The combined treatment of gold nanoparticles associated with photobiomodulation accelerate the healing of dermonecrotic lesion

Introduction: The search for fast and efficient treatment for dermonecrotic lesions caused by the venom of the spider from the Loxosceles simillis, is a demand in health. Prednisolone is one of the most used drugs, however it has side effects. In this context, addictionally gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. The use of photobiomodulation has show to be efficient in the process of tissue repair. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of photobiomodulation and GNPs associated or not with a low concentration of prednisolone in animal models of dermonecrotic lesion.Methodology: For this, rabbits with venon-induced dermonecrotic lesion were subjected to topical treatment with prednisolone + laser or GNPs + laser or Pred-GNPs + laser. The area of edema, necrosis and erythema were measured. On the last day of treatment, the animals were euthanized to remove the organs for histopathological and biochemical analysis.Results: All treatments combinations were effective in promoting the reduction of necrotic tissue and erythema.Conclusion: With this results, we suggest that the use of laser and nanoparticles, associated or not with prednisolone, should be considered for the treatment of dermonecrotic injury.

DAP1-2: a synthetic peptide targeting IL-1R1 receptor effectively suppresses IL-1β in vitro

The pathological manifestation of the inflammatory process primarily stems from the heightened release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with IL-1β standing out as a pivotal cytokine. The excessive presence of IL-1β disrupts immune signaling, thereby assuming a pathogenic and exacerbating role in the pathophysiology of numerous inflammatory diseases. Regulating IL-1β levels becomes crucial, and the IL-1Ra molecule serves this purpose by binding to the IL-1R1 receptor, thereby impeding the binding of IL-1β. Several pharmaceuticals have entered the market, aiming to neutralize IL-1β's biological function through diverse mechanisms. However, the existing IL-1β inhibitors are recombinant proteins, characterized by a high production cost and limited stability. Therefore, this study aimed to predict a peptide, named DAP1-2, based on the IL-1Ra molecule. DAP1-2 was designed to attenuate responses triggered by IL-1β by blocking the IL-1R1 receptor. The selection of amino acids from the IL-1Ra molecule (PDB: I1RA) that interact with the three domains of the IL-1R1 receptor was performed using Swiss PDB Viewer. After prediction, chemical synthesis was made using the Fmoc-Synthesis technique. The efficacy of DAP1-2 was assessed using RAW 264.7 cells, which were exposed to LPS (5 μg/mL) for 24 h to induce IL-1β expression and treated with the peptides in different concentrations. IL-1β levels were assessed using ELISA, and the gene expression of IL-1β was measured by RT-qPCR, additionally to the viability test. Results revealed a significant reduction in IL-1β levels and gene expression in cells stimulated by LPS and treated with DAP1-2 in different concentrations. Furthermore, the MTT assay confirmed the nontoxic nature of the peptides on the cell lineage. This alternative approach shows promise as an IL-1 inhibitor, due to the stability, ease of production, and cost-effectiveness provided by the use of synthetic peptides.

Nutritional strategies cause memory damage and alter biochemical parameters without causing neuroinflammation

Obesity results from an energy imbalance and has been considered an epidemic due to its increasing rates worldwide. It is classified as a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease and has associated comorbidities. Different nutritional strategies are used for the purpose of weight loss, highlighting low-carbohydrate (LC) diets, ketogenic diets, and intermittent fasting (IF). These strategies can lead to metabolic and behavioral changes as they stimulate different biochemical pathways. Therefore, this study evaluated memory, energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense parameters in mice subjected to an LC diet, ketogenic diet (KD), or IF. Eighty male Swiss mice, 60 days old, were divided into 4 groups: control, LC, KD, or IF. Body weight was measured weekly, and food intake every 48 h. After 15 days of nutritional interventions, the animals were subjected to the behavioral object recognition test and subsequently euthanized. Then, visceral fat was removed and weighed, and the brain was isolated for inflammatory and biochemical analysis. We concluded from this study that the LC and KD strategies could damage memory, IF improves the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the LC, KD, and IF strategies do not lead to neuroinflammatory damage but present damage at the level of oxidative stress.

Brazil nut consumption reduces DNA damage in overweight type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease, which occurs largely due to unhealthy lifestyle. As oxidative stress is believed to promote T2D, by inducing damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA, appropriate dietary interventions seem critical to prevent, manage, and even reverse this condition. Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa, H.B.K.) are nature's richest source of selenium, a mineral that has shown several health benefits. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effects of selenium consumption, through Brazil nuts, on biochemical and oxidative stress parameters, and genomic instability in T2D patients. We recruited 133 patients with T2D, registered in the Integrated Clinics of the University of Southern Santa Catarina (Brazil). Participants consumed one Brazil nut a day for six months. Blood samples and exfoliated buccal cells were collected at the beginning and the end of the intervention. The glycemic profile, lipid profile, renal profile and hepatic profile, DNA damage and selenium content were evaluated. A total of 74 participants completed the intervention. Brazil nut consumption increased selenium and GSH levels, GPx, and CAT activity while DCF and nitrites levels decreased. Total thiols increased, and protein carbonyl and MDA levels decreased. Levels of baseline and oxidative DNA damage in T2D patients were significantly decreased, as well as the frequency of micronuclei and nuclear buds. The fasting glucose levels, HDL and LDL cholesterol, and GGT levels that increased significantly in patients with type 2 diabetes were significantly reduced with nut consumption. Our results show an increase in antioxidant activity, along with reductions of protein and lipid oxidation as well as DNA damage, suggesting that Brazil nut consumption could be an ally in reducing oxidative stress and modulating the genomic instability in T2D patients.

The involvement of neuroinflammation in an animal model of dementia and depression

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depression are inflammatory pathologies, leading to increased inflammatory response and neurotoxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the treatment with fluoxetine and/or galantamine and/or donepezil on the levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in a mixed animal model of depression and dementia. Adult male Wistar rats underwent chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol for 40 days and were subjected to stereotaxic surgery for intra-hippocampal administration of amyloid-beta (Aꞵ) peptide or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) to mimic the dementia animal model. On the 42nd day, animals were treated with water, galantamine, donepezil, and/or fluoxetine, orally for 17 days. On the 57th and 58th days, the Splash and Y-maze tests for behavior analysis were performed. The frontal cortex and hippocampus were used to analyze the tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ꞵ), IL-6, and IL-10 levels. The results of this study show that animals subjected to CMS and administration of Aꞵ had anhedonia, cognitive impairment, increased TNF-α and IL-1ꞵ levels in the frontal cortex, and reduced IL-10 levels in the hippocampus. All treatment groups were able to reverse the cognitive impairment. Only donepezil did not decrease the TNF-α levels in the hippocampus. Fluoxetine + galantamine and fluoxetine + donepezil reversed the anhedonia. Fluoxetine reversed the anhedonia and IL-1ꞵ levels in the frontal cortex. In addition, fluoxetine + donepezil reversed the reduction of IL-10 levels in the hippocampus. The results indicate a pathophysiological interaction between AD and depression, and the association of medications in the future may be a possible therapeutic strategy to reduce inflammation, especially the fluoxetine-associated treatments.

Effects of aquatic high intensity interval training on parameters of functional autonomy, mental health, and oxidative dysfunction in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes

The present study investigated the effects of aquatic exercise on parameters of functional autonomy, mental health, and oxidative dysfunction in elderly patients with DM2. A total of 130 elderly were included in the longitudinal clinical study and were attributed to the non-diabetic group (n = 27) and diabetes the group (n = 22). Both groups participated in 24 sessions of Hydro-HIIT, 48 h before and after Hydro-HIIT, the GDLAM index, depression, and anxiety scores and markers of oxidative dysfunction were quantified. After intervention, GI decreased in both groups (non-diabetes group = -24%; diabetes group = -22%) (p < 0.05), markers of depression (-46%), anxiety (-60%), DCFH-DA (-55%), SOD (+59%), TNF-α (-37%) and IL-1 (-48%) in diabetes group (p < 0.05). The intervention with Hydro-HIIT improves aspects related to functional autonomy, mental health, and exerts consequently, a modulating effect on oxidative stress and inflammatory response in elderly people diagnosed with DM2.

