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Coenen M, de Kort FAS, Weaver NA, Kuijf HJ, Aben HP, Bae HJ, Bordet R, Chen CL, Dewenter A, Doeven T, Dondaine T, Duering M, Fang R, van der Giessen RS, Kim J, Kim BJ, de Kort PLM, Koudstaal P, Lee M, Lim JS, Lopes R, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Staals J, Yu KH, Biessels GJ, Biesbroek JM. Strategic white matter hyperintensity locations associated with post-stroke cognitive impairment: a multicenter study in 1568 stroke patients. Int J Stroke 2024:17474930241252530. [PMID: 38651756 DOI: 10.1177/17474930241252530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) occurs in up to 50% of stroke survivors. Presence of pre-existing vascular brain injury, in particular the extent of white matter hyperintensities (WMH), is associated with worse cognitive outcome after stroke, but the role of WMH location in this association is unclear. AIM We determined if WMH in strategic white matter tracts explain cognitive performance after stroke. METHODS Individual patient data from 9 ischemic stroke cohorts with MRI were harmonized through the Meta VCI Map consortium. The association between WMH volumes in strategic tracts and domain-specific cognitive functioning (attention and executive functioning, information processing speed, language and verbal memory) was assessed using linear mixed models and lasso regression. We used a hypothesis-driven design, primarily addressing four white matter tracts known to be strategic in memory clinic patients: the left and right anterior thalamic radiation, forceps major and left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. RESULTS The total study sample consisted of 1568 patients (39.9% female, mean age: 67.3 years). Total WMH volume was strongly related to cognitive performance on all four cognitive domains. WMH volume in the left anterior thalamic radiation was significantly associated with cognitive performance on attention and executive functioning and information processing speed, and WMH volume in the forceps major with information processing speed. The multivariable lasso regression showed that these associations were independent of age, sex, education, and total infarct volume and had larger coefficients than total WMH volume. CONCLUSIONS These results show tract-specific relations between WMH volume and cognitive performance after ischemic stroke, independent of total WMH volume. This implies that the concept of strategic lesions in PSCI extends beyond acute infarcts and also involves pre-existing WMH. DATA AVAILABILITY The Meta VCI Map consortium is dedicated to data sharing, following our guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirthe Coenen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- contributed equally
| | - Floor A S de Kort
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- contributed equally
| | - Nick A Weaver
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo J Kuijf
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo Paul Aben
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Régis Bordet
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (LilNCog)- U1172, Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christopher Lh Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Dewenter
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Doeven
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thibaut Dondaine
- 5Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (LilNCog)- U1172, Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marco Duering
- 8Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rong Fang
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jonguk Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul L M de Kort
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Renaud Lopes
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (LilNCog)- U1172, Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kyung-Ho Yu
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Matthijs Biesbroek
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- contributed equally
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Prats-Sanchez L, Camps-Renom P, Nash PS, Wilson D, Ambler G, Best JG, Guasch-Jiménez M, Ramos-Pachón A, Martinez-Domeño A, Lambea-Gil Á, Díaz GE, Guisado-Alonso D, Du H, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GY, Ay H, Jung S, Bornstein NM, Gattringer T, Eppinger S, van Dam-Nolen DH, Koga M, Toyoda K, Fluri F, Phan TG, Srikanth VK, Heo JH, Bae HJ, Kelly PJ, Imaizumi T, Staals J, Köhler S, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Smith EE, Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Makin SD, Mas JL, Calvet D, Bordet R, Chen CP, Veltkamp R, Kandiah N, Simister RJ, De Leeuw FE, Engelter ST, Peters N, Soo YO, Zietz A, Hendrikse J, Mess WH, Werring DJ, Marti-Fabregas J. Statin Therapy for Secondary Prevention in Ischemic Stroke Patients With Cerebral Microbleeds. Neurology 2024; 102:e209173. [PMID: 38471056 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The association between statin use and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH) following ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in patients with cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) remains uncertain. This study investigated the risk of recurrent IS and ICrH in patients receiving statins based on the presence of CMBs. METHODS We conducted a pooled analysis of individual patient data from the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network, comprising 32 hospital-based prospective studies fulfilling the following criteria: adult patients with IS or TIA, availability of appropriate baseline MRI for CMB quantification and distribution, registration of statin use after the index stroke, and collection of stroke event data during a follow-up period of ≥3 months. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of recurrent symptomatic stroke (IS or ICrH), while secondary endpoints included IS alone or ICrH alone. We calculated incidence rates and performed Cox regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, and use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs to explore the association between statin use and stroke events during follow-up in patients with CMBs. RESULTS In total, 16,373 patients were included (mean age 70.5 ± 12.8 years; 42.5% female). Among them, 10,812 received statins at discharge, and 4,668 had 1 or more CMBs. The median follow-up duration was 1.34 years (interquartile range: 0.32-2.44). In patients with CMBs, statin users were compared with nonusers. Compared with nonusers, statin therapy was associated with a reduced risk of any stroke (incidence rate [IR] 53 vs 79 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.68 [95% CI 0.56-0.84]), a reduced risk of IS (IR 39 vs 65 per 1,000 patient-years, aHR 0.65 [95% CI 0.51-0.82]), and no association with the risk of ICrH (IR 11 vs 16 per 1,000 patient-years, aHR 0.73 [95% CI 0.46-1.15]). The results in aHR remained consistent when considering anatomical distribution and high burden (≥5) of CMBs. DISCUSSION These observational data suggest that secondary stroke prevention with statins in patients with IS or TIA and CMBs is associated with a lower risk of any stroke or IS without an increased risk of ICrH. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that for patients with IS or TIA and CMBs, statins lower the risk of any stroke or IS without increasing the risk of ICrH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Prats-Sanchez
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Philip S Nash
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan G Best
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Guasch-Jiménez
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Ramos-Pachón
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Domeño
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Álvaro Lambea-Gil
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Garbiñe Ezcurra Díaz
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Guisado-Alonso
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Houwei Du
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Y Lip
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Ay
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Jung
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dianne H van Dam-Nolen
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Kelly
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Staals
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Eric E Smith
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca M Chappell
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen D Makin
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - David Calvet
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher P Chen
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Simister
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Frank-Erik De Leeuw
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Peters
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Yannie O Soo
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Werner H Mess
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - David J Werring
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Marti-Fabregas
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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3
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Oestreich LKL, Lo JW, Di Biase MA, Sachdev PS, Mok AH, Wright P, Crawford JD, Lam B, Traykov L, Köhler S, Staals JEA, van Oostenbrugge R, Chen C, Desmond DW, Yu KH, Lee M, Klimkowicz-Mrowiec A, Bordet R, O'Sullivan MJ, Zalesky A. Network analysis of neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and functional complications of stroke: implications for novel treatment targets. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 78:229-236. [PMID: 38113307 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Recovery from stroke is adversely affected by neuropsychiatric complications, cognitive impairment, and functional disability. Better knowledge of their mutual relationships is required to inform effective interventions. Network theory enables the conceptualization of symptoms and impairments as dynamic and mutually interacting systems. We aimed to identify interactions of poststroke complications using network analysis in diverse stroke samples. METHODS Data from 2185 patients were sourced from member studies of STROKOG (Stroke and Cognition Consortium), an international collaboration of stroke studies. Networks were generated for each cohort, whereby nodes represented neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive deficits, and disabilities on activities of daily living. Edges characterized associations between them. Centrality measures were used to identify hub items. RESULTS Across cohorts, a single network of interrelated poststroke complications emerged. Networks exhibited dissociable depression, apathy, fatigue, cognitive impairment, and functional disability modules. Worry was the most central symptom across cohorts, irrespective of the depression scale used. Items relating to activities of daily living were also highly central nodes. Follow-up analysis in two studies revealed that individuals who worried had more densely connected networks than those free of worry (CASPER [Cognition and Affect after Stroke: Prospective Evaluation of Risks] study: S = 9.72, P = 0.038; SSS [Sydney Stroke Study]: S = 13.56, P = 0.069). CONCLUSION Neuropsychiatric symptoms are highly interconnected with cognitive deficits and functional disabilities resulting from stroke. Given their central position and high level of connectedness, worry and activities of daily living have the potential to drive multimorbidity and mutual reinforcement between domains of poststroke complications. Targeting these factors early after stroke may have benefits that extend to other complications, leading to better stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena K L Oestreich
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica W Lo
- (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alice H Mok
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Wright
- Biomedical Engineering Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John D Crawford
- (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Lam
- (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Latchezar Traykov
- Department of Neurology, UH Alexandrovska, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Julie E A Staals
- Department of Neurology, School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), The Netherlands
| | - Robert van Oostenbrugge
- Department of Neurology, School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Ageing and Cognition Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kyung-Ho Yu
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | | | - Régis Bordet
- Department of Pharmacology, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Michael J O'Sullivan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Huleux L, Lefebvre E, Azzouz R, Charuel L, Caous AS, Deheul S, Victorri-Vigneau C, Le Boisselier R, Bordet R, Thorigné S, Carton L. Ipomoea species, glorious but dangerous plants: A case-series. Therapie 2024:S0040-5957(24)00009-X. [PMID: 38369406 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Huleux
- Pharmacology Department, Addictovigilance Center, French addictovigilance network (FAN), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, Inserm, CHU of Lille, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Lefebvre
- Service de pharmacologie clinique - centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la pharmacodépendance-addictovigilance, CHU de Nantes, Nantes université, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Ramy Azzouz
- Centre antipoison, pôle de l'urgence, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Lauriane Charuel
- Centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la pharmacodépendance-addictovigilance de Paris, centre antipoison de Paris, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sylvie Caous
- Pharmacology Department, Addictovigilance Center, French addictovigilance network (FAN), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, Inserm, CHU of Lille, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Deheul
- Pharmacology Department, Addictovigilance Center, French addictovigilance network (FAN), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, Inserm, CHU of Lille, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Caroline Victorri-Vigneau
- Service de pharmacologie clinique - centre d'évaluation et d'information sur la pharmacodépendance-addictovigilance, CHU de Nantes, Nantes université, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Reynald Le Boisselier
- Pharmacology Department, Addictovigilance Center of Britany and Normandy areas, 14033 Caen, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Pharmacology Department, Addictovigilance Center, French addictovigilance network (FAN), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, Inserm, CHU of Lille, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sandra Thorigné
- Pharmacology Department, Addictovigilance Center of Britany and Normandy areas, 14033 Caen, France
| | - Louise Carton
- Pharmacology Department, Addictovigilance Center, French addictovigilance network (FAN), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, Inserm, CHU of Lille, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
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5
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Largeau B, Bergeron S, Auger F, Salmon Gandonnière C, Jonville-Béra AP, Ehrmann S, Gautier S, Bordet R. Experimental Models of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: A Review From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Targets. Stroke 2024; 55:484-493. [PMID: 38126184 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.044533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical and radiological entity characterized by nonspecific symptomatology (eg, headache, visual disturbances, encephalopathy, and seizures) and classically cortical and subcortical vasogenic edema predominantly affecting the parietooccipital region. PRES etiologies are usually dichotomized into toxic PRES (eg, antineoplastic drugs, illicit drugs) and clinical condition-associated PRES (eg, acute hypertension, dysimmune disorders). Although the pathophysiology of PRES remains elusive, 2 main pathogenic hypotheses have been suggested: cerebral hyperperfusion due to acute hypertension and cerebral hypoperfusion related to endothelial dysfunction. Research into the pathogenesis of PRES has emerged through the development of animal models in the last decade. The motivation for developing a suitable PRES model is 2-fold: to fill in knowledge gaps of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, and to open new perspectives for clinical assessment of pharmacological targets to improve therapeutic management of PRES. All current models of PRES have a hypertensive background, on which other triggers (acute hypertension, inflammatory, drug toxicity) have been added to address specific facets of PRES (eg, seizures). The initial model consisted in inducing a reduced uterine perfusion pressure that mimics preeclampsia, a leading cause of PRES. More recently, a model of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats on high-salt diet, originally developed for hypertensive small vessel disease and vascular cognitive impairment, has been studied in PRES. This review aims to discuss, depending on the research objective, the benefits and limitations of current experimental approaches and thus to define the desirable characteristics for studying the pathophysiology of PRES and developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérenger Largeau
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance Centre-Val de Loire, Tours, France (B.L.)
| | - Sandrine Bergeron
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1172, équipe Troubles Cognitifs Dégénératifs et Vasculaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance, France (S.B., S.G., R.B.)
| | - Florent Auger
- Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41, Unités Mixtes de Service 2014, Plateformes Lilloises en Biologie et Santé, Lille, France (F.A.)
| | - Charlotte Salmon Gandonnière
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, réseau CRICS-TRIGGERSEP F-CRIN (Clinical Research in Intensive Care Sepsis Trial Group for Global Evaluation Research in Sepsis, a French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network) Research Network, Tours, France (C.S.G.)
| | - Annie-Pierre Jonville-Béra
- Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM, Methods in Patients-Centered Outcomes and Health Research (SPHERE), UMR 1246, CHRU de Tours, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance Centre-Val de Loire, Tours, France (A.-P.J.-B.)
| | - Stephan Ehrmann
- Université de Tours, INSERM, Centre d'étude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CIC 1415, réseau CRICS-TRIGGERSEP F-CRIN Research Network, Tours, France (S.E.)
| | - Sophie Gautier
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1172, équipe Troubles Cognitifs Dégénératifs et Vasculaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance, France (S.B., S.G., R.B.)
| | - Régis Bordet
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1172, équipe Troubles Cognitifs Dégénératifs et Vasculaires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance, France (S.B., S.G., R.B.)
