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Karim N, Yang Y, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Rice RH. Human Keratinocyte Responses to Woodsmoke Chemicals. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:675-684. [PMID: 38598786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution consists of complex mixtures of chemicals with serious deleterious health effects from acute and chronic exposure. To help understand the mechanisms by which adverse effects occur, the present work examines the responses of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes to specific chemicals commonly found in woodsmoke. Our earlier findings with liquid smoke flavoring (aqueous extract of charred wood) revealed that such extracts stimulated the expression of genes associated with oxidative stress and proinflammatory response, activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, thereby inducing cytochrome P4501A1 activity, and induced cross-linked envelope formation, a lethal event ordinarily occurring during terminal differentiation. The present results showed that furfural produced transcriptional responses resembling those of liquid smoke, cyclohexanedione activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and several chemicals induced envelope formation. Of these, syringol permeabilized the cells to the egress of lactate dehydrogenase at a concentration close to that yielding envelope formation, while furfural induced envelope formation without permeabilization detectable in this way. Furfural (but not syringol) stimulated the incorporation of amines into cell proteins in extracts in the absence of transglutaminase activity. Nevertheless, both chemicals substantially increased the amount of cellular protein incorporated into envelopes and greatly altered the envelope protein profile. Moreover, the proportion of keratin in the envelopes was dramatically increased. These findings are consistent with the chemically induced protein cross-linking in the cells. Elucidating mechanisms by which this phenomenon occurs may help understand how smoke chemicals interact with proteins to elicit cellular responses, interpret bioassays of complex pollutant mixtures, and suggest additional sensitive ways to monitor exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Karim
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616-8588, United States
| | - Yatian Yang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616-8588, United States
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Blythe P Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616-8588, United States
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2
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Sukseree S, Karim N, Jaeger K, Zhong S, Rossiter H, Nagelreiter IM, Gruber F, Tschachler E, Rice RH, Eckhart L. Autophagy Controls the Protein Composition of Hair Shafts. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:170-173.e4. [PMID: 37517514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.06.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Supawadee Sukseree
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Noreen Karim
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Karin Jaeger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shaomin Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Lin LW, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Rice RH. Environmental pro-oxidants induce altered envelope protein profiles in human keratinocytes. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:16-26. [PMID: 37788135 PMCID: PMC10734632 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornified envelopes (CEs) of human epidermis ordinarily consist of transglutaminase-mediated cross-linked proteins and are essential for skin barrier function. However, in addition to enzyme-mediated isopeptide bonding, protein cross-linking could also arise from oxidative damage. Our group recently demonstrated abnormal incorporation of cellular proteins into CEs by pro-oxidants in woodsmoke. In this study, we focused on 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ), mesquite liquid smoke (MLS), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), to further understand the mechanisms through which environmental pro-oxidants induce CE formation and alter the CE proteome. CEs induced by the ionophore X537A were used for comparison. Similar to X537A, DMNQ- and MLS-induced CE formation was associated with membrane permeabilization. However, since DMNQ is non-adduct forming, its CEs were similar in protein profile to those from X537A. By contrast, MLS, rich in reactive carbonyls that can form protein adducts, caused a dramatic change in the CE proteome. TCDD-CEs were found to contain many CE precursors, such as small proline-rich proteins and late cornified envelope proteins, encoded by the epidermal differentiation complex. Since expression of these proteins is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and its well-known downstream protein, CYP1A1, was exclusively present in the TCDD group, we suggest that TCDD alters the CE proteome through persistent AhR activation. This study demonstrates the potential of environmental pro-oxidants to alter the epidermal CE proteome and indicates that the cellular redox state has an important role in CE formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo-Wei Lin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Blythe P Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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4
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Sundberg JP, Rice RH. Phenotyping mice with skin, hair, or nail abnormalities: A systematic approach and methodologies from simple to complex. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:829-842. [PMID: 37191004 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231170329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The skin and adnexa can be difficult to interpret because they change dramatically with the hair cycle throughout life. However, a variety of methods are commonly available to collect skin and perform assays that can be useful for figuring out morphological and molecular changes. This overview provides information on basic approaches to evaluate skin and its molecular phenotype, with references for more detail, and interpretation of results on the skin and adnexa in the mouse. These approaches range from mouse genetic nomenclature, setting up a cutaneous phenotyping study, skin grafts, hair follicle reconstitution, wax stripping, electron microscopy, and Köbner reaction to very specific approaches such as lipid and protein analyses on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Rietscher K, Homberg M, Kovalenko I, Sexton JZ, Rice RH, Has C, Omary MB, Magin TM. Painting and dissecting Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex-associated keratin aggregates. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 112:109-111. [PMID: 37735021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rietscher
- Institute of Biology, Professorship of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Melanie Homberg
- Institute of Biology, Professorship of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ilya Kovalenko
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; U-M Center for Drug Repurposing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Insilico Medicine HK Limited, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong
| | - Jonathan Z Sexton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; U-M Center for Drug Repurposing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Professorship of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Karim N, Mirmirani P, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Rice RH. Protein profiling of forehead epidermal corneocytes distinguishes frontal fibrosing from androgenetic alopecia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283619. [PMID: 37000833 PMCID: PMC10065298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein profiling offers an effective approach to characterizing how far epidermis departs from normal in disease states. The present pilot investigation tested the hypothesis that protein expression in epidermal corneocytes is perturbed in the forehead of subjects exhibiting frontal fibrosing alopecia. To this end, samples were collected by tape stripping from subjects diagnosed with this condition and compared to those from asymptomatic control subjects and from those exhibiting androgenetic alopecia. Unlike the latter, which exhibited only 3 proteins significantly different from controls in expression level, forehead samples from frontal fibrosing alopecia subjects displayed 72 proteins significantly different from controls, nearly two-thirds having lower expression. The results demonstrate frontal fibrosing alopecia exhibits altered corneocyte protein expression in epidermis beyond the scalp, indicative of a systemic condition. They also provide a basis for quantitative measures of departure from normal by assaying forehead epidermis, useful in monitoring response to treatment while avoiding invasive biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Karim
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Paradi Mirmirani
- Department of Dermatology, The Permanente Medical Group, Vallejo, California, United States of America
| | - Blythe P. Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Rocke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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7
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Sundberg JP, Galantino-Homer H, Fairfield H, Ward-Bailey PF, Harris BS, Berry M, Pratt CH, Gott NE, Bechtold LS, Kaplan PR, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Rice RH. Witch Nails (Krt90whnl): A spontaneous mouse mutation affecting nail growth and development. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277284. [PMID: 36374931 PMCID: PMC9662738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous single gene mutations identified in humans and mice result in nail deformities with many similarities between the species. A spontaneous, autosomal, recessive mutation called witch nails (whnl) is described here where the distal nail matrix and nail bed undergo degenerative changes resulting in formation of an abnormal nail plate causing mice to develop long, curved nails. This mutation arose spontaneously in a colony of MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/J at The Jackson Laboratory. Homozygous mutant mice are recognizable by 8 weeks of age by their long, curved nails. The whnl mutation, mapped on Chromosome 15, is due to a 7-bp insertion identified in the 3’ region of exon 9 in the Krt90 gene (formerly Riken cDNA 4732456N10Rik), and is predicted to result in a frameshift that changes serine 476 to arginine and subsequently introduces 36 novel amino acids into the protein before a premature stop codon (p. Ser476ArgfsTer36). By immunohistochemistry the normal KRT90 protein is expressed in the nail matrix and nail bed in control mice where lesions are located in mutant mice. Immunoreactivity toward equine KRT124, the ortholog of mouse KRT90, is restricted to the hoof lamellae (equine hoof wall and lamellae are homologous to the mouse nail plate and nail bed) and the mouse nail bed. Equine laminitis lesions are similar to those observed in this mutant mouse suggesting that the latter may be a useful model for hoof and nail diseases. This first spontaneous mouse mutation affecting the novel Krt90 gene provides new insight into the normal regulation of the molecular pathways of nail development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Hannah Galantino-Homer
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States of America
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | | | | | - Melissa Berry
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - C. Herbert Pratt
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Nicholas E. Gott
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | | | - Pauline R. Kaplan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Blythe P. Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Applied Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - David M. Rocke
