1
|
Ghaffari-Nasab A, Javani G, Yousefi H, Sharafkhani R, Taghizadeh S. Prolonged stress-induced depression-like behaviors in aged rats are mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in the hippocampus. Neurosci Res 2024; 198:39-46. [PMID: 37392834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural and functional recovery from stress-induced depression is impaired in the context of aging brain. Since investigating the molecular substrates that facilitate behavioral recovery may have important implications for understanding brain plasticity and resilience of individuals, we studied depressive-like behaviors in young and aged rats 6 weeks after chronic stress exposure as a recovery period and examined the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 inflammatory cytokines, NADH oxidase activity, NADPH oxidase, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, and apoptosis in the hippocampus. Young (3 months old) and aged (22 months old) male Wistar rats were divided into four groups; young control (Young), depression model of young rats that received chronic stress procedure followed by a 6-week recovery period (Young+S), aged control (Aged), and depression model of aged rats that received chronic stress procedure followed by a 6-week recovery period (Aged+S). After the recovery period, aged but not young rats showed depression-like behaviors, evaluated by the sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swimming test (FST), coincided with the altered levels of TNF-α, IL-6, NADH oxidase activity, NADPH oxidase, GRP78, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-12 in the hippocampus of these animals. These data suggested that oxidative and ER stress-induced apoptosis in the aging hippocampus may affect the recovery-related outcomes after the stress paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Ghaffari-Nasab
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Gonja Javani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hadi Yousefi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- School of Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sajjad Taghizadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vahedian M, Sharafkhani R, Pournia Y. Short-term effect of meteorological factors on COVID-19 mortality in Qom, Iran. Int J Environ Health Res 2023; 33:1515-1524. [PMID: 35917482 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2104821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the short-term effects of the meteorological factors on the COVID-19 mortality in Qom, Iran. The GAM with a quasi-Poisson link function was used to evaluate the impact of temperature, DTR, relative humidity, and absolute humidity on the COVID-19 mortality, controlling potential confounders such as time trend, air pollutants, and day of the week. The results showed that the risk of COVID-19 mortality was reduced, in single-day lag/multiple-day average lag, per one-unit increase in absolute humidity (percentage change in lag 0=-33.64% (95% CI (-42.44, -23.49)), and relative humidity (percentage change in lag 0=-1.87% (95% CI (-2.52, -1.22)). Also, per one-unit increase in DTR value, COVID death risk increased in single-day and multiple-day average lag. This study demonstrated a significant relationship between the four meteorological variables and the COVID-19 mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Vahedian
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- Department of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Yadollah Pournia
- Department of English Language, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rezaee R, Fathi S, Maleki A, Aboubakri O, Li G, Safari M, Sharafkhani R, Zarei M. Summer heat waves and their mortality risk over a 14-year period in a western region of Iran. Int J Biometeorol 2023; 67:2081-2091. [PMID: 37845501 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Compared to previous decade, impact of heat waves (HWs) on mortality in recent years needs to be discussed in Iran. We investigated temporal change in added impact of summer HWs on mortality in eight cities of Iran. The pooled length of HWs was compared between 2015-2022 and 2008-2014 using random and fixed-effects of meta-analysis regression model. The temporal change in impact of HWs was evaluated through interaction effect between crossbasis function of HW and year in a two-stage time varying model. In order to pool the reduced coefficients of each period, multivariate meta-regression model, including city-specific temperature and temperature range as heterogenicity factors, was used. In addition to relative risk (RR), attributable fraction (AF) of HW in the two periods was also estimated in each city. In the last years, the frequency of all HWs was higher and the weak HWs were significantly longer. The only significant RR was related to the lowest and low severe HWs which was observed in the second period. In terms of AF, compared to the strong HWs, all weak HWs caused a considerable excess mortality in all cities and second period. The subgroup analysis revealed that the significant impact in the second period was mainly related to females and elderlies. The increased risk and AF due to more frequent and longer HWs (weak HWs) in the last years highlights the need for mitigation strategies in the region. Because of uncertainty in the results of severe HWs, further elaborately investigation of the HWs is need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezaee
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Serveh Fathi
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Afshin Maleki
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Omid Aboubakri
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Guoxing Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Mahdi Safari