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Best JG, Ambler G, Wilson D, Du H, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Teo KC, Mak H, Kim YD, Song TJ, Selcuk Demirelli D, Nishihara M, Yoshikawa M, Kubacka M, Zietz A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Panos L, Goeldlin MB, Slater LA, Karayiannis CC, Phan TG, Bellut M, Abrigo J, Cheng C, Leung TW, Chu W, Chappell F, Makin SDJ, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Kooi ME, Köhler S, Staals J, Kuchcinski G, Bordet R, Dubost F, Wardlaw JM, Soo YOY, Fluri F, Srikanth VK, Jung S, Peters N, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Necioglu Orken D, Heo JH, Lau GKK, Bae HJ, Werring DJ. Clinical Associations and Prognostic Value of MRI-Visible Perivascular Spaces in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or TIA: A Pooled Analysis. Neurology 2024; 102:e207795. [PMID: 38165371 PMCID: PMC10834118 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Visible perivascular spaces are an MRI marker of cerebral small vessel disease and might predict future stroke. However, results from existing studies vary. We aimed to clarify this through a large collaborative multicenter analysis. METHODS We pooled individual patient data from a consortium of prospective cohort studies. Participants had recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), underwent baseline MRI, and were followed up for ischemic stroke and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia (BGPVS) and perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale (CSOPVS) were rated locally using a validated visual scale. We investigated clinical and radiologic associations cross-sectionally using multinomial logistic regression and prospective associations with ischemic stroke and ICH using Cox regression. RESULTS We included 7,778 participants (mean age 70.6 years; 42.7% female) from 16 studies, followed up for a median of 1.44 years. Eighty ICH and 424 ischemic strokes occurred. BGPVS were associated with increasing age, hypertension, previous ischemic stroke, previous ICH, lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, and white matter hyperintensities. CSOPVS showed consistently weaker associations. Prospectively, after adjusting for potential confounders including cerebral microbleeds, increasing BGPVS burden was independently associated with future ischemic stroke (versus 0-10 BGPVS, 11-20 BGPVS: HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.93-1.53; 21+ BGPVS: HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.10-2.06; p = 0.040). Higher BGPVS burden was associated with increased ICH risk in univariable analysis, but not in adjusted analyses. CSOPVS were not significantly associated with either outcome. DISCUSSION In patients with ischemic stroke or TIA, increasing BGPVS burden is associated with more severe cerebral small vessel disease and higher ischemic stroke risk. Neither BGPVS nor CSOPVS were independently associated with future ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Best
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Houwei Du
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kay Cheong Teo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Henry Mak
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Dae Kim
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Derya Selcuk Demirelli
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Masaaki Yoshikawa
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Marta Kubacka
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Leonidas Panos
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Martina B Goeldlin
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee-Anne Slater
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher Charles Karayiannis
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Maximilian Bellut
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jill Abrigo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Cyrus Cheng
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas W Leung
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Winnie Chu
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Francesca Chappell
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen D J Makin
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - M Eline Kooi
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Julie Staals
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Grégory Kuchcinski
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Dubost
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannie O Y Soo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon Jung
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nils Peters
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hideo Hara
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gary Kui Kai Lau
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - David J Werring
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Caron C, Dondaine T, Bastien A, Chérot N, Deheul S, Gautier S, Cottencin O, Moreau-Crépeaux S, Bordet R, Carton L. Could psychostimulant drug use among university students be related to ADHD symptoms? A preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 2024; 331:115630. [PMID: 38043409 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to explore if psychostimulant use among student could be linked to attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms using a self-administered questionnaire sent by email to French students in 2021. Participants were asked about their psychostimulant use and the presence of ADHD symptoms using the Wender Utah Rating Scale and the Adult Self-Report Scale. Among the 4431 respondents, the prevalence of psychostimulant use was concerning and significantly associated with ADHD symptoms. This association could be related to undiagnosed ADHD or to psychobehavioral impairments induced by psychostimulant use underlining the need of ADHD screening and targeted prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Caron
- Pharmacology Department, Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Department, CHU Lille, Addictovigilance Center, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Thibaut Dondaine
- Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Pharmacology Department, University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Axel Bastien
- Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Department, CHU Lille, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Nathalie Chérot
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Sylvie Deheul
- Pharmacology Department, CHU Lille, Addictovigilance Center, France
| | - Sophie Gautier
- Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Pharmacology Department, University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Olivier Cottencin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Plasticity & SubjectivitY (PSY) team, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (LiNC), CHU Lille, INSERM U-1172, France
| | | | - Régis Bordet
- Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Pharmacology Department, University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Louise Carton
- Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Pharmacology Department, University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, Lille F-59000, France.
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Carton L, Bastien A, Chérot N, Caron C, Deheul S, Cottencin O, Gautier S, Moreau-Crépeaux S, Dondaine T, Bordet R. An overview of the use of psychoactive substances among students at the University of Lille during the COVID-19 health crisis: Results of the PETRA study. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2023; 25:101-111. [PMID: 37837439 PMCID: PMC10578082 DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2023.2268063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Students represent a population at risk for substance abuse. That risk may have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to describe substance abuse among students and to compare consumption according to the university field. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire was sent by email to all students at the University of Lille, France, between March and July 2021. This anonymous questionnaire included questions about sociodemographic characteristics, university courses and the use of psychoactive substances (frequency, reasons, routes of administration) since the first university year. RESULTS Among the 4431 students who responded (response rate 6.1%), eighty percent declared having used alcohol since the first university year, 34% cannabis, 15.4% benzodiazepines, 14.7% opioid drugs, 7.5% cocaine, 6.8% nitrous oxide and 6.5% MDMA. More than 20% of the users of cannabis, benzodiazepines, amphetamines and cocaine reported having already felt dependent. Recreational use was described by more than 10% of benzodiazepine or opioid drug users. Nitrous oxide use was significantly more frequent in the health and sport field (p < 0.001). Tobacco, benzodiazepine, cannabis and MDMA uses were significantly more frequent in the humanities and social sciences/art, language and literature fields (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Prevention measures focusing on alcohol, cannabis, illicit psychostimulants, nitrous oxide and prescription drugs are required in the student population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carton
- Pharmacology Department, Pharmacovigilance and Addictovigilance center, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Axel Bastien
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Chérot
- Department of Occupational Health, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMP ECS - IMPact de l‘Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
| | - Clément Caron
- Pharmacology Department, Pharmacovigilance and Addictovigilance center, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Deheul
- Pharmacology Department, Pharmacovigilance and Addictovigilance center, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Cottencin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Univ Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM U-1172, Plasticity & SubjectivitY (P SY) team, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (LiNC), Lille, France
| | - Sophie Gautier
- Pharmacology Department, Pharmacovigilance and Addictovigilance center, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | | | - Thibaut Dondaine
- Pharmacology Department, Pharmacovigilance and Addictovigilance center, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Pharmacology Department, Pharmacovigilance and Addictovigilance center, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
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de Kort FA, Coenen M, Weaver NA, Kuijf HJ, Aben HP, Bae HJ, Bordet R, Cammà G, Chen CP, Dewenter A, Duering M, Fang R, van der Giessen RS, Hamilton OK, Hilal S, Huenges Wajer IM, Kan CN, Kim J, Kim BJ, Köhler S, de Kort PL, Koudstaal PJ, Lim JS, Lopes R, Mok VC, Staals J, Venketasubramanian N, Verhagen CM, Verhey FR, Wardlaw JM, Xu X, Yu KH, Biesbroek JM, Biessels GJ. White Matter Hyperintensity Volume and Poststroke Cognition: An Individual Patient Data Pooled Analysis of 9 Ischemic Stroke Cohort Studies. Stroke 2023; 54:3021-3029. [PMID: 37901947 PMCID: PMC10664782 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.044297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are associated with cognitive dysfunction after ischemic stroke. Yet, uncertainty remains about affected domains, the role of other preexisting brain injury, and infarct types in the relation between WMH burden and poststroke cognition. We aimed to disentangle these factors in a large sample of patients with ischemic stroke from different cohorts. METHODS We pooled and harmonized individual patient data (n=1568) from 9 cohorts, through the Meta VCI Map consortium (www.metavcimap.org). Included cohorts comprised patients with available magnetic resonance imaging and multidomain cognitive assessment <15 months poststroke. In this individual patient data meta-analysis, linear mixed models were used to determine the association between WMH volume and domain-specific cognitive functioning (Z scores; attention and executive functioning, processing speed, language and verbal memory) for the total sample and stratified by infarct type. Preexisting brain injury was accounted for in the multivariable models and all analyses were corrected for the study site as a random effect. RESULTS In the total sample (67 years [SD, 11.5], 40% female), we found a dose-dependent inverse relationship between WMH volume and poststroke cognitive functioning across all 4 cognitive domains (coefficients ranging from -0.09 [SE, 0.04, P=0.01] for verbal memory to -0.19 [SE, 0.03, P<0.001] for attention and executive functioning). This relation was independent of acute infarct volume and the presence of lacunes and old infarcts. In stratified analyses, the relation between WMH volume and domain-specific functioning was also largely independent of infarct type. CONCLUSIONS In patients with ischemic stroke, increasing WMH volume is independently associated with worse cognitive functioning across all major domains, regardless of old ischemic lesions and infarct type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor A.S. de Kort
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (F.A.S.d.K., M.C., N.A.W., G.C., I.M.C.H.W., C.M.V., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
| | - Mirthe Coenen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (F.A.S.d.K., M.C., N.A.W., G.C., I.M.C.H.W., C.M.V., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
| | - Nick A. Weaver
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (F.A.S.d.K., M.C., N.A.W., G.C., I.M.C.H.W., C.M.V., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
| | - Hugo J. Kuijf
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands (H.J.K.)
| | - Hugo P. Aben
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands (H.P.A., P.L.M.d.K.)
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (H.-J.B., J.K., B.J.K.)
| | - Régis Bordet
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (LilNCog) U1172, Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France (R.B., R.L.)
| | - Guido Cammà
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (F.A.S.d.K., M.C., N.A.W., G.C., I.M.C.H.W., C.M.V., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
| | - Christopher P.L.H. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., S.H., C.N.K., X.X.)
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., S.H., C.N.K., X.X.)
| | - Anna Dewenter
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (A.D., M.D., R.F.)
| | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (A.D., M.D., R.F.)
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Switzerland (M.D.)
| | - Rong Fang
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (A.D., M.D., R.F.)
| | - Ruben S. van der Giessen
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.S.v.d.G., P.J.K.)
| | - Olivia K.L. Hamilton
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (O.K.L.H., J.M.W.)
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (O.K.L.H., J.M.W.)
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (O.K.L.H.)
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., S.H., C.N.K., X.X.)
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., S.H., C.N.K., X.X.)
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System (S.H.)
| | - Irene M.C. Huenges Wajer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (F.A.S.d.K., M.C., N.A.W., G.C., I.M.C.H.W., C.M.V., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (I.M.C.H.W.)
| | - Cheuk Ni Kan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., S.H., C.N.K., X.X.)
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., S.H., C.N.K., X.X.)
| | - Jonguk Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (H.-J.B., J.K., B.J.K.)
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (H.-J.B., J.K., B.J.K.)
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (S.K., F.R.J.V.)
| | - Paul L.M. de Kort
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands (H.P.A., P.L.M.d.K.)
| | - Peter J. Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.S.v.d.G., P.J.K.)
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.-S.L.)
| | - Renaud Lopes
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (LilNCog) U1172, Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France (R.B., R.L.)
| | - Vincent C.T. Mok
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (V.C.T.M.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Lau Tat-Chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Lui Chi Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine (V.C.T.M.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands (J.S.)
| | | | - Charlotte M. Verhagen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (F.A.S.d.K., M.C., N.A.W., G.C., I.M.C.H.W., C.M.V., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
| | - Frans R.J. Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (S.K., F.R.J.V.)
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (O.K.L.H., J.M.W.)
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (O.K.L.H., J.M.W.)
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., S.H., C.N.K., X.X.)
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., S.H., C.N.K., X.X.)
| | - Kyung-Ho Yu
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea (K.-H.Y.)
| | - J. Matthijs Biesbroek
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (F.A.S.d.K., M.C., N.A.W., G.C., I.M.C.H.W., C.M.V., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Diakonessenhuis Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M.B.)
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (F.A.S.d.K., M.C., N.A.W., G.C., I.M.C.H.W., C.M.V., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
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Carton L, Bordy R, Totoson P, Laforgue EJ, Pelerin JM, Portier-Feunteun T, Mainbourg S, Deplanque D, Zimmer L, Laporte S, Bordet R, Grenet G, Legeay S. A revisited version of the disputatio for pharmacological training: An educational study. Therapie 2023:S0040-5957(23)00184-1. [PMID: 38008601 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The disputatio is a pedagogical method existing since the Middle-Ages where students had to debate about a question asked by a "master", exercising their thinking and oratory skills. To move away from traditional vertical teaching methods, the disputatio has been revived by pharmacologists. Thus, for almost three successive years, several groups of young French pharmacologists and therapists confronted their ideas concerning a medical question at a therapeutic impasse. The aim here is to describe the initial feedback received from participants. METHODS An anonymous questionnaire was sent by email in May 2023 to the participants of the different disputationes of 2019, 2022 and 2023. Participants were asked about different aspects of their feelings before, during and after the disputatio, using the 5-point Likert scale. They were also asked to describe the event in 2 to 5 words. Finally, participants could leave their comments in a free-field and were asked to give an overall satisfaction score out of 10. RESULTS Out of the 39 participants, 27 (69.2%) answered the questionnaire. Although 50% of respondents reported a feeling of anxiety before participating, most enjoyed the expert talks as well as working with people they did not know. Besides, over 66% reported having underestimated the skills they could share with colleagues from different backgrounds. Over 55% of respondents reported progress in methodology, and over 83% in pharmacology and/or therapeutics. Participants reported an overall satisfaction score of 8.6/10, and the main terms used to describe the event were "sharing", "enriching" and "meeting". CONCLUSION The disputatio is an innovative training program whose pedagogical and human values were underlined by most of the participants. Beyond pharmacology and therapeutics, the principle of disputatio could be extended to other disciplines, spanning the centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carton
- Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, 59037 Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luc Zimmer
- Université de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Silvy Laporte
- Université de Saint-Étienne, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, 59037 Lille, France
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11
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Neumann A, Ohlei O, Küçükali F, Bos IJ, Timsina J, Vos S, Prokopenko D, Tijms BM, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Vandenberghe R, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE, Engelborghs S, Frisoni GB, Blin O, Richardson JC, Bordet R, Lleó A, Alcolea D, Popp J, Marsh TW, Gorijala P, Clark C, Peyratout G, Martinez-Lage P, Tainta M, Dobson RJB, Legido-Quigley C, Van Broeckhoven C, Tanzi RE, Ten Kate M, Lill CM, Barkhof F, Cruchaga C, Lovestone S, Streffer J, Zetterberg H, Visser PJ, Sleegers K, Bertram L. Multivariate GWAS of Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarker profiles implies GRIN2D in synaptic functioning. Genome Med 2023; 15:79. [PMID: 37794492 PMCID: PMC10548686 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have identified several risk loci, but many remain unknown. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers may aid in gene discovery and we previously demonstrated that six CSF biomarkers (β-amyloid, total/phosphorylated tau, NfL, YKL-40, and neurogranin) cluster into five principal components (PC), each representing statistically independent biological processes. Here, we aimed to (1) identify common genetic variants associated with these CSF profiles, (2) assess the role of associated variants in AD pathophysiology, and (3) explore potential sex differences. METHODS We performed GWAS for each of the five biomarker PCs in two multi-center studies (EMIF-AD and ADNI). In total, 973 participants (n = 205 controls, n = 546 mild cognitive impairment, n = 222 AD) were analyzed for 7,433,949 common SNPs and 19,511 protein-coding genes. Structural equation models tested whether biomarker PCs mediate genetic risk effects on AD, and stratified and interaction models probed for sex-specific effects. RESULTS Five loci showed genome-wide significant association with CSF profiles, two were novel (rs145791381 [inflammation] and GRIN2D [synaptic functioning]) and three were previously described (APOE, TMEM106B, and CHI3L1). Follow-up analyses of the two novel signals in independent datasets only supported the GRIN2D locus, which contains several functionally interesting candidate genes. Mediation tests indicated that variants in APOE are associated with AD status via processes related to amyloid and tau pathology, while markers in TMEM106B and CHI3L1 are associated with AD only via neuronal injury/inflammation. Additionally, seven loci showed sex-specific associations with AD biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that pathway and sex-specific analyses can improve our understanding of AD genetics and may contribute to precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Neumann
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Olena Ohlei
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, V50.2M, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - Fahri Küçükali
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabelle J Bos
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jigyasha Timsina
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephanie Vos
- Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Prokopenko
- Genetics and Aging Unit and McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Betty M Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel) and Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Memory Center, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University and University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Blin
- Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacovigilance Department, Marseille University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | | | - Régis Bordet
- Neuroscience & Cognition, CHU de Lille, University of Lille, Inserm, France
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julius Popp
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Marsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Priyanka Gorijala
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gwendoline Peyratout
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Martinez-Lage
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Tainta
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
- Zumarraga Hospital, Osakidetza, Integrated Health Organization (OSI) Goierri-Urola Garia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Richard J B Dobson
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Boston, UK
- NIHR BioResource Centre Maudsley, NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) & Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Unit and McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mara Ten Kate
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christina M Lill
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, V50.2M, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Janssen Medical Ltd, Wycombe, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- AC Immune SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Janssen R&D, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, V50.2M, Lübeck, 23562, Germany.