- Department of Applied Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Ioannidis AD, Khan SG, Tamura D, DiGiovanna JJ, Rizza E, Kraemer KH, Rice RH. Trichothiodystrophy hair shafts display distinct ultrastructural features. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1270-1275. [PMID: 35615778 PMCID: PMC10575343 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hair shafts from three trichothiodystrophy (TTD) patients with mutations in the ERCC2 (XPD) gene were examined by transmission electron microscopy. TTD is a rare, recessive disorder with mutations in several genes in the DNA repair/transcription pathway, including ERCC2. Unlike previous studies, the hair shafts were examined after relaxation of their structure by partial disulphide bond reduction in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, permitting improved visualization. Compared with hair shafts of normal phenotype, TTD cuticle cells displayed aberrant marginal bands and exocuticle layers. Clusters of cells stained differently (light versus dark) in the cortex of aberrant shafts, and the keratin macrofibrils appeared much shorter in the cytoplasm. Considerable heterogeneity in these properties was evident among samples and even along the length of single hair shafts. The results are consistent with not only a paucity of high sulphur components, such as keratin-associated proteins, but also a profound imbalance in protein content and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki-Diotima Ioannidis
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sikandar G. Khan
- DNA Repair Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah Tamura
- DNA Repair Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John J. DiGiovanna
- DNA Repair Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rizza
- DNA Repair Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Kraemer
- DNA Repair Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Karim N, Lin LW, Van Eenennaam JP, Fangue NA, Schreier AD, Phillips MA, Rice RH. Epidermal cell cultures from white and green sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus and medirostris): Expression of TGM1-like transglutaminases and CYP4501A. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265218. [PMID: 35294467 PMCID: PMC8926185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a system optimized for propagating human keratinocytes, culture of skin samples from white and green sturgeons generated epithelial cells capable of making cross-linked protein envelopes. Two distinct forms of TGM1-like mRNA were molecularly cloned from the cells of white sturgeon and detected in green sturgeon cells, accounting for their cellular envelope forming ability. The protein translated from each displayed a cluster of cysteine residues resembling the membrane anchorage region expressed in epidermal cells of teleosts and tetrapods. One of the two mRNA forms (called A) was present at considerably higher levels than the other (called B) in both species. Continuous lines of white sturgeon epidermal cells were established and characterized. Size measurements indicated that a substantial fraction of the cells became enlarged, appearing similar to squames in human epidermal keratinocyte cultures. The cultures also expressed CYP1A, a cytochrome P450 enzyme inducible by activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 in fish. The cells gradually improved in growth rate over a dozen passages while retaining envelope forming ability, TGM1 expression and CYP1A inducibility. These cell lines are thus potential models for studying evolution of fish epidermis leading to terrestrial adaptation and for testing sturgeon sensitivity to environmental stresses such as pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Karim
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lo-Wei Lin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joel P. Van Eenennaam
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nann A. Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea D. Schreier
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Marjorie A. Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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10
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Lin LW, Denison MS, Rice RH. Woodsmoke Extracts Cross-Link Proteins and Induce Cornified Envelope Formation without Stimulating Keratinocyte Terminal Differentiation. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:128-138. [PMID: 34086961 PMCID: PMC8502463 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution poses a serious risk to human health. To help understand the contribution of smoke from wood burning to the harmfulness of air pollution toward the skin, we studied the effects of liquid smoke, aqueous extracts of wood smoke condensate, a commercially available food flavor additive, in cultured keratinocytes. We report that liquid smoke can react with and cross-link keratinocyte cellular proteins, leading to abnormal cross-linked envelope formation. Instead of inducing genes ordinarily involved in terminal differentiation, liquid smoke induced expression of genes associated with stress responses. When transglutaminase activity was inhibited, liquid smoke still promoted protein cross-linking and envelope formation in keratinocytes. This phenomenon likely results from oxidative stress and protein adducts from aldehydes as either preloading the cells with N-acetylcysteine or reducing the aldehyde content of liquid smoke decreased its ability to promote protein cross-linking and envelope formation. Finally, liquid smoke-induced envelopes were found to have elevated protein content, suggesting oxidative cross-linking and formation of protein adducts might impair barrier function by inducing abnormal incorporation of cellular proteins into envelopes. Since the cross-linked protein envelope provides structural stability to the stratum corneum and serves as a scaffold for the organization of the corneocyte lipid envelope (hydrophobic barrier to the environment), these findings provide new insight into the mechanism by which pro-oxidative air pollutants can impair epidermal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo-Wei Lin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA
| | | | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA
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11
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Karim N, Plott TJ, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Goecker ZC, Pieterse MJM, Parker GJ, Rice RH. Elucidation of familial relationships using hair shaft proteomics. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 54:102564. [PMID: 34315035 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the potential of hair shaft proteomic analysis to delineate genetic relatedness. Proteomic profiling and amino acid sequence analysis provide information for quantitative and statistically-based analysis of individualization and sample similarity. Protein expression levels are a function of cell-specific transcriptional and translational programs. These programs are greatly influenced by an individual's genetic background, and are therefore influenced by familial relatedness as well as ancestry and genetic disease. Proteomic profiles should therefore be more similar among related individuals than unrelated individuals. Likewise, profiles of genetically variant peptides that contain single amino acid polymorphisms, the result of non-synonymous SNP alleles, should behave similarly. The proteomically-inferred SNP alleles should also provide a basis for calculation of combined paternity and sibship indices. We test these hypotheses using matching proteomic and genetic datasets from a family of two adults and four siblings, one of which has a genetic condition that perturbs hair structure and properties. We demonstrate that related individuals, compared to those who are unrelated, have more similar proteomic profiles, profiles of genetically variant peptides and higher combined paternity indices and combined sibship indices. This study builds on previous analyses of hair shaft protein profiling and genetically variant peptide profiles in different real-world scenarios including different human hair shaft body locations and pigmentation status. It also validates the inclusion of proteomic information with other biomolecular substrates in forensic hair shaft analysis, including mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Karim
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Tempest J Plott
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA; Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Blythe P Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational, Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational, Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Zachary C Goecker
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Marc J M Pieterse
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Glendon J Parker
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA; Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA; Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, USA
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12
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Karim N, Phinney BS, Salemi M, Wu PW, Naeem M, Rice RH. Human stratum corneum proteomics reveals cross-linking of a broad spectrum of proteins in cornified envelopes. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28:618-622. [PMID: 30916809 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defects in keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGM1), resulting in an improper protein scaffold for deposition of the lipid barrier, comprise a major source of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. For that reason, the composition and formation of the cornified (cross-linked) protein envelope of the epidermis have been of considerable interest. Since the isopeptide cross-linked protein components are not individually isolable once incorporated, purified envelopes were analysed by mass spectrometry after trypsin digestion. Quantitative estimates of the identified components revealed some 170 proteins, each comprising at least 0.001% of the total, of which keratins were major constituents accounting for ≈74% of the total. Some prevalent non-keratin constituents such as keratinocyte proline-rich protein, loricrin and late envelope protein-7 were preferentially incorporated into envelopes. The results suggest a model where, as previously observed in hair shaft and nail plate, a diversity of cellular proteins are incorporated. They also help rationalize the minimal effect on epidermis of ablating genes for specific single envelope structural components. The quantitative profile of constituent proteins provides a foundation for future exploration of envelope perturbations that may occur in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Karim
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Pei-Wen Wu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California.,Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California.,Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, California
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13
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Hong BV, Lee JH, Rice RH. Off-target effects of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors on oncostatin M-treated human epidermal keratinocytes: the phosphatase targeting STAT1 remains unknown. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9504. [PMID: 32864202 PMCID: PMC7430265 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine signaling in the epidermis has an important role in maintaining barrier function and is perturbed in pathological conditions. Environmental exposures, such as to metal compounds, are of interest for their potential contribution to skin disease. Present work explores the possibility that vanadate is a more effective protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor in human keratinocytes than previously observed in fibroblasts. It focuses on the state of phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) on tyrosine 701 upon treatment of cultured human keratinocytes with the cytokine oncostatin M, a cutaneous inflammatory mediator that is highly effective in suppressing several differentiation markers and in preserving proliferative potential of keratinocytes. Exposure to sodium vanadate in the medium greatly prolonged the phosphorylation of STAT1, but only at high concentration (>30 µM). Inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases known to dephosphorylate STAT1 (SHP2, TCPTP, PTP1B) were ineffective in mimicking the action of vanadate. The irreversible protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenyl vinyl sulfonate alone induced STAT1 phosphorylation and appeared to induce its limited cleavage. It also inhibited cross-linked envelope formation, a characteristic step of keratinocyte terminal differentiation, likely due to its reaction with the active site cysteine of keratinocyte transglutaminase. Thus, the key protein tyrosine phosphatase responsible for STAT1 dephosphorylation remains to be identified, and an off-target effect of a potential inhibitor was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Hong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Ji H Lee