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- School of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Zarei
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aghababaeian H, Sharafkhani R, Kiarsi M, Mehranfar S, Moosavi A, Araghi Ahvazi L, Aboubakri O. Diurnal temperature range and hospital admission due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Dezful, a city with hot climate and high DTR fluctuation in Iran: an ecological time-series study. Environ Geochem Health 2023:10.1007/s10653-023-01533-8. [PMID: 37000334 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The results of previous studies have indicated the effects of temperature changes on health status. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of diurnal temperature range (DTR) and hospital admission on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Dezful, in Iran. In this ecological time-series study, data related to hospital admissions based on ICD-10, meteorological, and climatological data were gathered over a period of six years from 2014 to 2019. A distributed lag nonlinear model combined with a quasi-Poisson regression was then used to assess the impact of DTR on cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions. Potential confounders, including wind speed, air pollution, seasonality, time trend, weekends and holidays, days of week, and humidity were controlled. In extreme low DTRs, the cumulative effects of cardiovascular admissions significantly increased in total, and in warm and cold seasons (Lag0-21, P ≤ 0.05). In addition, in extreme high DTRs, the cumulative effects of cardiovascular significantly decreased in total (Lag0-13 and Lag0-21, P ≤ 0.05), and in warm (Lag0-21, P ≤ 0.05) and cold seasons (Lag0-21, P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, respiratory admissions significantly decreased in total (Lag0-21, P ≤ 0.05) and in warm season (Lag0-21, P ≤ 0.05).Our result indicates that extreme low DTRs could increase the risk of daily cardiovascular admissions, and extreme high DTRs may cause a protective effect on daily respiratory and cardiovascular admissions in some regions with high fluctuations in DTR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Aghababaeian
- Department of Medical Emergencies, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
- Center for Climate Change and Health Research (CCCHR), Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- School of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran.
| | - Maryam Kiarsi
- Department of Medical Emergencies, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
- Center for Climate Change and Health Research (CCCHR), Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Shahzad Mehranfar
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Ahmad Moosavi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Ladan Araghi Ahvazi
- Department of Medical Emergencies, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
- Center for Climate Change and Health Research (CCCHR), Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Omid Aboubakri
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sharafkhani R, Nukpezah RN, Lathabhavan R, Kallmen H, Fournier A, Hosseini Marznaki Z. Factors that affect levels of alexithymia, empathy and communication skills of nursing students in northern Iran. Nurs Open 2023; 10:3936-3945. [PMID: 36808820 PMCID: PMC10170927 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The inability of nurses to express their own emotions, understand others' emotions and show empathy could result in communication gaps that could affect patient care outcomes. This study investigates the factors associated with the levels of alexithymia, empathy and communication skills among nursing students. DESIGN A survey was conducted among 365 nursing students, and data were collected using an online questionnaire. METHODS Data analyses were done using SPSS software version 22. RESULTS There was a significant positive association between age and empathy and a negative association between the number of times a nurse took the entrance exam. The level of education and interest in nursing correlate with communication skills. All the predictor variables of alexithymia in this current study were not significant. Emphasis should be placed on improving nursing students' empathy and communication skills. Student nurses should be taught how to recognize and express their emotions. To assess their mental health, they must be screened regularly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Sharafkhani
- Department of Public health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Ruth Nimota Nukpezah
- Department of General Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | - Hakan Kallmen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aghababaeian H, Ostadtaghizadeh A, Ardalan A, Asgary A, Akbary M, Yekaninejad MS, Sharafkhani R, Stephens C. Mortality Risk Related to Heatwaves in Dezful City, Southwest of Iran. Environ Health Insights 2023; 17:11786302231151538. [PMID: 36762075 PMCID: PMC9903032 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231151538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the impact of heatwaves on daily deaths due to non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory causes in the city of Dezful in Iran from 2013 to 2019. METHOD We collected daily ambient temperature and mortality and defined 2 types of heatwaves by combining daily temperature ⩾90th in each month of the study period or since 30 years with duration ⩾2 and 3 days. We used a distributed lag non-linear model to study the association between each type of heatwave definition, and deaths due to