risk of CD (all P ≤ 0.012 for a standard deviation increase in log10PFAS). The inverse association with CD was strongest for perfluorodecanoate, where, compared to the lowest tertile, the odds ratio (OR) for the highest tertile was 0.39 (95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.92). No associations were observed between PFAS concentrations and UC risk. DISCUSSION Our results do not support the hypothesis that elevated PFAS exposure is associated with higher risk of UC. Contrary to expectation, our data suggest that circulating concentrations of some PFASs may be inversely associated with CD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin E Burke
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Mehta RS, Lochhead P, Wang Y, Ma W, Nguyen LH, Kochar B, Huttenhower C, Grodstein F, Chan AT. Association of midlife antibiotic use with subsequent cognitive function in women. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264649. [PMID: 35320274 PMCID: PMC8942267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is increasingly recognized to play a role in cognition and dementia. Antibiotic use impacts the gut microbiome and has been linked with chronic disease. Despite these data, there is no evidence supporting an association between long-term antibiotic use in adults and cognitive function. We conducted a prospective population-based cohort study among 14,542 participants in the Nurses’ Health Study II who completed a self-administered computerized neuropsychological test battery between 2014–2018. Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess if chronic antibiotic use in midlife was associated with cognitive impairment assessed later in life. Women who reported at least 2 months of antibiotic exposure in midlife (mean age 54.7, SD 4.6) had lower mean cognitive scores seven years later, after adjustment for age and educational attainment of the spouse and parent, with a mean difference of -0.11 standard units for the global composite score (Ptrend <0.0001), -0.13 for a composite score of psychomotor speed and attention (Ptrend <0.0001), and -0.10 for a composite score of learning and working memory (Ptrend <0.0001) compared with non-antibiotic users. These differences were not materially changed after multivariate adjustment for additional risk factors, including comorbid conditions. As a benchmark, the mean difference in score associated with each additional year of age was (-0.03) for global cognition, (-0.04) for psychomotor speed and attention, and (-0.03) for learning and working memory; thus the relation of antibiotic use to cognition was roughly equivalent to that found for three to four years of aging. Long-term antibiotic use in midlife is associated with small decreases in cognition assessed seven years later. These data underscore the importance of antibiotic stewardship, especially among aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raaj S. Mehta
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Long H. Nguyen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bharati Kochar
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hua X, Lopes EW, Burke KE, Ananthakrishnan AN, Richter JM, Lo CH, Lochhead P, Chan AT, Khalili H. Smoking Behaviour Changes After Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Risk of All-cause Mortality. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1030-1038. [PMID: 35102373 PMCID: PMC9351977 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We examined smoking behaviour changes after diagnoses of Crohn's disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC] and evaluated their impact on mortality. METHODS Study population included incident CD or UC cases from three cohorts of the Nurses' Health Study [NHS], NHSII, and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Smoking and other risk factors were prospectively assessed. Smoking behaviour changes were categorised as never, former [i.e., quit smoking before diagnosis], quitters [i.e., quit smoking after diagnosis], and current [i.e., continue smoking after diagnosis]. Follow-up for date and cause of death was completed through linkage to the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios [HRs] and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]. RESULTS Among 909 eligible CD and UC cases, 45% were never smokers, 38% were past smokers, and 16% were active smokers at the time of diagnosis. Among active smokers, 70% of patients with CD and 44% of patients with UC continued to smoke after diagnosis. In patients with CD, compared with current smokers, the multivariable-adjusted HRs [95% CI] of death were 0.19 [0.10 to 0.38] for never smokers, 0.31 [0.16 to 0.57] for former smokers, and 0.41 [0.18 to 0.93] for quitters. Similarly for UC, compared with current smokers, we observed a reduced risk of mortality for never smokers [HR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.51], former smokers [HR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.48], and quitters [HR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.72]. CONCLUSIONS In three cohorts of health professionals, a substantial proportion of patients with new diagnosis of CD and UC and history of smoking continued to smoke after diagnosis. Smoking cessation around the time of diagnosis was associated with a significant reduction in mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Hua
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily W Lopes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin E Burke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chun-Han Lo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translation Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Corresponding author: Hamed Khalili, MD, MPH, Digestive Healthcare Center, Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 165 Cambridge Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Tel.: 617 726 7933; fax: 617 726 3080;
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11
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Lopes EW, Lebwohl B, Burke KE, Ivey KL, Ananthakrishnan AN, Lochhead P, Richter JM, Ludvigsson JF, Willett WC, Chan AT, Khalili H. Dietary Gluten Intake Is Not Associated With Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in US Adults Without Celiac Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:303-313.e6. [PMID: 33775898 PMCID: PMC8586848 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Diet is thought to play a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), though it is unknown whether gluten intake confers risk of IBD. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between gluten intake and risk of incident Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of 208,280 US participants from the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2016), Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2017), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2016) who did not have IBD at baseline or celiac disease, and who completed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to estimate the risk of IBD according to quintiles of cumulative average energy-adjusted dietary gluten intake over the follow-up period. RESULTS We documented 337 CD cases and 447 UC cases over 5,115,265 person-years of follow-up evaluation. Dietary gluten intake was not associated with risk of IBD. Compared with participants in the lowest quintile of gluten intake, the adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for participants in the highest quintile of gluten intake were 1.16 (95% CI, 0.82-1.64; Ptrend = .41) for CD and 1.04 (95% CI, 0.75-1.44; Ptrend = .64) for UC. Adjusting for primary sources of gluten intake did not materially change our estimates. CONCLUSIONS In 3 large adult US prospective cohorts, gluten intake was not associated with risk of CD or UC. Our findings are reassuring at a time when consumption of gluten has been increasingly perceived as a trigger for chronic gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Lopes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Benjamin Lebwohl
- Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristin E. Burke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Kerry L. Ivey
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA,Clinical and Translation Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - James M. Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA,Clinical and Translation Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Clinical and Translation Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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12
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Casey K, Lopes EW, Niccum B, Burke K, Ananthakrishnan AN, Lochhead P, Richter JM, Chan AT, Khalili H. Alcohol consumption and risk of inflammatory bowel disease among three prospective US cohorts. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:225-233. [PMID: 34881819 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are limited data on alcohol dose and types and risk of Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). We therefore sought to comprehensively examine the association between alcohol consumption and risk of CD and UC. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of 237,835 participants from the Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study II, and Health Professional Follow-Up Study. Alcohol consumption was obtained through questionnaires submitted every four years; additional covariates were obtained at two or four-year intervals. Cases were confirmed independently by two physicians through medical record review. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate age and multivariable-adjusted hazards ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Across 5,170,474 person-years of follow-up, 370 cases of CD and 486 cases of UC were documented. Increased consumption of alcohol intake was not associated with CD (Ptrend = 0.455) or UC (Ptrend = 0.745). Compared to non-users, the MV-adjusted HRs for 15.0 + g/day of alcohol intake group were 0.84 (95% CI 0.56, 1.24) for CD and 1.08 (95% CI 0.77, 1.51) for UC. In analyses of alcohol subtypes, we observed that only moderate consumption of beer (>1-4 servings/week) was marginally associated with reduced risk of CD, while consumption of >4 servings/week of liquor was associated with an increased risk of UC. CONCLUSION This prospective study did not identify a relationship between overall alcohol consumption and risk of CD or UC. Our suggestive associations between alcohol types and risk of CD and UC deserve additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Casey
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily W Lopes
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Blake Niccum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristin Burke
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Niccum B, Casey K, Burke K, Lopes EW, Lochhead P, Ananthakrishnan A, Richter JM, Ludvigsson JF, Chan AT, Khalili H. Alcohol Consumption is Associated With An Increased Risk of Microscopic Colitis: Results From 2 Prospective US Cohort Studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 28:1151-1159. [PMID: 34473269 PMCID: PMC9340522 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No dietary factors have yet been shown to conclusively impact the incidence of microscopic colitis (MC). Here, we sought to examine the relationship between alcohol intake and the risk of MC. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of 209,902 participants (age range, 28.5-66.7 years) enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII). Validated data on alcohol consumption were collected at baseline in 1986 in the NHS and 1991 in the NHSII and updated every 4 years. Diagnoses of MC were confirmed via review of histopathology data. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Through 2016 in the NHS and 2017 in the NHSII, we confirmed 352 incident cases of MC over 4,994,324 person-years. Higher alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of MC (Ptrend < .001). Compared to non-users, the aHRs of MC were 1.20 (95% CI, 0.86-1.67) for consumers of 0.1-4.9 g/day of alcohol, 1.90 (95% CI, 1.34-2.71) for consumers of 5-14.9 g/day, and 2.31 (95% CI, 1.54-3.46) for consumers of ≥15 g/day. The associations were consistent across the histologic subtypes of collagenous and lymphocytic colitis (Pheterogeneity = .523). When stratified by alcohol type, the risk according to every 2 servings/week appeared to be strongest with consumption of wine (aHR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12) as compared to beer (aHR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91-1.12) or liquor (aHR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.92-1.09). CONCLUSIONS Alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of MC. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism underlying these associations, as well as the impact of reducing alcohol intake in patients with MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Niccum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Casey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Burke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily W Lopes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashwin Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Pediatrics, Orebro University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden,Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK,Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Address correspondence to: Hamed Khalili, MD, MPH, Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical Translational Epidemiology Unit, 100 Cambridge Street, 16 Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA ()