Combination of Gold Nanoparticles with Carnitine Attenuates Brain Damage in an Obesity Animal Model

Obesity causes inflammation in the adipose tissue and can affect the central nervous system, leading to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, it becomes necessary to seek new therapeutic alternatives. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) could take carnitine to the adipose tissue, thus increasing fatty acid oxidation, reducing inflammation, and, consequently, restoring brain homeostasis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of GNPs associated with carnitine on the neurochemical parameters of obesity-induced mice. Eighty male Swiss mice that received a normal lipid diet (control group) or a high-fat diet (obese group) for 10 weeks were used. At the end of the sixth week, the groups were divided for daily treatment with saline, GNPs (70 µg/kg), carnitine (500 mg/kg), or GNPs associated with carnitine, respectively. Body weight was monitored weekly. At the end of the tenth week, the animals were euthanized and the mesenteric fat removed and weighed; the brain structures were separated for biochemical analysis. It was found that obesity caused oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in brain structures. Treatment with GNPs isolated reduced oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Carnitine isolated decreased the accumulation of mesenteric fat and oxidative stress in the hippocampus. The combination of treatments reduced the accumulation of mesenteric fat and mitochondrial dysfunction in the striatum. Therefore, these treatments in isolation, become a promising option for the treatment of obesity.

IL-1β Antagonist Receptor Peptide Associated with Photobiomodulation Accelerates Diabetic Wound Tissue Repair

Chronic hyperglycemia caused by diabetes mellitus (DM) slows down the healing process due to prolonged inflammation which impedes the regeneration progression. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is considered a non-pharmacological intervention and has anti-inflammatory and biostimulatory effects that accelerate the healing process. Currently found IL-1β inhibitors are difficult to implement due to their cytotoxic potential, excessive amounts, and invasive administration, and therefore, the application of this peptide in diabetic wounds represents a promising intervention to help resolve the inflammatory response. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an IL-1β inhibitor molecule associated with PBM irradiation in a model of epithelial injury in diabetic mice. After the induction of the DM model with streptozotocin (STZ), the skin lesion model was implemented through surgical excision. Sixty C57BL/6 mice divided into five experimental groups (n = 12) were used: excisional wound (EW), DM + EW, DM + EW + DAP 1-2 (inhibitor peptide), DM + EW + PBM, and DM + EW + PBM + DAP 1-2. Treatment started 12 h after wound induction and was performed daily for 5 days. Twenty-four hours after the last application, the animals were euthanized and the outer edge of the wound was removed. The results obtained demonstrate that the DM + EW + PBM + DAP 1-2 group caused a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines, and an increase in TGF-β and maintenance of the cellular redox state with a consequent reduction in levels of inflammatory infiltrate and concomitant stimulation of type III collagen gene expression, as well as a decrease in the size of the wound in square centimeter 6 days after the injury. Only the combination of therapies was able to favor the process of tissue regeneration due to the development of an approach capable of acting at different stages of the regenerative process, through the mechanisms of action of interventions on the inflammatory process by avoiding its stagnation and stimulating progression of regeneration.

Topical application of a TRPA1 antagonist reduced nociception and inflammation in a model of traumatic muscle injury in rats

Musculoskeletal pain is a widely experienced public healthcare issue, especially after traumatic muscle injury. Besides, it is a common cause of disability, but this pain remains poorly managed. However, the pathophysiology of traumatic muscle injury-associated pain and inflammation has not been fully elucidated. In this regard, the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) has been studied in inflammatory and painful conditions. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of the topical application of a TRPA1 antagonist in a model of traumatic muscle injury in rats. The mechanical trauma model was developed by a single blunt trauma impact on the right gastrocnemius muscle of Wistar male rats (250-350 g). The animals were divided into four groups (Sham/Vehicle; Sham/HC-030031 0.05%; Injury/Vehicle, and Injury/HC-030031 0.05%) and topically treated with a Lanette® N cream base containing a TRPA1 antagonist (HC-030031, 0.05%; 200 mg/muscle) or vehicle (Lanette® N cream base; 200 mg/muscle), which was applied at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 46 h after muscle injury. Furthermore, we evaluated the contribution of the TRPA1 channel on nociceptive, inflammatory, and oxidative parameters. The topical application of TRPA1 antagonist reduced biomarkers of muscle injury (lactate/glucose ratio), spontaneous nociception (rat grimace scale), inflammatory (inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine levels, myeloperoxidase, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities) and oxidative (nitrite levels and dichlorofluorescein fluorescence) parameters, and mRNA Trpa1 levels in the muscle tissue. Thus, these results demonstrate that TRPA1 may be a promising anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive target in treating muscle pain after traumatic muscle injury.

Characterization of Depression- and Anxiety-Like Behaviours in a Mouse Model of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is an autoimmune neurological disease and is the most common subtype of MS. In addition, it is associated with the development of depression and anxiety. To date, depressive- and anxiety-like behaviours were only studied using models of progressive MS, which causes severe motor alterations. Thus, we sought to standardise the depressive and anxiety-like behaviours in an RRMS model induced by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (RR-EAE) in mice. The RR-EAE model was induced in C57BL/6 female mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) antigen and Quillaja saponin (Quil A) as an adjuvant. The immunisation of RR-EAE did not induce locomotor alteration but caused relapsing-remitting induction of clinical scores in mice until 35 post-immunization (p.i.). Also, increased levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), astrocyte marker (GFAP), and microglial markers (IBA-1) were detected in the prefrontal cortex at 35 p.i. of RR-EAE. In the open field test, RR-EAE mice showed decreased time spent at the centre and sniffing behaviour (at days 21 and 34 p.i.). Also, on day 35 p.i. the RR-EAE group spent less time in the open arms and had decreased open-arm entries compared to control mice in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, confirming the anxiety-like behaviour. At day 36° p.i. in the tail suspension test, mice showed depression-like behaviour with decreased latency time and increased immobility time. Thus, the RR-EAE model mimics the neuroinflammatory and behavioural features of the RRMS, including depression- and anxiety-like symptoms.

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles with Curcumin or Açai in the Tissue Repair of Palatal Wounds

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of treatment with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) reduced with Curcumin (Curcuma longa L.) or Açai (Euterpe oleracea) to a standard commercial treatment of the pharmacological type (Omcilon®) and an electrophysical agent (photobiomodulation) in the palatal wounds of rats. As for the in vitro assay, a cell viability test was performed to assess the toxicity of the synthesized nanoparticles. In vivo assay: 60 Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 12): I. Palatal Wound (PW); II. PW + Photobiomodulation (PBM); III. PW + Omcilon®; IV. PW + GNPs-Cur (0.025 mg/mL); V. PW + GNPs-Açai (0.025 mg/mL). Animals were first anesthetized, and circular lesions in the palatine mucosa were induced using a 4 mm-diameter punch. The first treatment session started 24 h after the injury and occurred daily for 5 days. The animals were euthanized, and the palatal mucosa tissue was removed for histological, biochemical, and molecular analysis. GNPs-Açai were able to significantly reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase anti-inflammatory ones, reduce oxidant markers, and reduce inflammatory infiltrate while increasing the collagen area and contraction rate of the wound, along with an improved visual qualification. The present study demonstrated that the proposed therapies of GNPs synthesized greenly, thus associating their effects with those of plants, favor the tissue repair process in palatal wounds.