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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14
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Goecker ZC, Salemi MR, Karim N, Phinney BS, Rice RH, Parker GJ. Optimal processing for proteomic genotyping of single human hairs. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 47:102314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Franklin RN, Karim N, Goecker ZC, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rice RH, Parker GJ. Proteomic genotyping: Using mass spectrometry to infer SNP genotypes in pigmented and non-pigmented hair. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 310:110200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Jaeger K, Sukseree S, Zhong S, Phinney BS, Mlitz V, Buchberger M, Narzt MS, Gruber F, Tschachler E, Rice RH, Eckhart L. Cornification of nail keratinocytes requires autophagy for bulk degradation of intracellular proteins while sparing components of the cytoskeleton. Apoptosis 2020; 24:62-73. [PMID: 30552537 PMCID: PMC6373260 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocytes undergo cornification to form the cellular building blocks of hard skin appendages such as nails and the protective layer on the surface of the skin. Cornification requires the cross-linking of structural proteins and the removal of other cellular components to form mechanically rigid and inert corneocytes. Autophagy has been proposed to contribute to this intracellular remodelling process, but its molecular targets in keratinocytes, if any, have remained elusive. Here, we deleted the essential autophagy factor Atg7 in K14-positive epithelia of mice and determined by proteomics the impact of this deletion on the abundance of individual proteins in cornified nails. The genetic suppression of autophagy in keratinocytes resulted in a significant increase in the number of proteins that survived cornification and in alterations of their abundance in the nail proteome. A broad range of enzymes and other non-structural proteins were elevated whereas the amounts of cytoskeletal proteins of the keratin and keratin-associated protein families, cytolinker proteins and desmosomal proteins were either unaltered or decreased in nails of mice lacking epithelial autophagy. Among the various types of non-cytoskeletal proteins, the subunits of the proteasome and of the TRiC/CCT chaperonin were most strongly elevated in mutant nails, indicating a particularly important role of autophagy in removing these large protein complexes during normal cornification. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that autophagy is active during nail keratinocyte cornification and its substrate specificity depends on the accessibility of proteins outside of the cytoskeleton and their presence in large complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Jaeger
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Supawadee Sukseree
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shaomin Zhong
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Veronika Mlitz
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Buchberger
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie Sophie Narzt
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8588, USA.
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Eckhart L, Lachner J, Tschachler E, Rice RH. TINCR is not a non-coding RNA but encodes a protein component of cornified epidermal keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:376-379. [PMID: 32012357 PMCID: PMC7187231 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs have been implicated in the regulation of a plethora of biological processes, yet it has been challenging to verify that they are truly not coding for proteins. Terminal differentiation-induced non-coding RNA (TINCR) is a 3.7-kilobase mRNA that is highly abundant in epidermal keratinocytes prior to cornification. Here, we report the presence of an evolutionarily conserved open reading frame in TINCR and the identification of peptides derived from this open reading frame in the proteome of human stratum corneum. Our results demonstrate that TINCR is a protein-coding RNA and suggest that the TINCR-encoded protein is involved in keratinocyte cornification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Julia Lachner
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
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18
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Phillips MA, Cánovas A, Rea MA, Islas-Trejo A, Medrano JF, Durbin-Johnson B, Rocke DM, Rice RH. Deducing signaling pathways from parallel actions of arsenite and antimonite in human epidermal keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2890. [PMID: 32076005 PMCID: PMC7031270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic oxides have been identified as carcinogens in several human tissues, including epidermis. Due to the chemical similarity between trivalent inorganic arsenic (arsenite) and antimony (antimonite), we hypothesized that common intracellular targets lead to similarities in cellular responses. Indeed, transcriptional and proteomic profiling revealed remarkable similarities in differentially expressed genes and proteins resulting from exposure of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes to arsenite and antimonite in contrast to comparisons of arsenite with other metal compounds. These data were analyzed to predict upstream regulators and affected signaling pathways following arsenite and antimonite treatments. A majority of the top findings in each category were identical after treatment with either compound. Inspection of the predicted upstream regulators led to previously unsuspected roles for oncostatin M, corticosteroids and ephrins in mediating cellular response. The influence of these predicted mediators was then experimentally verified. Together with predictions of transcription factor effects more generally, the analysis has led to model signaling networks largely accounting for arsenite and antimonite action. The striking parallels between responses to arsenite and antimonite indicate the skin carcinogenic risk of exposure to antimonite merits close scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie A Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Miguel A Rea
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alma Islas-Trejo
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Juan F Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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19
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Rice RH, Durbin-Johnson BP, Mann SM, Salemi M, Urayama S, Rocke DM, Phinney BS, Sundberg JP. Corneocyte proteomics: Applications to skin biology and dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:931-938. [PMID: 30033667 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics now permit analysis of complex cellular structures. Application to epidermis and its appendages (nail plate, hair shaft) has revealed a wealth of information about their protein profiles. The results confirm known site-specific differences in levels of certain keratins and add great depth to our knowledge of site specificity of scores of other proteins, thereby connecting anatomy and pathology. An example is the evident overlap in protein profiles of hair shaft and nail plate, helping rationalize their sharing of certain dystrophic syndromes distinct from epidermis. In addition, interindividual differences in protein level are manifest as would be expected. This approach permits characterization of altered profiles as a result of disease, where the magnitude of perturbation can be quantified and monitored during treatment. Proteomic analysis has also clarified the nature of the isopeptide cross-linked residual insoluble material after vigorous extraction with protein denaturants, nearly intractable to analysis without fragmentation. These structures, including the cross-linked envelope of epidermal corneocytes, are comprised of hundreds of protein constituents, evidence for strengthening the terminal structure complementary to disulphide bonding. Along with other developing technologies, proteomic analysis is anticipated to find use in disease risk stratification, detection, diagnosis and prognosis after the discovery phase and clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Blythe P Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Selena M Mann
- Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Shiro Urayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California
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20
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Karim N, Durbin-Johnson B, Rocke DM, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Naeem M, Rice RH. Proteomic manifestations of genetic defects in autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. J Proteomics 2019; 201:104-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Sundberg JP, Shen T, Fiehn O, Rice RH, Silva KA, Kennedy VE, Gott NE, Dionne LA, Bechtold LS, Murray SA, Kuiper R, Pratt CH. Sebaceous gland abnormalities in fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 (Far2) null mice result in primary cicatricial alopecia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205775. [PMID: 30372477 PMCID: PMC6205590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a large scale screen for skin, hair, and nail abnormalities in null mice generated by The Jackson Laboratory’s KOMP center, homozygous mutant Far2tm2b(KOMP)Wtsi/2J (hereafter referrred to as Far2-/-) mice were found to develop focal areas of alopecia as they aged. As sebocytes matured in wildtype C57BL/NJ mice they became pale with fine, uniformly sized clear lipid containing vacuoles that were released when sebocytes disintegrated in the duct. By contrast, the Far2-/- null mice had sebocytes that were similar within the gland but become brightly eosinophilic when the cells entered the sebaceous gland duct. As sebocytes disintegrated, their contents did not readily dissipate. Scattered throughout the dermis, and often at the dermal hypodermal fat junction, were dystrophic hair follicles or ruptured follicles with a foreign body granulomatous reaction surrounding free hair shafts (trichogranuloma). The Meibomian and clitoral glands (modified sebaceous glands) of Far2-/- mice showed ducts dilated to various degrees that were associated with mild changes in the sebocytes as seen in the truncal skin. Skin surface lipidomic analysis revealed a lower level of wax esters, cholesterol esters, ceramides, and diacylglycerols compared to wildtype control mice. Similar changes were described in a number of other mouse mutations that affected the sebaceous glands resulting in primary cicatricial alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tong Shen
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi-Arabia
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Nicholas E. Gott
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Louise A. Dionne
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | | | - Raoul Kuiper
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C. Herbert Pratt
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
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22
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Hill T, Rice RH. DUOX expression in human keratinocytes and bronchial epithelial cells: Influence of vanadate. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 46:257-264. [PMID: 29031483 PMCID: PMC5683910 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dual oxygenases (DUOX) 1 and 2, expressed in many animal tissues, participate in host defense at mucosal surfaces and may have important signaling roles through generation of reactive oxygen. Present work addresses their expression in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes and effects of cytokines and metal/metalloid compounds. Both DUOX1 and 2 were expressed at much higher levels after confluence than in the preconfluent state. Maximal DUOX1 mRNA levels were 50 fold those of DUOX2. DUOX1 and 2 were induced ≈3 fold by interleukin 4, but only DUOX1 was induced by interferon gamma (IFNγ). In human bronchial HBE1 cells, by contrast, interleukin 4 induced only DUOX 1, and IFNγ induced only DUOX2. A survey in the keratinocytes of metal/metalloid compounds showed that arsenite, antimonite, chromate, cadmium, copper, lead and vanadate suppressed DUOX1 levels but did not prevent interleukin 4 stimulation. Effects on DUOX2 were less dramatic, except that vanadate potentiated the stimulation by IFNγ up to 7 fold. The results indicate that epithelial cell types of different tissue origins can differ in their cytokine regulation and that epidermal cells can exhibit striking alterations in response due to certain metal/metalloid exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, USA.