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Brendler J, Winter K, Lochhead P, Schulz A, Ricken AM. Histological differences between lumbar and tail intervertebral discs in mice. J Anat 2021; 240:84-93. [PMID: 34427936 PMCID: PMC8655214 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the lumbar and tail intervertebral discs (IVD) of mice serve as models for the pathogenesis and histologic progression of degenerative disc disease. Recent studies in mature mice, however, demonstrate that the mechanics and physical attributes of lumbar and tail IVD‐endplate (EP)‐interfaces are strikingly different. We hypothesized that these structural disparities are associated with differences in the composition and organization of soft tissue elements that influence the biomechanical properties of the spine. Lumbar and tail vertebral segments and discs were collected from the same C57BL/6N and C57BL/6JRj mice, respectively for histological comparison of coronal sections at the ages of 4 weeks (weaned, both strains, C57BL/6N: n = 7; C57BL/6JRj: n = 4), three (mature, C57BL/6N: n = 7; C57BL/6JRj: n = 4), twelve (middle aged, C57BL/6JRj only: n = 3) and eighteen (old, C57BL/6JRj only: n = 3) months old. The histology of lumbar and tail IVD‐EP‐interfaces of mature mice differed markedly. The lumbar IVD‐EP‐interphase was characterized by a broad cartilaginous EP, while the tail IVD‐EP‐interphase comprised a thin layer of cartilage cells adjacent to a broad bony layer abutting the vertebral growth plate. Furthermore, the composition of the nuclei pulposi (NP) of lumbar and tail IVD in mature mice differed greatly. Lumbar NP consisted of a compact cluster of mainly large, uni‐vacuolated cells centered in an amorphous matrix, while tail NP were composed of a loose aggregate of vacuolated and non‐vacuolated cells. The anuli fibrosi also differed, with more abundant and sharply defined lamellae in tail compared to lumbar discs. The observed histological differences in the EP were even most prominent in weaned mice but were still discernible in middle‐aged and old mice. An appreciation of the histological differences between lumbar and tail IVD components in mice, including nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and endplates, is essential to our understanding of spinal biomechanics in these animals and should inform the design and interpretation of future IVD‐studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela Schulz
- Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Lochhead P, Khalili H, Sachs MC, Chan AT, Olén O, Ludvigsson JF. Statin Use and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Authors' Reply. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1403-1404. [PMID: 33474560 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Sachs
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ola Olén
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
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16
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Wang Y, Lebwohl B, Mehta R, Cao Y, Green PHR, Grodstein F, Jovani M, Lochhead P, Okereke OI, Sampson L, Willett WC, Sun Q, Chan AT. Long-term Intake of Gluten and Cognitive Function Among US Women. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2113020. [PMID: 34019084 PMCID: PMC8140370 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Gluten avoidance has been suggested as having a benefit to cognitive health among the general population, given the link between gluten and cognitive impairment in patients with celiac disease. However, data are lacking in individuals without celiac disease. OBJECTIVE To examine whether gluten intake is associated with cognitive function in women without celiac disease. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study included US women who participated in the longitudinal, population-based Nurses' Health Study II and had not previously or subsequently been diagnosed with celiac disease. Dietary data were collected from 1991 to 2015, and data on cognitive function were collected from 2014 to 2019. Data analysis was conducted from October 2020 to April 2021. EXPOSURES Energy-adjusted gluten intake, cumulatively averaged across questionnaire cycles prior to cognitive assessment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Three standardized cognitive scores assessed by the validated Cogstate Brief Battery: (1) psychomotor speed and attention score, (2) learning and working memory score, and (3) global cognition score. Higher scores indicated better performance. RESULTS The cohort included 13 494 women (mean [SD] age, 60.6 [4.6] years). The mean (SD) gluten intake was 6.3 (1.6) g/d. After controlling for demographic and lifestyle risk factors in linear regression, no significant differences in standardized cognitive scores (mean [SD], 0 [1]) by quintile of gluten intake were found across highest and lowest quintiles of gluten intake (psychomotor speed and attention: -0.02; 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.03; P for trend = .22; learning and working memory: 0.02; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.07; P for trend = .30; global cognition: -0.002; 95% CI, -0.05 to 0.05; P for trend = .78). The null associations persisted after additional adjustment for major sources of dietary gluten (ie, refined grains or whole grains), comparing decile categories of gluten intake, using gluten intake updated at each previous questionnaire cycle, or modeling changes in gluten intake. Similarly, these associations were not materially altered in sensitivity analyses that excluded women who had reported cancer or dementia diagnosis or had not completed all dietary assessments. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, long-term gluten intake was not associated with cognitive scores in middle-aged women without celiac disease. Our results do not support recommendations to restrict dietary gluten to maintain cognitive function in the absence of celiac disease or established gluten sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Wang
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Benjamin Lebwohl
- Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Raaj Mehta
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Yin Cao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter H. R. Green
- Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Manol Jovani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Olivia I. Okereke
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Sampson
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qi Sun
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Ludvigsson JF, Axelrad J, Halfvarson J, Khalili H, Larsson E, Lochhead P, Roelstraete B, Simon TG, Söderling J, Olén O. Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of severe COVID-19: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Sweden. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:177-192. [PMID: 33704918 PMCID: PMC8014882 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are concerns that individuals with chronic immune-mediated diseases are at increased risk of COVID-19 and related severe adverse outcome, including intensive care admission or death. We aimed to explore the absolute and relative risk of severe COVID-19 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS This population-based cohort study used nationwide registers in Sweden, with 67,292 individuals with a diagnosis of IBD 1969-2017 (Crohn's disease, n = 21,599; ulcerative colitis: n = 43,622; IBD-unclassified: n = 2071) and alive on 1 February 2020. Patients with IBD were matched to up to five controls from the general population (n = 297,910). Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for (i) hospital admission with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 as the primary diagnosis, and (ii) severe COVID-19 (composite outcome consisting of (a) COVID-19 intensive care admission, or (b) death from COVID-19 or (c) death within 30 days of COVID-19 hospital admission), were calculated. Analyses were conditioned on age, sex, calendar period, and county and adjusted for other comorbidities. RESULTS Between 1 February and 31 July 2020, 179 (0.27%) IBD patients and 500 (0.17%) general population controls were admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (adjusted HR [aHR] = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.19-1.72). The corresponding numbers for severe COVID-19 was 65 (0.10%) and 183 (0.06%; aHR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.81-1.52). Adjusted HRs were similar in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In a propensity score-matched model taking comorbidity into account until 2016, the increased risk for COVID-19 hospital admission remained (aHR = 1.32; 1.12-1.56), but there was no increased risk of severe COVID-19 (aHR = 1.12; 0.85-1.47). CONCLUSIONS While individuals with IBD were more likely to be admitted to hospital for COVID-19 than the general population, the risk of severe COVID-19 was not higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas F. Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of PaediatricsÖrebro University HospitalÖrebroSweden
- Division of Epidemiology and Public HealthSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Department of MedicineCeliac Disease CenterColumbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jordan Axelrad
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineNYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of GastroenterologyFaculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of GastroenterologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Emma Larsson
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Perioperative Medicine and Intensive CareKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of GastroenterologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Bjorn Roelstraete
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Tracey G. Simon
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of GastroenterologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jonas Söderling
- Clinical Epidemiology DivisionDepartment of Medicine SolnaKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ola Olén
- Clinical Epidemiology DivisionDepartment of Medicine SolnaKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Sachs' Children and Youth HospitalStockholm South General HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education SödersjukhusetKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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18
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Lo CH, Khalili H, Lochhead P, Song M, Lopes EW, Burke KE, Richter JM, Chan AT, Ananthakrishnan AN. Immune-mediated diseases and risk of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis: a prospective cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 53:598-607. [PMID: 33280139 PMCID: PMC8082435 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although immune-mediated diseases (IMDs) including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are known to cluster, to what extent this is due to common environmental influences is unknown. AIM To examine the incidence of IBD in individuals with another IMD. METHODS We used data from the prospective Nurses' Health Study II cohort (1995-2017) to examine the effect of diagnoses of several common IMDs on subsequent risk of Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for detailed diet and lifestyle confounders. RESULTS We documented 132 cases of CD and 186 cases of UC over 2 016 163 person-years of follow-up (median age at IBD diagnosis 50 years). Compared to participants with no history of IMD, the HRs of CD for those with 1 and ≥ 2 IMDs were 2.57 (95% CI 1.77-3.74) and 2.74 (95% CI 1.36 to 5.49), respectively (Ptrend < 0.0001). This association was only modestly attenuated by adjustment for environmental risk factors (HR 2.35 and 2.46, respectively). The risk of UC was not increased, with multivariable-adjusted HRs of 1.22 (95% CI 0.85-1.76) and 1.33 (95% CI 0.67-2.65) for those with 1 and ≥ 2 IMDs, respectively, compared to those with none (Ptrend 0.16) (Pheterogeneity comparing CD and UC 0.037). Asthma, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and rosacea were individually associated with higher risk of CD (HR ranging from 2.15 to 3.39) but not UC. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with one or more IMDs are at an increased risk for CD but not UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Lo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily W Lopes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristin E Burke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Lo CH, Khalili H, Song M, Lochhead P, Burke KE, Richter JM, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT, Ananthakrishnan AN. Healthy Lifestyle Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:87-95.e4. [PMID: 32142939 PMCID: PMC7483199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It is not clear whether a healthy lifestyle affects mortality of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS We collected data form the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2014), Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2015), and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2014), which assess lifestyles with serial questionnaires. We estimated joint and individual associations between 5 healthy lifestyle factors after IBD diagnosis (never smoking, body mass index 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, vigorous physical activity in the highest 50% with non-zero value, alternate Mediterranean diet score ≥4, and light drinking [0.1-5.0 g/d]) and mortality using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS We documented 83 deaths in 363 patients with CD during 4741 person-years and 80 deaths in 465 patients with UC during 6061 person-years. The median age of IBD diagnosis was 55 y. Compared to patients with IBD with no healthy lifestyle factors, patients with IBD with 3-5 healthy lifestyle factors had a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.29; 95% CI, 0.16-0.52; Ptrend < .0001). This reduction was significant in patients with CD (Ptrend = .003) as well as in patients with UC (Ptrend = .0003). Individual associations were more than 25 pack-years (HR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.24-2.97; Ptrend < .0001), physical activity (HR according to quintiles, 0.55-0.31; Ptrend = .001), Mediterranean diet (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.49-0.98), and alcohol consumption (HR0.1-5 g/d 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39-0.95 vs HR>15 g/d 1.84; 95% CI, 1.02-3.32). The findings did not change when we adjusted for family history of IBD, immunomodulator use, and IBD-related surgery. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of data from 3 large cohort studies, we associated adherence to a healthy lifestyle with reduced mortality in patients with CD or UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Lo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of