High concentrations of fructose cause brain damage in mice

Excessive fructose consumption is associated with the incidence of obesity and systemic inflammation, resulting in increased oxidative damage and failure to the function of brain structures. Thus, we hypothesized that fructose consumption will significantly increase inflammation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the mouse brain and, consequently, memory damage. The effects of different fructose concentrations on inflammatory and biochemical parameters in the mouse brain were evaluated. Male Swiss mice were randomized into four groups: control, with exclusive water intake, 5%, 10%, and 20% fructose group. The 10% and 20% fructose groups showed an increase in epididymal fat, in addition to higher food consumption. Inflammatory markers were increased in epididymal fat and in some brain structures. In the evaluation of oxidative damage, it was possible to observe significant increases in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. In the epididymal fat and in the prefrontal cortex, there was a decrease in the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and an increase in the striatum. Furthermore, short memory was impaired in the 10% and 20% groups but not long memory. In conclusion, excess fructose consumption can cause fat accumulation, inflammation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which can damage brain structures and consequently memory.

Role of Oxidative Stress on Insulin Resistance in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice

Insulin resistance is the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The molecular mechanism by which obese individuals develop insulin resistance has not yet been fully elucidated; however, inconclusive and contradictory studies have shown that oxidative stress may be involved in the process. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of reactive species on the mechanism of insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice. Obese insulin-resistant mice were treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 50 mg/kg per day, for 15 days) by means of oral gavage. Twenty-four hours after the last NAC administration, the animals were euthanized and their tissues were extracted for biochemical and molecular analyses. NAC supplementation induced improved insulin resistance and fasting glycemia, without modifications in food intake, body weight, and adiposity. Obese mice showed increased dichlorofluorescein (DCF) oxidation, reduced catalase (CAT) activity, and reduced glutathione levels (GSH). However, treatment with NAC increased GSH and CAT activity and reduced DCF oxidation. The gastrocnemius muscle of obese mice showed an increase in nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) levels, as well as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation compared to the control group; however, NAC treatment reversed these changes. Considering the molecules involved in insulin signaling, there was a reduction in insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation. However, NAC administration increased IRS and Akt phosphorylation and IRS/PI3k (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) association. The results demonstrated that oxidative stress-associated obesity could be a mechanism involved in insulin resistance, at least in this animal model.

Bacterial cellulose membrane incorporated with silver nanoparticles for wound healing in animal model

The bacterial cellulose membrane (CM) is a promising biomaterial due to its easy applicability and moist environment. Moreover, nanoscale silver compounds (AgNO₃) are synthesized and incorporated into CMs to provide these biomaterials with antimicrobial activity for wound healing. This study aimed to evaluate the cell viability of CM incorporated with nanoscale silver compounds, determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and its use on in vivo skin lesions. Wistar rats were divided according to treatment: untreated, CM (cellulose membrane), and AgCM (CM incorporated with silver nanoparticles). The euthanasia was performed on the 2nd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days to assess inflammation (myeloperoxidase-neutrophils, N-acetylglucosaminidase-macrophage, IL-1β, IL-10), oxidative stress (NO-nitric oxide, DCF-H₂O₂), oxidative damage (carbonyl: membrane's damage; sulfhydryl: membrane's integrity), antioxidants (superoxide dismutase; glutathione), angiogenesis, tissue formation (collagen, TGF-β1, smooth muscle α-actin, small decorin, and biglycan proteoglycans). The use of AgCM did not show toxicity, but antibacterial effect in vitro. Moreover, in vivo, AgCM provided balanced oxidative action, modulated the inflammatory profile due to the reduction of IL-1β level and increase in IL-10 level, in addition to increased angiogenesis and collagen formation. The results suggest the use of silver nanoparticles (AgCM) enhanced the CM properties by providing antibacterial properties, modulation the inflammatory phase, and consequently promotes the healing of skin lesions, which can be used clinically to treat injuries.

Intra-articular Treatment with Triamcinolone Hexacetonide Associated with Gold Nanoparticles Reduces Cartilage Degeneration in an Animal Model of Osteoarthritis

INTRODUCTION

The association between triamcinolone hexacetonide (TH) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) represents a promising treatment due to the potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of these compounds. In this study, we evaluated the effects of intra-articular treatment of TH associated with GNPs in a mechanical model of osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS

Fifty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Sham; OA; OA+TH; OA+GNPs; OA+TH-GNPs. Both applications were performed 30 and 60 days after the model was induced. After 30 days of the last application, the animals were euthanized.

RESULTS

Only the combined treatment with TH and GNPs promoted a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. The OA+TH-GNPs group obtained a significant reduction in the production of oxidants and oxidative damage markers while an increase in antioxidants. Histologically, all treated groups showed results of a significant increase in cartilage thickness and chondrocyte count, the OA+TH-GNPs group had similar behavior to the group without osteoarthritis, with significantly smaller amounts of chondrocytes than the OA group.

CONCLUSION

The intra-articular use of TH associated with GNPs may be able to prevent the progression of the pathology and minimize joint degradation.

The effectiveness of treadmill and swimming exercise in an animal model of osteoarthritis

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered an inflammatory and degenerative joint disease, characterized by loss of hyaline joint cartilage and adjacent bone remodeling with the formation of osteophytes, accompanied by various degrees of functional limitation and reduction in the quality of life of individuals. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of treatment with physical exercise on the treadmill and swimming in an animal model of osteoarthritis. Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided (n=12 per group): Sham (S); Osteoarthritis (OA); Osteoarthritis + Treadmill (OA + T); Osteoarthritis + Swimming (OA + S). The mechanical model of OA was induced by median meniscectomy. Thirty days later, the animals started the physical exercise protocols. Both protocols were performed at moderate intensity. Forty-eight hours after the end of the exercise protocols, all animals were anesthetized and euthanized for histological, molecular, and biochemical parameters analysis. Results: Physical exercise performed on a treadmill was more effective in attenuating the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL6) and positively regulating anti-inflammatories such as IL4, IL10, and TGF-β in relation to other groups. Discussion: In addition to maintaining a more balanced oxi-reductive environment within the joint, treadmill exercise provided a more satisfactory morphological outcome regarding the number of chondrocytes in the histological evaluation. As an outcome, better results were found in groups submitted to exercise, mostly treadmill exercise.

Effects of the Application of Decellularized Amniotic Membrane Solubilized with Hyaluronic Acid on Wound Healing

A perfect graft for wound care must be readily available without affecting the immune response, covering and protecting the wound bed. Considering previous studies have already established the use of hyaluronic acid (HA) for the treatment of wounds but the data presented on the amniotic membrane (AM) and its promising effects on healing still requires further investigation, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the application of a decellularized amniotic membrane solubilized with hyaluronic acid on the healing process of cutaneous wounds on the 7th and 14th day, to evaluate the evolution of the wound and the inflammatory phases in these two times. Cutaneous lesions were excised from the dorsal region and 96 Wistar rats were divided into four groups: I-Excisional wound (EW); II-EW + AM; III-EW + HA; IV-EW + AM + HA. The present study demonstrated that the proposed combined therapy favors the tissue repair process of the epithelial lesion. Results showed a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines, an increase in TGF-β, and attenuation of oxidative stress, reducing the acute inflammatory response and promoting the beginning of tissue repair. We concluded that the proposed therapies accelerated the inflammatory process with anticipation of the repair phase.