non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory causes with lags up to 13 days. RESULTS There was no discernible correlation in this area, despite the fact that heatwaves raised the risk of death from cardiovascular causes and lowered the risk from respiratory causes. On the other hand, the risk of total non-accidental mortality on days with the heatwaves is significantly higher than normal days. In main effects, the heatwaves have a significant relationship with the risk of total non-accidental mortality (in the first heatwave definition, Cumulative Excess Risk (CER) in lag0-2 was 10.4 and in second heatwave definition, CER values in lag0, 0-2, and 0-6 were 12.4, 29.2, and 38.8 respectively). Also, in added effects, heatwaves have a significant relationship with the risk of total non-accidental mortality (in the first heatwave definition, CER in lag0 and 0-2 were 1.79 and 4.11 and in the second heatwave definition, CER values in lag0, 0-2, and 0-6 were 7.76, 18.35 and 24.87 respectively). In addition, heatwaves appeared to contribute to a cumulative excess risk of non-accidental death among the male group as well as the older adults. CONCLUSION However, the results showed that heatwaves could have detrimental effects on health, even in populations accustomed to the extreme heat. Therefore, early warning systems which monitor heatwaves should provide the necessary warnings to the population, especially the most vulnerable groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Aghababaeian
- Center for Climate Change and Health research (CCCHR), Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ostadtaghizadeh
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ardalan
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asgary
- Disaster and Emergency Management, School of Administrative Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mehry Akbary
- Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- School of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Carolyn Stephens
- UCL Bartlett Development Planning Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moghaddam Tabrizi F, Sharafkhani R, Heydari Z, Khorami Markani A, Ahmadi Aghziyarat N, Khalkhali HR. Estimating the prevalence of high-risk behaviors using network scale-up method in medical university students. J Educ Health Promot 2022; 11:356. [PMID: 36618457 PMCID: PMC9818702 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_920_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is not much information about high-risk behaviors in young groups, especially students. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of high-risk behaviors in students of universities of medical sciences in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, by network scale-up (NSU) method. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 450 students from the universities of medical sciences. A researcher-developed checklist was used to collect the data. We considered number 16 for the social network size of students according to a previous study. Based on the response of individuals to each of the high-risk behaviors (including cigarette smoking, hookah use, opium consumption, alcohol drinking, tramadol/ecstasy taking, and extramarital sex) in their social network, the prevalence of these behaviors was estimated. The required calculations were performed using the NSU method. Furthermore, 95% uncertainty interval (UI) was calculated using the bootstrap method. RESULTS Totally, 196 (44%) participants were male. The mean age (standard deviation) of the participants was 22 ± 2 years. Results showed that hookah use (20% 95% UI [18.9-21.1]) and opium consumption (0.4% 95% UI [0.24-0.6]) had the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively. Cigarette smoking (17% 95% UI [15.8-18]), alcohol use (8.3% 95% UI [7.5-9.1]), extramarital sex (8.2% 95% UI [7.4-9]), and tramadol/ecstasy taking (4% 95% UI [6.4-4.6]) were the next most common high-risk behaviors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Given that hookah use and cigarette smoking are the most common high-risk behaviors in students, especially males, appropriate cultural activities and educational programs should be employed by relevant authorities to reduce these behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- Department of Public Health Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Zeynab Heydari
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | | | - Najaf Ahmadi Aghziyarat
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Khalkhali
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dastoorpoor M, Khodadadi N, Masoumi K, Khanjani N, Idani E, Borsi SH, Goudarzi G, Raji H, Sharafkhani R. Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory disease mortality in Ahvaz, Iran. Environ Geochem Health 2022; 44:2767-2782. [PMID: 34417925 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change may be associated with human morbidity and mortality through direct and indirect effects. Ahvaz is one of the hottest cities in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory disease mortality in Ahvaz, Iran. Distributed Lag Non-linear Models (DLNM) combined with quasi-Poisson regression were used to investigate the effect of PET on death. The effect of time trend, air pollutants (NO2, SO2 and PM10), and weekdays were adjusted.The results showed that in cold stress [1st percentile of PET (2.7 °C) relative to 25th percentile (11.9 °C)] the risk of total respiratory mortality, respiratory mortality in men, and mortality in people under 65 year olds, significantly decreased in the cumulative lags of 0-2, 0-6 and 0-13; but the risk of respiratory mortality increased in the elderly and in the final lags. In contrast, heat stress [99th percentile of PET (44.9 °C) relative to 75th percentile (43.4 °C)] significantly increased the risk of total cardiovascular mortality (CVD), cardiovascular mortality in men, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease mortality in lags 0 and 0-2. It seems that high PET values increase the risk of cardiovascular mortality, while low PET values increase respiratory mortality only among the elderly in Ahvaz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dastoorpoor