Public Health, Boston, MA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts
General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of
Public Health, Boston, MA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts
General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts
General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kristin E Burke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts
General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of
Public Health, Boston, MA;,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health, Boston, MA;,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston,
MA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts
General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston,
MA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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20
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Lochhead P, Khalili H, Sachs MC, Chan AT, Olén O, Ludvigsson JF. Association Between Statin Use and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Results from a Swedish, Nationwide, Population-based Case-control Study. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 15:757-765. [PMID: 33216873 PMCID: PMC8247597 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their potent lipid-lowering action, statins may modulate inflammation. However, data on statin use and the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] have been inconsistent. METHODS We searched the Nationwide Swedish Patient Register [inpatient and non-primary outpatient care] to identify adults diagnosed with Crohn's disease [CD, n = 7637] or ulcerative colitis [UC, n = 15 652] from 2006 to 2014. Each case was matched to 10 general population controls [n = 232 890]. Data on dispensed statin prescriptions were extracted from the Prescribed Drug Register. Conditional logistic regression models estimated odds ratios [ORs] for risk of IBD according to statin exposure while controlling for potential confounders, including indications for statin therapy. RESULTS In multivariable adjusted models, compared with no statin use, any statin use was associated with a lower risk of CD (OR = 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.79), but not UC [OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 0.96-1.11]. The lowest OR for CD was seen for current statin use [OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.60-0.75]. For CD, the lowest category of cumulative statin dose [31-325 defined daily dose, DDD] was associated with an OR of 0.73 [95% CI, 0.61-0.88] and the highest category [>1500 DDD] with an OR of 0.66 [95% CI, 0.55-0.80], ptrend = 0.10. For UC, the lowest and highest dose categories yielded ORs of 1.12 [95% CI, 1.00-1.25] and 0.99 [95% CI, 0.88-1.13], respectively, ptrend = 0.13. CONCLUSIONS Statin use was associated with a lower risk of CD, but not of UC. The association with CD risk appeared strongest for current statin use. Our findings suggest that statin use may influence the development of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit,
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston,
MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author: Jonas F. Ludvigsson, MD, PhD, Department of
Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281,
SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: +46-19-6021000; fax: +46-19-187915;
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit,
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston,
MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Sachs
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine
Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit,
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston,
MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ola Olén
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine
Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Clinical Science and Education
Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South
General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University
Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
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21
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Burke KE, Kochar B, Allegretti JR, Winter RW, Lochhead P, Khalili H, Colizzo FP, Hamilton MJ, Chan WW, Ananthakrishnan AN. Immunosuppressive Therapy and Risk of COVID-19 Infection in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 27:155-161. [PMID: 33089863 PMCID: PMC7665507 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of immunosuppressive treatment for immune-mediated diseases on risk of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been established. We aimed to define the effect of targeted biologic and immunomodulator therapy on risk of COVID-19 in a multi-institutional cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS We identified patients 18 years and older who received care for IBD at Partners Healthcare between January 2019 and April 2020. The primary outcome was development of COVID-19 defined as a positive polymerase chain reaction test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Multivariable regression models were used to examine the effect of immunosuppression on risk of COVID-19 and its outcomes. RESULTS In a cohort of 5302 IBD patients, 39 (0.7%) developed COVID-19. There was no difference in age, sex, or race between IBD patients with and without COVID-19. The rate of COVID-19 was similar between patients treated with immunosuppression (0.8%) compared with those who were not (0.64%; P = 0.55). After adjusting for age, sex, race, and comorbidities, use of immunosuppressive therapy was not associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 (odds ratio, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.82-3.63). The presence of obesity was associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 (odds ratio, 8.29; 95% confidence interval, 3.72-18.47). There were 7 hospitalizations, 3 intensive care unit stays, and 1 death. Older age and obesity but not immunosuppressive treatment were associated with severe COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSIONS The use of systemic immunosuppression was not associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 in a multi-institutional cohort of patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Burke
- Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bharati Kochar
- Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica R Allegretti
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Rachel W Winter
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francis P Colizzo
- Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew J Hamilton
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Walter W Chan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Address correspondence to: Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan, MD, MPH, MGH, Crohn’s and Colitis Center, 165 Cambridge Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA. E-mail:
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22
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Khalili H, Håkansson N, Chan SS, Chen Y, Lochhead P, Ludvigsson JF, Chan AT, Hart AR, Olén O, Wolk A. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of later-onset Crohn's disease: results from two large prospective cohort studies. Gut 2020; 69:1637-1644. [PMID: 31900290 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between Mediterranean diet and risk of later-onset Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). DESIGN We conducted a prospective cohort study of 83 147 participants (age range: 45-79 years) enrolled in the Cohort of Swedish Men and Swedish Mammography Cohort. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate an adherence score to a modified Mediterranean diet (mMED) at baseline in 1997. Incident diagnoses of CD and UC were ascertained from the Swedish Patient Register. We used Cox proportional hazards modelling to calculate HRs and 95% CI. RESULTS Through December of 2017, we confirmed 164 incident cases of CD and 395 incident cases of UC with an average follow-up of 17 years. Higher mMED score was associated with a lower risk of CD (Ptrend=0.03) but not UC (Ptrend=0.61). Compared with participants in the lowest category of mMED score (0-2), there was a statistically significant lower risk of CD (HR=0.42, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.80) but not UC (HR=1.08, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.58). These associations were not modified by age, sex, education level, body mass index or smoking (all Pinteraction >0.30). The prevalence of poor adherence to a Mediterranean diet (mMED score=0-2) was 27% in our cohorts, conferring a population attributable risk of 12% for later-onset CD. CONCLUSION In two prospective studies, greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with a significantly lower risk of later-onset CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Niclas Håkansson
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Institution of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon S Chan
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, Norwich, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Ye Chen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusettss, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew R Hart
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Ola Olén
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Institution of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholms, Sweden
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23
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Lo CH, Lochhead P, Khalili H, Song M, Tabung FK, Burke KE, Richter JM, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT, Ananthakrishnan AN. Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Risk of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:873-883.e1. [PMID: 32389666 PMCID: PMC7502466 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammation is a potential mechanism through which diet modulates the onset of inflammatory bowel disease. We analyzed data from 3 large prospective cohorts to determine the effects of dietary inflammatory potential on the risk of developing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS We collected data from 166,903 women and 41,931 men in the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2014), Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2015), and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2012). Empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) scores were calculated based on the weighted sums of 18 food groups obtained via food frequency questionnaires. Self-reported CD and UC were confirmed by medical record review. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS We documented 328 cases of CD and 428 cases of UC over 4,949,938 person-years of follow-up. The median age at IBD diagnosis was 55 years (range 29-85 years). Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of cumulative average EDIP score, those in the highest quartile (highest dietary inflammatory potential) had a 51% higher risk of CD (HR 1.51; 95% CI 1.10-2.07; Ptrend = .01). Compared with participants with persistently low EDIP scores (at 2 time points, separated by 8 years), those with a shift from a low to high inflammatory potential of diet or persistently consumed a proinflammatory diet had greater risk of CD (HR 2.05; 95% CI 1.10-3.79 and HR 1.77; 95% CI 1.10-2.84). In contrast, dietary inflammatory potential was not associated with the risk of developing UC (Ptrend = .62). CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of 3 large prospective cohorts, we found dietary patterns with high inflammatory potential to be associated with increased risk of CD but not UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Lo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fred K Tabung