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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12
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Exalto LG, Weaver NA, Kuijf HJ, Aben HP, Bae HJ, Best JG, Bordet R, Chen CP, van der Giessen RS, Godefroy O, Gyanwali B, Hamilton OK, Hilal S, Huenges Wajer IM, Kim J, Kappelle LJ, Kim BJ, Köhler S, de Kort PL, Koudstaal PJ, Lim JS, Makin SD, Mok VC, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Roussel M, Staals J, Valdés-Hernández MDC, Venketasubramanian N, Verhey FR, Wardlaw JM, Werring DJ, Xu X, van Zandvoort MJ, Biesbroek JM, Chappell FM, Biessels GJ. Sex Differences in Poststroke Cognitive Impairment: A Multicenter Study in 2343 Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2023; 54:2296-2303. [PMID: 37551589 PMCID: PMC10453354 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.042507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) occurs in about half of stroke survivors. Cumulative evidence indicates that functional outcomes of stroke are worse in women than men. Yet it is unknown whether the occurrence and characteristics of PSCI differ between men and women. METHODS Individual patient data from 9 cohorts of patients with ischemic stroke were harmonized and pooled through the Meta-VCI-Map consortium (n=2343, 38% women). We included patients with visible symptomatic infarcts on computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive assessment within 15 months after stroke. PSCI was defined as impairment in ≥1 cognitive domains on neuropsychological assessment. Logistic regression analyses were performed to compare men to women, adjusted for study cohort, to obtain odds ratios for PSCI and individual cognitive domains. We also explored sensitivity and specificity of cognitive screening tools for detecting PSCI, according to sex (Mini-Mental State Examination, 4 cohorts, n=1814; Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 3 cohorts, n=278). RESULTS PSCI was found in 51% of both women and men. Men had a lower risk of impairment of attention and executive functioning (men: odds ratio, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.61-0.96]), and language (men: odds ratio, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.45-0.85]), but a higher risk of verbal memory impairment (men: odds ratio, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.17-1.75]). The sensitivity of Mini-Mental State Examination (<25) for PSCI was higher for women (0.53) than for men (0.27; P=0.02), with a lower specificity for women (0.80) than men (0.96; P=0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (<26.) for PSCI was comparable between women and men (0.91 versus 0.86; P=0.62 and 0.29 versus 0.28; P=0.86, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Sex was not associated with PSCI occurrence but affected domains differed between men and women. The latter may explain why sensitivity of the Mini-Mental State Examination for detecting PSCI was higher in women with a lower specificity compared with men. These sex differences need to be considered when screening for and diagnosing PSCI in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieza G. Exalto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (L.G.E., N.A.W., I.M.C.H.W., L.J.K., M.J.E.v.Z., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
| | - Nick A. Weaver
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (L.G.E., N.A.W., I.M.C.H.W., L.J.K., M.J.E.v.Z., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
| | - Hugo J. Kuijf
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands (H.J.K.)
| | - Hugo P. Aben
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands (H.P.A., P.L.M.d.K.)
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (H.-J.B., J.K., B.J.K.)
| | - Jonathan G. Best
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (J.G.B., D.J.W.)
| | - Régis Bordet
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-Lille, France (R.B.)
| | - Christopher P.L.H. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., S.H., X.X.)
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., B.G., S.H., X.X.)
| | - Ruben S. van der Giessen
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.S.v.d.G., P.J.K.)
| | - Olivier Godefroy
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University hospital, Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, Jules Verne Picardy University, France (O.G., M.R.)
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., B.G., S.H., X.X.)
| | - Olivia K.L. Hamilton
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (O.K.L.H., M.d.C.V.-H., J.M.W.)
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (O.K.L.H., M.d.C.V.-H., J.M.W.)
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing (O.K.L.H.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., S.H., X.X.)
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., B.G., S.H., X.X.)
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System (S.H.)
| | - Irene M.C. Huenges Wajer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (L.G.E., N.A.W., I.M.C.H.W., L.J.K., M.J.E.v.Z., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (I.M.C.H.W., M.J.E.v.Z.)
| | - Jonguk Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (H.-J.B., J.K., B.J.K.)
| | - L. Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (L.G.E., N.A.W., I.M.C.H.W., L.J.K., M.J.E.v.Z., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (H.-J.B., J.K., B.J.K.)
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (S.K., F.R.J.V.)
| | - Paul L.M. de Kort
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands (H.P.A., P.L.M.d.K.)
| | - Peter J. Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (R.S.v.d.G., P.J.K.)
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.-S.L.)
| | - Stephen D.J. Makin
- Centre For Rural Health, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom (S.D.J.M.)
| | - Vincent C.T. Mok
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (V.C.T.M.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Margaret Kam Ling Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre (V.C.T.M.), The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | | | - Martine Roussel
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University hospital, Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, Jules Verne Picardy University, France (O.G., M.R.)
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands (R.J.v.O., J.S.)
| | - Maria del C. Valdés-Hernández
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (O.K.L.H., M.d.C.V.-H., J.M.W.)
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (O.K.L.H., M.d.C.V.-H., J.M.W.)
| | | | - Frans R.J. Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (S.K., F.R.J.V.)
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (O.K.L.H., M.d.C.V.-H., J.M.W.)
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (O.K.L.H., M.d.C.V.-H., J.M.W.)
| | - David J. Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (J.G.B., D.J.W.)
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., S.H., X.X.)
- Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore (C.P.L.H.C., B.G., S.H., X.X.)
| | - Martine J.E. van Zandvoort
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (L.G.E., N.A.W., I.M.C.H.W., L.J.K., M.J.E.v.Z., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (I.M.C.H.W., M.J.E.v.Z.)
| | - J. Matthijs Biesbroek
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (L.G.E., N.A.W., I.M.C.H.W., L.J.K., M.J.E.v.Z., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Diakonessenhuis Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.M.B.)
| | - Francesca M. Chappell
- Social and Public Health Sciences Unit (F.M.C.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, the Netherlands (L.G.E., N.A.W., I.M.C.H.W., L.J.K., M.J.E.v.Z., J.M.B., G.J.B.)
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Martí-Fàbregas J, Camps-Renom P, Best JG, Ramos-Pachon A, Guasch-Jiménez M, Martinez-Domeño A, Guisado-Alonso D, Gómez-Ansón BM, Ambler G, Wilson D, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Bae HJ, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Toyoda K, Hennerici MG, Chabriat H, Jouvent E, Wong DYK, Mak H, Lau KK, Kim YD, Song TJ, Heo JH, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Demirelli DS, Bornstein N, Ben Assayag E, Hallevi H, Molad JA, Nishihara M, Tanaka J, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Coutts SB, Smith E, Polymeris AA, Wagner B, Seiffge D, Lyrer PA, Peters N, Engelter ST, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Goeldlin M, Panos L, Karayiannis CC, Phan TG, Srikanth VK, Christ N, Gunkel S, Fluri F, Leung TW, Soo YOY, Chu W, Abrigo J, Barbato C, Browning S, Simister R, Mendyk AM, Bordet R, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Jung S, Necioglu Orken D, Werring D, Prats-Sanchez L. Stroke Risk and Antithrombotic Treatment During Follow-up of Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Cortical Superficial Siderosis. Neurology 2023; 100:e1267-e1281. [PMID: 36535778 PMCID: PMC10033167 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In patients with ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), there are few data regarding the risk of future cerebrovascular events and also about the benefits and safety of antithrombotic drugs for secondary prevention. We investigated the associations of cSS and stroke risk in patients with recent IS or TIA. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network (MICON) database. We selected patients with IS or TIA from cohorts who had MRI-assessed cSS, available data on antithrombotic treatments, recurrent cerebrovascular events (intracranial hemorrhage [ICrH], IS, or any stroke [ICrH or IS]), and mortality. We calculated incidence rates (IRs) and performed univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Of 12,669 patients (mean age 70.4 ± 12.3 years, 57.3% men), cSS was detected in 273 (2.2%) patients. During a mean follow-up of 24 ± 17 months, IS was more frequent than ICrH in both cSS (IR 57.1 vs 14.6 per 1,000 patient-years) and non-cSS (33.7 vs 6.3 per 1,000 patient-years) groups. Compared with the non-cSS group, cSS was associated with any stroke on multivariable analysis {IR 83 vs 42 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for cSS 1.62 (95% CI: 1.14-2.28; p = 0.006)}. This association was not significant in subgroups of patients treated with antiplatelet drugs (n = 6,554) or with anticoagulants (n = 4,044). Patients with cSS who were treated with both antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants (n = 1,569) had a higher incidence of ICrH (IR 107.5 vs 4.9 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted HR 13.26; 95% CI: 2.90-60.63; p = 0.001) and of any stroke (IR 198.8 vs 34.7 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted HR 5.03; 95% CI: 2.03-12.44; p < 0.001) compared with the non-cSS group. DISCUSSION Patients with IS or TIA with cSS are at increased risk of stroke (ICrH or IS) during follow-up; the risk of IS exceeds that of ICrH for patients receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment alone, but the risk of ICrH exceeds that of IS in patients receiving both treatments. The findings suggest that either antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment alone should not be avoided in patients with cSS, but combined antithrombotic therapy might be hazardous. Our findings need to be confirmed by randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Martí-Fàbregas
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey.
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jonathan G Best
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Anna Ramos-Pachon
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Marina Guasch-Jiménez
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Domeño
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Daniel Guisado-Alonso
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Beatriz M Gómez-Ansón
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Michael G Hennerici
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Eric Jouvent
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Debbie Yuen Kwun Wong
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Henry Mak
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Young Dae Kim
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Ender Uysal
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Derya Selçuk Demirelli
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Natan Bornstein
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hen Hallevi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jeremy A Molad
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jun Tanaka
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hideo Hara
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Eric Smith
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Alexandros A Polymeris
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Benjamin Wagner
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - David Seiffge
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Philippe A Lyrer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Nils Peters
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hans Rudolf Jäger
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Martina Goeldlin
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Leonidas Panos
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Christopher Charles Karayiannis
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Nicolas Christ
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Sarah Gunkel
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thomas W Leung
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Yannie O Y Soo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Winnie Chu
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jill Abrigo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Carmen Barbato
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Simone Browning
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Robert Simister
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Saima Hilal
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Christopher Chen
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Simon Jung
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - David Werring
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Luis Prats-Sanchez
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
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Küçükali F, Neumann A, Van Dongen J, De Pooter T, Joris G, De Rijk P, Ohlei O, Dobricic V, Bos I, Vos SJB, Engelborghs S, De Roeck E, Vandenberghe R, Gabel S, Meersmans K, Tsolaki M, Verhey F, Martinez‐Lage P, Tainta M, Frisoni G, Blin O, Richardson JC, Bordet R, Scheltens P, Popp J, Peyratout G, Johannsen P, Frölich L, Freund‐Levi Y, Streffer J, Lovestone S, Legido‐Quigley C, Kate MT, Barkhof F, Zetterberg H, Bertram L, Strazisar M, Visser PJ, Van Broeckhoven C, Sleegers K. Whole‐exome rare‐variant analysis of Alzheimer's disease and related biomarker traits. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Devos D, Labreuche J, Rascol O, Corvol JC, Duhamel A, Guyon Delannoy P, Poewe W, Compta Y, Pavese N, Růžička E, Dušek P, Post B, Bloem BR, Berg D, Maetzler W, Otto M, Habert MO, Lehericy S, Ferreira J, Dodel R, Tranchant C, Eusebio A, Thobois S, Marques AR, Meissner WG, Ory-Magne F, Walter U, de Bie RMA, Gago M, Vilas D, Kulisevsky J, Januario C, Coelho MVS, Behnke S, Worth P, Seppi K, Ouk T, Potey C, Leclercq C, Viard R, Kuchcinski G, Lopes R, Pruvo JP, Pigny P, Garçon G, Simonin O, Carpentier J, Rolland AS, Nyholm D, Scherfler C, Mangin JF, Chupin M, Bordet R, Dexter DT, Fradette C, Spino M, Tricta F, Ayton S, Bush AI, Devedjian JC, Duce JA, Cabantchik I, Defebvre L, Deplanque D, Moreau C. Trial of Deferiprone in Parkinson's Disease. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:2045-2055. [PMID: 36449420 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2209254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron content is increased in the substantia nigra of persons with Parkinson's disease and may contribute to the pathophysiology of the disorder. Early research suggests that the iron chelator deferiprone can reduce nigrostriatal iron content in persons with Parkinson's disease, but its effects on disease progression are unclear. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, phase 2, randomized, double-blind trial involving participants with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease who had never received levodopa. Participants were assigned (in a 1:1 ratio) to receive oral deferiprone at a dose of 15 mg per kilogram of body weight twice daily or matched placebo for 36 weeks. Dopaminergic therapy was withheld unless deemed necessary for symptom control. The primary outcome was the change in the total score on the Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS; range, 0 to 260, with higher scores indicating more severe impairment) at 36 weeks. Secondary and exploratory clinical outcomes at up to 40 weeks included measures of motor and nonmotor disability. Brain iron content measured with the use of magnetic resonance imaging was also an exploratory outcome. RESULTS A total of 372 participants were enrolled; 186 were assigned to receive deferiprone and 186 to receive placebo. Progression of symptoms led to the initiation of dopaminergic therapy in 22.0% of the participants in the deferiprone group and 2.7% of those in the placebo group. The mean MDS-UPDRS total score at baseline was 34.3 in the deferiprone group and 33.2 in the placebo group and increased (worsened) by 15.6 points and 6.3 points, respectively (difference, 9.3 points; 95% confidence interval, 6.3 to 12.2; P<0.001). Nigrostriatal iron content decreased more in the deferiprone group than in the placebo group. The main serious adverse events with deferiprone were agranulocytosis in 2 participants and neutropenia in 3 participants. CONCLUSIONS In participants with early Parkinson's disease who had never received levodopa and in whom treatment with dopaminergic medications was not planned, deferiprone was associated with worse scores in measures of parkinsonism than those with placebo over a period of 36 weeks. (Funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 program; FAIRPARK-II ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02655315.).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Devos
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Julien Labreuche
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Olivier Rascol
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Alain Duhamel
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Pauline Guyon Delannoy
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Werner Poewe
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Nicola Pavese
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Evžen Růžička
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Petr Dušek
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Bart Post
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Daniela Berg
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Walter Maetzler
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Markus Otto
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Stéphane Lehericy
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Joaquim Ferreira
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Richard Dodel
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Christine Tranchant
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Stéphane Thobois
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Ana-Raquel Marques
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Fabienne Ory-Magne
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Uwe Walter
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Rob M A de Bie
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Miguel Gago
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Dolores Vilas
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Jaime Kulisevsky
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Cristina Januario
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Miguel V S Coelho
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Stefanie Behnke
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Paul Worth
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Klaus Seppi
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Thavarak Ouk
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Camille Potey
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Céline Leclercq
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Romain Viard
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Gregory Kuchcinski
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Renaud Lopes
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Pruvo
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Pascal Pigny
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Ophélie Simonin
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Jessica Carpentier
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Anne-Sophie Rolland
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Dag Nyholm
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Christoph Scherfler
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Jean-François Mangin
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Marie Chupin
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - David T Dexter
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Caroline Fradette
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Michael Spino
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Fernando Tricta
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Scott Ayton
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Ashley I Bush
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Devedjian
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - James A Duce
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Ioav Cabantchik
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Luc Defebvre
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Dominique Deplanque
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
| | - Caroline Moreau
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology (D. Devos, A.-S.R., R.B., J.-C.D.), Neuroradiology (R.V., G.K., R.L., J.-P.P.), and Neurology (L.D., C.M.), University of Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Team DVCD, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique (UMRS) 1172, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Lille, Expert Center of Parkinson's Disease, Lille Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LiCEND) Network of Centers of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (CoEN) Center, NS-Park/FCRIN network, the Department of Biostatistics, University of Lille, CHU de Lille (J.L., A.D.), CHU de Lille, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Innovation (P.G.D., T.O., C.P., C.L.) and Vigilance des Essais Cliniques and Service de Pharmacologie (T.O., C.P., C.L.), CHU de Lille, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie (P.P.), the University of Lille, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-Impact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (G.G., O.S., J.C.), and the University of Lille, INSERM, CHU de Lille, Unité 1172-Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders (D. Deplanque), Lille, Clinical Investigation Center 1436, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul CoEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse (O.R., F.O.-M.), Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (J.-C.C.), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, and AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.-O.H.), Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des Images, US52-UAR2031, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), ICM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP (M.-O.H., J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Center for Neuroimaging Research, Sorbonne Université, INSERM Unité 1127, CNRS 7225, Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP (S.L.), and ICM, CNRS UMR 7725, INSERM, Unité 1127, Sorbonne Université (J.-F.M., M.C.), Paris, the Department of Neurology, NS-Park/FCRIN network, Strasbourg University Hospital, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (C.T.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Timone University Hospital and Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7289, CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, Marseille (A.E.), University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5229, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson NS-Park/FCRIN network, Bron (S.T.), Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand (A.-R.M.), CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (IMN) Clinique, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux (W.G.M.), and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette (J.-F.M., M.C.) - all in France; the Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P., K.S.); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)-European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Center-Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (Y.C.), and the Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, and CIBERNED (J.K.), Barcelona, and the Movement Disorders Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (D.V.) - all in Spain; Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (N.P.), Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.W.) and the ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.D.), Cambridge, and Parkinson's UK, London (D.T.D.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (E.R., P.D.); Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen (B.P., B.R.B.), and Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam (R.M.A.B.) - all in the Netherlands; the Department of Neurology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel (D.B., W.M.), the Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm (M.O.), the Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen (R.D.), Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Research Site Rostock, Rostock (U.W.), and University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg (S.B.) - all in Germany; Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa (J.F.), and Hospital de Santa Maria (M.V.S.C.), Lisbon, the Department of Neurology, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães (M.G.), Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga (M.G.), and Hopitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Department of Neurology, Coimbra (C.J.) - all in Portugal; the Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch Campus, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute - both in Christchurch, New Zealand (W.G.M.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (D.N.); Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, ApoPharma, and Chiesi Canada - all in Toronto (C.F., M.S., F.T.); Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (S.A., A.I.B., J.A.D.); and the Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (I.C.)