Microcurrent and Gold Nanoparticles Combined with Hyaluronic Acid Accelerates Wound Healing

This study aimed to investigate the effects of iontophoresis and hyaluronic acid (HA) combined with a gold nanoparticle (GNP) solution in an excisional wound model. Fifty Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were randomly assigned to the following groups: excisional wound (EW); EW + MC; EW + MC + HA; EW + MC + GNPs; and EW + MC + HA + GNPs. The animals were induced to a circular excision, and treatment started 24 h after injury with microcurrents (300 µA) containing gel with HA (0.9%) and/or GNPs (30 mg/L) in the electrodes (1 mL) for 7 days. The animals were euthanized 12 h after the last treatment application. The results demonstrate a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNϒ, IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6) in the group in which the therapies were combined, and they show increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and growth factors (FGF and TGF-β) in the EW + MC + HA and EW + MC + HA + GNPs groups. As for the levels of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and nitrite, as well as oxidative damage (carbonyl and sulfhydryl), they decreased in the combined therapy group when compared to the control group. Regarding antioxidant defense, there was an increase in glutathione (GSH) and a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the combined therapy group. A histological analysis showed reduced inflammatory infiltrate in the MC-treated groups and in the combination therapy group. There was an increase in the wound contraction rate in all treated groups when compared to the control group, proving that the proposed therapies are effective in the epithelial healing process. The results of this study demonstrate that the therapies in combination favor the tissue repair process more significantly than the therapies in isolation.

Behavioral, genetic and biochemical changes in the brain of the offspring of female mice treated with caffeine during pregnancy and lactation

The intrauterine environment is a critical location for exposure to exogenous and endogenous factors that trigger metabolic changes through fetal programming. Among the external factors, chemical compounds stand out, which include caffeine, since its consumption is common among women, including during pregnancy. Thereby, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the behavioral, genetic, and biochemical parameters in the offspring of female mice treated with caffeine during pregnancy and lactation. Swiss female mice (60 days old) received tap water or caffeine at 0.3 or 1.0 mg/mL during copulation (7 days), pregnancy (21 days) and lactation (21 days). After the end of the lactation period, the offspring were divided into groups (water, caffeine 0.3 or 1.0 mg/mL) with 20 animals (10 animals aged 30 days and 10 animals aged 60 days per group per sex). Initially, the offspring were submitted to behavioral tasks and then euthanized for genetic and biochemical analysis in the brain (cortex, striatum, and hippocampus). Behavioral changes in memory, depression, and anxiety were observed in the offspring: 30-day-old female offspring at 1.0 mg /mL dose presented anxiogenic behavior and male offspring the 0.3 mg/mL dose at 30 days of age did not alter long-term memory. Furthermore, an increase in DNA damage and oxidative stress in the brain were observed in the offspring of both sexes. Furthermore, there were changes in Ape-1, BAX, and Bcl-2 in the female offspring hippocampus at 30 days of life. Thus, with this study, we can suggest genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and behavioral changes caused by caffeine during pregnancy and lactation in the offspring that were not treated directly, but received through their mothers; thus, it is important to raise awareness regarding caffeine consumption among pregnant and lactating females.

Photobiomodulation associated with lipid nanoparticles and hyaluronic acid accelerate the healing of excisional wounds

Objectives: This article aimed to investigate the effects of the association between photobiomodulation and hyaluronic acid incorporated in lipid nanoparticles in an epithelial lesion model in inflammatory parameters and oxidative stress. Methods: Eighty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: epithelial lesion group (EL); EL+PBM; EL+HA; EL+SLNs; EL+SLNs-HA; EL+PBM+HA; EL+PBM+SLNs; EL+PBM+SLNs-HA. The animals were anesthetized with 4% isofluorane after shaving and induced to an epithelial lesion. Topical treatment with a gel containing HA (0.9%) and/or SLNs (10 mg/mL) and with laser irradiation occurred daily for 1 week. Results: The results showed an increase in wound contraction on the seventh day in the LE + LBM + AH-NPL group, a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL- 4 and IL-10) and TGF-β. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and TGF-β also showed an increase in the LE + NPL-AH, LE + FBM + AH, LE + FBM + NPL and LE + FBM + NPL-AH groups. Regarding oxidative stress parameters, the levels of DCF and nitrite decreased in the combined therapy group when compared to the control group, as well as oxidative damage (carbonyl and sulfhydryl). In the antioxidant defense, there was an increase in GSH and SOD in the combination therapy group. Histological analysis showed a reduction in inflammatory infiltrate in the combination therapy group. The number of fibroblasts and the compaction of collagen fibers did not obtain significant responses. Conclusions: Results analyzed together showed that the combined therapy favored the repair process, and that studies can be carried out to enhance the histological analysis therapy favored the tissue repair process and that studies can be carried out to enhance the histological analysis.

Effects of the intranasal application of gold nanoparticles on the pulmonary tissue after acute exposure to industrial cigarette smoke

Inhalation of harmful particles appears as a primary factor for the onset and establishment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoke acutely promotes an exacerbated inflammatory response with oxidative stress induction with DNA damage. Administration of Gold Nanoparticles (GNPs) with 20 nm in different concentrations can revert damages caused by external aggravations. The effects of GNPs in a COPD process have not been observed until now. The objective of this work was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of intranasal administration of different doses of GNPs after acute exposure to industrial cigarette smoke. Thirty male Swiss mice were randomly divided into five groups: Sham; cigarette smoke (CS); CS + GNPs 2.5 mg/L; CS + GNPs 7.5 mg/L and CS + GNPs 22.5 mg/L. The animals were exposed to the commercial cigarette with filter in an acrylic inhalation chamber and treated with intranasal GNPs for five consecutive days. The results demonstrate that exposure to CS causes an increase in inflammatory cytokines, histological changes, oxidative and nitrosive damage in the lung, as well as increased damage to the DNA of liver cells, blood plasma and lung. Among the three doses of GNPs (2.5, 7.5, and 22.5 mg/L) used, the highest dose had better anti-inflammatory effects. However, GNPs at a dose of 7.5 mg/L showed better efficacies in reducing ROS formation, alveolar diameter, and the number of inflammatory cells in histology, in addition to significantly reduced rate of DNA damage in lung cells without additional systemic genotoxicity already caused by cigarette smoke.

Photobiomodulation and photodynamic therapy applied after electrocauterization for skin healing optimization in rats

Photobiomodulation-PBM and Photodynamic Therapy-PDT have been used to induce healing. However, the effects of these therapies on skin-lesions induced by electrocautery are unknown, aiming at more favorable clinical and esthetic results. Electrocauterization was done in 78-female Wistar-rats using a system that includes an electrocautery and red-LED. The groups were: No injury, Injury, Injury + ALA (topical 5-aminolevulinic acid application), Injury + LED and Injury + ALA + LED (topical ALA application followed by photoactivation with LED). After 2nd, 7th and 14th days post-injury, immuno-histomorphometric analyses (inflammatory infiltrate, blood vessels, fibroblasts, eschar/epidermal thickness, IL-10 and VEGF) and biochemical assays of MPO (neutrophil), NAG (macrophage), nitrite, DCF (H₂ O₂ ), carbonyl (membrane's damage), sulfhydryl (membrane's integrity), SOD, GSH, hydroxyproline and re-epithelialization area were performed. The Injury + LED and Injury + ALA + LED groups controlled inflammation and oxidative stress, favoring angiogenesis, fibroblasts proliferation and collagen formation. Therefore, the PBM or PDT was effective in tissue formation with thinner eschar and epidermis, resulting in less scarring after electrocauterization.