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristin E Burke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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24
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Babic A, Zhang X, Morales-Oyarvide V, Yuan C, Khalaf N, Khalili H, Lochhead P, Chan AT, Ogino S, Wolpin BM, Wu K, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Ng K. Acid-suppressive medications and risk of colorectal cancer: results from three large prospective cohort studies. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:844-851. [PMID: 32541871 PMCID: PMC7462971 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite several plausible biological mechanisms linking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) with colorectal tumorigenesis, their association with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been adequately assessed in prospective epidemiological studies. METHODS We evaluated the association of acid-suppressive medication use with CRC risk among 175,871 (PPI) and 208,831 (H2RA) participants from three large prospective cohort studies. Medication use was assessed at baseline and updated biennially. The association was evaluated using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS There was no significant association between baseline PPI use (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.71-1.12) or PPI use after a lag of 8-10 years (HR = 1.12, 95% CI, 0.78-1.59) with CRC risk. We observed no significant association between H2RA use after a lag of 8-10 years and CRC risk (HR = 1.02, 95% CI, 0.81-1.28), while risk was lower for participants with baseline H2RA use (HR = 0.76, 95% CI, 0.60-0.95). Duration of PPI use or H2RA use was not associated with CRC risk (P-trend = 0.21 and 0.95, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Among participants from three large prospective cohorts, use of PPI or H2RA was not associated with higher risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Babic
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Chen Yuan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalia Khalaf
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Liu PH, Burke KE, Ananthakrishnan AN, Lochhead P, Olen O, Ludvigsson JF, Richter JM, Chan AT, Khalili H. Obesity and Weight Gain Since Early Adulthood Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Microscopic Colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:2523-2532.e1. [PMID: 30529732 PMCID: PMC6551326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity promotes intestinal inflammation and might contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. We examined the association between obesity and risk of microscopic colitis in a prospective cohort study. METHODS We collected data from 192,101 women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) (from 1986 through 2014) or the NHSII (from 1991 through 2015). Anthropomorphic and lifestyle information were self-reported biennially. Obesity was defined using body mass index (BMI). Microscopic colitis was confirmed by review of medical records. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS Among the participants in the NHS and NHSII, we confirmed 244 cases of microscopic colitis during 4,223,868 person-years of follow-up evaluation. Higher BMI was associated inversely with risk of microscopic colitis (Ptrend < .001). Compared with women with BMIs ranging from 18.5 to 20.9 kg/m2, the aHRs were 0.61 (95% CI, 0.41-0.91) for overweight women (BMI, 25-29.9 kg/m2) and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.32-0.79) for obese women (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). The aHR for each 5-kg/m2 increase in BMI was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.69-0.90). Weight gain since early adulthood (age, 18 y) also was associated inversely with risk of microscopic colitis (Ptrend = .001). The aHR for each 10-kg weight gain since early adulthood was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.77-0.94). The associations were not modified by age, cohort, physical activity, or smoking status (all Pinteraction ≥ .26). CONCLUSIONS Unlike many other immune- and metabolic-related disorders, obesity and weight gain since early adulthood were associated with a lower risk of microscopic colitis, based on an analysis of participants in the NHS and NHSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hong Liu
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristin E Burke
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ola Olen
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - James M Richter
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Fennell L, Dumenil T, Wockner L, Hartel G, Nones K, Bond C, Borowsky J, Liu C, McKeone D, Bowdler L, Montgomery G, Klein K, Hoffmann I, Patch AM, Kazakoff S, Pearson J, Waddell N, Wirapati P, Lochhead P, Imamura Y, Ogino S, Shao R, Tejpar S, Leggett B, Whitehall V. Integrative Genome-Scale DNA Methylation Analysis of a Large and Unselected Cohort Reveals 5 Distinct Subtypes of Colorectal Adenocarcinomas. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:269-290. [PMID: 30954552 PMCID: PMC6699251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Colorectal cancer is an epigenetically heterogeneous disease, however, the extent and spectrum of the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) is not clear. METHODS Genome-scale methylation and transcript expression were measured by DNA Methylation and RNA expression microarray in 216 unselected colorectal cancers, and findings were validated using The Cancer Genome Atlas 450K and RNA sequencing data. Mutations in epigenetic regulators were assessed using CIMP-subtyped Cancer Genome Atlas exomes. RESULTS CIMP-high cancers dichotomized into CIMP-H1 and CIMP-H2 based on methylation profile. KRAS mutation was associated significantly with CIMP-H2 cancers, but not CIMP-H1 cancers. Congruent with increasing methylation, there was a stepwise increase in patient age from 62 years in the CIMP-negative subgroup to 75 years in the CIMP-H1 subgroup (P < .0001). CIMP-H1 predominantly comprised consensus molecular subtype 1 cancers (70%) whereas consensus molecular subtype 3 was over-represented in the CIMP-H2 subgroup (55%). Polycomb Repressive Complex-2 (PRC2)-marked loci were subjected to significant gene body methylation in CIMP cancers (P < 1.6 × 10-78). We identified oncogenes susceptible to gene body methylation and Wnt pathway antagonists resistant to gene body methylation. CIMP cluster-specific mutations were observed in chromatin remodeling genes, such as in the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable and Chromodomain Helicase DNA-Binding gene families. CONCLUSIONS There are 5 clinically and molecularly distinct subgroups of colorectal cancer. We show a striking association between CIMP and age, sex, and tumor location, and identify a role for gene body methylation in the progression of serrated neoplasia. These data support our recent findings that CIMP is uncommon in young patients and that BRAF mutant polyps in young patients may have limited potential for malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lochlan Fennell
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia,School of Sports and Health Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Lochlan Fennell, BSc, Level 7 Clive Berghofer Cancer Research Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006 Australia. fax: +617 3362 0101.
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leesa Wockner
- Statistics Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gunter Hartel
- Statistics Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katia Nones
- Medical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine Bond
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer Borowsky
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cheng Liu
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Diane McKeone
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Bowdler
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant Montgomery
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerenaftali Klein
- Statistics Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Isabell Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- Medical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Kazakoff
- Medical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Pearson
- Medical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- Medical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pratyaksha Wirapati
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts,Program in Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Renfu Shao
- School of Sports and Health Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- Digestive Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Leggett
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vicki Whitehall
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia,Chemical Pathology Department, Pathology Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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27
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Liu PH, Lebwohl B, Burke KE, Ivey KL, Ananthakrishnan AN, Lochhead P, Olen O, Ludvigsson JF, Richter JM, Chan AT, Khalili H. Dietary Gluten Intake and Risk of Microscopic Colitis Among US Women without Celiac Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2019; 114:127-134. [PMID: 30181535 PMCID: PMC6329641 DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microscopic colitis is a common cause of chronic watery diarrhea among the elderly. Although the prevalence of celiac disease appears to be higher in patients with microscopic colitis, the relationship between dietary gluten intake and risk of microscopic colitis among individuals without celiac disease has not been explored. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of 160,744 US women without celiac disease enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the NHSII. Dietary gluten intake was estimated using validated food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. Microscopic colitis was confirmed through medical records review. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling to estimate the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS We documented 219 incident cases of microscopic colitis over more than 20 years of follow-up encompassing 3,716,718 person-years (crude incidence rate: 5.9/100,000 person-years) in NHS and NHSII. Dietary gluten intake was not associated with risk of microscopic colitis (Ptrend = 0.88). Compared to individuals in the lowest quintile of energy-adjusted gluten intake, the adjusted HR of microscopic colitis was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.77-1.78) for the middle quintile and 1.03 (95% CI: 0.67-1.58) for the highest quintile. Additional adjustment for primary dietary sources of gluten including refined and whole grains did not materially alter the effect estimates (All Ptrend ≥ 0.69). The null association did not differ according to lymphocytic or collagenous subtypes (Pheterogeneity = 0.72) and was not modified by age, smoking status, or body mass index (All Pinteraction ≥ 0.17). CONCLUSIONS Dietary gluten intake during adulthood was not associated with risk of microscopic colitis among women without celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hong Liu
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Lebwohl
- Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristin E. Burke
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerry L. Ivey
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ola Olen
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas F. Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - James M. Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Burke KE, Ananthakrishnan AN, Lochhead P, Liu SPH, Olen O, Ludvigsson JF, Richter JM, Tworoger SS, Chan AT, Khalili H. Identification of Menopausal and Reproductive Risk Factors for Microscopic Colitis-Results From the Nurses' Health Study. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1764-1775.e2. [PMID: 30144433 PMCID: PMC6279488 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microscopic colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon primarily affecting postmenopausal women. However, the relation between hormonal determinants, including reproductive and menopausal factors, and risk of microscopic colitis has yet to be characterized. METHODS We collected data from 227,766 women who participated in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the NHSII without a baseline history of microscopic colitis. Reproductive and menopausal factors were assessed in 1988 in the NHS and 1989 in the NHSII and updated biennially. Cases of microscopic colitis were confirmed through review of pathology records. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Through 2014 in the NHS and 2015 in the NHSII, we confirmed 275 incident cases of microscopic colitis over 5,147,282 person-years. Compared with never use, current use of menopausal hormone therapy was associated with increased risk of microscopic colitis (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio 2.64; 95% confidence interval 1.78-3.90). The risk increased with longer duration of use (P for trend < .0001) and decreased after discontinuation (P for trend = .002). The association did not differ according to disease subtype (P for heterogeneity = .34). Similarly, ever use of oral contraceptives was associated with increased risk of microscopic colitis (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio 1.57; 95% confidence interval 1.16-2.13). There were no associations between age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, age at menopause, or menopause type and incident microscopic colitis. CONCLUSIONS In 2 large prospective cohort studies, we observed an association between exogenous hormone use and incident microscopic colitis. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Burke