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Carton L, Auger F, Laloux C, Durieux N, Kyheng M, Potey C, Bergeron S, Rolland B, Deguil J, Bordet R. Effects of acute ethanol and/or diazepam exposure on immediate and delayed hippocampal metabolite levels in rats anesthetized with isoflurane. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:687-698. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carton
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR‐S1172, Pharmacology Department Lille France
| | - Florent Auger
- Lille In vivo Imaging and Functional Exploration platform Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41‐UMS 2014‐PLBS Lille France
| | - Charlotte Laloux
- Lille In vivo Imaging and Functional Exploration platform Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41‐UMS 2014‐PLBS Lille France
| | - Nicolas Durieux
- Lille In vivo Imaging and Functional Exploration platform Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41‐UMS 2014‐PLBS Lille France
| | - Maéva Kyheng
- ULR 2694‐METRICS: Évaluation des Technologies de Santé et des Pratiques Médicales Univ. Lille, CHU Lille Lille France
- Département de Biostatistiques CHU Lille Lille France
| | - Camille Potey
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR‐S1172, Pharmacology Department Lille France
| | - Sandrine Bergeron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR‐S1172, Pharmacology Department Lille France
| | - Benjamin Rolland
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon CH Le Vinatier, Hospices Civils de Lyon Bron France
- Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Bron France
| | - Julie Deguil
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR‐S1172, Pharmacology Department Lille France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR‐S1172, Pharmacology Department Lille France
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Betrouni N, Jiang J, Duering M, Georgakis MK, Oestreich L, Sachdev PS, O’Sullivan M, Wright P, Lo JW, Bordet R. Texture Features of Magnetic Resonance Images Predict Poststroke Cognitive Impairment: Validation in a Multicenter Study. Stroke 2022; 53:3446-3454. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.039732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Imaging features derived from T1-weighted (T1w) images texture analysis were shown to be potential markers of poststroke cognitive impairment, with better sensitivity than atrophy measurement. However, in magnetic resonance images, the signal distribution is subject to variations and can limit transferability of the method between centers. This study examined the reliability of texture features against imaging settings using data from different centers.
METHODS:
Data were collected from 327 patients within the Stroke and Cognition Consortium from centers in France, Germany, Australia, and the United Kingdom. T1w images were preprocessed to normalize the signal intensities and then texture features, including first- and second-order statistics, were measured in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. Differences between the data led to the use of 2 methods of analysis. First, a machine learning modeling, using random forest, was used to build a poststroke cognitive impairment prediction model using one dataset and this was validated on another dataset as external unseen data. Second, the predictive ability of the texture features was examined in the 2 remaining datasets by ANCOVA with false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons.
RESULTS:
The prediction model had a mean accuracy of 90% for individual classification of patients in the learning base while for the validation base it was ≈ 77%. ANCOVA showed significant differences, in all datasets, for the kurtosis and inverse difference moment texture features when measured in patients with cognitive impairment and those without.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest that texture features obtained from routine clinical MR images are robust early predictors of poststroke cognitive impairment and can be combined with other demographic and clinical predictors to build an accurate prediction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacim Betrouni
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France (N.B., R.B.)
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia (J.J., P.S.S., J.W.L.)
| | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (M.D., M.K.G.)
| | - Marios K. Georgakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (M.D., M.K.G.)
| | - Lena Oestreich
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. (L.O., M.O.)
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. (L.O.)
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia (J.J., P.S.S., J.W.L.)
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, UNSW Medicine, Sydney, Australia (P.S.S.)
| | - Michael O’Sullivan
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. (L.O., M.O.)
- Division of Neuroscience, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Australia (M.O.)
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom. (M.O.)
| | - Paul Wright
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom. (P.W.)
| | - Jessica W. Lo
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia (J.J., P.S.S., J.W.L.)
| | - Régis Bordet
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France (N.B., R.B.)
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Bordet R. Histoire de la pharmacologie médicale lilloise. Therapie 2022; 77:391-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Puy L, Leboullenger C, Auger F, Bordet R, Cordonnier C, Bérézowski V. Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Rats Is Associated With Brain Atrophy, Hypometabolism, and Network Dysconnectivity. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:882996. [PMID: 35844211 PMCID: PMC9280302 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.882996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-related cognitive impairment (CI) remain unclear. Long-term structural and functional changes were investigated in the brains of healthy male and female Wistar rats after experimental ICH. Following double injection of autologous blood, rats underwent short-term (onset, 3 and 7 days) and long-term (3 and 6 months) radiological assessment and behavioral tests exploring spontaneous locomotion, anxiety-like behavior and working memory, spatial recognition memory and visual recognition memory. Volumetric and metabolic changes in brain areas were examined by 7Tesla-MRI and [18F] FDG-PET, respectively. Brain connectomic disorders and maladaptive processes were seeked through brain metabolic connectivity analysis and atrophy-related network analysis. From an initial hematoma mean volume of 23.35 ± 9.50 mm3, we found early spontaneous locomotor recovery and significant spontaneous blood resorption (≈ 40% of the initial lesion) from days 0 to 7. After 3 and 6 months, ICH rats exhibited CI in several domains as compared to the sham group (working memory: 58.1 ± 1.2 vs. 70.7 ± 1.2%, p < 0.001; spatial recognition memory: 48.7 ± 1.9 vs. 64 ± 1.8%, p < 0.001 and visual recognition memory: 0.14 ± 0.05 vs. 0.33 ± 0.04, p = 0.013, in female only). Rats that experienced ICH had remote and concomitant cerebral atrophy and hypometabolism of ipsilateral striatum, thalamus, limbic system and cortical areas (temporal and parietal lobes). Interestingly, both structural and metabolic deterioration was found in the limbic system connected to the affected site, but remotely from the initial insult. On the other hand, increased activity and functional connectivity occurred in the contralateral hemisphere. These connectomics results showed that both maladaptative and compensation processes coexist in the rat brain following ICH, even at young age and in a disease-free setting. These radiological findings deepen our understanding of ICH-related CI and may serve as biomarkers in the view of future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Puy
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 – LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Clémence Leboullenger
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Florent Auger
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 – LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Charlotte Cordonnier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 – LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Charlotte Cordonnier,
| | - Vincent Bérézowski
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 – LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
- UArtois, Lens, France
- Vincent Bérézowski,
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20
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Biesbroek JM, Weaver NA, Aben HP, Kuijf HJ, Abrigo J, Bae HJ, Barbay M, Best JG, Bordet R, Chappell FM, Chen CPLH, Dondaine T, van der Giessen RS, Godefroy O, Gyanwali B, Hamilton OKL, Hilal S, Huenges Wajer IMC, Kang Y, Kappelle LJ, Kim BJ, Köhler S, de Kort PLM, Koudstaal PJ, Kuchcinski G, Lam BYK, Lee BC, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Lopes R, Makin SDJ, Mendyk AM, Mok VCT, Oh MS, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Roussel M, Shi L, Staals J, Valdés-Hernández MDC, Venketasubramanian N, Verhey FRJ, Wardlaw JM, Werring DJ, Xin X, Yu KH, van Zandvoort MJE, Zhao L, Biessels GJ. Network impact score is an independent predictor of post-stroke cognitive impairment: A multicenter cohort study in 2341 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 34:103018. [PMID: 35504223 PMCID: PMC9079101 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a common consequence of stroke. Accurate prediction of PSCI risk is challenging. The recently developed network impact score, which integrates information on infarct location and size with brain network topology, may improve PSCI risk prediction. AIMS To determine if the network impact score is an independent predictor of PSCI, and of cognitive recovery or decline. METHODS We pooled data from patients with acute ischemic stroke from 12 cohorts through the Meta VCI Map consortium. PSCI was defined as impairment in ≥ 1 cognitive domain on neuropsychological examination, or abnormal Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Cognitive recovery was defined as conversion from PSCI < 3 months post-stroke to no PSCI at follow-up, and cognitive decline as conversion from no PSCI to PSCI. The network impact score was related to serial measures of PSCI using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) models, and to PSCI stratified according to post-stroke interval (<3, 3-12, 12-24, >24 months) and cognitive recovery or decline using logistic regression. Models were adjusted for age, sex, education, prior stroke, infarct volume, and study site. RESULTS We included 2341 patients with 4657 cognitive assessments. PSCI was present in 398/844 patients (47%) <3 months, 709/1640 (43%) at 3-12 months, 243/853 (28%) at 12-24 months, and 208/522 (40%) >24 months. Cognitive recovery occurred in 64/181 (35%) patients and cognitive decline in 26/287 (9%). The network impact score predicted PSCI in the univariable (OR 1.50, 95%CI 1.34-1.68) and multivariable (OR 1.27, 95%CI 1.10-1.46) GEE model, with similar ORs in the logistic regression models for specified post-stroke intervals. The network impact score was not associated with cognitive recovery or decline. CONCLUSIONS The network impact score is an independent predictor of PSCI. As such, the network impact score may contribute to a more precise and individualized cognitive prognostication in patients with ischemic stroke. Future studies should address if multimodal prediction models, combining the network impact score with demographics, clinical characteristics and other advanced brain imaging biomarkers, will provide accurate individualized prediction of PSCI. A tool for calculating the network impact score is freely available at https://metavcimap.org/features/software-tools/lsm-viewer/.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthijs Biesbroek
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Nick A Weaver
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo P Aben
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo J Kuijf
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Mélanie Barbay
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), Jules Verne Picardy University, 80054 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan G Best
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Russell Square House, 10 - 12 Russell Square, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Régis Bordet
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Francesca M Chappell
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher P L H Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thibaut Dondaine
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Olivier Godefroy
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), Jules Verne Picardy University, 80054 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olivia K L Hamilton
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Irene M C Huenges Wajer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Yeonwook Kang
- Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul L M de Kort
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Koudstaal
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gregory Kuchcinski
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bonnie Y K Lam
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Margaret Kam Ling Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Renaud Lopes
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Margaret Kam Ling Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mi Sun Oh
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Hospital, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
| | | | - Martine Roussel
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), Jules Verne Picardy University, 80054 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; BrainNow Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Del C Valdés-Hernández
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Frans R J Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Russell Square House, 10 - 12 Russell Square, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Xu Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kyung-Ho Yu
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Hospital, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Martine J E van Zandvoort
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Lei Zhao
- BrainNow Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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21
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Largeau B, Karam A, Potey C, Caous AS, Tard C, Carton L, Kuchcinski G, Gautier S, Deheul S, Bordet R. Myeloneuropathy induced by recreational nitrous oxide use with variable exposure levels. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:2173-2180. [PMID: 35460312 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several case series have described nitrous oxide-associated neurological disorders, a comprehensive assessment of exposure characteristics (e.g., time to onset, level of exposure) in substance abusers has not been performed. The aim of this study was to describe the onset patterns of recreational use of nitrous oxide-induced neurological disorders. METHODS All cases of neurological disorders related to nitrous oxide recreational use reported to the Hauts-de-France addictovigilance center between January 2019 and August 2020 were selected. Only cases requiring hospitalization with informative data to perform the nitrous oxide causality assessment were included. RESULTS A total of 20 cases from 5 hospitals were included. The male-to-female ratio was 6:1 and the median age was 19 years (range 16-34). The neurological presentation [myeloneuropathy 64% (7/11), sensorimotor neuropathy 36% (4/11)] included for all patients gait disorders due to proprioceptive ataxia and limb hypoesthesia. The median dose used per occasion was 100 cartridges (range 5-960; n=19). The median time from the start of nitrous oxide use to the onset of neurological symptoms was 6 months (range 0.7-54; n=16). The cumulative dose was significantly higher in patients with damage to all four limbs than in patients with lower limbs symptoms only (p=0.042). CONCLUSIONS A low intermittent exposure may be sufficient to cause neurological damage in some subjects, suggesting that, at the population level, there is no safe exposure to nitrous oxide in recreational settings. The severity of neurological impairment could increase once used at high doses and for prolonged durations of nitrous oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérenger Largeau
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Addictovigilance Center (CEIP Hauts-De-France), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Karam
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Nord-Est-Ile de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Camille Potey
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. PharmacoVigilance Regional Center (CRPV), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sylvie Caous
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Addictovigilance Center (CEIP Hauts-De-France), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Céline Tard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Nord-Est-Ile de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Louise Carton
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Addictovigilance Center (CEIP Hauts-De-France), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Grégory Kuchcinski
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Neuroradiology Department, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Gautier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. PharmacoVigilance Regional Center (CRPV), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Deheul
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Addictovigilance Center (CEIP Hauts-De-France), F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Poison Control Center, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Addictovigilance Center (CEIP Hauts-De-France), F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. PharmacoVigilance Regional Center (CRPV), F-59000, Lille, France
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22
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Neumann A, Küçükali F, Bos I, Vos SJB, Engelborghs S, De Pooter T, Joris G, De Rijk P, De Roeck E, Tsolaki M, Verhey F, Martinez-Lage P, Tainta M, Frisoni G, Blin O, Richardson J, Bordet R, Scheltens P, Popp J, Peyratout G, Johannsen P, Frölich L, Vandenberghe R, Freund-Levi Y, Streffer J, Lovestone S, Legido-Quigley C, Ten Kate M, Barkhof F, Strazisar M, Zetterberg H, Bertram L, Visser PJ, van Broeckhoven C, Sleegers K. Rare variants in IFFO1, DTNB, NLRC3 and SLC22A10 associate with Alzheimer's disease CSF profile of neuronal injury and inflammation. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1990-1999. [PMID: 35173266 PMCID: PMC9126805 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers represent several neurodegenerative processes, such as synaptic dysfunction, neuronal inflammation and injury, as well as amyloid pathology. We performed an exome-wide rare variant analysis of six AD biomarkers (β-amyloid, total/phosphorylated tau, NfL, YKL-40, and Neurogranin) to discover genes associated with these markers. Genetic and biomarker information was available for 480 participants from two studies: EMIF-AD and ADNI. We applied a principal component (PC) analysis to derive biomarkers combinations, which represent statistically independent biological processes. We then tested whether rare variants in 9576 protein-coding genes associate with these PCs using a Meta-SKAT test. We also tested whether the PCs are intermediary to gene effects on AD symptoms with a SMUT test. One PC loaded on NfL and YKL-40, indicators of neuronal injury and inflammation. Four genes were associated with this PC: IFFO1, DTNB, NLRC3, and SLC22A10. Mediation tests suggest, that these genes also affect dementia symptoms via inflammation/injury. We also observed an association between a PC loading on Neurogranin, a marker for synaptic functioning, with GABBR2 and CASZ1, but no mediation effects. The results suggest that rare variants in IFFO1, DTNB, NLRC3, and SLC22A10 heighten susceptibility to neuronal injury and inflammation, potentially by altering cytoskeleton structure and immune activity disinhibition, resulting in an elevated dementia risk. GABBR2 and CASZ1 were associated with synaptic functioning, but mediation analyses suggest that the effect of these two genes on synaptic functioning is not consequential for AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Neumann