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23
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Wu PW, Mason KE, Durbin-Johnson BP, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Rocke DM, Parker GJ, Rice RH. Proteomic analysis of hair shafts from monozygotic twins: Expression profiles and genetically variant peptides. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28544375 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Forensic association of hair shaft evidence with individuals is currently assessed by comparing mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of reference and casework samples, primarily for exclusionary purposes. Present work tests and validates more recent proteomic approaches to extract quantitative transcriptional and genetic information from hair samples of monozygotic twin pairs, which would be predicted to partition away from unrelated individuals if the datasets contain identifying information. Protein expression profiles and polymorphic, genetically variant hair peptides were generated from ten pairs of monozygotic twins. Profiling using the protein tryptic digests revealed that samples from identical twins had typically an order of magnitude fewer protein expression differences than unrelated individuals. The data did not indicate that the degree of difference within twin pairs increased with age. In parallel, data from the digests were used to detect genetically variant peptides that result from common nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes expressed in the hair follicle. Compilation of the variants permitted sorting of the samples by hierarchical clustering, permitting accurate matching of twin pairs. The results demonstrate that genetic differences are detectable by proteomic methods and provide a framework for developing quantitative statistical estimates of personal identification that increase the value of hair shaft evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Wu
- Forensic Science Graduate Program and Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katelyn E Mason
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Blythe P Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Glendon J Parker
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.,Protein-Based Identification Technologies, Orem, UT, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Forensic Science Graduate Program and Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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24
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Abstract
Callus samples from the ball and the arch of the foot, collected on tape circles, were compared by shotgun proteomic profiling. Pachyonychia congenita subjects were sampled who exhibited a mutation in KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT6C, KRT16 or KRT17, and the proteins were digested and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. In comparison with samples from unaffected control subjects, those from subjects with KRT6A or KRT16 mutations displayed the most differences in profile from normal, while those from subjects with KRT6C or KRT17 mutations showed few differences from normal. The profiles from subjects with KRT6B mutations were intermediate in protein profile differences. Degree of departure from the normal profile could be estimated by expression of numerous proteins in callus from the ball of the foot that were consistently different. By contrast, the protein profile from the arch of the foot was hardly affected. The results provide a foundation for noninvasive monitoring of the efficacy of treatments with quantitative assessment of departure from the normal phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE Pachyonychia congenita is an orphan disease in which the connection between the basic defect (keratin mutation) and debilitating symptoms (severe plantar pain) is poorly understood. Present work addresses the degree to which the protein profile is altered in the epidermis where the severe pain originates. The results indicate that the mutated keratins differ greatly in the degree to which they elicit perturbations in protein profile. In those cases with markedly altered protein levels, monitoring the callus profile may provide an objective measure of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA.
| | - Blythe P Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA
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25
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Abstract
Among the adaptations of aquatic species during evolution of terrestrial tetrapods was the development of an epidermis preventing desiccation. In present day mammals, keratinocytes of the epidermis, using a membrane-bound transglutaminase (Tgm1), accomplish this function by synthesizing a scaffold of cross-linked protein to which a lipid envelope is attached. This study characterizes the abilities of two homologous transglutaminase isozymes in the teleost fish tilapia to form cross-linked protein structures and their expression in certain tissues. Results indicate they are capable of membrane localization and of generating cellular structures resistant to detergent solubilization. They are both expressed in epithelial cells of the lip, buccal cavity and tips of gill filaments. Adaptation of transglutaminase use in evolution of terrestrial keratinocytes evidently involved refinements in tissue expression, access to suitable substrate proteins and activation of cross-linking during terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjorie A. Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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26
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Ishitsuka Y, Bevers S, Rice RH, Box N, Roop DR. Filaggrin abundance cannot compensate the loss of loricrin in UVB photoprotectoin. J Dermatol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.02.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Guo Z, Hu Q, Tian J, Yan L, Jing C, Xie HQ, Bao W, Rice RH, Zhao B, Jiang G. Proteomic profiling reveals candidate markers for arsenic-induced skin keratosis. Environ Pollut 2016; 218:34-38. [PMID: 27552035 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics technology is an attractive biomarker candidate discovery tool that can be applied to study large sets of biological molecules. To identify novel biomarkers and molecular targets in arsenic-induced skin lesions, we have determined the protein profile of arsenic-affected human epidermal stratum corneum by shotgun proteomics. Samples of palm and foot sole from healthy subjects were analyzed, demonstrating similar protein patterns in palm and sole. Samples were collected from the palms of subjects with arsenic keratosis (lesional and adjacent non-lesional samples) and arsenic-exposed subjects without lesions (normal). Samples from non-exposed healthy individuals served as controls. We found that three proteins in arsenic-exposed lesional epidermis were consistently distinguishably expressed from the unaffected epidermis. One of these proteins, the cadherin-like transmembrane glycoprotein, desmoglein 1 (DSG1) was suppressed. Down-regulation of DSG1 may lead to reduced cell-cell adhesion, resulting in abnormal epidermal differentiation. The expression of keratin 6c (KRT6C) and fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) were significantly increased. FABP5 is an intracellular lipid chaperone that plays an essential role in fatty acid metabolism in human skin. This raises a possibility that overexpression of FABP5 may affect the proliferation or differentiation of keratinocytes by altering lipid metabolism. KRT6C is a constituent of the cytoskeleton that maintains epidermal integrity and cohesion. Abnormal expression of KRT6C may affect its structural role in the epidermis. Our findings suggest an important approach for future studies of arsenic-mediated toxicity and skin cancer, where certain proteins may represent useful biomarkers of early diagnoses in high-risk populations and hopefully new treatment targets. Further studies are required to understand the biological role of these markers in skin pathogenesis from arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jijing Tian
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Li Yan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenjun Bao
- JMP Life Sciences, SAS Institute, Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Parker GJ, Leppert T, Anex DS, Hilmer JK, Matsunami N, Baird L, Stevens J, Parsawar K, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Nelson C, Fairbanks DJ, Wilson AS, Rice RH, Woodward SR, Bothner B, Hart BR, Leppert M. Demonstration of Protein-Based Human Identification Using the Hair Shaft Proteome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160653. [PMID: 27603779 PMCID: PMC5014411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human identification from biological material is largely dependent on the ability to characterize genetic polymorphisms in DNA. Unfortunately, DNA can degrade in the environment, sometimes below the level at which it can be amplified by PCR. Protein however is chemically more robust than DNA and can persist for longer periods. Protein also contains genetic variation in the form of single amino acid polymorphisms. These can be used to infer the status of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism alleles. To demonstrate this, we used mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics to characterize hair shaft proteins in 66 European-American subjects. A total of 596 single nucleotide polymorphism alleles were correctly imputed in 32 loci from 22 genes of subjects' DNA and directly validated using Sanger sequencing. Estimates of the probability of resulting individual non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism allelic profiles in the European population, using the product rule, resulted in a maximum power of discrimination of 1 in 12,500. Imputed non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism profiles from European-American subjects were considerably less frequent in the African population (maximum likelihood ratio = 11,000). The converse was true for hair shafts collected from an additional 10 subjects with African ancestry, where some profiles were more frequent in the African population. Genetically variant peptides were also identified in hair shaft datasets from six archaeological skeletal remains (up to 260 years old). This study demonstrates that quantifiable measures of identity discrimination and biogeographic background can be obtained from detecting genetically variant peptides in hair shaft protein, including hair from bioarchaeological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glendon J. Parker
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah, United States of America
- Protein-Based Identification Technologies L.L.C., Orem, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: parker64@llnl;
| | - Tami Leppert
- Protein-Based Identification Technologies L.L.C., Orem, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Deon S. Anex
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan K. Hilmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Nori Matsunami