Pramipexole, a dopamine D3/D2 receptor-preferring agonist, attenuates reserpine-induced fibromyalgia-like model in mice

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex pathology described as persistent hyperalgesia including somatic and mood dysfunctions, depression and anxiety. Although the etiology of FM is still unknown, a significant decrease in biogenic amines is a common characteristic in its pathogenesis. Here, our main objective was to investigate the role of dopamine D3/D2 receptor during the reserpine-induced pain in mice. Our results showed that pramipexole (PPX) - a dopaminergic D3/D2 receptor agonist - inhibited mechanical allodynia and thermal sensitivity induced by reserpine. Relevantly, PPX treatment decreased immobility time and increased the number of grooming in the forced swimming test and splash test, respectively. Animals that received PPX remained longer in the open arms than the reserpine group using elevated plus-maze apparatus. The repeated PPX administration, given daily for 4 days, significantly blocked the mechanical and thermal allodynia during FM model, similarly to pregabalin, although it failed to affect the reserpine-induced thermal nociception. Reserpine administration induced significant downregulation of dopamine concentration in the central nervous system, and repeated treatment with PPX restored dopamine levels in the frontal cortex and spinal cord tissues. Moreover, PPX treatment inhibited oxidants production such as DCFH (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein) and nitrite, also decreased oxidative damage (carbonyl), and upregulated the activity of superoxide dismutase in the spinal cord. Together, our findings demonstrated the ability of dopamine D3/D2 receptor-preferring agonist in reducing pain and mood dysfunction allied to FM in mice. All experimental protocols were approved by the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) Ethics Committee (approval No. 2572210218) on May 10, 2018.

Intra-articular treatment with hyaluronic acid associated with gold nanoparticles in a mechanical osteoarthritis model in Wistar rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intra-articular treatment with hyaluronic acid (HA) associated with GNPs in a mechanical model of osteoarthritis induced by median meniscectomy (MM). Fifty Wistar rats (2 months weighing between 250 and 300 g) were used, divided into five groups of 10 animals each: Sham, osteoarthritis (OA), OA + HA, OA + gold nanoparticles (GNPs), and OA + HA + GNPs. Intra-articular treatment was started 30 days after the model was induced, with a frequency of 2 weeks for 60 days. Fifteen days after the last application, the animals were euthanized with the removal of the joint tissue for biochemical and histological analysis. The model used was able to mimic osteoarthritis, characterized by the presence of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and degeneration of joint surfaces (Grade III, according to SCORE OARSI). The isolated use of HA or GNPs provided beneficial results to the joint; however, only the group subjected to the association between HA and GNPs showed the attenuation of oxidative stress and reduced proinflammatory markers, with a simultaneous increase in levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Upon histological analysis, only the OA + HA + GNPs group achieved the restoration of the thickness of the joint cartilage with reduced damage and return to the intact joint surface. The results found demonstrated that the association of GNPs with HA was able to reverse the deleterious effects caused by the model by inhibiting the progressive degeneration of joint surfaces, representing a promising treatment for osteoarthritis.

Evaluation of the in vivo acute toxicity of poly(thioether-ester) and superparamagnetic poly(thioether-ester) nanoparticles obtained by thiol-ene miniemulsion polymerization

Poly(thioether-ester) (PTEe) nanoparticles obtained by thiol-ene polymerization have received attention of many researchers due to several advantages, including, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The search for new nanomaterials requires toxicity studies to assess potential toxic effects of their administration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo acute toxicity of PTEe and poly(thioether-ester)-coated magnetic nanoparticles prepared by thiol-ene polymerization in miniemulsion. These nanoparticles presented a mean size of approximately 120 nm, spherical morphology, and negative surface charge. Doses of 40 mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally to Swiss mice and nociceptive, behavioral and biochemical parameters were investigated in five different organs. None of the nanoparticles led to any alterations in the nociceptive and behavioral responses. Biochemical alterations were observed in liver, decreasing the sulfhydryl and glutathione (GSH) levels, suggesting the dependence of the GSH metabolism in the elimination of the nanoparticles. In general, both nanoparticle types did not cause disturbances in biochemical parameters analyzed in others organs. These results suggest that both nanoparticle types did not induce acute toxicity to the different organs evaluated, reinforcing the biocompatibility of PTEe nanoparticles synthetized by thiol-ene polymerization.

Effects of Low-Intensity Transcranial Pulsed Ultrasound Treatment in a Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. One of the main pathology markers of AD is the beta-amyloid plaques (βA_1-42) created from residues of the badly processed amyloid precursor protein. The accumulation of these plaques can induce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and impair antioxidant mechanisms, culminating in cognitive and memory deficits. New therapies are necessary to treat AD as the approved drugs do not treat the progress of the disease. Transcranial low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) affects brain metabolism and could be tested as a treatment for AD. This study was aimed at evaluating the LIPUS treatment in a model of AD induced by βA_1-42 intracerebroventricularly (ICV) and its effects on learning memory, neurotrophins, neuroinflammation and oxidative status. βA_1-42 was administered ICV 24 h before the start of a 5-wk LIPUS treatment. The treatment with LIPUS improved recognition memory, as well as increasing nerve growth factor β and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the hippocampus and cortex. There was a decrease in protein damage in the hippocampus treated with LIPUS. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress were not present in the AD model used. The results indicated that LIPUS is a novel and promising adjuvant strategy for treatment of the late stage of AD.

Silver nanoparticles formulations for healing traumatic injuries in oral mucosa of rats

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate formulations of 1 % silver (Ag) nanoparticles for treating traumatic lesions induced in the oral mucosa of rats, because these lesions are commonly observed in the dental clinic, and their therapeutic forms are scarce.

METHODS

Wistar rats were punch-injured (two circular fragments, 4.0 mm in diameter) in the oral mucosa (one on each side), and were treated topically (twice per week) with the treatments/groups including: no injury, control, vehicle, diluted Ag, soluble Ag, and solid Ag. On the 2nd, 7th, and 14th days postinjury, biopsies were collected for immunohistochemistry and biochemical analysis.

RESULTS

The group diluted Ag revealed a higher level of inflammatory infiltrate on the 2nd day, whereas solid Ag presented lower levels. The Ag solid group presented higher IL-1β on the 2nd day and increased IL-10 and TGF-β1 throughout the follow-up. Moreover, all three Ag groups presented lower levels of oxidative stress markers and, on the 7th day, the diluted Ag and solid Ag groups revealed higher antioxidants. Diluted Ag and soluble Ag groups presented greater blood vessels proliferation, whereas soluble Ag and solid Ag groups revealed greater VEGF on the 2nd and 14th days. Furthermore, all three Ag groups were highlighted during fibroplasia, although collagenesis was similar to that observed in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Although diluted Ag was noticeable for its important angiogenesis and fibroplasia, solid Ag was the most suitable formulation in healing oral lesions as it efficiently controlled inflammation and oxidative stress, thus favoring angiogenesis and tissue formation.

Effects of cryotherapy on the regeneration process and muscular mechanical properties after lacerative injury model

Cryotherapy is a therapeutic modality widely used for the treatment of muscle injuries to control pain and inflammatory processes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cryotherapy on the inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters and mechanical properties of, and pain in, the skeletal muscles of rats with lacerative muscle injury. The rats were anesthetized with 4% isoflurane and subjected to gastrocnemius muscle laceration injury. After injury, all animals in the intervention groups received cryotherapy treatment for 20 minutes using plastic bags containing crushed ice. The protocol comprised three daily applications at 3-hour intervals on the day of injury, with reapplication 24 hours later. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sham, muscle injury (MI), and MI + cryotherapy (MI + cryo). Muscle mechanical properties were analyzed by mechanical tensile testing on day 7 after injury. The MI + cryo group showed reduced TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL1β levels; elevated IL4, IL6, and IL10 levels; reduced oxidant production and carbonyl levels; and elevated sulfhydryl contents. Animals that underwent tissue cooling showed superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels close to those of the animals in the sham group. The MI and MI + cryo groups showed reduced values of the evaluated mechanical properties and lower mechanical thresholds compared to those of the animals from the sham group. Our results demonstrated that the proposed cryotherapy protocol reduced the inflammatory process and controlled oxidative stress but did not reverse the changes in the mechanical properties of muscle tissues or provide analgesic effects within the time frame analyzed.