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Fahri Küçükali
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Bos
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J B Vos
- Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel) and Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim De Pooter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Joris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter De Rijk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Roeck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Makedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Frans Verhey
- Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pablo Martinez-Lage
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Tainta
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Giovanni Frisoni
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- RCCS Instituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Oliver Blin
- Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacovigilance Department, Marseille University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Jill Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevanage, UK
| | - Régis Bordet
- Neuroscience & Cognition, CHU de Lille, University of Lille, Inserm, France
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julius Popp
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwendoline Peyratout
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Johannsen
- Clinical Drug Development, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences Örebro, University Örebro, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Janssen Medical Ltd, High Wycombe, UK
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mara Ten Kate
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mojca Strazisar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christine van Broeckhoven
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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23
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Abellaneda-Pérez K, Martin-Trias P, Cassé-Perrot C, Vaqué-Alcázar L, Lanteaume L, Solana E, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Junqué C, Bargalló N, Rossini PM, Micallef J, Truillet R, Charles E, Jouve E, Bordet R, Santamaria J, Rossi S, Pascual-Leone A, Blin O, Richardson J, Jovicich J, Bartrés-Faz D. Author Correction: BDNF Val66Met gene polymorphism modulates brain activity following rTMS-induced memory impairment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1171. [PMID: 35039642 PMCID: PMC8763898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Abellaneda-Pérez
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, C/ Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Martin-Trias
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, C/ Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine Cassé-Perrot
- CIC CPCET Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, C/ Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Lanteaume
- CIC CPCET Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Solana
- Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS S. Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Lizio
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Carme Junqué
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, C/ Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Bargalló
- Neuroradiology Section, Radiology Department, Diagnostic Image Center, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS S. Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- CIC CPCET Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France.,INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, Aix Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Truillet
- CIC CPCET Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Charles
- CIC CPCET Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Jouve
- CIC CPCET Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Joan Santamaria
- Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Sleep Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simone Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Laboratory (Si‑BIN Lab), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Guttmann University Institute of Neurorehabilitation, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Olivier Blin
- CIC CPCET Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France.,INSERM, Inst Neurosci Syst, Aix Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jill Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Jorge Jovicich
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMEC), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - David Bartrés-Faz
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, C/ Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. .,Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Guttmann University Institute of Neurorehabilitation, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
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Bordet R, Dantonel JC, Vacaresse E, Le Jeunne C, Benhabiles N, Beretz A, Boitard C, Debette S, Duluc G, Froguel P, Garbil B, Lyonnet S, Mahfoudi A, Marquet P, Mouthon F, Rascol O, Richard V, Simon E, Varoqueaux N, Watier H, Zins M. How has the future investment program stimulated research and innovation in health? Therapie 2022; 77:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Bordet R, Dantonel JC, Vacaresse E, Le Jeunne C, Benhabiles N, Beretz A, Boitard C, Debette S, Duluc G, Froguel P, Garbil B, Lyonnet S, Mahfoudi A, Marquet P, Mouthon F, Rascol O, Richard V, Simon E, Varoqueaux N, Watier H, Zins M. Comment le programme d’investissements d’avenir a-t-il stimulé la recherche et l’innovation en santé ? Therapie 2022; 77:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Carton L, Niot C, Kyheng M, Petrault M, Laloux C, Potey C, Lenski M, Bordet R, Deguil J. Lack of direct involvement of a diazepam long-term treatment in the occurrence of irreversible cognitive impairment: a pre-clinical approach. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:612. [PMID: 34857741 PMCID: PMC8640018 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several observational studies have found a link between the long-term use of benzodiazepines and dementia, which remains controversial. Our study was designed to assess (i) whether the long-term use of benzodiazepines, at two different doses, has an irreversible effect on cognition, (ii) and whether there is an age-dependent effect. One hundred and five C57Bl/6 male mice were randomly assigned to the 15 mg/kg/day, the 30 mg/kg/day diazepam-supplemented pellets, or the control group. Each group comprised mice aged 6 or 12 months at the beginning of the experiments and treated for 16 weeks. Two sessions of behavioral assessment were conducted: after 8 weeks of treatment and after treatment completion following a 1-week wash-out period. The mid-treatment test battery included the elevated plus maze test, the Y maze spontaneous alternation test, and the open field test. The post-treatment battery was upgraded with three additional tests: the novel object recognition task, the Barnes maze test, and the touchscreen-based paired-associated learning task. At mid-treatment, working memory was impaired in the 15 mg/kg diazepam group compared to the control group (p = 0.005). No age effect was evidenced. The post-treatment assessment of cognitive functions (working memory, visual recognition memory, spatial reference learning and memory, and visuospatial memory) did not significantly differ between groups. Despite a cognitive impact during treatment, the lack of cognitive impairment after long-term treatment discontinuation suggests that benzodiazepines alone do not cause irreversible deleterious effects on cognitive functions and supports the interest of discontinuation in chronically treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carton
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Candice Niot
- Pharmacy Service, Arras Hospital Center, 62000 Arras, France
| | - Maéva Kyheng
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694 - METRICS: Évaluation des Technologies de Santé et des Pratiques Médicales, 59000 Lille, France ,grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Département de Biostatistiques, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Maud Petrault
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Charlotte Laloux
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille In vivo Imaging and Functional Exploration, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Camille Potey
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie Lenski
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS – Impact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Deguil
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, 59000 Lille, France
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27
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Bordet R. La pharmacologie médicale : une discipline d’avenir. Therapie 2021; 77:9-10. [PMID: 34924205 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Régis Bordet
- Département de pharmacologie médicale, faculté de médecine, pôle recherche, 1, place de Verdun, 59045 Lille cedex, France.
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28
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Lo JW, Crawford JD, Desmond DW, Bae HJ, Lim JS, Godefroy O, Roussel M, Kang Y, Jahng S, Köhler S, Staals J, Verhey F, Chen C, Xu X, Chong EJ, Kandiah N, Yatawara C, Bordet R, Dondaine T, Mendyk AM, Brodaty H, Traykov L, Mehrabian S, Petrova N, Kim KW, Bae JB, Han JW, Lipnicki DM, Lam B, Sachdev PS. Long-Term Cognitive Decline After Stroke: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. Stroke 2021; 53:1318-1327. [PMID: 34775838 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.035796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Poststroke cognitive impairment is common, but the trajectory and magnitude of cognitive decline after stroke is unclear. We examined the course and determinants of cognitive change after stroke using individual participant data from the Stroke and Cognition Consortium. METHODS Nine longitudinal hospital-based cohorts from 7 countries were included. Neuropsychological test scores and normative data were used to calculate standardized scores for global cognition and 5 cognitive domains. One-step individual participant data meta-analysis was used to examine the rate of change in cognitive function and risk factors for cognitive decline after stroke. Stroke-free controls were included to examine rate differences. Based on the literature and our own data that showed short-term improvement in cognitive function after stroke, key analyses were restricted to the period beginning 1-year poststroke to focus on its long-term effects. RESULTS A total of 1488 patients (mean age, 66.3 years; SD, 11.1; 98% ischemic stroke) were followed for a median of 2.68 years (25th-75th percentile: 1.21-4.14 years). After an initial period of improvement through up to 1-year poststroke, decline was seen in global cognition and all domains except executive function after adjusting for age, sex, education, vascular risk factors, and stroke characteristics (-0.053 SD/year [95% CI, -0.073 to -0.033]; P<0.001 for global cognition). Recurrent stroke and older age were associated with faster decline. Decline was significantly faster in patients with stroke compared with controls (difference=-0.078 SD/year [95% CI, -0.11 to -0.045]; P<0.001 for global cognition in a subgroup analysis). CONCLUSIONS Patients with stroke experience cognitive decline that is faster than that of stroke-free controls from 1 to 3 years after onset. An increased rate of decline is associated with older age and recurrent stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Lo
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), UNSW, Sydney, Australia (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.L., P.S.S.)
| | - John D Crawford
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), UNSW, Sydney, Australia (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.L., P.S.S.)
| | | | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (H.-J.B.)
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.-S.L., Y.K.)
| | - Olivier Godefroy
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, University Hospital of Amiens, France (O.G., M.R.)
| | - Martine Roussel
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, University Hospital of Amiens, France (O.G., M.R.)
| | - Yeonwook Kang
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.-S.L., Y.K.).,Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Republic of Korea (Y.K.)
| | - Seungmin Jahng
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea (S.J.)
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (S.K., F.V.)
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), The Netherlands (J.S.)
| | - Frans Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (S.K., F.V.)
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (C.C., E.J.C.)
| | - Xin Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (X.X.)
| | - Eddie J Chong
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (C.C., E.J.C.)
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore (N.K., C.Y.).,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore (N.K.)
| | | | - Régis Bordet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, France (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.)
| | - Thibaut Dondaine
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, France (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.)
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, France (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.)
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), UNSW, Sydney, Australia (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.L., P.S.S.).,Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia (H.B., P.S.S.)
| | - Latchezar Traykov
- Clinic of Neurology, UH "Alexandrovska", Medical University - Sofia, Bulgaria (L.T., S.M.)
| | - Shima Mehrabian
- Clinic of Neurology, UH "Alexandrovska", Medical University - Sofia, Bulgaria (L.T., S.M.)
| | - Neli Petrova
- Kaneff University Hospital, Ruse, Bulgaria (N.P.)
| | - Ki Woong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Republic of Korea (K.W.K.).,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Republic of Korea (K.W.K.).,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.W.K., J.B.B., J.W.H.)
| | - Jong Bin Bae
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.W.K., J.B.B., J.W.H.)
| | - Ji Won Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.W.K., J.B.B., J.W.H.)
| | - Darren M Lipnicki
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), UNSW, Sydney, Australia (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.L., P.S.S.)
| | - Ben Lam
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), UNSW, Sydney, Australia (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.L., P.S.S.)
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), UNSW, Sydney, Australia (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.L., P.S.S.).,Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia (H.B., P.S.S.)
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29
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Xu J, Green R, Kim M, Lord J, Ebshiana A, Westwood S, Baird AL, Nevado-Holgado AJ, Shi L, Hye A, Snowden SG, Bos I, Vos SJB, Vandenberghe R, Teunissen CE, Kate MT, Scheltens P, Gabel S, Meersmans K, Blin O, Richardson J, De Roeck EE, Engelborghs S, Sleegers K, Bordet R, Rami L, Kettunen P, Tsolaki M, Verhey FRJ, Alcolea D, Lleó A, Peyratout G, Tainta M, Johannsen P, Freund-Levi Y, Frölich L, Dobricic V, Frisoni GB, Molinuevo JL, Wallin A, Popp J, Martinez-Lage P, Bertram L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Streffer J, Visser PJ, Lovestone S, Proitsi P, Legido-Quigley C. Sex-Specific Metabolic Pathways Were Associated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Endophenotypes in the European Medical Information Framework for AD Multimodal Biomarker Discovery Cohort. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1610. [PMID: 34829839 PMCID: PMC8615383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND physiological differences between males and females could contribute to the development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Here, we examined metabolic pathways that may lead to precision medicine initiatives. METHODS We explored whether sex modifies the association of 540 plasma metabolites with AD endophenotypes including diagnosis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, brain imaging, and cognition using regression analyses for 695 participants (377 females), followed by sex-specific pathway overrepresentation analyses, APOE ε4 stratification and assessment of metabolites' discriminatory performance in AD. RESULTS In females with AD, vanillylmandelate (tyrosine pathway) was increased and tryptophan betaine (tryptophan pathway) was decreased. The inclusion of these two metabolites (area under curve (AUC) = 0.83, standard error (SE) = 0.029) to a baseline model (covariates + CSF biomarkers, AUC = 0.92, SE = 0.019) resulted in a significantly higher AUC of 0.96 (SE = 0.012). Kynurenate was decreased in males with AD (AUC = 0.679, SE = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS metabolic sex-specific differences were reported, covering neurotransmission and inflammation pathways with AD endophenotypes. Two metabolites, in pathways related to dopamine and serotonin, were associated to females, paving the way to personalised treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (J.X.); (A.E.); (S.G.S.)
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK; (R.G.); (J.L.); (A.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Rebecca Green
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK; (R.G.); (J.L.); (A.H.); (S.L.)
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Min Kim
- Steno Diabetes Center, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark;
| | - Jodie Lord
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK; (R.G.); (J.L.); (A.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Amera Ebshiana
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (J.X.); (A.E.); (S.G.S.)
| | - Sarah Westwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; (S.W.); (A.L.B.); (A.J.N.-H.); (L.S.)
| | - Alison L. Baird
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; (S.W.); (A.L.B.); (A.J.N.-H.); (L.S.)
| | - Alejo J. Nevado-Holgado
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; (S.W.); (A.L.B.); (A.J.N.-H.); (L.S.)
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; (S.W.); (A.L.B.); (A.J.N.-H.); (L.S.)
| | - Abdul Hye
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK; (R.G.); (J.L.); (A.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Stuart G. Snowden
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (J.X.); (A.E.); (S.G.S.)
| | - Isabelle Bos
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.B.); (R.V.); (M.T.K.); (P.S.); (P.J.V.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.J.B.V.); (F.R.J.V.)
| | - Stephanie J. B. Vos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.J.B.V.); (F.R.J.V.)
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.B.); (R.V.); (M.T.K.); (P.S.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mara Ten Kate
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.B.); (R.V.); (M.T.K.); (P.S.); (P.J.V.)