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lisa Baird
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jeffery Stevens
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Krishna Parsawar
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Blythe P. Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Rocke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chad Nelson
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Fairbanks
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Wilson
- School of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Woodward
- Sorenson Molecular Genealogical Foundation, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Hart
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Leppert
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Abstract
The crosslinked envelope of the mammalian epidermal corneocyte serves as a scaffold for assembly of the lipid barrier of the epidermis. Thus, deficient envelope crosslinking by keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGM1) is a major cause of the human autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses characterized by barrier defects. Expectations that loss of some envelope protein components would also confer an ichthyosis phenotype have been difficult to demonstrate. To help rationalize this observation, the protein profile of epidermis from loricrin knockout mice has been compared to that of wild type. Despite the mild phenotype of the knockout, some 40 proteins were incorporated into envelope material to significantly different extents compared to those of wild type. Nearly half were also incorporated to similarly altered extents into the disulfide bonded keratin network of the corneocyte. The results suggest that loss of loricrin alters their incorporation into envelopes as a consequence of protein-protein interactions during cell maturation. Mass spectrometric protein profiling revealed that keratin 1, keratin 10, and loricrin are prominent envelope components and that dozens of other proteins are also components. This finding helps rationalize the potential formation of functional envelopes, despite loss of a single component, due to the availability of many alternative transglutaminase substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Ishitsuka Y, Huebner AJ, Rice RH, Koch PJ, Speransky VV, Steven AC, Roop DR. Lce1 Family Members Are Nrf2-Target Genes that Are Induced to Compensate for the Loss of Loricrin. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1656-1663. [PMID: 27167730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Loricrin is a major component of the cornified cell envelope, a highly insoluble structure composed of covalently cross-linked proteins. Although loricrin knockout mice only exhibit a mild transient phenotype at birth, they show a marked delay in the formation of an epidermal barrier in utero. We recently discovered that induction of a compensatory response to repair the defective barrier is initiated by amniotic fluid via activation of NF-E2-related factor 2 and identified Sprr2d and Sprr2h as direct transcriptional targets. Proteomic analysis suggested that other proteins were also incorporated into the loricrin knockout cell envelope, in addition to the small proline rich proteins. Here we present evidence suggesting that the late cornified envelope 1 proteins are also compensatory components as determined by their localization within the loricrin knockout cell envelope via immunoelectron microscopy. We also demonstrate that late cornified envelope 1 genes are upregulated at the transcriptional level in loricrin knockout mouse skin and confirm that late cornified envelope 1 genes are transcriptional targets of NRF2. Our present study further highlights the complexity and importance of a compensatory mechanism that evolved in terrestrial animals to ensure the formation of a functional epidermal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Aaron J Huebner
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter J Koch
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Alasdair C Steven
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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31
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Kumar V, Bouameur JE, Bär J, Rice RH, Hornig-Do HT, Roop DR, Schwarz N, Brodesser S, Thiering S, Leube RE, Wiesner RJ, Vijayaraj P, Brazel CB, Heller S, Binder H, Löffler-Wirth H, Seibel P, Magin TM. A keratin scaffold regulates epidermal barrier formation, mitochondrial lipid composition, and activity. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:1057-75. [PMID: 26644517 PMCID: PMC4674273 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201404147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal keratin filaments are important components and organizers of the cornified envelope and regulate mitochondrial metabolism by modulating their membrane composition. Keratin intermediate filaments (KIFs) protect the epidermis against mechanical force, support strong adhesion, help barrier formation, and regulate growth. The mechanisms by which type I and II keratins contribute to these functions remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that mice lacking all type I or type II keratins display severe barrier defects and fragile skin, leading to perinatal mortality with full penetrance. Comparative proteomics of cornified envelopes (CEs) from prenatal KtyI−/− and KtyII−/−K8 mice demonstrates that absence of KIF causes dysregulation of many CE constituents, including downregulation of desmoglein 1. Despite persistence of loricrin expression and upregulation of many Nrf2 targets, including CE components Sprr2d and Sprr2h, extensive barrier defects persist, identifying keratins as essential CE scaffolds. Furthermore, we show that KIFs control mitochondrial lipid composition and activity in a cell-intrinsic manner. Therefore, our study explains the complexity of keratinopathies accompanied by barrier disorders by linking keratin scaffolds to mitochondria, adhesion, and CE formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jamal-Eddine Bouameur
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janina Bär
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Hue-Tran Hornig-Do
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045 Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sören Thiering
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christina B Brazel
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Heller
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Löffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Seibel
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Kumar V, Bouameur JE, Bär J, Rice RH, Hornig-Do HT, Roop DR, Schwarz N, Brodesser S, Thiering S, Leube RE, Wiesner RJ, Vijayaraj P, Brazel CB, Heller S, Binder H, Löffler-Wirth H, Seibel P, Magin TM. Correction: A keratin scaffold regulates epidermal barrier formation, mitochondrial lipid composition, and activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 212:877. [PMID: 27002167 PMCID: PMC4810296 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.20140414703042016c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Phillips MA, Cánovas A, Wu PW, Islas-Trejo A, Medrano JF, Rice RH. Parallel responses of human epidermal keratinocytes to inorganic SbIII and AsIII. Environ Chem 2016; 13:963-970. [PMID: 28713220 PMCID: PMC5507681 DOI: 10.1071/en16019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
SbIII and AsIII are known to exhibit similar chemical properties, but the degree of similarity in their effects on biological systems merits further exploration. Present work compares the responses of human epidermal keratinocytes, a known target cell type for arsenite-induced carcinogenicity, to these metalloids after treatment for a week at environmentally relevant concentrations. Previous work with these cells has shown that arsenite and antimonite have parallel effects in suppressing differentiation, altering levels of several critical enzymes and maintaining colony forming ability. More globally, protein profiling now reveals parallels in SbIII and AsIII effects. The more sensitive technique of transcriptional profiling also shows considerable parallels. Thus, gene expression changes were almost entirely in the same directions for the two treatments, although the degree of change was sometimes significantly different. Inspection of the changes revealed that RYR1 and LRIG1 were among the genes strongly suppressed, consistent with reduced calcium-dependent differentiation and maintenance of EGF-dependent proliferative potential. Moreover, levels of miRNAs in the cells were altered in parallel, with nearly 90% of the 198 most highly expressed ones being suppressed. Among these was miR-203, which is known to decrease proliferative potential. Finally, both SbIII and AsIII were seen to attenuate bone morphogenetic protein 6 induction of dual specificity phosphatases 2 and 14, consistent with maintaining epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. These findings raise the question whether SbIII, like AsIII, could act as a human skin carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie A. Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Pei-Wen Wu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Alma Islas-Trejo
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Juan F. Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Rorke EA, Adhikary G, Young CA, Rice RH, Elias PM, Crumrine D, Meyer J, Blumenberg M, Eckert RL. Structural and biochemical changes underlying a keratoderma-like phenotype in mice lacking suprabasal AP1 transcription factor function. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1647. [PMID: 25695600 PMCID: PMC4669787 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocyte differentiation on the body surface is a carefully choreographed process that leads to assembly of a barrier that is essential for life. Perturbation of keratinocyte differentiation leads to disease. Activator protein 1 (AP1) transcription factors are key controllers of this process. We have shown that inhibiting AP1 transcription factor activity in the suprabasal murine epidermis, by expression of dominant-negative c-jun (TAM67), produces a phenotype type that resembles human keratoderma. However, little is understood regarding the structural and molecular changes that drive this phenotype. In the present study we show that TAM67-positive epidermis displays altered cornified envelope, filaggrin-type keratohyalin granule, keratin filament, desmosome formation and lamellar body secretion leading to reduced barrier integrity. To understand the molecular changes underlying this process, we performed proteomic and RNA array analysis. Proteomic study of the corneocyte cross-linked proteome reveals a reduction in incorporation of cutaneous keratins, filaggrin, filaggrin2, late cornified envelope precursor proteins, hair keratins and hair keratin-associated proteins. This is coupled with increased incorporation of desmosome linker, small proline-rich, S100, transglutaminase and inflammation-associated proteins. Incorporation of most cutaneous keratins (Krt1, Krt5 and Krt10) is reduced, but incorporation of hyperproliferation-associated epidermal keratins (Krt6a, Krt6b and Krt16) is increased. RNA array analysis reveals reduced expression of mRNA encoding differentiation-associated cutaneous keratins, hair keratins and associated proteins, late cornified envelope precursors and filaggrin-related proteins; and increased expression of mRNA encoding small proline-rich proteins, protease inhibitors (serpins), S100 proteins, defensins and hyperproliferation-associated keratins. These findings suggest that AP1 factor inactivation in the suprabasal epidermal layers reduces expression of AP1 factor-responsive genes expressed in late differentiation and is associated with a compensatory increase in expression of early differentiation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Rorke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Adhikary