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Narges Khodadadi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Masoumi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Narges Khanjani
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Idani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Borsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health, Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Raji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ebrahimpour Sadagheyani H, Sharafkhani R, Sakhaei S, Jafaralilou H, Shahmirzalou P. The Evaluation of Results of Twenty Common Equations for Differentiation of Beta Thalassemia Trait from Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Cross-Sectional Study. ijph 2022; 51:929-938. [PMID: 35936522 PMCID: PMC9288402 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v51i4.9255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Beta Thalassemia Trait (BTT) and Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) were two common clinical problems with clinical hypochromic and microcytic manifestations, and their differentiation from each other was very important and needs innovative formulas and laboratory tests. Since the consideration of anemia as a pair with BTT leads to beta-thalassemia major birth in 25% of cases, offering prospective parents detailed information about the likelihood of their offspring developing BTT is essential. The present study aimed to investigate the performance of common equations in differentiation of BTT from IDA.
Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, twenty common equations were selected in the differentiation of BTT from IDA. To evaluate the equations, the tests of 292 individuals (73 individuals with BTT and 219 individuals with IDA) were compared with the initial diagnosis of hypochromic and microcytic anemia using the formulas. Descriptive and value indices and Roc curve were utilized for all equations to analyze the results.
Results: Among twenty differential equations, Bordbar, Kerman I, II and Srivastava equations had the highest area under Roc curve (AUC) of 0.841, 0.838, 0.836, and 0.830 respectively, but Kandhro I. equation had the lowest AUC (0.378).
Conclusion: Given the importance of AUC and value indices of differential equations in clinical decision making, and results of evaluating common equations in differentiation of BTT from IDA. It is essential to improve the values of the equations by re-examining the parameters involved in them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ebrahimpour Sadagheyani
- Department of Health Information Technology, School of Para Medicine, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- School of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Shahriar Sakhaei
- Department of Nursing, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Hamid Jafaralilou
- Health Education and Promotion, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahmirzalou
- School of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
- Corresponding Author:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shoraka HR, Aboubakri O, Ballester J, Sharafkhani R. Heat and cold-related morbidity risk in north-east of Iran: a time-stratified case crossover design. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:2664-2671. [PMID: 34374019 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate morbidity risk/number attributed to air extreme temperatures using time-stratified case crossover study and distributed lag non-linear model in a region of Iran during 2015-2019. A time-stratified case crossover design based on aggregated exposure data was used in this study. In order to have no overlap bias in the estimations, a fixed and disjointed window by using 1-month strata was used in the design. A conditional Poisson regression model allowing for over dispersion (Quasi-Poisson) was applied into Distributed Lag Non-linear Model (DLNM). Different approaches were applied to estimate Optimum Temperature (OT). In the model, the interaction effect between temperature and humidity was assessed to see if the impact of heat or cold on Hospital Admissions (HAs) are different between different levels of humidity. The cumulative effect of heat during 21 days was not significant and it was the cold that had significant cumulative adverse effect on all groups. While the number of HAs attributed to any ranges of heat, including medium, high, extreme, and even all values were negligible, but a large number was attributable to cold values; about 10000 HAs were attributable to all values of cold temperature, of which about 9000 were attributed to medium range and about 1000 and less than 500 were attributed to high and extreme values of cold, respectively. This study highlights the need for interventions in cold seasons by policymakers. The results inform researchers as well as policy makers to address both men and women and elderly when any plan or preventive program is developed in the area under study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Shoraka
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, North Khorasan, Iran
| | - Omid Aboubakri
- Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Centre, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.