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.B.); (R.V.); (M.T.K.); (P.S.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Silvy Gabel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Meersmans
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Blin
- Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacovigilance Department, Aix-Marseille University-CNRS, 13007 Marseille, France;
| | - Jill Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK;
| | - Ellen Elisa De Roeck
- Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.E.); (J.S.)
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.E.); (J.S.)
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurosciences (C4N), UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Complex Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Régis Bordet
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Lorena Rami
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.R.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Petronella Kettunen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 546 21 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Frans R. J. Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.J.B.V.); (F.R.J.V.)
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (D.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (D.A.); (A.L.)
| | | | - Mikel Tainta
- Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Peter Johannsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Valerija Dobricic
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (V.D.); (L.B.)
| | - Giovanni B. Frisoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (L.R.); (J.L.M.)
- Barcelona Beta Brain Research Center, Unversitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anders Wallin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.K.); (A.W.)
| | - Julius Popp
- Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Martinez-Lage
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzheimer Foundation, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (V.D.); (L.B.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Mölndal, Sweden; (K.B.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 415 45 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Mölndal, Sweden; (K.B.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 415 45 Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.E.); (J.S.)
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.B.); (R.V.); (M.T.K.); (P.S.); (P.J.V.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.J.B.V.); (F.R.J.V.)
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK; (R.G.); (J.L.); (A.H.); (S.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; (S.W.); (A.L.B.); (A.J.N.-H.); (L.S.)
- Janssen-Cilag UK Ltd., Oxford HP12 4EG, UK
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK; (R.G.); (J.L.); (A.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (J.X.); (A.E.); (S.G.S.)
- Steno Diabetes Center, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark;
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Péran P, Salabert AS, Dondaine T, Leclerc X, Gros-Dagnac H, Ranjeva JP, Lopes R, Lanteaume L, Blin O, Thalamas C, Bordet R, Payoux P. Functional connectivity and cognitive changes after donepezil treatment in healthy participants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3071-3082. [PMID: 34370064 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Donepezil is a potent, noncompetitive, reversible, clinically effective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The effects of this drug on healthy brains have seldom been investigated. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the present study was to identify possible functional connectivity markers of the effect of donepezil in healthy young adult volunteers. METHODS The study had a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. 30 healthy adult volunteers underwent resting-state MRI scans during 15 days of donepezil or placebo treatment, in accordance with the design. RESULTS Results showed significant differences in intrinsic functional connectivity between donepezil and placebo, mainly in the right executive control network (RECN). More specifically, we found a decrease in the connectivity of the right inferior parietal node with other RECN nodes. Analysis using the cingulate cortex and parahippocampal regions as seeds also revealed complex modulation of functional connectivity in the donepezil condition. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, donepezil treatment for 15 days may result in reorganization of resting-state networks, compared with placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Péran
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
| | - A S Salabert
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - T Dondaine
- Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders Research Unit, INSERM-Lille University-Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - X Leclerc
- Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders Research Unit, INSERM-Lille University-Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - H Gros-Dagnac
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - J-P Ranjeva
- Centre for Metabolic Exploration by Magnetic Resonance (CEMEREM), Aix-Marseille University-CNRS-CRMBM-Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - R Lopes
- Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders Research Unit, INSERM-Lille University-Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - L Lanteaume
- Centre for Metabolic Exploration by Magnetic Resonance (CEMEREM), Aix-Marseille University-CNRS-CRMBM-Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology (UPCET), Aix-Marseille University-INSERM-Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - O Blin
- Centre for Metabolic Exploration by Magnetic Resonance (CEMEREM), Aix-Marseille University-CNRS-CRMBM-Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology (UPCET), Aix-Marseille University-INSERM-Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - C Thalamas
- Clinical Investigation Center (CIC1436), Toulouse, France
| | - R Bordet
- Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders Research Unit, INSERM-Lille University-Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - P Payoux
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Charvériat M, Darmoni SJ, Lafon V, Moore N, Bordet R, Veys J, Mouthon F. Use of real-world evidence in translational pharmacology research. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 36:230-236. [PMID: 34676579 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Real-world evidence (RWE) refers to observational data gathered outside the formalism of randomized controlled trials, in real life situations, on marketed drugs. While clinical trials are the gold standards to demonstrate the efficacy and tolerability of a medicinal product, the generalizability of their results to actual use in real-life is limited by the biases induced by the very nature of clinical trials; indeed, the patients included in the trials may differ from actual users because of their concomitant diseases or treatments, or other factors excluding them from the trials. Clinical researchers and pharmaceutical industries have hence become increasingly interested in expanding and integrating RWE into clinical research, by capitalizing on the exponential growth in access to data from electronic health records, claims databases, electronic devices, software or mobile applications, registries embedded in clinical practice and social media. Meanwhile, applications of RWE may also be used for drug discovery and repurposing, for clinical developments and post-marketing studies. The aim of this review is to provide our opinion regarding the use of RWE in translational research, including non-clinical and clinical pharmacology research, at the different step of drugs development use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan J Darmoni
- Department of BioMedical Informatics, Rouen University Hospital & LIMICS U1142 INSERM, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Régis Bordet
- INSERM, CHU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
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Krishnamoorthy S, Singh G, Jose K J, Soman B, Foerch C, Kimberly WT, Millán M, Świtońska M, Maestrini I, Bordet R, Malhotra K, Mechtouff L, Sylaja PN. Biomarkers in the Prediction of Hemorrhagic Transformation in Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 51:235-247. [PMID: 34569521 DOI: 10.1159/000518570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a complication that occurs spontaneously or after thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and can increase morbidity and mortality. The association of biomarkers with the risk of HT has been variably reported. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis and sought to compare blood biomarkers associated with HT and its subtypes by evaluating its predictability and correlation with outcome in AIS. METHODS The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42020201334) and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Among 2,230 articles identified from Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, 30 quality-appraised articles were found eligible. Meta-analysis was conducted for matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), cellular fibronectin (c-Fn), ferritin, S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). We also reviewed biomarkers for correlation with the functional outcome at 90 days from stroke onset (poor outcome modified Rankin scale >2). RESULTS The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DORpooled) was the highest for baseline c-Fn levels (299.253 [95% CI, 20.508-4,366.709]), followed by MMP-9 (DORpooled, 29.571 [95% CI 17.750-49.267]) and ferritin (DORpooled, 24.032 [95% CI 2.557-225.871]). However, wide confidence intervals for ferritin and c-Fn suggested lesser reliability of the markers. Patients with MMP-9 levels ≥140 ng/mL were 29.5 times at higher risk of developing symptomatic HT after AIS (area under the curve = 0.881). S100B (DORpooled, 6.286 [95% CI, 1.861-21.230]) and NLR (DORpooled, 5.036 [95% CI, 2.898-8.749]) had lower diagnostic accuracies. Among the markers not included for meta-analysis, caveolin-1, thrombin-activated fibrinolysis inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and soluble ST2 were highly sensitive. Elevated levels of MMP-9, ferritin, and NLR were found to be associated with poor functional outcomes and mortality. CONCLUSION Of the 5 biomarkers, there was enough evidence that MMP-9 has higher diagnostic accuracy for predicting the risk of HT before thrombolysis. MMP-9, ferritin, and NLR also predicted poor short-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Krishnamoorthy
- Comprehensive Stroke Care Program, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India,
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Jithu Jose K
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Biju Soman
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Christian Foerch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - W Taylor Kimberly
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mónica Millán
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milena Świtońska
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru´n, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ilaria Maestrini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Stroke Center, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University Hospital CHU Lille, Inserm U1171, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University Hospital CHU Lille, Inserm U1171, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Konark Malhotra
- Department of Neurology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Mechtouff
- Stroke Department, Pierre Wertheimer Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - P N Sylaja
- Comprehensive Stroke Care Program, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
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Bergeron S, Barus R, Leboullenger C, Auger F, Bongiovanni A, Tardivel M, Jonneaux A, Laloux C, Potey C, Bordet R, Chen Y, Gautier S. Beneficial effects of atorvastatin on sex-specific cognitive impairment induced by a cerebral microhaemorrhage in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1705-1721. [PMID: 33502755 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSES Cerebral microhaemorrhages (CMHs) are associated with cognitive decline in humans. In rodents, CMHs induces cognitive impairment in male mice along with sex-specific cortical and hippocampal changes affecting neural, glial and vascular functions. Statins, have been proposed to prevent cognitive decline. We tested here the action of atorvastatin on CMH-induced cognitive impairment in a murine model of CMH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a multimodal approach combining behavioural tests, in vivo imaging, biochemistry and molecular biology, the effects of oral administration of atorvastatin on the sex-specific changes induced by a cortical CMH were studied in male and female mice (C57BL/6J) at 6-week post-induction using a collagenase-induced model. KEY RESULTS Atorvastatin caused specific effects according to the sex-specific CMH-induced changes. In males, atorvastatin improved the visuospatial memory, induced a local modulation of microglial response and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tropomyosin receptor kinase B (trkB) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the cortex. In the hippocampus, atorvastatin increased glucose metabolism and modulated astrocytes morphology. In females, atorvastatin did not modulate visuospatial memory despite the increased expression of cortical BDNF and the decrease in the number of hippocampal astrocytes. Atorvastatin also induced a decrease in the expression of cortical oestrogen receptors but did not modify body weight nor serum cholesterol levels in both sexes. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Atorvastatin modulated the sex-specific cognitive impairment induced by the CMH with a pathophysiological impact mainly within the cortical area. It could represent a promising candidate for future sex-stratified clinical trials in patients with CMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bergeron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Pharmacology Department, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Romain Barus
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Pharmacology Department, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Clémence Leboullenger
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Florent Auger
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Antonino Bongiovanni
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Meryem Tardivel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Aurélie Jonneaux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Pharmacology Department, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Charlotte Laloux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Camille Potey
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Pharmacology Department, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Pharmacology Department, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Yaohua Chen
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Pharmacology Department, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Sophie Gautier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Pharmacology Department, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Lille, F-59000, France
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34
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Weaver NA, Kuijf HJ, Aben HP, Abrigo J, Bae HJ, Barbay M, Best JG, Bordet R, Chappell FM, Chen CPLH, Dondaine T, van der Giessen RS, Godefroy O, Gyanwali B, Hamilton OKL, Hilal S, Huenges Wajer IMC, Kang Y, Kappelle LJ, Kim BJ, Köhler S, de Kort PLM, Koudstaal PJ, Kuchcinski G, Lam BYK, Lee BC, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Lopes R, Makin SDJ, Mendyk AM, Mok VCT, Oh MS, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Roussel M, Shi L, Staals J, Del C Valdés-Hernández M, Venketasubramanian N, Verhey FRJ, Wardlaw JM, Werring DJ, Xin X, Yu KH, van Zandvoort MJE, Zhao L, Biesbroek JM, Biessels GJ. Strategic infarct locations for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from 12 acute ischaemic stroke cohorts. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:448-459. [PMID: 33901427 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) occurs in approximately half of people in the first year after stroke. Infarct location is a potential determinant of PSCI, but a comprehensive map of strategic infarct locations predictive of PSCI is unavailable. We aimed to identify infarct locations most strongly predictive of PSCI after acute ischaemic stroke and use this information to develop a prediction model. METHODS In this large-scale multicohort lesion-symptom mapping study, we pooled and harmonised individual patient data from 12 cohorts through the Meta-analyses on Strategic Lesion Locations for Vascular Cognitive Impairment using Lesion-Symptom Mapping (Meta VCI Map) consortium. The identified cohorts (as of Jan 1, 2019) comprised patients with acute symptomatic infarcts on CT or MRI (with available infarct segmentations) and a cognitive assessment up to 15 months after acute ischaemic stroke onset. PSCI was defined as performance lower than the fifth percentile of local normative data, on at least one cognitive domain on a multidomain neuropsychological assessment or on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) was used to calculate voxel-wise odds ratios (ORs) for PSCI that were mapped onto a three-dimensional brain template to visualise PSCI risk per location. For the prediction model of PSCI risk, a location impact score on a 5-point scale was derived from the VLSM results on the basis of the mean voxel-wise coefficient (ln[OR]) within each patient's infarct. We did combined internal-external validation by leave-one-cohort-out cross-validation for all 12 cohorts using logistic regression. Predictive performance of a univariable model with only the location impact score was compared with a multivariable model with addition of other clinical PSCI predictors (age, sex, education, time interval between stroke onset and cognitive assessment, history of stroke, and total infarct volume). Testing of visual ratings was done by three clinicians, and accuracy, inter-rater reliability, and intra-rater reliability were assessed with Cohen's weighted kappa. FINDINGS In our sample of 2950 patients (mean age 66·8 years [SD 11·6]; 1157 [39·2%] women), 1286 (43·6%) had PSCI. We achieved high lesion coverage of the brain in our analyses (86·9%). Infarcts in the left frontotemporal lobes, left thalamus, and right parietal lobe were strongly associated with PSCI (after false discovery rate correction, q<0·01; voxel-wise ORs >20). On cross-validation, the location impact score showed good correspondence, based on visual assessment of goodness of fit, between predicted and observed risk of PSCI across cohorts after adjusting for cohort-specific PSCI occurrence. Cross-validations showed that the location impact score by itself had similar performance to the combined model with other PSCI predictors, while allowing for easy visual assessment. Therefore the univariable model with only the location impact score was selected as the final model. Correspondence between visual ratings and actual location impact score (Cohen's weighted kappa: range 0·88-0·92), inter-rater agreement (0·85-0·87), and intra-rater agreement (for a single rater, 0·95) were all high. INTERPRETATION To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive map of strategic infarct locations associated with risk of PSCI. A location impact score was derived from this map that robustly predicted PSCI across cohorts. Furthermore, we developed a quick and reliable visual rating scale that might in the future be applied by clinicians to identify individual patients at risk of PSCI. FUNDING The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A Weaver
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hugo J Kuijf
- Image Sciences Institute, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hugo P Aben
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Mélanie Barbay
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, Jules Verne Picardy University, Amiens, France
| | - Jonathan G Best
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Régis Bordet
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Francesca M Chappell
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher P L H Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Thibaut Dondaine
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
| | | | - Olivier Godefroy
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, Jules Verne Picardy University, Amiens, France
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Olivia K L Hamilton
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Irene M C Huenges Wajer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, Netherlands; Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Yeonwook Kang
- Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Paul L M de Kort
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gregory Kuchcinski
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Bonnie Y K Lam
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Margaret Kam Ling Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Hospital, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Renaud Lopes