Treatment with isolated gold nanoparticles reverses brain damage caused by obesity

In this study, we performed two experiments. In the first experiment, the objective was to link gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with sodium diclofenac and/or soy lecithin and to determine their concentration in tissues and their toxicity using hepatic and renal analyzes in mice to evaluate their safety as therapeutic agents in the subsequent treatment of obesity. In the second experiment, we evaluated the effect of GNPs on inflammatory and biochemical parameters in obese mice. In the first experiment, we synthesized and characterized 18 nm GNPs that were administered intraperitoneally in isolation or in association with sodium diclofenac and/or soy lecithin in mice once daily for 1 or 14 days. Twenty-four hours after the single or final administration, the animals were euthanized, following which the tissues were removed for evaluating the concentration of GNPs, and serum samples were collected for hepatic and renal analysis. Hepatic damage was evaluated based on the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), whereas renal damage was evaluated based on creatinine levels. A higher concentration of GNPs was detected in the tissues upon administration for 14 days, and there were no signs of hepatic or renal damage. In the second experiment, the mice were used as animal models of obesity and were fed a high-fat diet (obese group) and control diet (control group). After eight weeks of high-fat diet administration, the mice were treated with saline or with GNPs (average size of 18 nm) at a concentration of 70 mg/L (70 mg/kg) once a day, for 14 days, for 10 weeks. Body weight and food intake were measured frequently. After the experiment ended, the animals were euthanized, serum samples were collected for glucose and lipid profile analysis, the mesenteric fat content was weighed, and the brains were removed for inflammatory and biochemical analysis. In obese mice, although GNP administration did not reduce body and mesenteric fat weight, it reduced food intake. The glucose levels were reversed upon administration of GNPs, whereas the lipid profile was not altered in any of the groups. GNPs exerted a beneficial effect on inflammation and oxidative stress parameters, without reverting mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results indicate that the intraperitoneal administration of GNPs for 14 days results in a significant GNP concentration in adipose tissues, which could be an interesting finding for the treatment of inflammation associated with obesity. Based on the efficacy of GNPs in reducing dietary intake, inflammation, and oxidative stress, they can be considered potential alternative agents for the treatment of obesity.

Cotreatment of Small Gold Nanoparticles Protects Against the Increase in Cerebral Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Acute Ethanol Exposure in the Zebrafish

Gold nanoparticles (GNP) have emerged as an alternative to biomaterials in biomedical applications. Research has clearly demonstrated the relative safety and low toxicity of these molecules. However, the possible neuroprotective effect of GNP on the central nervous system (CNS) and its relationship with neurological and psychiatric disorders remain unclear. Zebrafish is a reliable model to investigate the impact of ethanol (EtOH) consumption on the CNS, including reward signaling such as the cholinergic neurotransmission system. Here, we investigated whether cotreatment or pretreatment with GNP prevented EtOH-induced changes in acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress in the brain of zebrafish. We exposed adult zebrafish to 2.5 mg·L^-1 GNP 1 h prior to EtOH (1% v/v) treatment for 1 h, and cotreated adult zebrafish simultaneously with both substances for 1 h. Pretreatment with GNP did not prevent EtOH-induced increase in the acetylcholinesterase activity, whereas cotreatment with 2.5 mg·L^-1 GNP and EtOH protected against this increase. The results also suggested similar protective effect on oxidative stress parameters in the zebrafish pretreated with GNP at 2.5 mg·L^-1. GNP significantly decreased the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species and dihydrodichlorofluorescein levels when cotreated with EtOH. GNP also prevented EtOH-induced increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, suggesting a modulatory role of GNP in enzymatic antioxidant defenses. Our results showed that GNP was able to modulate the disruption of cholinergic and oxidative homeostasis in the brain of zebrafish. These findings indicate for the first time that zebrafish is an interesting perspective to investigate nanoparticles against disorders related to alcohol abuse.

Coplanar arrangement of shortwave diathermy is the most effective in skin temperature change: A randomized crossover trial

INTRODUCTION

Continuous shortwave diathermy (CSWD) efficacy relies on change in temperature, which had been evaluated previously. However, the studies are not comparable enough, consequently the primary goal of this study was to analyze which SWD capacitive technique arrangement is the most effective in skin temperature change.

METHOD

A randomized, single-blinded crossover trial conducted in a university research laboratory. Twenty young healthy male subjects were randomly allocated using a website to receive 20 min of CSWD application to the anterior aspect of the thigh through coplanar, contraplanar and longitudinal arrangement. Skin temperature was collected under the proximal electrode and at the thigh center over 25 min after electrodes removal, using an infrared thermography camera.

RESULTS

There were two losses to follow up, remaining 18 subjects for analysis (age = 21.4 ± 2.09 years, BMI = 23.6 ± 2.46 kg/m²). Under the electrode all arrangements achieved vigorous heating (coplanar = 7.9 ± 1.76 °C; contraplanar = 6.52 ± 2.68 °C; longitudinal = 7.46 ± 1.8 °C) immediately after electrodes removal and temperature decreased with a similar rate across arrangements. At the thigh center, coplanar arrangement achieved mild heating (1-2 °C) until 17 min after electrodes removal; meanwhile, the other arrangements did not increase temperature sufficiently for post intervention therapeutic effects. No unintended effect was detected.

CONCLUSIONS

Coplanar arrangement increased skin temperature the most, heated the greatest area, and had the slowest temperature decay. If the body part accommodates any of the capacitive technique arrangements, coplanar should be used to treat superficial tissues.

Effects of the Association between Photobiomodulation and Hyaluronic Acid Linked Gold Nanoparticles in Wound Healing

Healing is the process responsible for restoring the integrity of the body's internal or external structures when they rupture. Photobiomodulation (PBM) stands out as one of the most efficient resources in the treatment of epithelial lesions, as well as hyaluronic acid (HA), which has been emerging as a new molecule for the treatment of dermal and epidermal lesions. The biological application of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) shows promising results. This study aimed to investigate the possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the association between PBM and GNPs-linked HA in an epithelial lesion model. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly distributed in the Control Group (CG); (PBM); (PBM + HA); (PBM + GNPs); (PBM + GNPs-HA). The animals were anesthetized, trichotomized, and induced to a surgical incision in the dorsal region. Topical treatment with HA (0.9%) and/or GNPs (30 mg/kg) occurred daily associated with 904 nm laser irradiation, dose of 5 J/cm², which started 24 h after the lesion and was performed daily until the seventh day. The levels of proinflammatory (IL1 and TNFα), anti-inflammatory (IL10 and IL4) and growth factors (FGF and TGFβ) cytokines and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated, besides histological analysis through inflammatory infiltrate, fibroblasts, new vessels, and collagen production area. Finally, for the analysis of wound size reduction, digital images were performed and subsequently analyzed by the IMAGEJ software. The treated groups showed a decrease in proinflammatory cytokine levels and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. TGFβ and FGF levels also increased in the treated groups, especially in the combination therapy group (PBM + GNPs-HA). Regarding the oxidative stress parameters, MPO, DCF, and Nitrite levels decreased in the treated groups, as well as the oxidative damage (Carbonyl and Thiol groups). In contrast, antioxidant defense increased in the groups with the appropriate therapies proposed compared to the control group. Histological sections were analyzed where the inflammatory infiltrate was lower in the PBM + GNPs-HA group. The number of fibroblasts was higher in the PBM and PBM + HA treated groups, whereas collagen production was higher in all treated groups. Finally, in the analysis of the wound area contraction, the injury group presented a larger area in cm² compared to the other groups. Taken together, these results allow us to observe that the combination of PBM + GNPs-HA optimized the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, proliferation and cell differentiation growth factors, and made an earlier transition to the chronic phase, contributing to the repair process.