| | - Joan Ballester
- Climate and Health Program (CLIMA), Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- School of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aghababaeian H, Ostadtaghizadeh A, Ardalan A, Asgary A, Akbary M, Yekaninejad MS, Sharafkhani R, Stephens C. Effect of Dust Storms on Non-Accidental, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Mortality: A Case of Dezful City in Iran. Environ Health Insights 2021; 15:11786302211060152. [PMID: 34819734 PMCID: PMC8606970 DOI: 10.1177/11786302211060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the fact that Iran has been exposed to severe dust storms during the past 2 decades, few studies have investigated the health effects of these events in Iran. This study was conducted to assess the association between dust storms and daily non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality in Dezful City (Khuzestan Province, Iran) during 2014 to 2019. METHODS In this study, mortality, meteorological, and climatological data were obtained from the Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Meteorological Organization, and Department of Environment in Khuzestan Province, respectively. Days of dust storm were identified based on the daily concentration threshold of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) according to Hoffmanns҆ definition, and then an ecological time-series was used to estimate the short-term effects of dust storms on daily mortality. Statistical analysis was performed using a distributed lag linear model (DLM) and a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) packages by R software and the study results were reported as excess mortality. RESULTS During the study period, 15 223 deaths were recorded, and 139 dust storms occurred in Dezful city. In addition, there was statistically significant excess risk of mortality due to dust storms in Dezful City (mortality in the group under 15 years of age, lag4: 34.17% and 15-64 years of age groups, lag5: 32.19%, lag6: 3.28%), also dust storms had statistically significant effects on respiratory mortality (lag6: 5.49%). CONCLUSION The findings of the current study indicate that dust storms increase the risk of mortality with some lags. An evidence-based early warning system may be able to aware the people of the health effects of dust storms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Aghababaeian
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nursing and Emergency, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Abbas Ostadtaghizadeh
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ardalan
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asgary
- Disaster and Emergency Management, School of Administrative Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mehry Akbary
- Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- School of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Carolyn Stephens
- UCL Institute of Health Equity, London, UK
- UK Faculty of Public Health Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Doostan F, Amirinejad A, Rahimlou M, Hassanzadeh M, Sharafkhani R. Prevalence of household food insecurity among people living with HIV/AIDS (Kerman- the southeast of Iran). Med J Islam Repub Iran 2021; 35:14. [PMID: 33996665 PMCID: PMC8111646 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.35.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Household food insecurity is one of the major public health issues that may affect an individual’s nutritional state, especially in patients with chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of household food insecurity and its association with sociodemographic and clinical factors among patients with HIV/AIDS in Kerman province, Iran.
Methods: A cross sectional study was performed among the 179 patients with HIV/AIDS in Kerman province. Participants completed a questionnaire focusing on personal information, health, and clinical status. Also, household food security status was evaluated by the USDA (US Department of Agriculture) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 22) by descriptive, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Overall, 98 responding men and women were classified as household food secure (n=41; 40.8%) and household food insecure (n=58; 59.2%). Among the household food insecure patients, 14% (n=8) experienced lower household food insecurity, 38% (n=22) moderate household food insecurity, and 48% (n=28) severe household food insecurity. No significant differences were observed between household food secure and insecure groups in demographic variables. In clinical variables, only BMI index was significantly different between the two groups (p=0.040), but CD4 count was not significant between groups (p=0.220).
Conclusion: Prevalence of household food insecurity was high among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kerman. It seems clinical variables such as BMI index, which indicates the nutritional status of individuals, affect household food security status among people living with HIV/AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Doostan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Amirinejad
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehran Rahimlou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Para-medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mehran Hassanzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sharafkhani R, Khanjani N, Bakhtiari B, Jahani Y, Entezarmahdi R. The effect of cold and heat waves on mortality in Urmia a cold region in the North West of Iran. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102745. [PMID: 33292986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the different extreme temperature effects (heat-cold) of one geographical location at the same time in Iran. This study was conducted to assess the impact of heat and cold waves on mortality in Urmia city, which has a cold and mountainous climate. Distributed Lag Non-linear Models combined with a quasi-Poisson regression were used to assess the impact of heat (HW) and cold waves (CW) on mortality in subgroups, controlled for potential confounders such as long-term trend of daily mortality, day of week effect, holidays, mean temperature, humidity, wind speed and air pollutants. The heat/cold effect was divided into two general categories A-main effect (the effect caused by temperature), B-added effect (the effect caused by persistence of extreme temperature). Results show that there was no relation between HW and respiratory and cardiovascular death, but in main effects, HW(H1) significantly increased, the risk of Non-Accidental Death (NAD) in lag 0 (Cumulative Excess Risk (CER) NAD = 31(CI; 4-65)). Also in added effects, HW had a significant effect on NAD (CER H1; NAD; lag;0-2 = 31(CI; 5, 51), CER H2; NAD; lag;0-2 = 26(CI; 6, 48)). There was no relation between CW and respiratory death and cardiovascular death, but in added effects, CW(C1) significantly decreased, the risk of non-accidental death in initial lags (CER C1; NAD; lag;0-2 = -19 (CI; -35, -2)). It seems that high temperatures and heat waves increase the risk of non-accidental mortality in northwest of Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Sharafkhani
- School of Public Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran.