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Stephen D J Makin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Margaret Kam Ling Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Mi Sun Oh
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Hospital, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
| | | | - Martine Roussel
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences, Jules Verne Picardy University, Amiens, France
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; BrainNow Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Maria Del C Valdés-Hernández
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Frans R J Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Xu Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Memory, Aging and Cognition Center, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Kyung-Ho Yu
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Hospital, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Martine J E van Zandvoort
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, Netherlands; Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Lei Zhao
- BrainNow Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - J Matthijs Biesbroek
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Best JG, Ambler G, Wilson D, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Li L, Lovelock C, Chabriat H, Hennerici M, Wong YK, Mak HKF, Prats-Sanchez L, Martínez-Domeño A, Inamura S, Yoshifuji K, Arsava EM, Horstmann S, Purrucker J, Lam BYK, Wong A, Kim YD, Song TJ, Lemmens R, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Tanriverdi Z, Bornstein NM, Ben Assayag E, Hallevi H, Molad J, Nishihara M, Tanaka J, Coutts SB, Polymeris A, Wagner B, Seiffge DJ, Lyrer P, Algra A, Kappelle LJ, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Fischer U, El-Koussy M, Mas JL, Legrand L, Karayiannis C, Phan T, Gunkel S, Christ N, Abrigo J, Leung T, Chu W, Chappell F, Makin S, Hayden D, Williams DJ, Mess WH, Nederkoorn PJ, Barbato C, Browning S, Wiegertjes K, Tuladhar AM, Maaijwee N, Guevarra AC, Yatawara C, Mendyk AM, Delmaire C, Köhler S, van Oostenbrugge R, Zhou Y, Xu C, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Lou M, Staals J, Bordet R, Kandiah N, de Leeuw FE, Simister R, Hendrikse J, Kelly PJ, Wardlaw J, Soo Y, Fluri F, Srikanth V, Calvet D, Jung S, Kwa VIH, Engelter ST, Peters N, Smith EE, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Fazekas F, Thijs V, Heo JH, Mok V, Veltkamp R, Ay H, Imaizumi T, Gomez-Anson B, Lau KK, Jouvent E, Rothwell PM, Toyoda K, Bae HJ, Marti-Fabregas J, Werring DJ. Development of imaging-based risk scores for prediction of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke in patients taking antithrombotic therapy after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:294-303. [PMID: 33743239 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balancing the risks of recurrent ischaemic stroke and intracranial haemorrhage is important for patients treated with antithrombotic therapy after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. However, existing predictive models offer insufficient performance, particularly for assessing the risk of intracranial haemorrhage. We aimed to develop new risk scores incorporating clinical variables and cerebral microbleeds, an MRI biomarker of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke risk. METHODS We did a pooled analysis of individual-patient data from the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network (MICON), which includes 38 hospital-based prospective cohort studies from 18 countries. All studies recruited participants with previous ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, acquired baseline MRI allowing quantification of cerebral microbleeds, and followed-up participants for ischaemic stroke and intracranial haemorrhage. Participants not taking antithrombotic drugs were excluded. We developed Cox regression models to predict the 5-year risks of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke, selecting candidate predictors on biological relevance and simplifying models using backward elimination. We derived integer risk scores for clinical use. We assessed model performance in internal validation, adjusted for optimism using bootstrapping. The study is registered on PROSPERO, CRD42016036602. FINDINGS The included studies recruited participants between Aug 28, 2001, and Feb 4, 2018. 15 766 participants had follow-up for intracranial haemorrhage, and 15 784 for ischaemic stroke. Over a median follow-up of 2 years, 184 intracranial haemorrhages and 1048 ischaemic strokes were reported. The risk models we developed included cerebral microbleed burden and simple clinical variables. Optimism-adjusted c indices were 0·73 (95% CI 0·69-0·77) with a calibration slope of 0·94 (0·81-1·06) for the intracranial haemorrhage model and 0·63 (0·62-0·65) with a calibration slope of 0·97 (0·87-1·07) for the ischaemic stroke model. There was good agreement between predicted and observed risk for both models. INTERPRETATION The MICON risk scores, incorporating clinical variables and cerebral microbleeds, offer predictive value for the long-term risks of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke in patients prescribed antithrombotic therapy for secondary stroke prevention; external validation is warranted. FUNDING British Heart Foundation and Stroke Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Best
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Linxin Li
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Lovelock
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire NeuroVasc, Université de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hennerici
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuen Kwun Wong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Henry Ka Fung Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Luis Prats-Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Domeño
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shigeru Inamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshifuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Ethem Murat Arsava
- A A Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging, Department of Neurology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Solveig Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Purrucker
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bonnie Yin Ka Lam
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Adrian Wong
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Center for Brain & Disease Research; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ender Uysal
- Department of Radiology, Saglık Bilimleri University, Sisli Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Tanriverdi
- Department of Neurology, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, İzmir Turkey
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alexandros Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Wagner
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - David J Seiffge
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ale Algra
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hans R Jäger
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Urs Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marwan El-Koussy
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- Department of Neurology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legrand
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Gunkel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Christ
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Thomas Leung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Winnie Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Francesca Chappell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Makin
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Derek Hayden
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Williams
- Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin, Ireland; Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - Werner H Mess
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Nederkoorn
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Barbato
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Simone Browning
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kim Wiegertjes
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anil M Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje Maaijwee
- Department for Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Neurocenter, Lucerne State Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, University of Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christine Delmaire
- Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, University of Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Department of Radiology, Fondation A de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Robert van Oostenbrugge
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saima Hilal
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Régis Bordet
- Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, University of Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Simister
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Kelly
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yannie Soo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Calvet
- Department of Neurology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Simon Jung
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent I H Kwa
- Department of Neurology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric E Smith
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vincent Mok
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hakan Ay
- A A Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging, Department of Neurology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA; Takeda, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Beatriz Gomez-Anson
- Unit of Neuroradiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric Jouvent
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire NeuroVasc, Université de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Peter M Rothwell
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Joan Marti-Fabregas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David J Werring
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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36
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Shi L, Winchester LM, Westwood S, Baird AL, Anand SN, Buckley NJ, Hye A, Ashton NJ, Bos I, Vos SJB, Kate MT, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE, Vandenberghe R, Gabel S, Meersmans K, Engelborghs S, De Roeck EE, Sleegers K, Frisoni GB, Blin O, Richardson JC, Bordet R, Molinuevo JL, Rami L, Wallin A, Kettunen P, Tsolaki M, Verhey F, Lléo A, Sala I, Popp J, Peyratout G, Martinez-Lage P, Tainta M, Johannsen P, Freund-Levi Y, Frölich L, Dobricic V, Legido-Quigley C, Barkhof F, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Streffer J, Lill CM, Bertram L, Visser PJ, Kolb HC, Narayan VA, Lovestone S, Nevado-Holgado AJ. Replication study of plasma proteins relating to Alzheimer's pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1452-1464. [PMID: 33792144 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study sought to discover and replicate plasma proteomic biomarkers relating to Alzheimer's disease (AD) including both the "ATN" (amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration) diagnostic framework and clinical diagnosis. METHODS Plasma proteins from 972 subjects (372 controls, 409 mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 191 AD) were measured using both SOMAscan and targeted assays, including 4001 and 25 proteins, respectively. RESULTS Protein co-expression network analysis of SOMAscan data revealed the relation between proteins and "N" varied across different neurodegeneration markers, indicating that the ATN variants are not interchangeable. Using hub proteins, age, and apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype discriminated AD from controls with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81 and MCI convertors from non-convertors with an AUC of 0.74. Targeted assays replicated the relation of four proteins with the ATN framework and clinical diagnosis. DISCUSSION Our study suggests that blood proteins can predict the presence of AD pathology as measured in the ATN framework as well as clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sarah Westwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison L Baird
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sneha N Anand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Noel J Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abdul Hye
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Bos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J B Vos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mara Ten Kate
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry lab, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Silvy Gabel
- University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Meersmans
- University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, UZ Brussel and Center for Neurociences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen E De Roeck
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Complex Genetics Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Olivier Blin
- AIX marseille university, INS, Ap-hm, Marseille, France
| | | | - Régis Bordet
- Inserm, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - José L Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hopsital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Beta Brain Research Center, Unversitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Rami
- Barcelona Beta Brain Research Center, Unversitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anders Wallin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petronella Kettunen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Makedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Frans Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alberto Lléo
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sala
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julius Popp
- University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Peter Johannsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.,Karolinska Institutet Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, School of Medical Sciences Örebro University and Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society (NVS), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Valerija Dobricic
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Kings College London, London, UK.,The Systems Medicine Group, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherland.,UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, London, UK
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Complex Genetics Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,UCB, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, formerly Janssen R&D, LLC Beerse, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Christina M Lill
- Section for Translational Surgical Oncology and Biobanking, Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Janssen R&D, Beerse, UK
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Lopes R, Bournonville C, Kuchcinski G, Dondaine T, Mendyk AM, Viard R, Pruvo JP, Hénon H, Georgakis MK, Duering M, Dichgans M, Cordonnier C, Leclerc X, Bordet R. Prediction of Long-term Cognitive Function After Minor Stroke Using Functional Connectivity. Neurology 2021; 96:e1167-e1179. [PMID: 33402437 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether functional MRI connectivity can predict long-term cognitive function 36 months after minor stroke. METHODS Seventy-two participants with first-ever stroke were included at baseline and followed up for 36 months. A ridge regression machine learning algorithm was developed and used to predict cognitive scores 36 months poststroke on the basis of the functional networks measured using MRI at 6 months (referred to here as the poststroke cognitive impairment [PSCI] network). The prediction accuracy was evaluated in 4 domains (memory, attention/executive, language, and visuospatial functions) and compared with clinical data and other functional networks. The models' statistical significance was probed with permutation tests. The potential involvement of cortical atrophy was assessed 6 months poststroke. A second, independent dataset (n = 40) was used to validate the results and assess their generalizability. RESULTS Based on the PSCI network, a machine learning model was able to predict memory, attention, visuospatial functions, and language functions 36 months poststroke (r 2: 0.67, 0.73, 0.55, and 0.48, respectively). The PSCI-based model was at least as accurate as models based on other functional networks or clinical data. Specific patterns were demonstrated for the 4 cognitive domains, with involvement of the left superior frontal cortex for memory, attention, and visuospatial functions. The cortical thickness 6 months poststroke was not correlated with cognitive function 36 months poststroke. The independent validation dataset gave similar results. CONCLUSIONS A machine learning model based on the PSCI network can predict long-term cognitive outcome after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Lopes
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany.
| | - Clément Bournonville
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Grégory Kuchcinski
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Thibaut Dondaine
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Romain Viard
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Pruvo
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Hilde Hénon
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Marios K Georgakis
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Marco Duering
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Charlotte Cordonnier
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Xavier Leclerc
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
| | - Régis Bordet
- From U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (R.L., C.B., G.K., T.D., A.-M.M., J.-P.P., H.H., C.C., X.L., R.B.) and Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, CNRS (R.L., C.B., G.K., R.V., J.-P.P., X.L.), CHU Lille, Inserm, Université de Lille, France; and Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (M.K.G., M. Duering, M. Dichgans), LMU Munich University Hospital, Germany
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38
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Zimmer L, Bordet R. Neuropsychopharmacology, a challenge for the understanding of the thinking brain and its future therapies. Therapie 2021; 76:61-62. [PMID: 33549325 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2021.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Zimmer
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69675 Bron, France; CERMEP, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France; National Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, INSTN, CEA, 91400 Saclay, France.
| | - Régis Bordet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille, 59045 Lille, France
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39
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Dujardin K, Duhem S, Guerouaou N, Djelad S, Drumez E, Duhamel A, Bombois S, Nasreddine Z, Bordet R, Deplanque D. Validation in French of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-Minute, a brief cognitive screening test for phone administration. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021; 177:972-979. [PMID: 33478740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia is high and steadily increasing. Early detection of cognitive decline is crucial since some interventions can reduce the risk of progression to dementia. However, there is a lack of manageable scales for assessing cognitive functions outside specialized consultations. Recently, the MoCA-5min, a short version of the Montreal Cognitive assessment (MoCA), phone-administered, was validated for screening for vascular cognitive impairment. The aim of the present study was to validate the MoCA-5min in French in diverse clinical populations. METHODS The Cantonese version of the MoCA-5min was adapted for French language. Healthy volunteers and patients with possible or established cognitive impairment (Alzheimer's disease or related disorders, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, type-2 diabetes) participated in the study. The original MoCA and the MoCA-5min were administered, by phone, with a 30-day interval. Alternate forms were used to reduce learning effects. RESULTS The scores of the original MoCA and MoCA-5min correlated significantly (Spearman rho=0.751, P<0.0001, 95% confidence interval 0.657 to 0.819). Internal consistency was good (Cronbach alpha=0.795). The area under the ROC curve was 0.870 and the optimal cut-off value for separating patients with and without cognitive impairment with the MoCA-5min was≤27 with 87.32% sensitivity and 76.09% specificity. Interrater and test-retest reliability were adequate. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the French version of the MoCA-5min is a valid and reliable scale for detecting cognitive impairment in different clinical populations. It is administrable by phone and thus suitable for remote assessment as well as for large-scale screening and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dujardin
- Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Neurology and Movement Disorders, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France.