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stuart Po-Hong Liu
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ola Olen
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Sachs’ Children’s Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas F. Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - James M. Richter
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Moffit Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Karolinska Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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Simon TG, Van Der Sloot KWJ, Chin SB, Joshi AD, Lochhead P, Ananthakrishnan AN, Xavier R, Chung RT, Khalili H. IRGM Gene Variants Modify the Relationship Between Visceral Adipose Tissue and NAFLD in Patients With Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:2247-2257. [PMID: 29788077 PMCID: PMC6230523 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly recognized comorbidity in Crohn's disease (CD), but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Autophagy is a highly conserved process regulating innate immunity that contributes to CD susceptibility. Emerging data suggest that variants in the autophagy-governing IRGM gene may contribute to the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hepatic fat. Our objective was to characterize the relationship between VAT, IRGM gene variants, and NAFLD risk in patients with CD. METHODS We included all CD patients in the Prospective Registry in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study at Massachusetts General Hospital (PRISM) without history of alcohol abuse or liver disease. Hepatic fat was quantified by liver attenuation (LA) on computed tomography, with NAFLD defined by the validated liver:spleen (L:S) ratio. NAFLD severity was estimated by the FIB-4 Index and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Using logistic regression modeling, we examined the relationship between VAT, autophagy gene variants, and NAFLD risk. RESULTS Among 462 patients, 52% had NAFLD. Increasing VAT quartile was associated with reduced LA (mean change, -7.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], -10.05 to -4.81; Ptrend < 0.0001). In the fully adjusted model, patients in the highest VAT quartile had a 2.2-fold increased NAFLD risk (95% CI, 1.21 to 4.14; Ptrend = 0.032) and a 4.2-fold increased risk of ALT>upper limit of normal (ULN) (95% CI, 1.19 to 14.76; Ptrend = 0.017). The relationship between VAT and NAFLD was modified by IRGM variants rs4958847 and rs13361189 (Pinteraction = 0.005 and Pinteraction < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In a large CD cohort, VAT was directly associated with prevalent NAFLD, and this relationship was augmented by functionally annotated IRGM variants associated with impaired autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey G Simon
- Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberley W J Van Der Sloot
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Samantha B Chin
- Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramnik Xavier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Sweden,Address correspondence to: Hamed Khalili, MD, MPH, Massachusetts General Hospital, Crohn’s and Colitis Center, 165 Cambridge Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA 02114 ()
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Khalili H, Chan SSM, Lochhead P, Ananthakrishnan AN, Hart AR, Chan AT. The role of diet in the aetiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:525-535. [PMID: 29789682 PMCID: PMC6397648 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, collectively known as IBD, are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the aetiopathogenesis of IBD is largely unknown, it is widely thought that diet has a crucial role in the development and progression of IBD. Indeed, epidemiological and genetic association studies have identified a number of promising dietary and genetic risk factors for IBD. These preliminary studies have led to major interest in investigating the complex interaction between diet, host genetics, the gut microbiota and immune function in the pathogenesis of IBD. In this Review, we discuss the recent epidemiological, gene-environment interaction, microbiome and animal studies that have explored the relationship between diet and the risk of IBD. In addition, we highlight the limitations of these prior studies, in part by explaining their contradictory findings, and review future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Simon S. M. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Andrew R. Hart
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge MA, USA.,
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Moninuola OO, Milligan W, Lochhead P, Khalili H. Systematic review with meta-analysis: association between acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and risk of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis exacerbation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:1428-1439. [PMID: 29620794 PMCID: PMC5992031 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have generally been thought to be associated with increased risk of IBD exacerbation. AIM To carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis of previous studies examining the association between acetaminophen and NSAIDs including cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitors use, and risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) exacerbation. METHODS We identified published manuscripts and abstracts through 1 March 2017 by systematic search of Medline, Embase, Cochrane and other trial registries. Quality assessment was done using Newcastle-Ottawa scale and random-effect meta-analysis using pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS Eighteen publications between years 1983 and 2016 were identified. For the meta-analysis, pooled RRs of disease exacerbation with NSAIDs use were (1.42, 95% CI, 0.65-3.09), I2 = 60.3% for CD, and (1.52, 95% CI, 0.87-2.63), I2 = 56.1% for UC. The corresponding values for acetaminophen use were (1.40, 95% CI, 0.96-2.04), I2 = 45.6% for UC, and (1.56, 95% CI, 1.22-1.99), I2 = 0.0% for IBD. Sensitivity analyses limited to studies with low risk of bias showed a significantly increased risk of CD exacerbation (1.53, 95% CI, 1.08-2.16) but not UC (0.94, 95% CI, 0.36-2.42) with NSAIDs use. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to generally accepted belief, we did not find a consistent association between NSAIDs use and risk of CD and UC exacerbation. There was also no consistent evidence for association with acetaminophen although further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Milligan
- University of Aberdeen, Forsterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25 2ZD
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA 02114
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA 02114
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
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Burke KE, Ananthakrishnan AN, Lochhead P, Olen O, Ludvigsson JF, Richter JM, Chan AT, Khalili H. Smoking is Associated with an Increased Risk of Microscopic Colitis: Results From Two Large Prospective Cohort Studies of US Women. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:559-567. [PMID: 29370359 PMCID: PMC6018687 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term data on the influence of smoking on risk of microscopic colitis are limited. We therefore sought to examine and characterize the association between smoking and risk of incident microscopic colitis in two large prospective cohorts of women. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of 231015 women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study [NHS] and NHSII. Information regarding smoking, other lifestyle factors and medications were collected biennially from 1976 to 2012 in NHS and from 1989 to 2013 in NHSII. Incident cases of microscopic colitis were confirmed through physician medical record review. We used Cox proportional hazards modelling to examine the association between smoking and risk of microscopic colitis. RESULTS We documented 166 incident cases of microscopic colitis over 6122779 person-years of follow up. Compared to non-smokers, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for microscopic colitis was 2.52 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59-4.00) amongst current smokers and 1.54 [95% CI 1.09-2.17] amongst past smokers. The risk increased with higher pack-years of smoking [p trend = 0.001] and diminished following smoking cessation [p trend = 0.017]. Current smoking appeared to be more strongly associated with risk of collagenous colitis [HR 3.68; 95% CI 1.94-6.97] than lymphocytic colitis [HR 1.71; 95% CI 0.83-3.53]. CONCLUSION In two large prospective cohort studies, we observed an association between current smoking and risk of microscopic colitis. Risk of microscopic colitis appeared to increase with higher pack-years and diminish following smoking cessation. Future studies focused on characterizing the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Burke
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ola Olen
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Sachs’ Children’s Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - James M Richter
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Karolinska Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden,Corresponding author: Hamed Khalili, MD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Gastroenterology Unit, Crohn’s and Colitis Center, 165 Cambridge Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Tel: 617-726-4951; fax: 978-882-6710;
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Nguyen LH, Lochhead P, Joshi AD, Cao Y, Ma W, Khalili H, Rimm EB, Rexrode KM, Chan AT. No Significant Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Stroke After Adjustment for Lifestyle Factors and Indication. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1290-1297.e1. [PMID: 29269313 PMCID: PMC5880683 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are among the top 10 most prescribed medications worldwide. We investigated the association between PPI use and ischemic stroke. METHODS We collected data on 68,514 women (mean age, 65 ± 7 years) enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study since 2000 and 28,989 men (mean age, 69 ± 8 years) in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study since 2004, without a history of stroke. We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association between risk of incident stroke and PPI use among participants. The primary end point was first incident stroke. RESULTS In the 2 cohorts, we documented 2599 incident strokes (2037 in women and 562 in men) over a 12-year period, encompassing 949,330 person-years. After adjustment for established risk factors for stroke, PPI use was associated with a significant increase in risk of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.37). The association was reduced after we adjusted for potential indications for PPI use, including history of peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or gastrointestinal bleeding, and prior use of histamine-2 receptor antagonist therapy (hazard ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.27). Regular PPI use was not associated with increased risk of stroke overall or hemorrhagic stroke. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of data from the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we did not find a significant association between PPI use and ischemic stroke, after accounting for indications for PPI use. Prior reports of an increased risk of stroke may be due to residual confounding related to chronic conditions associated with PPI use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long H. Nguyen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amit D. Joshi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yin Cao
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Rexrode