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C A Young
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Meyer
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Blumenberg
- The R.O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - R L Eckert
- 1] Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [3] Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [4] Greenebaum Cancer Center University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Cao YA, Hickerson RP, Seegmiller BL, Grapov D, Gross MM, Bessette MR, Phinney BS, Flores MA, Speaker TJ, Vermeulen A, Bravo AA, Bruckner AL, Milstone LM, Schwartz ME, Rice RH, Kaspar RL. Gene expression profiling in pachyonychia congenita skin. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 77:156-65. [PMID: 25656049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a skin disorder resulting from mutations in keratin (K) proteins including K6a, K6b, K16, and K17. One of the major symptoms is painful plantar keratoderma. The pathogenic sequelae resulting from the keratin mutations remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To better understand PC pathogenesis. METHODS RNA profiling was performed on biopsies taken from PC-involved and uninvolved plantar skin of seven genotyped PC patients (two K6a, one K6b, three K16, and one K17) as well as from control volunteers. Protein profiling was generated from tape-stripping samples. RESULTS A comparison of PC-involved skin biopsies to adjacent uninvolved plantar skin identified 112 differentially-expressed mRNAs common to patient groups harboring K6 (i.e., both K6a and K6b) and K16 mutations. Among these mRNAs, 25 encode structural proteins including keratins, small proline-rich and late cornified envelope proteins, 20 are related to metabolism and 16 encode proteases, peptidases, and their inhibitors including kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), and serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs). mRNAs were also identified to be differentially expressed only in K6 (81) or K16 (141) patient samples. Furthermore, 13 mRNAs were identified that may be involved in pain including nociception and neuropathy. Protein profiling, comparing three K6a plantar tape-stripping samples to non-PC controls, showed changes in the PC corneocytes similar, but not identical, to the mRNA analysis. CONCLUSION Many differentially-expressed genes identified in PC-involved skin encode components critical for skin barrier homeostasis including keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, cornification, and desquamation. The profiling data provide a foundation for unraveling the pathogenesis of PC and identifying targets for developing effective PC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Cao
- TransDerm Inc., Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | | | | | - Dmitry Grapov
- University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maren M Gross
- Dharmacon part of GE Healthcare, Lafayette, CO 80026, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Albert A Bravo
- Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Pittsfield, MA 01201, USA
| | - Anna L Bruckner
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Mary E Schwartz
- Pachyonychia Congenita Project, Salt Lake City, UT 84109, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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36
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Sundberg JP, Awgulewitsch A, Pruett ND, Potter CS, Silva KA, Stearns TM, Sundberg BA, Muñoz MW, Cuasnicu PS, King LE, Rice RH. Crisp1 and alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:525-8. [PMID: 25446841 PMCID: PMC4262666 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA), a cell mediated autoimmune disease, is the second most common form of hair loss in humans. While the autoimmune disease is responsible for the underlying pathogenesis, the alopecia phenotype is ultimately due to hair shaft fragility and breakage associated with structural deficits. Quantitative trait genetic analyses using the C3H/HeJ mouse AA model identified cysteine-rich secretory protein 1 (Crisp1), a hair shaft structural protein, as a candidate gene within the major AA locus. Crisp1 transcripts in the skin at various times during disease development were barely detectable. In situ hybridization identified Crisp1 expression within the medulla of hair shafts from clinically normal strains of mice but not C3H/HeJ mice with AA. Follow-up work with 5-day-old C3H/HeJ mice with normal hair also had essentially no expression of Crisp1. Other non-inflammatory based follicular dystrophy mouse models with similar hair shaft abnormalities also have little or no Crisp1 expression. Shotgun proteomics, used to determine strain difference in hair proteins, confirmed that there was very little CRISP1 within normal C3H/HeJ mouse hair in comparison to 11 other strains. However, mutant mice with hair medulla defects also had undetectable levels of CRISP1 in their hair. Crisp1 null mice had normal skin, hair follicles, and hair shafts indicating that the lack of the CRISP1 protein does not translate directly into defects in the hair shaft or hair follicle. These results suggest that CRISP1 may be an important structural component of mouse hair and that its strain-specific dysregulation may indicate a predisposition to hair shaft disease such as AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Alexander Awgulewitsch
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Nathan D Pruett
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariana Weigel Muñoz
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia S Cuasnicu
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lloyd E King
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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37
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Strasser B, Mlitz V, Hermann M, Rice RH, Eigenheer RA, Alibardi L, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Evolutionary origin and diversification of epidermal barrier proteins in amniotes. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:3194-205. [PMID: 25169930 PMCID: PMC4245816 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of amniotes has involved major molecular innovations in the epidermis. In particular, distinct structural proteins that undergo covalent cross-linking during cornification of keratinocytes facilitate the formation of mechanically resilient superficial cell layers and help to limit water loss to the environment. Special modes of cornification generate amniote-specific skin appendages such as claws, feathers, and hair. In mammals, many protein substrates of cornification are encoded by a cluster of genes, termed the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). To provide a basis for hypotheses about the evolution of cornification proteins, we screened for homologs of the EDC in non-mammalian vertebrates. By comparative genomics, de novo gene prediction and gene expression analyses, we show that, in contrast to fish and amphibians, the chicken and the green anole lizard have EDC homologs comprising genes that are specifically expressed in the epidermis and in skin appendages. Our data suggest that an important component of the cornified protein envelope of mammalian keratinocytes, that is, loricrin, has originated in a common ancestor of modern amniotes, perhaps during the acquisition of a fully terrestrial lifestyle. Moreover, we provide evidence that the sauropsid-specific beta-keratins have evolved as a subclass of EDC genes. Based on the comprehensive characterization of the arrangement, exon-intron structures and conserved sequence elements of EDC genes, we propose new scenarios for the evolutionary origin of epidermal barrier proteins via fusion of neighboring S100A and peptidoglycan recognition protein genes, subsequent loss of exons and highly divergent sequence evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Strasser
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Mlitz
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcela Hermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California-Davis
| | | | - Lorenzo Alibardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sundberg JP, Berndt A, Silva KA, Kennedy VE, Sundberg BA, Everts HB, Rice RH, King LE. Alopecia areata: updates from the mouse perspective. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2014; 16:S23-4. [PMID: 24326543 DOI: 10.1038/jidsymp.2013.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a cell-mediated autoimmune disease that targets actively growing hair follicles in mammals, including humans and mice. Development of the C3H/HeJ spontaneous mouse model AA nearly 20 years ago provided a much needed tool to test the hypotheses and ultimately serve as a preclinical model for drug testing. Discoveries in both human AA patients and the mouse model supported each other and lead to discoveries on the incredibly complex genetic basis of this disease. The discovery that A/J, MRL/MpJ, SJL/J, and SWR/J strains also develop AA now allows genome-wide association mapping studies to expand the list of genes underlying this disease. Potential new targets for unraveling the pathogenesis of AA include the role of retinoic acid metabolism in the severity of disease and hair shaft proteins that may be either the inciting antigen or ultimate target of the immune reaction leading to breakage of the shaft causing clinical alopecia. Comparing these model systems with human and mouse clinical disease, for both discovery and validation of the discoveries, continues to resolve the complex questions surrounding AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Sundberg