| | - Narges Khanjani
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Monash Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Bahram Bakhtiari
- Water Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Yunes Jahani
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Rasool Entezarmahdi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with a prevalence of about 1% among the general population. It is listed among the top 10 causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide. Antipsychotics are the mainstay treatment. Piperacetazine has been reported to be as clinically effective as chlorpromazine, a well established 'benchmark' antipsychotic, for people with schizophrenia. However, the side effect profiles of these antipsychotics differ and it is important that an evidence base is available comparing the benefits, and potential harms of these two antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES To assess the clinical and side effects of chlorpromazine for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses in comparison with piperacetazine. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Trials Register (6 June 2015 and 8 October 2018) which is based on regular searches of CINAHL, CENTRAL, BIOSIS, AMED, Embase, PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and registries of clinical trials. There are no language, date, document type, or publication status limitations for inclusion of records in the register. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on chlorpromazine versus piperacetazine for people with schizophrenia, reporting useable data. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data independently. For binary outcomes, we calculated risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), on an intention-to-treat basis. For continuous data, we estimated the mean difference (MD) between groups and its 95% CI. We employed a fixed-effect model for analyses. We assessed risk of bias for included studies and created 'Summary of findings' tables using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We found 12 records referring to six trials. We included five trials, all from the 1970s, randomising 343 participants. We excluded one trial. The overall methodology and data reporting by the trials was poor. Only short-term data were available.Results from the included trials found that, in terms of global state improvement, when rated by a psychiatrist, there was no clear difference between chlorpromazine and piperacetazine (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.02; participants = 208; studies = 2; very low-quality evidence). One trial reported change scores on the mental state scale Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS); no clear difference was observed (MD -0.40, 95% CI -1.41 to 0.61; participants = 182; studies = 1; very low-quality evidence). Chlorpromazine appears no worse or better than piperacetazine regarding adverse effects. In both treatment groups, around 60% of participants experienced some sort of adverse effect (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.33; participants = 74; studies = 3; very low-quality evidence), with approximately 40% of these participants experiencing some parkinsonism-type movement disorder (RR 0.95, CI 0.61 to 1.49; participants = 106; studies = 3; very low-quality evidence). No clear difference in numbers of participants leaving the study early for any reason was observed (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.10 to 2.56; participants = 256; studies = 4; very low-quality evidence). No trial reported data for change in negative symptoms or economic costs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The results of this review show chlorpromazine and piperacetazine may have similar clinical efficacy, but data are based on very small numbers of participants and the evidence is very low quality. We can not make firm conclusions based on such data. Currently, should clinicians and people with schizophrenia need to choose between chlorpromazine and piperacetazine they should be aware there is no good quality evidence to base decisions. More high quality research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Eslami Shahrbabaki
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Afzalipour School of MedicineNeuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department of PsychiatryKermanIran7618834115
| | - Reza Dehnavieh
- Kerman University of Medical SciencesHealth Services Management Research Centre, Institute for Futures Studies in HealthHaft Bagh RoadKermanIran
| | - Leila Vali