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Cao Y, Wu K, Mehta R, Drew DA, Song M, Lochhead P, Nguyen LH, Izard J, Fuchs CS, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C, Ogino S, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT. Long-term use of antibiotics and risk of colorectal adenoma. Gut 2018; 67:672-678. [PMID: 28377387 PMCID: PMC5628103 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence suggests that antibiotic use, which alters the gut microbiome, is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, the association between antibiotic use and risk of colorectal adenoma, the precursor for the majority of colorectal cancers, has not been investigated. DESIGN We prospectively evaluated the association between antibiotic use at age 20-39 and 40-59 (assessed in 2004) and recent antibiotic use (assessed in 2008) with risk of subsequent colorectal adenoma among 16 642 women aged ≥60 enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study who underwent at least one colonoscopy through 2010. We used multivariate logistic regression to calculate ORs and 95% CIs. RESULTS We documented 1195 cases of adenoma. Increasing duration of antibiotic use at age 20-39 (ptrend=0.002) and 40-59 (ptrend=0.001) was significantly associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenoma. Compared with non-users, women who used antibiotics for ≥2 months between age 20 and 39 had a multivariable OR of 1.36 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.79). Women who used ≥2 months of antibiotics between age 40 and 59 had a multivariable OR of 1.69 (95% CI 1.24 to 2.31). The associations were similar for low-risk versus high-risk adenomas (size ≥1 cm, or with tubulovillous/villous histology, or ≥3 detected lesions), but appeared modestly stronger for proximal compared with distal adenomas. In contrast, recent antibiotic use within the past four years was not associated with risk of adenoma (ptrend=0.44). CONCLUSIONS Long-term antibiotic use in early-to-middle adulthood was associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cao
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Raaj Mehta
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David A. Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Long H. Nguyen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jacques Izard
- Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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Mehta RS, Abu-Ali GS, Drew DA, Lloyd-Price J, Subramanian A, Lochhead P, Joshi AD, Ivey KL, Khalili H, Brown GT, DuLong C, Song M, Nguyen LH, Mallick H, Rimm EB, Izard J, Huttenhower C, Chan AT. Stability of the human faecal microbiome in a cohort of adult men. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:347-355. [PMID: 29335554 PMCID: PMC6016839 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the stability of the gut microbiome is important to exploit it as a therapeutic target and diagnostic biomarker. We metagenomically and metatranscriptomically sequenced the faecal microbiomes of 308 participants in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Participants provided four stool samples-one pair collected 24-72 h apart and a second pair ~6 months later. Within-person taxonomic and functional variation was consistently lower than between-person variation over time. In contrast, metatranscriptomic profiles were comparably variable within and between subjects due to higher within-subject longitudinal variation. Metagenomic instability accounted for ~74% of corresponding metatranscriptomic instability. The rest was probably attributable to sources such as regulation. Among the pathways that were differentially regulated, most were consistently over- or under-transcribed at each time point. Together, these results suggest that a single measurement of the faecal microbiome can provide long-term information regarding organismal composition and functional potential, but repeated or short-term measures may be necessary for dynamic features identified by metatranscriptomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raaj S Mehta
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galeb S Abu-Ali
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David A Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Lloyd-Price
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ayshwarya Subramanian
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerry L Ivey
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon T Brown
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Casey DuLong
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long H Nguyen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Himel Mallick
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Huang et al. describe comprehensive genetic and epigenetic profiling of gastric intestinal metaplasia lesions from a longitudinal cohort in which outcome data allowed for identification of potential markers of gastric neoplastic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emad M El-Omar
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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Liu L, Nishihara R, Qian ZR, Tabung FK, Nevo D, Zhang X, Song M, Cao Y, Mima K, Masugi Y, Shi Y, da Silva A, Twombly T, Gu M, Li W, Hamada T, Kosumi K, Inamura K, Nowak JA, Drew DA, Lochhead P, Nosho K, Wu K, Wang M, Garrett WS, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Ogino S. Association Between Inflammatory Diet Pattern and Risk of Colorectal Carcinoma Subtypes Classified by Immune Responses to Tumor. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1517-1530.e14. [PMID: 28865736 PMCID: PMC5705461 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dietary patterns affect systemic and local intestinal inflammation, which have been linked to colorectal carcinogenesis. Chronic inflammation can interfere with the adaptive immune response. We investigated whether the association of a diet that promotes intestinal inflammation with risk of colorectal carcinoma was stronger for tumors with lower lymphocytic reactions than tumors with higher lymphocytic reactions. METHODS We collected data from the molecular pathological epidemiology databases of 2 prospective cohort studies: the Nurses' Health Study (since 1976) and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (since 1986). We used duplication-method time-varying Cox proportional cause-specific hazards regression to assess the association of empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) score (derived from food frequency questionnaire data) with colorectal carcinoma subtype. Foods that contribute to high EDIP scores include red and processed meats, refined grains, carbonated beverages, and some vegetables; foods that contribute to low EDIP scores include beer, wine, coffee, tea, yellow and leafy vegetables, and fruit juice. Colorectal tissue samples were analyzed histologically for patterns of lymphocytic reactions (Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction, peritumoral lymphocytic reaction, intratumoral periglandular reaction, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes). RESULTS During follow-up of 124,433 participants, we documented 1311 incident colon and rectal cancer cases with available tissue data. The association between the EDIP and colorectal cancer risk was significant (Ptrend = .02), and varied with degree of peritumoral lymphocytic reaction (Pheterogeneity < .001). Higher EDIP scores were associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer with an absent or low peritumoral lymphocytic reaction (highest vs lowest EDIP score quintile hazard ratio, 2.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.60-4.23; Ptrend < .001), but not risk of tumors with intermediate or high peritumoral lymphocytic reaction (Ptrend > .80). CONCLUSIONS In 2 prospective cohort studies, we associated inflammatory diets with a higher risk of colorectal cancer subtype that contains little or no peritumoral lymphocytic reaction. These findings suggest that diet-related inflammation might contribute to development of colorectal cancer, by suppressing the adaptive anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fred K. Tabung
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Nevo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Medical Oncology Department 2, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Annacarolina da Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Twombly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mancang Gu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wanwan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jonathan A. Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A. Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Song M, Higuchi L, Lochhead P, Richter JM, Chan AT. Genetic Polymorphisms in Fatty Acid Metabolism Modify the Association Between Dietary n3: n6 Intake and Risk of Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:1898-1904. [PMID: 28991856 PMCID: PMC5675119 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High intake of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a decreased risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). However, results have been heterogeneous suggesting that genetic variations in PUFA metabolism may modify this risk. METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within 2 prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II. Among women providing blood (n = 62,437) or buccal cells (n = 59,543) for genotyping, we confirmed new diagnoses of CD or UC. Dietary intake was assessed 4 years before diagnosis. Confirmed cases were matched 1:2 to controls. Subjects were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms at CYP4F3, FADS1, and FADS2 loci. Conditional logistic regression models examined the interaction between genotype, n3:n6 PUFA intake and risk of CD and UC. RESULTS Our study included 101 CD and 139 UC patients matched to 495 controls. On multivariable analysis, high intake of n3:n6 PUFA (above median) demonstrated a trend toward reduced risk of UC (Odds ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-1.09, P = 0.11). High n3:n6 PUFA intake was associated with a reduced risk of UC in individuals with the GG/AG genotype at a single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP4F3 (OR 0.57, 95% CI, 0.32-0.99) but not those with the AA genotype (OR 0.95, 95% CI, 0.47-1.93) (P-interaction = 0.049). No gene-diet interactions were noted for CD. CONCLUSIONS The association between dietary n3:n6 PUFA intake and risk of UC may be modified variants at CYP4F3. Further gene-environment studies of the association between diet and IBD risk are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Leslie Higuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Walsh E, Chah YW, Chin SM, Lochhead P, Yajnik V, Denmark V, Garber JJ, Khalili H. Clinical Predictors and Natural History of Disease Extension in Patients with Ulcerative Proctitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:2035-2041. [PMID: 28922252 PMCID: PMC5679117 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A proportion of patients with initial presentation of ulcerative proctitis (UP) progress to more extensive colitis. We sought to characterize the natural history and identify clinical predictors of extension in UP. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of participants with a new diagnosis of UP from January 2000 to December 2015. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling to identify predictors of disease extension. RESULTS We identified 169 new cases of UP with a median age of diagnosis of 40 years (range: 16-91 yr) and a median follow-up of 4.3 years (range: 3.3-15.1 yr). Fifty-three (31%) patients developed extension over the follow-up time. Compared with nonextenders, the need for immunosuppressive or biologic therapy was significantly higher among extenders (34% versus 2.6%, P < 0.001). In multivariable analyses, compared with UP cases with body mass index <25, the adjusted hazard ratios of extension were 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95-3.23) and 2.77 (95% CI, 1.07-7.14) among overweight and obese patients, respectively (Ptrend = 0.03). Similarly, patients with a history of appendectomy or endoscopic finding of moderate to severe disease had a higher risk of extension (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.74, 95% CI, 1.07-7.01 and 1.96, 95% CI, 1.05-3.67, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In a retrospective cohort study, we show that appendectomy, body mass index, and endoscopic activity at the time of diagnosis of proctitis are associated with an increased risk of extension. In addition, our data suggest that extenders are more likely to require immunosuppressive or biologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Walsh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - Young Wha Chah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - Samantha M Chin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - Vijay Yajnik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - Vera Denmark
- Division of Gastroenterology, Newton Wellesley Hospital, Newton MA 02462
| | - John J Garber
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