- 1] Department of Research, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA [2] Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Strasser B, Mlitz V, Hermann M, Rice RH, Eigenheer RA, Alibardi L, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Evolutionary origin and diversification of epidermal barrier proteins in amniotes. Mol Biol Evol 2014. [PMID: 25169930 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu251.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of amniotes has involved major molecular innovations in the epidermis. In particular, distinct structural proteins that undergo covalent cross-linking during cornification of keratinocytes facilitate the formation of mechanically resilient superficial cell layers and help to limit water loss to the environment. Special modes of cornification generate amniote-specific skin appendages such as claws, feathers, and hair. In mammals, many protein substrates of cornification are encoded by a cluster of genes, termed the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). To provide a basis for hypotheses about the evolution of cornification proteins, we screened for homologs of the EDC in non-mammalian vertebrates. By comparative genomics, de novo gene prediction and gene expression analyses, we show that, in contrast to fish and amphibians, the chicken and the green anole lizard have EDC homologs comprising genes that are specifically expressed in the epidermis and in skin appendages. Our data suggest that an important component of the cornified protein envelope of mammalian keratinocytes, that is, loricrin, has originated in a common ancestor of modern amniotes, perhaps during the acquisition of a fully terrestrial lifestyle. Moreover, we provide evidence that the sauropsid-specific beta-keratins have evolved as a subclass of EDC genes. Based on the comprehensive characterization of the arrangement, exon-intron structures and conserved sequence elements of EDC genes, we propose new scenarios for the evolutionary origin of epidermal barrier proteins via fusion of neighboring S100A and peptidoglycan recognition protein genes, subsequent loss of exons and highly divergent sequence evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Strasser
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Mlitz
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcela Hermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California-Davis
| | | | - Lorenzo Alibardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Laatsch CN, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Mukwana S, Newland AB, Flagler MJ, Davis MG, Eigenheer RA, Phinney BS, Rice RH. Human hair shaft proteomic profiling: individual differences, site specificity and cuticle analysis. PeerJ 2014; 2:e506. [PMID: 25165623 PMCID: PMC4137660 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair from different individuals can be distinguished by physical properties. Although some data exist on other species, examination of the individual molecular differences within the human hair shaft has not been thoroughly investigated. Shotgun proteomic analysis revealed considerable variation in profile among samples from Caucasian, African–American, Kenyan and Korean subjects. Within these ethnic groups, prominent keratin proteins served to distinguish individual profiles. Differences between ethnic groups, less marked, relied to a large extent on levels of keratin associated proteins. In samples from Caucasian subjects, hair shafts from axillary, beard, pubic and scalp regions exhibited distinguishable profiles, with the last being most different from the others. Finally, the profile of isolated hair cuticle cells was distinguished from that of total hair shaft by levels of more than 20 proteins, the majority of which were prominent keratins. The cuticle also exhibited relatively high levels of epidermal transglutaminase (TGM3), accounting for its observed low degree of protein extraction by denaturants. In addition to providing insight into hair structure, present findings may lead to improvements in differentiating hair from various ethnic origins and offer an approach to extending use of hair in crime scene evidence for distinguishing among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea N Laatsch
- Forensic Science Graduate Program and Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Blythe P Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California , Davis, CA , USA
| | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California , Davis, CA , USA
| | | | - Abby B Newland
- Procter & Gamble, Mason Business Center , Mason, OH , USA
| | | | | | | | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Forensic Science Graduate Program and Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, CA , USA
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Gardell AM, Qin Q, Rice RH, Li J, Kültz D. Derivation and osmotolerance characterization of three immortalized tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95919. [PMID: 24797371 PMCID: PMC4010420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish cell cultures are becoming more widely used models for investigating molecular mechanisms of physiological response to environmental challenge. In this study, we derived two immortalized Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) cell lines from brain (OmB) and lip epithelium (OmL), and compared them to a previously immortalized bulbus arteriosus (TmB) cell line. The OmB and OmL cell lines were generated without or with Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor/3T3 feeder layer supplementation. Although both approaches were successful, ROCK inhibitor/feeder layer supplementation was found to offer the advantages of selecting for epithelial-like cell type and decreasing time to immortalization. After immortalization (≥ passage 5), we characterized the proteomes of the newly derived cell lines (OmB and OmL) using LCMS and identified several unique cell markers for each line. Subsequently, osmotolerance for each of the three cell lines following acute exposure to elevated sodium chloride was evaluated. The acute maximum osmotolerance of these tilapia cell lines (>700 mOsm/kg) was markedly higher than that of any other known vertebrate cell line, but was significantly higher in the epithelial-like OmL cell line. To validate the physiological relevance of these tilapia cell lines, we quantified the effects of acute hyperosmotic challenge (450 mOsm/kg and 700 mOsm/kg) on the transcriptional regulation of two enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the compatible organic osmolyte, myo-inositol. Both enzymes were found to be robustly upregulated in all three tilapia cell lines. Therefore, the newly established tilapia cells lines represent valuable tools for studying molecular mechanisms involved in the osmotic stress response of euryhaline fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Gardell
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Johnathan Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Schebb NH, Muvvala JB, Morin D, Buckpitt AR, Hammock BD, Rice RH. Metabolic activation of the antibacterial agent triclocarban by cytochrome P450 1A1 yielding glutathione adducts. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1098-102. [PMID: 24733789 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide; TCC) is an antibacterial agent used in personal care products such as bar soaps. Small amounts of chemical are absorbed through the epidermis. Recent studies show that residues of reactive TCC metabolites are bound covalently to proteins in incubations with keratinocytes, raising concerns about the potential toxicity of this antimicrobial agent. To obtain additional information on metabolic activation of TCC, this study characterized the reactive metabolites trapped as glutathione conjugates. Incubations were carried out with (14)C-labeled TCC, recombinant CYP1A1 or CYP1B1, coexpressed with cytochrome P450 reductase, glutathione-S-transferases (GSH), and an NADPH-generating system. Incubations containing CYP1A1, but not 1B1, led to formation of a single TCC-GSH adduct with a conversion rate of 1% of parent compound in 2 hours. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry and diagnostic fragmentation, the adduct was tentatively identified as 3,4-dichloro-3'-glutathionyl-4'-hydroxycarbanilide. These findings support the hypothesis that TCC is activated by oxidative dehalogenation and oxidation to a quinone imine. Incubations of TCDD-induced keratinocytes with (14)C-TCC yielded a minor radioactive peak coeluting with TCC-GSH. Thus, we conclude that covalent protein modification by TCC in TCDD-induced human keratinocyte incubations is mainly caused by activation of TCC by CYP1A1 via a dehalogenated TCC derivative as reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute of Food Toxicology and Chemical Analysis, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover Germany (N.H.S.); Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (J.B.M., D.M., A.R.B.), and Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (B.D.H.), and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (R.H.R.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jaya B Muvvala
- Institute of Food Toxicology and Chemical Analysis, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover Germany (N.H.S.); Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (J.B.M., D.M., A.R.B.), and Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (B.D.H.), and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (R.H.R.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Dexter Morin
- Institute of Food Toxicology and Chemical Analysis, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover Germany (N.H.S.); Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (J.B.M., D.M., A.R.B.), and Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (B.D.H.), and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (R.H.R.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Alan R Buckpitt
- Institute of Food Toxicology and Chemical Analysis, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover Germany (N.H.S.); Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (J.B.M., D.M., A.R.B.), and Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (B.D.H.), and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (R.H.R.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Institute of Food Toxicology and Chemical Analysis, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover Germany (N.H.S.); Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (J.B.M., D.M., A.R.B.), and Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (B.D.H.), and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (R.H.R.), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Robert H Rice
- Institute of Food Toxicology and Chemical Analysis, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover Germany (N.H.S.); Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine (J.B.M., D.M., A.R.B.), and Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center (B.D.H.), and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (R.H.R.), University of California, Davis, California