- Kerman University of Medical SciencesEnvironmental Health Engineering Research CentreKermanIran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gholami A, Zamani F, Hosseini B, Sharafkhani R, Maadi M, Moosavi Jahromi Z, Khazaee-Pool M, Sohrabi M. Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Suspected Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Med Princ Pract 2018; 27:166-172. [PMID: 29402822 PMCID: PMC5968304 DOI: 10.1159/000487397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to examine the effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with suspected nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Three hundred thirty-two patients (236 males and 96 females) with suspected NASH from the Amol cohort study were included in this study. MetS was diagnosed based on Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and HRQOL was measured using the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) questionnaire (with 8 subscales and 2 summary components). A multivariable linear regression model was used to assess the independent effect of MetS on HRQOL. RESULTS The mean age of the study population was 42 ± 13 years (range 18-82). The prevalence of MetS was 43.4% (n = 144) and the mean scores on the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and the Mental Component Summary were 72.4 ± 20.86 and 42.7 ± 12.42, respectively. The multivariable linear regression model showed that MetS was negatively associated with 4 subscales of HRQOL that included: role limitations due to physical problems (RP) (B = -14.05, p = 0.004), bodily pain (BP) (B = -7.37, p = 0.02), vitality (VT) (B = -7.72, p = 0.022), and role limitations due to emotional problems (RE) (B = -12.67, p = 0.005) after adjustment for other variables. Also, MetS had a borderline association with the general health and mental health subscales and the PCS (p < 0.1). CONCLUSION In this study, there was a strong association between MetS and 4 subscales (RP, BP, VT, and RE) of HRQOL in patients with suspected NASH; this could be considered as a part of health policy to improve general health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gholami
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bayan Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- PhD in Epidemiology, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Maadi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Moosavi Jahromi
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Public Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Maryam Khazaee-Pool
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Masoudreza Sohrabi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Masoudreza Sohrabi, Beh Afarin Ave., Valiasr Sq., Tehran (Iran), E-Mail
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sharafkhani R, Khanjani N, Bakhtiari B, Jahani Y, Sadegh Tabrizi J. Physiological Equivalent Temperature Index and mortality in Tabriz (The northwest of Iran). J Therm Biol 2018; 71:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Eslami Shahrbabaki M, Sharafkhani R, Dehnavieh R, Vali L. Chlorpromazine versus piperacetazine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Eslami Shahrbabaki
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Department of Psychiatry; Shahid Beheshti Hospital Jomhori Blv Kerman Iran 7618834115
| | - Rahim Sharafkhani
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology; Haft Bagh Avenue Block C Kerman Iran 7616911317
| | - Reza Dehnavieh
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Institute for Futures Studies in Health; Haft Bagh Road Kerman Iran
| | - Leila Vali
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Health Administration; Haft Bagh Avenue Block C, Departmet of Health Administration Kerman Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dastgiri S, Sharafkhani R, Gharaaghaji R, Ghavamzadeh S. Prevalence, influencing factors and control of food insecurity: a model in the northwest of Iran. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2011; 20:613-617. [PMID: 22094847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Food insecurity is frequent in both developed and developing countries, affecting from 5% to 25% of the general population. The aim of this study was to assess food insecurity, its influencing factors and control measures in the northwest of Iran. A total population of 15,070 (2,911 households) were studied. A short questionnaire was used for the screening of food insecurity and energy intake in this study. After the screening programme, those families identified as having food insecurity were recruited for the second part of the study which was a community trial. We organized small training campaigns (through peer education) for target households. Six months later, the same techniques were applied again to assess the impact of educational intervention in reducing the rate of food insecurity. Total prevalence of food insecurity in the study population was 59.3 percent (95% confidence interval: 57.4-61.3). Logistic regression showed that apart from the mother's age and smoking status of the head of the family, there was a significant association between household food insecurity and other variables in the model (mainly economic factors). The prevalence of food insecurity reduced by 7.3 percent after the intervention (p>0.10). The high prevalence of food insecurity in this study indicates that there is an urgent need for a close collaboration between governmental, international and local leadership to identify and implement the key interventional programmes to overcome this ever increasing health problem. According to our findings, a special attention should be paid on the economic improvement in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Dastgiri
- National Public Health Management Centre of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sharafkhani R, Dastgiri S, Gharaaghaji R, Ghavamzadeh S, Didarloo A. The Role of Household Structure on The Prevalence of Food Insecurity. ELECTRON J GEN MED 2010. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|