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Xu L, Lochhead P, Ko Y, Claggett B, Leong RW, Ananthakrishnan AN. Systematic review with meta-analysis: breastfeeding and the risk of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46:780-789. [PMID: 28892171 PMCID: PMC5688338 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding is a modifiable factor that may influence development of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, literature on this has been inconsistent and not accounted for heterogeneity in populations and exposure. AIM To conduct a meta-analysis to examine the association between breastfeeding in infancy and risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS A systematic search of Medline/PubMed and Embase was performed for full text, English-language literature through November 2016. Studies were included if they described breastfeeding in infancy in patients with CD or UC, and healthy controls. Data were pooled using a random effects model for analysis. RESULTS A total of 35 studies were included in the final analysis, comprising 7536 individuals with CD, 7353 with UC and 330 222 controls. Ever being breastfed was associated with a lower risk of CD (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.59-0.85) and UC (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.67-0.91). While this inverse association was observed in all ethnicity groups, the magnitude of protection was significantly greater among Asians (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.20-0.48) compared to Caucasians (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.66-0.93; P = .0001) in CD. Breastfeeding duration showed a dose-dependent association, with strongest decrease in risk when breastfed for at least 12 months for CD (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.08-0.50) and UC (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.10-0.43) as compared to 3 or 6 months. CONCLUSION Breastfeeding in infancy protects against the development of CD and ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States,Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Yanna Ko
- Concord Hospital, Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian Claggett
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States,Cardiac Imaging Core Laboratory and Clinical Trials Endpoints Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Rupert W Leong
- Concord Hospital, Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States,Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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Lochhead P, Hagan K, Joshi AD, Khalili H, Nguyen LH, Grodstein F, Chan AT. Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Cognitive Function in Women. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:971-979.e4. [PMID: 28728964 PMCID: PMC5623145 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Studies have reported associations between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and dementia. However, data are lacking on long-term PPI use and cognitive function. We therefore examined associations between PPI use and performance in tests of cognitive function. Because of shared clinical indications, we examined associations for H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) as a secondary aim. METHODS We used prospectively collected data on medication use and other potential risk factors from 13,864 participants in the Nurses' Health Study II who had completed a self-administered computerized neuropsychological test battery. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine associations between medication use and composite scores of psychomotor speed and attention, learning and working memory, and overall cognition. RESULTS We observed a modest association between duration of PPI use and scores for psychomotor speed and attention (mean score difference for PPI use of 9-14 years vs never users, -0.06; 95% confidence interval, -0.11 to 0.00; Ptrend = .03). After controlling for H2RA use, the magnitude of this score difference was attenuated. Among individuals who did not use PPIs regularly, duration of H2RA use was associated with poorer cognitive scores, with the strongest association apparent for learning and working memory (mean score difference for H2RA users of 9-14 years vs never users, -0.20; 95% confidence interval, -0.32 to -0.08; Ptrend < .001). CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of data from the Nurses' Health Study II, we did not observe a convincing association between PPI use and cognitive function. Our data do not support the suggestion that PPI use increases dementia risk. Because our primary hypothesis related to PPI use, our findings for H2RAs should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kaitlin Hagan
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amit D. Joshi
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Long H. Nguyen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Khalili H, de Silva PS, Ananthakrishnan AN, Lochhead P, Joshi A, Garber JJ, Richter JR, Sauk J, Chan A. Dietary Iron and Heme Iron Consumption, Genetic Susceptibility, and Risk of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:1088-1095. [PMID: 28604414 PMCID: PMC5549140 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary iron and heme, likely through their effect on gut commensal bacteria and colonic barrier function, have been shown to modulate colonic inflammation in animal models of colitis. Nonetheless, the link between dietary total and heme iron and risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been previously explored. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of 165,331 U.S. women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II. Dietary information was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline (1984) and updated every 2 to 4 years. Self-reported CD and UC diagnoses were confirmed through medical records review. We used Cox proportional hazard models to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals while adjusting for potential confounders. In a case-control study nested within these cohorts, we evaluated the interaction between single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with genome-wide susceptibility to CD and UC and dietary total and heme iron intake on risk of CD and UC using logistic regression modeling. RESULTS Through 2011, over 3,038,049 person-years of follow-up, we documented 261 incident cases of CD and 321 incident cases of UC. Dietary heme iron was nonsignificantly associated with increased risk of UC (Ptrend = 0.12). This association seemed to be modified by the UC susceptibility locus, rs1801274, a coding variant in the FcγRIIA gene (Pinteraction = 7.00E-05). In contrast, there was no association between dietary heme iron and risk of CD (Ptrend = 0.67). We also did not observe an association between total dietary intake of iron and risk of CD or UC (All Ptrend > 0.35). CONCLUSION In 2 large prospective cohort studies, dietary total and heme iron were not associated with risk of CD or UC. Our suggestive finding that the association between dietary heme iron intake and risk of UC may be modified by a coding variant in FcγRIIA gene warrants additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
- Clinical and Translation Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - Punyanganie S de Silva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
- Clinical and Translation Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translation Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - Amit Joshi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
- Clinical and Translation Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - John J Garber
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - James R Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - Jenny Sauk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
| | - Andrew Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
- Clinical and Translation Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02124
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Cao Y, Wu K, Mehta R, Drew DA, Song M, Lochhead P, Nguyen LH, Izard J, Fuchs CS, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C, Ogino S, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT. Long-term use of antibiotics and risk of colorectal adenoma. Gut 2017. [PMID: 28377387 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl.2016.313413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence suggests that antibiotic use, which alters the gut microbiome, is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, the association between antibiotic use and risk of colorectal adenoma, the precursor for the majority of colorectal cancers, has not been investigated. DESIGN We prospectively evaluated the association between antibiotic use at age 20-39 and 40-59 (assessed in 2004) and recent antibiotic use (assessed in 2008) with risk of subsequent colorectal adenoma among 16 642 women aged ≥60 enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study who underwent at least one colonoscopy through 2010. We used multivariate logistic regression to calculate ORs and 95% CIs. RESULTS We documented 1195 cases of adenoma. Increasing duration of antibiotic use at age 20-39 (ptrend=0.002) and 40-59 (ptrend=0.001) was significantly associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenoma. Compared with non-users, women who used antibiotics for ≥2 months between age 20 and 39 had a multivariable OR of 1.36 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.79). Women who used ≥2 months of antibiotics between age 40 and 59 had a multivariable OR of 1.69 (95% CI 1.24 to 2.31). The associations were similar for low-risk versus high-risk adenomas (size ≥1 cm, or with tubulovillous/villous histology, or ≥3 detected lesions), but appeared modestly stronger for proximal compared with distal adenomas. In contrast, recent antibiotic use within the past four years was not associated with risk of adenoma (ptrend=0.44). CONCLUSIONS Long-term antibiotic use in early-to-middle adulthood was associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cao
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raaj Mehta
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Long H Nguyen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacques Izard
- Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cao Y, Wu K, Mehta R, Drew D, Song M, Lochhead P, Izard J, Fuchs C, Garrett W, Huttenhower C, Ogino S, Giovannucci E, Chan A. Abstract A24: Lifetime use of antibiotics and risk of colorectal adenoma. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.crc16-a24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Antibiotics shift the gut microbiota to temporally quasi-stable or alternative stable states, marked by a loss of diversity, alternations in the abundance of specific taxa, shifts in metabolic capacity, and by reduced resistance to colonization against invading pathogens. Recent evidence suggests that antibiotic use may be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, these prior studies may be confounded by symptoms associated with colorectal cancer or differential exposure to medical care. To address these potential concerns, we examined the association of chronic antibiotic exposure and recent antibiotic use with risk of colorectal adenomas, which are largely asymptomatic and the precursor of majority of colorectal cancers.
Methods: We prospectively evaluated the association between chronic lifetime antibiotic use at age 20-39 and age 40-59 (assessed in 2004), and recent antibiotic use (assessed in 2008) and risk of subsequent colorectal adenoma among women aged ≥60 in the Nurses' Health Study who underwent at least one lower endoscopy through 2010. Antibiotic use was categorized according to the total time using antibiotics (excluding skin creams, mouthwash or Isoniazid) during a specific time period (age 20-39, or age 40-59, or past 4 years). We also investigated the association between antibiotic exposure during each time period and risk of high-risk (adenoma ≥1cm, or with villous histology, or ≥3 adenomas) vs. low-risk adenoma, as well as risk of adenoma according to anatomic location. We used multivariate logistic regression adjusting for known and putative risk factors for adenoma to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results: Among 17,002 women aged ≥60 who reported their antibiotic exposure and then subsequently underwent at least one lower endoscopy, we documented 1,213 cases of adenoma over 6 years of follow-up. An increasing duration of antibiotic use at age 20-39 (Ptrend=0.002) and 40-59 (Ptrend=0.001) was significantly associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenoma. Compared to non-users, women who used antibiotics for ≥2 months between age 20-39 had a multivariable OR for adenoma of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.04-1.81). Women who used ≥2 months of antibiotics between age 40-59 had a multivariable OR of 1.71 (95% CI: 1.25-2.33). The associations were similar for high-risk compared to low-risk adenomas, but appeared somewhat stronger for adenomas of the proximal compared with distal colon. In contrast, recent antibiotic use within the past 4 years was not associated with risk of adenoma (Ptrend=0.44).
Conclusion: In this prospective study, exposure to antibiotics earlier in life (age 20-39 and 40-59) was significantly associated with an increased risk for colorectal adenoma. This increased risk was evident even after adjustment for known colorectal cancer risk factors. In contrast, more recent antibiotic use (within 4 years) was not associated with risk. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to link midlife antibiotic use, in a dose-dependent fashion, to colorectal adenoma. These data provide additional support for the association of the gut microbiome with colorectal neoplasia.