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He G, Zhao J, Brennan JC, Affatato AA, Zhao B, Rice RH, Denison MS. Cell-Based Assays for Identification of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Activators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-742-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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Rice RH, Bradshaw KM, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Eigenheer RA, Phinney BS, Schmuth M, Gruber R. Distinguishing ichthyoses by protein profiling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75355. [PMID: 24130705 PMCID: PMC3793978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the usefulness of protein profiling for characterization of ichthyoses, we here determined the profile of human epidermal stratum corneum by shotgun proteomics. Samples were analyzed after collection on tape circles from six anatomic sites (forearm, palm, lower leg, forehead, abdomen, upper back), demonstrating site-specific differences in profiles. Additional samples were collected from the forearms of subjects with ichthyosis vulgaris (filaggrin (FLG) deficiency), recessive X-linked ichthyosis (steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency) and autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis type lamellar ichthyosis (transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) deficiency). The ichthyosis protein expression patterns were readily distinguishable from each other and from phenotypically normal epidermis. In general, the degree of departure from normal was lower from ichthyosis vulgaris than from lamellar ichthyosis, parallel to the severity of the phenotype. Analysis of samples from families with ichthyosis vulgaris and concomitant modifying gene mutations (STS deficiency, GJB2 deficiency) permitted correlation of alterations in protein profile with more complex genetic constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Katie M. Bradshaw
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Blythe P. Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Eigenheer
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Hu Q, Rice RH, Qin Q, Phinney BS, Eigenheer RA, Bao W, Zhao B. Proteomic analysis of human keratinocyte response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5340-7. [PMID: 23991859 DOI: 10.1021/pr4006266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibeno-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related polyhalogenated organic pollutants occurs as a consequence of modern life. Exploring the cellular basis for their action is anticipated to help understand the risk they pose and improve the foundation for their regulation. A basis for the striking change in human keratinocyte colony morphology due to TCDD exposure has been investigated by shotgun proteomics. Concentrating on changes in protein levels among three cell strains has revealed significant decreases in the differentiation markers filaggrin, keratin 1, and keratin 10. EGF treatment in concert with TCDD enhanced the changes in these markers and several other proteins while reducing the levels of certain other proteins. The only protein stimulated by TCDD in all three strains and reversed by EGF in them was vimentin, not previously observed to be in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor response domain. Although TCDD is often proposed to enhance keratinocyte differentiation, proteomic analysis reveals it uncouples the differentiation program and suggests that reduced levels of differentiation marker proteins contribute to the observed excessive stratification it induces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
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Phillips MA, Qin Q, Hu Q, Zhao B, Rice RH. Arsenite suppression of BMP signaling in human keratinocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:290-6. [PMID: 23566955 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic, a human skin carcinogen, suppresses differentiation of cultured keratinocytes. Exploring the mechanism of this suppression revealed that BMP-6 greatly increased levels of mRNA for keratins 1 and 10, two of the earliest differentiation markers expressed, a process prevented by co-treatment with arsenite. BMP also stimulated, and arsenite suppressed, mRNA for FOXN1, an important transcription factor driving early keratinocyte differentiation. Keratin mRNAs increased slowly after BMP-6 addition, suggesting they are indirect transcriptional targets. Inhibition of Notch1 activation blocked BMP induction of keratins 1 and 10, while FOXN1 induction was largely unaffected. Supporting a requirement for Notch1 signaling in keratin induction, BMP increased levels of activated Notch1, which was blocked by arsenite. BMP also greatly decreased active ERK, while co-treatment with arsenite maintained active ERK. Inhibition of ERK signaling mimicked BMP by inducing keratin and FOXN1 mRNAs and by increasing active Notch1, effects blocked by arsenite. Of 6 dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) targeting ERK, two were induced by BMP unless prevented by simultaneous exposure to arsenite and EGF. Knockdown of DUSP2 or DUSP14 using shRNAs greatly reduced FOXN1 and keratins 1 and 10 mRNA levels and their induction by BMP. Knockdown also decreased activated Notch1, keratin 1 and keratin 10 protein levels, both in the presence and absence of BMP. Thus, one of the earliest effects of BMP is induction of DUSPs, which increases FOXN1 transcription factor and activates Notch1, both required for keratin gene expression. Arsenite prevents this cascade by maintaining ERK signaling, at least in part by suppressing DUSP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie A Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA
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Zhao B, Bohonowych JES, Timme-Laragy A, Jung D, Affatato AA, Rice RH, Di Giulio RT, Denison MS. Common commercial and consumer products contain activators of the aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56860. [PMID: 23441220 PMCID: PMC3575475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Ah receptor (AhR) by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs), such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin), can produce a wide variety of toxic and biological effects. While recent studies have shown that the AhR can bind and be activated by structurally diverse chemicals, how widespread of these AhR agonists are in environmental, biological and synthetic materials remains to be determined. Using AhR-based assays, we demonstrate the presence of potent AhR agonists in a variety of common commercial and consumer items. Solvent extracts of paper, rubber and plastic products contain chemicals that can bind to and stimulate AhR DNA binding and/or AhR-dependent gene expression in hepatic cytosol, cultured cell lines, human epidermis and zebrafish embryos. In contrast to TCDD and other persistent dioxin-like HAHs, activation of AhR-dependent gene expression by these extracts was transient, suggesting that the agonists are metabolically labile. Solvent extracts of rubber products produce AhR-dependent developmental toxicity in zebrafish in vivo, and inhibition of expression of the metabolic enzyme CYP1A, significantly increased their toxic potency. Although the identity of the responsible AhR-active chemicals and their toxicological impact remain to be determined, our data demonstrate that AhR active chemicals are widely distributed in everyday products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. S. Bohonowych
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alicia Timme-Laragy
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dawoon Jung
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alessandra A. Affatato
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Di Giulio
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Abstract
Shotgun proteomic analysis was performed of epidermal scale, feather, beak and claw from the domestic chicken. To this end, the samples were separated first into solubilized and particulate fractions, the latter enriched in isopeptide cross-linking, by exhaustive extraction in sodium dodecyl sulfate under reducing conditions. Among the 205 proteins identified were 17 keratins (types α and β), 51 involved in protein synthesis, 8 junctional, 8 histone, 5 heat shock, and 5 14-3-3 proteins. Considerable overlap among the beak, claw, feather, and scale samples was observed in protein profiles, but those from beak and claw were the most similar. Scale and feather profiles were the most distinctive, each exhibiting specific proteins. Less than 20% of the proteins were found only in the detergent-solubilized fraction, while 34-57% were found only in the particulate fraction, depending on the source, and the rest in both fractions. The results provide the first comprehensive analysis of the content of these cornified structures, reveal the efficient use of available proteins in conferring mechanical and chemical stability to them, and emphasize the importance of isopeptide cross-linking in avian epithelial cornification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Rice RH, Bradshaw KM, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Eigenheer RA, Phinney BS, Sundberg JP. Differentiating inbred mouse strains from each other and those with single gene mutations using hair proteomics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51956. [PMID: 23251662 PMCID: PMC3522583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant laboratory mice with distinctive hair phenotypes are useful for identifying genes responsible for hair diseases. The work presented here demonstrates that shotgun proteomic profiling can distinguish hair shafts from different inbred mouse strains. For this purpose, analyzing the total hair shaft provided better discrimination than analyzing the isolated solubilized and particulate (cross-linked) fractions. Over 100 proteins exhibited significant differences among the 11 strains and 5 mutant stocks across the wide spectrum of strains surveyed. Effects on the profile of single gene mutations causing hair shaft defects were profound. Since the hair shaft provides a discrete sampling of the species proteome, with constituents serving important functions in epidermal appendages and throughout the body, this work provides a foundation for non-invasive diagnosis of genetic diseases of hair and perhaps other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.
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Schebb NH, Buchholz BA, Hammock BD, Rice RH. Metabolism of the antibacterial triclocarban by human epidermal keratinocytes to yield protein adducts. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:230-4. [PMID: 22711420 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of triclocarban suggest that its biotransformation could yield reactive metabolites that form protein adducts. Since the skin is the major route of triclocarban exposure, present work examined this possibility in cultured human keratinocytes. The results provide evidence for considerable biotransformation and protein adduct formation when cytochrome P450 activity is induced in the cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a model Ah receptor ligand. Since detecting low adduct levels in cells and tissues is difficult, we utilized the novel approach of accelerator mass spectrometry for this purpose. Exploiting the sensitivity of the method, we demonstrated that a substantial portion of triclocarban forms adducts with keratinocyte protein under the P450 inducing conditions employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute of Food Toxicology and Chemical Analysis, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30173, Germany
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