Macrophages and Schwann cell TRPA1 mediate chronic allodynia in a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome type I

Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) is characterized by intractable chronic pain. Poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms of CRPS-I accounts for the current unsatisfactory treatment. Antioxidants and antagonists of the oxidative stress-sensitive channel, the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), have been found to attenuate acute nociception and delayed allodynia in models of CRPS-I, evoked by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) of rodent hind limb (chronic post ischemia pain, CPIP). However, it is unknown how I/R may lead to chronic pain mediated by TRPA1. Here, we report that the prolonged (day 1-15) mechanical and cold allodynia in the hind limb of CPIP mice was attenuated permanently in Trpa1^-/- mice and transiently after administration of TRPA1 antagonists (A-967079 and HC-030031) or an antioxidant (α-lipoic acid). Indomethacin treatment was, however, ineffective. We also found that I/R increased macrophage (F4/80⁺ cell) number and oxidative stress markers, including 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), in the injured tibial nerve. Macrophage-deleted MaFIA (Macrophage Fas-Induced Apoptosis) mice did not show I/R-evoked endoneurial cell infiltration, increased 4-HNE and mechanical and cold allodynia. Furthermore, Trpa1^-/- mice did not show any increase in macrophage number and 4-HNE in the injured nerve trunk. Notably, in mice with selective deletion of Schwann cell TRPA1 (Plp1-Cre^ERT;Trpa1^fl/fl mice), increases in macrophage infiltration, 4-HNE and mechanical and cold allodynia were attenuated. In the present mouse model of CRPS-I, we propose that the initial oxidative stress burst that follows reperfusion activates a feed forward mechanism that entails resident macrophages and Schwann cell TRPA1 of the injured tibial nerve to sustain chronic neuroinflammation and allodynia. Repeated treatment one hour before and for 3 days after I/R with a TRPA1 antagonist permanently protected CPIP mice against neuroinflammation and allodynia, indicating possible novel therapeutic strategies for CRPS-I.

Vitamin D3 as adjuvant in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: modulation of genomic and biochemical instability

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has undergone a worldwide growth in incidence in the world and has now acquired epidemic status. There is a strong link between type 2 diabetes and vitamin D deficiency. Because vitamin D has beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of vitamin D3 supplementation on the modulation of glycaemic control and other metabolic effects, as well as modulation of genomic instability in patients with type 2 diabetes. We evaluated 75 patients with type 2 diabetes, registered in the Integrated Clinics of the University of Southern Santa Catarina. Participants received 4000 IU of vitamin D3 (25(OH)D) supplementation daily for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of the supplementation, and 4 weeks after the end of supplementation. The glycidic and lipid profiles [total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides], oxidative stress, DNA damage and 25(OH)D levels were evaluated. Vitamin D3 supplementation for 8 weeks showed enough to significantly increase blood levels of 25(OH)D. A significant difference in lipid profile was observed only in non-HDL cholesterol. Significant changes were observed in glucose homeostasis (fasting glucose and serum insulin) and, in addition, a reduction in the parameters of oxidative stress and DNA damage. There was a significant reduction in the values of 25(OH)D 4 weeks after the end of the supplementation, but levels still remained above baseline. Use of vitamin D supplementation can be an ally in the health modulation of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

2-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile-conjugated gold nanoparticles improves redox and inflammatory profile in infarcted rats

The tissue response to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is key to avoiding heart complications due to inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents can minimize the effects of AMI. This study investigated the role of 2-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (MIBI)-associated gold nanoparticles (AuNP) on reperfusion injury after ischemia and its effect on cardiac remodeling in an experimental AMI model. Three-month-old Wistar rats were subjected to a temporary blockade of the anterior descending artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion after 24 h and 7 days by intraventricularly administering 0.4, 1.3, and 3 mg/kg AuNP-MIBI. The cardiac toxicity and renal and hepatic function levels were determined, and the infarct and peri-infarct regions were surgically removed for histopathology, analysis of inflammation from oxidative stress, and echocardiography. MIBI-conjugated AuNP promoted changes in oxidative stress and inflammation depending on the concentrations used, suggesting promising applicability for therapeutic purposes.

Reduction of oxidative stress improves insulin signaling in cardiac tissue of obese mice

Objective

To evaluate the effects of oxidative stress on insulin signaling in cardiac tissue of obese mice.

Methods

Thirty Swiss mice were equally divided (n=10) into three groups: Control Group, Obese Group, and Obese Group Treated with N-acetylcysteine. After obesity and insulin resistance were established, the obese mice were treated with N-acetylcysteine at a dose of 50mg/kg daily for 15 days via oral gavage.

Results

Higher blood glucose levels and nitrite and carbonyl contents, and lower protein levels of glutathione peroxidase and phosphorylated protein kinase B were observed in the obese group when compared with their respective control. On the other hand, treatment with N-acetylcysteine was effective in reducing blood glucose levels and nitrite and carbonyl contents, and significantly increased protein levels of glutathione peroxidase and phosphorylated protein kinase B compared to the Obese Group.

Conclusion

Obesity and/or a high-lipid diet may result in oxidative stress and insulin resistance in the heart tissue of obese mice, and the use of N-acetylcysteine as a methodological and therapeutic strategy suggested there is a relation between them.

Pulmonary oxidative stress in wild bats exposed to coal dust: A model to evaluate the impact of coal mining on health

This study aimed to verify possible alterations involving histological and oxidative stress parameters in the lungs of wild bats in the Carboniferous Basin of Santa Catarina (CBSC) state, Southern Brazil, as a means to evaluate the impact of coal dust on the health of wildlife. Specimens of frugivorous bat species Artibeus lituratus and Sturnira lilium were collected from an area free of coal dust contamination and from coal mining areas. Chemical composition, histological parameters, synthesis of oxidants and antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative damage in the lungs of bats were analyzed. Levels of Na, Cl, Cu, and Br were higher in both species collected in the CBSC than in the controls. Levels of K and Rb were higher in A. lituratus, and levels of Si, Ca, and Fe were higher in S. lilium collected in the carboniferous basin. Both bat species inhabiting the CBSC areas exhibited an increase in the degree of pulmonary emphysema compared to their counterparts collected from control areas. Sturnira lilium showed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) levels, while A. lituratus showed a significant decrease in nitrite levels in the CBSC samples. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity did not change significantly; however, the activity of catalase (CAT) and levels of glutathione (GSH) decreased in the A. lituratus group from CBSC compared to those in the controls. There were no differences in NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 protein (NQO1) abundance or nitrotyrosine expression among the different groups of bats. Total thiol levels showed a significant reduction in A. lituratus from CBSC, while the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) was higher in both A. lituratus and S. lilium groups from coal mining areas. Our results suggested that bats, especially A. lituratus, living in the CBSC could be used as sentinel species for harmful effects of coal dust on the lungs.

Effects of phonophoresis with diclofenac linked gold nanoparticles in model of traumatic muscle injury

The use of nanotechnology for administering drugs is a recent development that presents promising results. Therapeutic Pulsed Ultrasound (TPU) is one such therapeutic option and is widely used for treating soft tissue lesions. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of phonophoresis using diclofenac (DC) linked to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in the skeletal muscle of rats used as a model of traumatic muscular injury. Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (N = 10): Sham, Muscle injury (MI), MI + TPU, MI + DC, MI + GNPs, MI + TPU + DC, MI + TPU + GNPs, and MI + TPU + DC-GNPs. The traumatic injury was performed in the gastrocnemius with a single direct traumatic impact via an injuring press. The animals received daily treatment for 5 consecutive days with TPU and gel with DC and/or GNPs. Two hours after the last treatment session, animals were euthanized and the gastrocnemius muscle surgically removed for histological and biochemical analysis. The groups exposed to some therapies (MI + TPU + DC, MI + TPU + GNPs and MI + TPU + DC-GNPs) showed reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine levels was observed in the group exposed to all therapies combined (MI + TPU + DC-GNPs). Reactive species production and protein damage resulting from oxidative damage was lower for the group exposed to all tested therapies had lower production. Lower protein damage was also observed in the TPU + GNPs group. The group that underwent all tested therapies combined showed a significant increase in antioxidants compared to the MI group. During histological analysis, the MI group showed large amounts of cell infiltration and centralized nuclei, whereas the MI + TPU + DC-GNPs group showed structural improvements. Pain levels in the MI + TPU + DC-GNPs group were lower than those of the MI group. We believe that the association of TPU with DC linked to GNPs decreases the inflammation caused by traumatic muscle injury and accelerates tissue repair.