Citation Format: Yin Cao, Kana Wu, Raaj Mehta, David Drew, Mingyang Song, Paul Lochhead, Jacques Izard, Charles Fuchs, Wendy Garrett, Curtis Huttenhower, Shuji Ogino, Edward Giovannucci, Andrew Chan. Lifetime use of antibiotics and risk of colorectal adenoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Colorectal Cancer: From Initiation to Outcomes; 2016 Sep 17-20; Tampa, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cao
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
| | - Kana Wu
- 2Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,
| | - Raaj Mehta
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
| | - David Drew
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
| | | | | | | | | | - Wendy Garrett
- 2Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,
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Cao Y, Nishihara R, Qian ZR, Song M, Mima K, Inamura K, Nowak JA, Drew DA, Lochhead P, Nosho K, Morikawa T, Zhang X, Wu K, Wang M, Garrett WS, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Chan AT, Ogino S. Regular Aspirin Use Associates With Lower Risk of Colorectal Cancers With Low Numbers of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:879-892.e4. [PMID: 27475305 PMCID: PMC5159194 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aspirin use reduces colorectal cancer risk. Aspirin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, inhibits prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2 or cyclooxygenase-2); PTGS2 promotes inflammation and suppresses T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity. We investigated whether the inverse association of aspirin use with colorectal carcinoma risk was stronger for tumors with lower degrees of lymphocytic infiltrates than for tumors with higher degrees of lymphocytic infiltrates. METHODS We collected aspirin use data biennially from participants in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Participants were asked whether they took aspirin in most weeks, the number of tablets taken per week, and years of aspirin use. We collected available tumor specimens (n = 1458) from pathology laboratories in the United States. A pathologist confirmed the diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma (excluding anal squamous cell carcinoma), and evaluated histopathology features, including patterns and degrees of lymphocytic infiltrates within and around tumor areas. Person-years of follow-up evaluation were accrued from the date of return of questionnaires until dates of colorectal cancer diagnosis, death, or the end of follow-up evaluation (June 2010). Duplication-method Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the association of aspirin with the incidence of colorectal carcinoma subgroups according to the degree of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), intratumoral periglandular reaction, peritumoral reaction, or Crohn's-like reaction. RESULTS We documented 1458 rectal and colon cancers. The inverse association between regular aspirin use and colorectal cancer risk significantly differed by concentrations of TILs (Pheterogeneity = .007). Compared with nonregular use, regular aspirin use was associated with a lower risk of tumors that had low levels of TILs (relative risk, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.81), and strength of the association depended on aspirin dose and duration (both Ptrend < .001). In contrast, aspirin use was not associated with a risk of tumors having intermediate or high levels of TILs. This differential association was consistent regardless of the status of tumor microsatellite instability, mutations in BRAF, or expression of PTGS2. Regular aspirin use was associated with a lower risk of tumors that contained low levels of CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, or CD45RO (PTPRC)+ T cells (measured by immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted image analysis). CONCLUSIONS Based on data from the prospective cohort studies, regular use of aspirin is associated with a lower risk of colorectal carcinomas with low concentrations of TILs. These findings indicate that the immune response in the tumor microenvironment could be involved in the chemopreventive effects of aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cao
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jonathan A. Nowak
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David A. Drew
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Drew DA, Nishihara R, Lochhead P, Kuchiba A, Rong Qian Z, Mima K, Nosho K, Wu K, Wang M, Spiegelman D, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Chan AT. Abstract 4348: A prospective study of smoking habit and risk of synchronous colorectal cancers. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Synchronous colorectal cancers (CRC) (2 or more distinct primary carcinomas simultaneously identified in one patient) may arise as a result of a “field effect” or shared etiologic factors. Synchronous CRC has been associated with somatic epigenetic changes; cigarette smoking has been associated with DNA methylation in CRC. Thus, we examined the association between cigarette smoking and risk of synchronous CRC.
Methods: Among men and women enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and Nurses’ Health Study over 24 and 32 years, respectively, we examined the association of smoking with CRC. We examined the differential risk of developing synchronous CRC compared with solitary CRC, classified based on review of pathology reports, through duplication-method Cox proportional hazards regression.
Results: During 3,477,211 person-years of follow-up of 45,691 men and 88,614 women, we documented 1,960 individuals with solitary CRC and 45 individuals with synchronous CRC. The association of smoking with CRC differed significantly according to the presence of synchronous compared with solitary tumors (Pheterogeneity = 0.0008). Compared with never smokers, current smokers experienced a higher risk of synchronous CRC (multivariable HR = 5.26; 95% CI, 2.08-13.32). In contrast, current smokers did not experience an elevated risk of solitary cancer (multivariable HR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.83-1.13). Similar differences in the association of cumulative pack-years smoked with CRC according to tumor synchronicity status were also observed (Pheterogeneity = 0.006). Smoking cessation for ≥10 years was significantly associated with reduced risk of synchronous tumors (multivariable HR = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.20-1.00), but not solitary tumors (multivariable HR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.91-1.25) (Pheterogeneity = 0.003).
Conclusion: Current cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of synchronous but not solitary CRC. These data support a model in which smoking contributes to an etiologic field effect predisposing individuals to the development of synchronous CRC.
Citation Format: David A. Drew, Reiko Nishihara, Paul Lochhead, Aya Kuchiba, Zhi Rong Qian, Kosuke Mima, Katsuhiko Nosho, Kana Wu, Molin Wang, Donna Spiegelman, Edward L. Giovannucci, Charles S. Fuchs, Shuji Ogino, Andrew T. Chan. A prospective study of smoking habit and risk of synchronous colorectal cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4348.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- 4Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kana Wu
- 5Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Molin Wang
- 5Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Lochhead P, Khalili H, Ananthakrishnan AN, Richter JM, Chan AT. Association Between Circulating Levels of C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14:818-824.e6. [PMID: 26844874 PMCID: PMC4875875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is evidence that immune dysfunction precedes symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by several years. Characterization of preclinical systemic inflammation could contribute to the understanding of the biology of IBD and, ultimately, facilitate development of strategies for early disease detection and intervention. We evaluated associations between circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL6) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and diagnosis of incident Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study of participants enrolled in 2 population-based, nationwide, prospective cohort studies (the Nurses' Health Study and the Nurses' Health Study II). We analyzed blood specimens, collected before diagnosis, from 83 persons with CD, 90 persons with UC, and 344 matched individuals without IBD (control subjects). Plasma levels of hsCRP and IL6 were measured. We investigated associations between each inflammatory marker and IBD risk using multivariable logistic regression models to adjust for potential confounding exposures. RESULTS Compared with the lowest quintile of IL6 level, the highest quintile was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.68 (95% confidence interval, 1.91-11.46) for CD (Ptrend < .001) and an OR of 3.43 (95% confidence interval, 1.44-8.15) for UC (Ptrend = .004). The highest quintile of hsCRP level, compared with the lowest quintile, was associated with an OR of 2.82 (95% confidence interval, 1.15-6.87) for CD (Ptrend = .019) and an OR of 1.79 (95% confidence interval, 0.80-3.99) for UC (Ptrend = .015). CONCLUSIONS Plasma levels of IL6 and hsCRP before diagnosis are associated with risk of incident CD and UC. Subclinical levels of systemic inflammation may be a feature of an early disease state that precedes the development of symptomatic IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Division of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Division of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Division of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James M. Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Division of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Drew DA, Lochhead P, Abu-Ali G, Chan AT, Huttenhower C, Izard J. Fecal Microbiome in Epidemiologic Studies-Letter. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:869. [PMID: 26961995 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Galeb Abu-Ali
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jacques Izard
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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49
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Wang M, Spiegelman D, Kuchiba A, Lochhead P, Kim S, Chan AT, Poole EM, Tamimi R, Tworoger SS, Giovannucci E, Rosner B, Ogino S. Statistical methods for studying disease subtype heterogeneity. Stat Med 2015; 35:782-800. [PMID: 26619806 DOI: 10.1002/sim.6793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental goal of epidemiologic research is to investigate the relationship between exposures and disease risk. Cases of the disease are often considered a single outcome and assumed to share a common etiology. However, evidence indicates that many human diseases arise and evolve through a range of heterogeneous molecular pathologic processes, influenced by diverse exposures. Pathogenic heterogeneity has been considered in various neoplasms such as colorectal, lung, prostate, and breast cancers, leukemia and lymphoma, and non-neoplastic diseases, including obesity, type II diabetes, glaucoma, stroke, cardiovascular disease, autism, and autoimmune disease. In this article, we discuss analytic options for studying disease subtype heterogeneity, emphasizing methods for evaluating whether the association of a potential risk factor with disease varies by disease subtype. Methods are described for scenarios where disease subtypes are categorical and ordinal and for cohort studies, matched and unmatched case-control studies, and case-case study designs. For illustration, we apply the methods to a molecular pathological epidemiology study of alcohol intake and colon cancer risk by tumor LINE-1 methylation subtypes. User-friendly software to implement the methods is publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Aya Kuchiba
- Department of Biostatistics, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Sehee Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth M Poole
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Rulla Tamimi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, U.S.A
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Inamura K, Song M, Jung S, Nishihara R, Yamauchi M, Lochhead P, Qian ZR, Kim SA, Mima K, Sukawa Y, Masuda A, Imamura Y, Zhang X, Pollak MN, Mantzoros CS, Harris CC, Giovannucci E, Fuchs CS, Cho E, Chan AT, Wu K, Ogino S. Prediagnosis Plasma Adiponectin in Relation to Colorectal Cancer Risk According to KRAS Mutation Status. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 108:djv363. [PMID: 26598515 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of adiponectin (ADIPOQ; HGNC ID; HGNC:13633), an adipokine, are associated with obesity, adiposity, excess energy balance, and increased risk of colorectal neoplasia. Given the reported association of increased body mass index (BMI) and low-level physical activity with KRAS-mutated colorectal tumor, we hypothesized that low-level plasma adiponectin might be associated with increased risk of KRAS-mutant colorectal carcinoma but not with risk of KRAS wild-type carcinoma. METHODS We conducted molecular pathological epidemiology research using a nested case-control study design (307 incident rectal and colon cancer case patients and 593 matched control individuals) within prospective cohort studies, the Nurses' Health Study (152 case patients and 297 control individuals, with blood collection in 1989-1990) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (155 case patients and 296 control individuals, with blood collection in 1993-1995). Multivariable conditional logistic regression models and two-sided likelihood ratio tests were used to assess etiologic heterogeneity of the associations. RESULTS The association of low-level plasma adiponectin with colorectal cancer risk statistically significantly differed by KRAS mutation status (P heterogeneity = .004). Low levels of plasma adiponectin were associated with KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer (for the lowest vs highest tertile: multivariable odds ratio [OR] = 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.50 to 5.34, P trend = .002) but not with KRAS wild-type cancer (for the lowest vs highest tertile: multivariable OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.49 to 1.43, P trend = .48). In secondary analyses, the association between plasma adiponectin and colorectal cancer did not appreciably differ by BRAF or PIK3CA oncogene mutation status. CONCLUSIONS Low-level plasma adiponectin is associated with KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer risk but not with KRAS wild-type cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Seungyoun Jung
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Sun A Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Atsuhiro Masuda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Yu Imamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Michael N Pollak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
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