| | - S Duhem
- Clinical Investigation Center, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
| | - N Guerouaou
- Clinical Investigation Center, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
| | - S Djelad
- Neurology and Movement Disorders, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
| | - E Drumez
- EA 2694 - METRICS : évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, CHU de Lille, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - A Duhamel
- EA 2694 - METRICS : évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, CHU de Lille, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - S Bombois
- Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - R Bordet
- Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - D Deplanque
- Inserm, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, CHU de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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40
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Quattrini G, Pievani M, Jovicich J, Aiello M, Bargalló N, Barkhof F, Bartrés‐Faz D, Beltramello A, Pizzini FB, Blin O, Bordet R, Caulo M, Constantinides M, Didic M, Drevelegas A, Ferretti A, Fiedler U, Floridi P, Gros‐Dagnac H, Hensch T, Hoffmann K, Kuijer J, Lopes R, Marra C, Müller BW, Nobili F, Parnetti L, Payoux P, Picco A, Ranjeva J, Roccatagliata L, Rossini PM, Salvatore M, Schonknecht P, Schott BH, Sein J, Soricelli A, Tarducci R, Tsolaki M, Visser PJ, Wiltfang J, Richardson J, Frisoni GB, Marizzoni M, Consortium P. Amygdalar nuclei and hippocampal subfields on MRI: Test‐retest reliability of automated segmentation in old and young healthy volunteers. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Bos I, Vos SJ, ten Kate M, Scheltens P, Engelborghs S, Frisoni GB, Blin O, Richardson J, Bordet R, Verhey FR, Tsolaki M, Popp J, Lovestone S, Streffer J, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Barkhof F, Zetterberg H, Visser PJ. Neurofilament light and cognitive performance: Associations with amyloid and vascular pathologies in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.042739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bos
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J.B. Vos
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Mara ten Kate
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Memory Clinic and LANVIE‐Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging University Hospitals and University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blin
- Mediterranean Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences Marseille France
| | | | | | | | - Magda Tsolaki
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Julius Popp
- University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ulf Andreasson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | | | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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42
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Smith RG, Bos I, Vos SJ, Verhey FR, Scheltens P, Engelborghs S, Frisoni GB, Blin O, Richardson J, Bordet R, Tsolaki M, Popp J, Martinez‐Lage P, Lleó A, Johannsen P, Freund Y, Frölich L, Vandenberghe R, Lovestone S, Streffer J, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Visser PJ, Zetterberg H, Bertram L, Lunnon K. DNA methylation differences associated with peripheral biomarkers in the EMIF‐AD cohort. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.045853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Bos
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J.B. Vos
- Alzheimer Center Limburg School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
| | | | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Magda Tsolaki
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Julius Popp
- University Hospital of Psychiatry Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - Alberto Lleó
- Centre of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Madrid Spain
| | - Peter Johannsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Yvonne Freund
- Department of Neurobiology Caring Sciences and Society (NVS) Division of Clinical Geriatrics Karolinska Institutet and Department of Geriatric Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Alzheimer Research Centre KU Leuven Leuven Brain Institute Leuven Belgium
| | | | | | - Ulf Andreasson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Mölndal Sweden
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43
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Shi L, Westwood S, Baird AL, Buckley N, Dobricic V, Kilpert F, Hong S, Franke A, Hye A, Ashton NJ, Morgan A, Bos I, Vos SJ, ten Kate M, Scheltens P, Vandenberghe R, Gabel S, Meersmans K, Engelborghs S, De Roeck EE, Sleegers K, Frisoni GB, Blin O, Richardson J, Bordet R, Molinuevo JL, Rami L, Wallin A, Kettunen P, Tsolaki M, Verhey FR, Lleó A, Alcolea D, Popp J, Peyratout G, Martinez‐Lage P, Tainta M, Johannsen P, Teunissen CE, Frölich L, Freund Y, Legido‐Quigley C, Barkhof F, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Morgan P, Streffer J, Visser PJ, Bertram L, Lovestone S, Nevado‐Holgado AJ, Winchester L. Identification of plasma proteome signatures associated with ATN framework using SOMAscan. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.036954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Shi
- Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Noel Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Franke
- Triga‐S E.K., Habach Germany Roche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg Germany
| | - Abdul Hye
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Ashton
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Isabelle Bos
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J.B. Vos
- Alzheimer Center Limburg School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Mara ten Kate
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences Faculty of Medicine KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Silvy Gabel
- Alzheimer Research Centre KU Leuven Leuven Brain Institute Leuven Belgium
| | | | | | - Ellen Elisa De Roeck
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM) Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior Institute Born‐Bunge University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
- University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group Center for Molecular Neurology VIB Antwerp Belgium
| | - Giovanni B. Frisoni
- Lab Alzheimer’s Neuroimaging & Epidemiology IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli Brescia Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Lorena Rami
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit Hospital Clínic of Barcelona IDIBAPS Barcelona Spain
| | - Anders Wallin
- Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Magda Tsolaki
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | | | - Alberto Lleó
- IIB‐Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau ‐ Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau ‐ Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Julius Popp
- University Hospital Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - Pablo Martinez‐Lage
- Department of Neurology Center for Research and Advanced Therapies CITA‐Alzheimer Foundation San Sebastian Spain
| | | | - Peter Johannsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam Department of Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Germany
| | - Yvonne Freund
- Department of Neurobiology Caring Sciences and Society (NVS) Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Geriatric Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Frederik Barkhof
- UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering London United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Johannes Streffer
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM) Institute Born‐Bunge University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
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Ribaldi F, Altomare D, Jovicich J, Ferrari C, Picco A, Pizzini FB, Soricelli A, Mega A, Ferretti A, Drevelegas A, Bosch B, Müller BW, Marra C, Cavaliere C, Bartrés-Faz D, Nobili F, Alessandrini F, Barkhof F, Gros-Dagnac H, Ranjeva JP, Wiltfang J, Kuijer J, Sein J, Hoffmann KT, Roccatagliata L, Parnetti L, Tsolaki M, Constantinidis M, Aiello M, Salvatore M, Montalti M, Caulo M, Didic M, Bargallo N, Blin O, Rossini PM, Schonknecht P, Floridi P, Payoux P, Visser PJ, Bordet R, Lopes R, Tarducci R, Bombois S, Hensch T, Fiedler U, Richardson JC, Frisoni GB, Marizzoni M. Accuracy and reproducibility of automated white matter hyperintensities segmentation with lesion segmentation tool: A European multi-site 3T study. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 76:108-115. [PMID: 33220450 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brain vascular damage accumulate in aging and often manifest as white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on MRI. Despite increased interest in automated methods to segment WMHs, a gold standard has not been achieved and their longitudinal reproducibility has been poorly investigated. The aim of present work is to evaluate accuracy and reproducibility of two freely available segmentation algorithms. A harmonized MRI protocol was implemented in 3T-scanners across 13 European sites, each scanning five volunteers twice (test-retest) using 2D-FLAIR. Automated segmentation was performed using Lesion segmentation tool algorithms (LST): the Lesion growth algorithm (LGA) in SPM8 and 12 and the Lesion prediction algorithm (LPA). To assess reproducibility, we applied the LST longitudinal pipeline to the LGA and LPA outputs for both the test and retest scans. We evaluated volumetric and spatial accuracy comparing LGA and LPA with manual tracing, and for reproducibility the test versus retest. Median volume difference between automated WMH and manual segmentations (mL) was -0.22[IQR = 0.50] for LGA-SPM8, -0.12[0.57] for LGA-SPM12, -0.09[0.53] for LPA, while the spatial accuracy (Dice Coefficient) was 0.29[0.31], 0.33[0.26] and 0.41[0.23], respectively. The reproducibility analysis showed a median reproducibility error of 20%[IQR = 41] for LGA-SPM8, 14% [31] for LGA-SPM12 and 10% [27] with the LPA cross-sectional pipeline. Applying the LST longitudinal pipeline, the reproducibility errors were considerably reduced (LGA: 0%[IQR = 0], p < 0.001; LPA: 0% [3], p < 0.001) compared to those derived using the cross-sectional algorithms. The DC using the longitudinal pipeline was excellent (median = 1) for LGA [IQR = 0] and LPA [0.02]. LST algorithms showed moderate accuracy and good reproducibility. Therefore, it can be used as a reliable cross-sectional and longitudinal tool in multi-site studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ribaldi
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Daniele Altomare
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Jovicich
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMEC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Unit of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Agnese Picco
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Mother-Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Mega
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferretti
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonios Drevelegas
- Interbalkan Medical Center of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Radiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Beatriz Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernhard W Müller
- LVR-Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Institutes and Clinics of the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Camillo Marra
- Center for Neuropsychological Research, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - David Bartrés-Faz
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Dept. of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Alessandrini
- Radiology, Dept. of Diagnostic and Public Health, Verona University, Verona, Italy
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helene Gros-Dagnac
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France; Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UMR 825 Imagerie Cérébrale et Handicaps Neurologiques, F-31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Ranjeva
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7289, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joost Kuijer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julien Sein
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7289, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Luca Roccatagliata
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Italy; Dept. of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Centre for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Makedonia, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Martina Montalti
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Caulo
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, Italy
| | - Mira Didic
- APHM, Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Núria Bargallo
- Department of Neuroradiology and Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivier Blin
- Aix Marseille University, UMR-INSERM 1106, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Paolo M Rossini
- Dept. Neuroscience & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS-San Raffaele-Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Schonknecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Piero Floridi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierre Payoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Régis Bordet
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition - Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders-U1172. F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Renaud Lopes
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition - Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders-U1172. F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Stephanie Bombois
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition - Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders-U1172. F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Tilman Hensch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Fiedler
- LVR-Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Institutes and Clinics of the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jill C Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Moira Marizzoni
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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Albani D, Marizzoni M, Ferrari C, Fusco F, Boeri L, Raimondi I, Jovicich J, Babiloni C, Soricelli A, Lizio R, Galluzzi S, Cavaliere L, Didic M, Schönknecht P, Molinuevo JL, Nobili F, Parnetti L, Payoux P, Bocchio L, Salvatore M, Rossini PM, Tsolaki M, Visser PJ, Richardson JC, Wiltfang J, Bordet R, Blin O, Forloni G, Frisoni GB. Plasma Aβ42 as a Biomarker of Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease Progression in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: Evidence from the PharmaCog/E-ADNI Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:37-48. [PMID: 30149449 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is an open issue whether blood biomarkers serve to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD) or monitor its progression over time from prodromal stages. Here, we addressed this question starting from data of the European FP7 IMI-PharmaCog/E-ADNI longitudinal study in amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients including biological, clinical, neuropsychological (e.g., ADAS-Cog13), neuroimaging, and electroencephalographic measures. PharmaCog/E-ADNI patients were classified as "positive" (i.e., "prodromal AD" n = 76) or "negative" (n = 52) based on a diagnostic cut-off of Aβ42/P-tau in cerebrospinal fluid as well as APOE ε 4 genotype. Blood was sampled at baseline and at two follow-ups (12 and 18 months), when plasma amyloid peptide 42 and 40 (Aβ42, Aβ40) and apolipoprotein J (clusterin, CLU) were assessed. Linear Mixed Models found no significant differences in plasma molecules between the "positive" (i.e., prodromal AD) and "negative" groups at baseline. In contrast, plasma Aβ42 showed a greater reduction over time in the prodromal AD than the "negative" aMCI group (p = 0.048), while CLU and Aβ40 increased, but similarly in the two groups. Furthermore, plasma Aβ42 correlated with the ADAS-Cog13 score both in aMCI patients as a whole and the prodromal AD group alone. Finally, CLU correlated with the ADAS-Cog13 only in the whole aMCI group, and no association with ADAS-Cog13 was found for Aβ40. In conclusion, plasma Aβ42 showed disease progression-related features in aMCI patients with prodromal AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Moira Marizzoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Unit of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Boeri
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Raimondi
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Jorge Jovicich
- MR Lab Head, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome and Cassino, Rome and Cassino, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Lizio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Samantha Galluzzi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Libera Cavaliere
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mira Didic
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS UMR_S 1106, Marseille, France.,APHM, Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France
| | - Peter Schönknecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Germany
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease Unit and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Clinical Neurology, Dept. of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa and IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Clinica Neurologica, Università di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierre Payoux
- INSERM, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques UMR 825, Toulouse, France
| | - Luisella Bocchio
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Centro Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, University eCampus, Novedrate (Como), Italy
| | - Marco Salvatore
- IRCCS SDN Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Department of Gerontology, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.,Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 3rd Neurologic Clinic, Medical School, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Centre, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill C Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany.,iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Régis Bordet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1171 - Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Blin
- Aix Marseille University, UMR-CNRS 7289, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Memory Clinic and LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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46
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Bordet R, Deplanque D. Brain–liver axis: a new pathway for cognitive disorders related to hepatic fibrosis. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:2111-2112. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Bordet
- Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Lille France
| | - D. Deplanque
- Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Lille France
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47
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Ba K, Casolla B, Caparros F, Bricout N, Della Schiava L, Pasi M, Dequatre-Ponchelle N, Bodenant M, Bordet R, Cordonnier C, Hénon H, Leys D. Early epileptic seizures in ischaemic stroke treated by mechanical thrombectomy: influence of rt-PA. J Neurol 2020; 268:305-311. [PMID: 32797298 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epileptogenicity of recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (rt-PA) has been suggested, but seizures were not evaluated in randomised controlled trials. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether rt-PA was associated with early seizures in a cohort of consecutive patients with cerebral ischaemia. METHOD We included consecutive adults with ischaemic stroke due to large-vessel occlusion from the North-of-France stroke network selected for a mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Patients without contraindication received i.v. rt-PA. We evaluated stroke severity with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and functional status with the modified Rankin scale (mRS), and recorded epileptic seizures occurring between the end of imaging and day 7. We performed statistics using propensity analyses. RESULTS We included 1638 patients (783 men, 47.8%; median age 71 years; median NIHSS score 16; 1007 treated by rt-PA, 61.5%), in whom 60 (3.7%) developed early epileptic seizures. After adjustment on propensity scores, early seizures were associated with infections [adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) 2.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37-5.95] and delay between stroke recognition and end of MT (adjOR 1.04 for 10 min more; 95% CI 1.01-1.08), but not with rt-PA (adjOR 1.35; 95% CI 0.55-3.33). The propensity-matched analysis of 343 pairs of patients found no difference in the occurrence of early seizures between those with and without rt-PA (p = 0.386). CONCLUSION We found no significant association between rt-PA and early epileptic seizures. If rt-PA has the potential for epileptogenicity, the magnitude of the effect should be modest compared to its favourable effect on functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Ba
- Department of Neurology (Stroke Unit), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Barbara Casolla
- Department of Neurology (Stroke Unit), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - François Caparros
- Department of Neurology (Stroke Unit), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Bricout
- Department of Neuroradiology, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Lucie Della Schiava
- Department of Neurology (Stroke Unit), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Marco Pasi
- Department of Neurology (Stroke Unit), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Nelly Dequatre-Ponchelle
- Department of Neurology (Stroke Unit), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Marie Bodenant
- Department of Neurology (Stroke Unit), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Department of Pharmacology, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Charlotte Cordonnier
- Department of Neurology (Stroke Unit), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Hilde Hénon
- Department of Neurology (Stroke Unit), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Didier Leys
- Department of Neurology (Stroke Unit), Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, INSERM (U-1172), CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
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Lombardo D, Cassé-Perrot C, Ranjeva JP, Le Troter A, Guye M, Wirsich J, Payoux P, Bartrés-Faz D, Bordet R, Richardson JC, Felician O, Jirsa V, Blin O, Didic M, Battaglia D. Modular slowing of resting-state dynamic functional connectivity as a marker of cognitive dysfunction induced by sleep deprivation. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117155. [PMID: 32736002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Functional Connectivity (dFC) in the resting state (rs) is considered as a correlate of cognitive processing. Describing dFC as a flow across morphing connectivity configurations, our notion of dFC speed quantifies the rate at which FC networks evolve in time. Here we probe the hypothesis that variations of rs dFC speed and cognitive performance are selectively interrelated within specific functional subnetworks. In particular, we focus on Sleep Deprivation (SD) as a reversible model of cognitive dysfunction. We found that whole-brain level (global) dFC speed significantly slows down after 24h of SD. However, the reduction in global dFC speed does not correlate with variations of cognitive performance in individual tasks, which are subtle and highly heterogeneous. On the contrary, we found strong correlations between performance variations in individual tasks -including Rapid Visual Processing (RVP, assessing sustained visual attention)- and dFC speed quantified at the level of functional sub-networks of interest. Providing a compromise between classic static FC (no time) and global dFC (no space), modular dFC speed analyses allow quantifying a different speed of dFC reconfiguration independently for sub-networks overseeing different tasks. Importantly, we found that RVP performance robustly correlates with the modular dFC speed of a characteristic frontoparietal module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lombardo
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Cassé-Perrot
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France; Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, AP-HM, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Ranjeva
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique et Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM, 7339), Medical School of Marseille, 13005, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle d'Imagerie Médicale, CHU, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Le Troter
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique et Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM, 7339), Medical School of Marseille, 13005, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle d'Imagerie Médicale, CHU, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Guye
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique et Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM, 7339), Medical School of Marseille, 13005, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle d'Imagerie Médicale, CHU, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan Wirsich
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique et Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM, 7339), Medical School of Marseille, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- UMR 825 Inserm, Imagerie Cérébrale et Handicaps Neurologiques, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - David Bartrés-Faz
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Régis Bordet
- U1171 Inserm, CHU Lille, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jill C Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapeutic Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Olivier Felician
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France; APHM, Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France
| | - Viktor Jirsa
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Blin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France; Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, AP-HM, France
| | - Mira Didic
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France; APHM, Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France
| | - Demian Battaglia
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Rochoy M, Rivas V, Chazard E, Decarpentry E, Saudemont G, Hazard PA, Puisieux F, Gautier S, Bordet R. Factors Associated with Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview of Reviews. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2020; 6:121-134. [PMID: 30756119 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2019.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a frequent pathology, with a poor prognosis, for which no curative treatment is available in 2018. AD prevention is an important issue, and is an important research topic. In this manuscript, we have synthesized the literature reviews and meta-analyses relating to modifiable risk factors associated with AD. Smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, physical inactivity, depression, head trauma, heart failure, bleeding and ischemic strokes, sleep apnea syndrome appeared to be associated with an increased risk of AD. In addition to these well-known associations, we highlight here the existence of associated factors less described: hyperhomocysteinemia, hearing loss, essential tremor, occupational exposure to magnetic fields. On the contrary, some oral antidiabetic drugs, education and intellectual activity, a Mediterranean-type diet or using Healthy Diet Indicator, consumption of unsaturated fatty acids seemed to have a protective effect. Better knowledge of risk factors for AD allows for better identification of patients at risk. This may contribute to the emergence of prevention policies to delay or prevent the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rochoy
- Michaël Rochoy, 20 rue André Pantigny, 62230 Outreau, France. +33667576735,
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Bordet
- Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, département de Pharmacologie Médicale, 1, place de Verdun, 59000 Lille, France.
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