Intranasal insulin treatment modulates the neurotropic, inflammatory, and oxidant mechanisms in the cortex and hippocampus in a low-grade inflammation model

The inflammatory process plays a critical role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Insulin is used in preclinical and clinical studies of neurological disorders. Its intranasal (IN) administration directly in the brain allows for its peripheral metabolic effects to be avoided. Swiss male mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.1 mg/kg) to induce low-grade inflammation. IN insulin treatment was initiated 4 h later at a dose of 1.7 IU once daily for 5 days. LPS induced cognitive deficits, which the IN insulin treatment reversed. LPS significantly decreased, whereas IN insulin significantly increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor-β in the cortex. In the hippocampus, IN insulin significantly decreased the BDNF level. LPS significantly increased the interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the cortex, while IN Insulin significantly decreased its levels in the hippocampus. The tumor necrosis factor-α levels were significantly decreased by IN insulin both in the cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, IN insulin significantly increased the IL-10 levels in the cortex. The levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress were significantly higher in the LPS-treated mice; however, IN insulin had a modulatory effect on both. LPS significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activity both in the cortex and hippocampus, whereas IN insulin significantly increased the activity of both superoxide dismutase and catalase in the hippocampus and that of catalase in the cortex. The hydrogen peroxide levels revealed that LPS significantly affected the electron transport chain. Therefore, IN insulin could be useful in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have beneficial effects on visceral fat in diet-induced obesity model

This study evaluated the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on oxidative stress and energy metabolism parameters in the visceral fat of a high-fat-diet induced obesity model. Energy intake, body mass, and visceral fat mass were also evaluated. Male Swiss mice received either a control diet (control group) or a high-fat diet (obese group) for 6 weeks. After this period, the groups were divided into control + saline, control + omega-3, obese + saline, and obese + omega-3, and to these groups 400 mg·(kg body mass)-1·day-1 of fish oil (or saline) was administered orally, for 4 weeks. Energy intake and body mass were monitored throughout the experiment. In the 10th week, the animals were euthanized and the visceral fat (mesenteric) was removed. Treatment with omega-3 PUFAs did not affect energy intake or body mass, but it did reduced visceral fat mass. In visceral fat, omega-3 PUFAs reduced oxidative damage and alleviated changes to the antioxidant defense system and the Krebs cycle. The mitochondrial respiratory chain was neither altered by obesity nor by omega-3 PUFAs. In conclusion, omega-3 PUFAs have beneficial effects on the visceral fat of obese mice because they mitigate changes caused by the consumption of a high-fat diet.

Effects of treatment with gold nanoparticles in a model of acute pulmonary inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide

The bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a highly toxic molecule derived from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. LPS endotoxin affects the lungs and is used as a model of acute pulmonary inflammation affecting the cellular morphology of the organ. Previously, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been shown to demonstrate anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity in muscle and epithelial injury models. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the intraperitoneal treatment using GNPs on the inflammatory response and pulmonary oxidative stress induced by LPS. Wistar rats were divided into four groups (N = 10): Sham; Sham + GNPs 2.5 mg/kg; LPS; and LPS + GNPs 2.5 mg/kg. Treatment with LPS upregulated the levels of markers of cellular and hepatic damage (CK, LDH, AST, and alanine aminotransferase); however, the group treated with only GNPs exhibited no toxicity. Treatment with GNPs reversed LPS-induced changes with respect to total peritoneal leukocyte count and the pulmonary levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-6). Histological analysis revealed that treatment with GNPs reversed the increase in alveolar septum thickness due to LPS-induced fibrosis. In addition, treatment with GNPs decreased production of oxidants (nitrite and DCFH), reduced oxidative damage (carbonyl and sulfhydryl), and downregulated activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Treatment with GNPs did not showed toxicity; however, it exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity that reversed morphological alterations induced by LPS.

Therapeutic effects of iontophoresis with gold nanoparticles in the repair of traumatic muscle injury

Studies have shown the benefits of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in muscle and epithelial injury models. In physiotherapy, the use of the microcurrent apparatus is associated with certain drugs (Iontophoresis) to increase the topical penetration and to associate the effects of both therapies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of iontophoresis along with GNPs in the skeletal muscle of rats exposed to a traumatic muscle injury. We utilised 50 Wistar rats randomly divided in to five experimental groups (n = 10): Control group (CG); Muscle injury group (MI); MI + GNPs (20 nm, 30 mg kg^-1); MI + Microcurrent (300 μA); and MI + Microcurrent + GNPs. The treatment was performed daily for 7 days, with the first session starting at 24 h after the muscle injury. The animals were sacrificed and the gastrocnemius muscle was surgically removedand stored for the proper evaluations. The group that received iontophoresis with GNPs showed significant differences in inflammation and oxidative stress parameters and in the histopathological evaluation showed preserved morphology. In addition, we observed an improvement in the locomotor response and pain symptoms of these animals. These results suggest that the association of boththerapies accelerates the inflammatory response of the injured limb.

Effects of chronic treatment with gold nanoparticles on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in Mdx mice

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive hereditary myopathy characterised by progressive muscle degeneration in male children. As a consequence of DMD, increased inflammation and oxidative stress occur in muscle tissue along with morphological changes. Several studies have reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of gold nanoparticles (GNP) in muscle injury models. The objective of this study was to evaluate these effects along with the impacts of the disease on histopathological changes following chronic administration of GNP to Mdx mice. Two-month-old Mdx mice were separated into five groups of eight individuals each, as follows: wild-type (WT), Mdx-modified without treatment, Mdx + 2.5 mg/kg GNP, Mdx + 7.0 mg/kg GNP and Mdx + 21 mg/kg GNP. GNP with a mean diameter of 20 nm were injected subcutaneously at concentrations of 2.5, 7.0 and 21 mg/kg. Treatments continued for 30 d with injections administered at 48-h intervals. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the animals were killed and the central region of the gastrocnemius muscle was surgically removed. Chronic administration of GNP reduced inflammation in the gastrocnemius muscle of Mdx mice and reduced morphological alterations due to inflammatory responses to muscular dystrophy. In addition, GNP also demonstrated antioxidant potential by reducing the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, reducing oxidative damage and improving antioxidant activity.

Diet-induced obesity causes hypothalamic neurochemistry alterations in Swiss mice

The aim of this study was to assess inflammatory parameters, oxidative stress and energy metabolism in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese mice. Male Swiss mice were divided into two study groups: control group and obese group. The animals in the control group were fed a diet with adequate amounts of macronutrients (normal-lipid diet), whereas the animals in the obese group were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity. Obesity induction lasted 10 weeks, at the end of this period the disease model was validated in animals. The animals in the obese group had higher calorie consumption, higher body weight and higher weight of mesenteric fat compared to control group. Obesity showed an increase in levels of interleukin 1β and decreased levels of interleukin 10 in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, and decreased level of glutathione in the hypothalamus of obese animals. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase. The obese group had lower activity of complex I, II and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, as well as lower activity of creatine kinase in the hypothalamus as compared to the control group. Thus, the results from this study showed changes in inflammatory markers, and dysregulation of metabolic enzymes in the pathophysiology of obesity.