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Chapeau EA, Sansregret L, Galli GG, Chène P, Wartmann M, Mourikis TP, Jaaks P, Baltschukat S, Barbosa IAM, Bauer D, Brachmann SM, Delaunay C, Estadieu C, Faris JE, Furet P, Harlfinger S, Hueber A, Jiménez Núñez E, Kodack DP, Mandon E, Martin T, Mesrouze Y, Romanet V, Scheufler C, Sellner H, Stamm C, Sterker D, Tordella L, Hofmann F, Soldermann N, Schmelzle T. Direct and selective pharmacological disruption of the YAP-TEAD interface by IAG933 inhibits Hippo-dependent and RAS-MAPK-altered cancers. Nat Cancer 2024:10.1038/s43018-024-00754-9. [PMID: 38565920 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The YAP-TEAD protein-protein interaction mediates YAP oncogenic functions downstream of the Hippo pathway. To date, available YAP-TEAD pharmacologic agents bind into the lipid pocket of TEAD, targeting the interaction indirectly via allosteric changes. However, the consequences of a direct pharmacological disruption of the interface between YAP and TEADs remain largely unexplored. Here, we present IAG933 and its analogs as potent first-in-class and selective disruptors of the YAP-TEAD protein-protein interaction with suitable properties to enter clinical trials. Pharmacologic abrogation of the interaction with all four TEAD paralogs resulted in YAP eviction from chromatin and reduced Hippo-mediated transcription and induction of cell death. In vivo, deep tumor regression was observed in Hippo-driven mesothelioma xenografts at tolerated doses in animal models as well as in Hippo-altered cancer models outside mesothelioma. Importantly this also extended to larger tumor indications, such as lung, pancreatic and colorectal cancer, in combination with RTK, KRAS-mutant selective and MAPK inhibitors, leading to more efficacious and durable responses. Clinical evaluation of IAG933 is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Bauer
- Novartis BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Pascal Furet
- Novartis BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Harlfinger
- Novartis BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- AstraZeneca, Oncology R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Hofmann
- Novartis BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Pierre Fabre Group, R&D Medical Care, Toulouse, France
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2
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Prahallad A, Weiss A, Voshol H, Kerr G, Sprouffske K, Yuan T, Ruddy D, Meistertzheim M, Kazic-Legueux M, Kottarathil T, Piquet M, Cao Y, Martinuzzi-Duboc L, Buhles A, Adler F, Mannino S, Tordella L, Sansregret L, Maira SM, Graus Porta D, Fedele C, Brachmann SM. CRISPR Screening Identifies Mechanisms of Resistance to KRASG12C and SHP2 Inhibitor Combinations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2023; 83:4130-4141. [PMID: 37934115 PMCID: PMC10722132 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Although KRASG12C inhibitors show clinical activity in patients with KRAS G12C mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other solid tumor malignancies, response is limited by multiple mechanisms of resistance. The KRASG12C inhibitor JDQ443 shows enhanced preclinical antitumor activity combined with the SHP2 inhibitor TNO155, and the combination is currently under clinical evaluation. To identify rational combination strategies that could help overcome or prevent some types of resistance, we evaluated the duration of tumor responses to JDQ443 ± TNO155, alone or combined with the PI3Kα inhibitor alpelisib and/or the cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor ribociclib, in xenograft models derived from a KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC line and investigated the genetic mechanisms associated with loss of response to combined KRASG12C/SHP2 inhibition. Tumor regression by single-agent JDQ443 at clinically relevant doses lasted on average 2 weeks and was increasingly extended by the double, triple, or quadruple combinations. Growth resumption was accompanied by progressively increased KRAS G12C amplification. Functional genome-wide CRISPR screening in KRASG12C-dependent NSCLC lines with distinct mutational profiles to identify adaptive mechanisms of resistance revealed sensitizing and rescuing genetic interactions with KRASG12C/SHP2 coinhibition; FGFR1 loss was the strongest sensitizer, and PTEN loss the strongest rescuer. Consistently, the antiproliferative activity of KRASG12C/SHP2 inhibition was strongly enhanced by PI3K inhibitors. Overall, KRAS G12C amplification and alterations of the MAPK/PI3K pathway were predominant mechanisms of resistance to combined KRASG12C/SHP2 inhibitors in preclinical settings. The biological nodes identified by CRISPR screening might provide additional starting points for effective combination treatments. SIGNIFICANCE Identification of resistance mechanisms to KRASG12C/SHP2 coinhibition highlights the need for additional combination therapies for lung cancer beyond on-pathway combinations and offers the basis for development of more effective combination approaches. See related commentary by Johnson and Haigis, p. 4005.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Weiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Voshol
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grainne Kerr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Tina Yuan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David Ruddy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Michelle Piquet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yichen Cao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Flavia Adler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Luca Tordella
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Carmine Fedele
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Lorthiois E, Gerspacher M, Beyer KS, Vaupel A, Leblanc C, Stringer R, Weiss A, Wilcken R, Guthy DA, Lingel A, Bomio-Confaglia C, Machauer R, Rigollier P, Ottl J, Arz D, Bernet P, Desjonqueres G, Dussauge S, Kazic-Legueux M, Lozac'h MA, Mura C, Sorge M, Todorov M, Warin N, Zink F, Voshol H, Zecri FJ, Sedrani RC, Ostermann N, Brachmann SM, Cotesta S. JDQ443, a Structurally Novel, Pyrazole-Based, Covalent Inhibitor of KRAS G12C for the Treatment of Solid Tumors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16173-16203. [PMID: 36399068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid emergence of tumor resistance via RAS pathway reactivation has been reported from clinical studies of covalent KRASG12C inhibitors. Thus, inhibitors with broad potential for combination treatment and distinct binding modes to overcome resistance mutations may prove beneficial. JDQ443 is an investigational covalent KRASG12C inhibitor derived from structure-based drug design followed by extensive optimization of two dissimilar prototypes. JDQ443 is a stable atropisomer containing a unique 5-methylpyrazole core and a spiro-azetidine linker designed to position the electrophilic acrylamide for optimal engagement with KRASG12C C12. A substituted indazole at pyrazole position 3 results in novel interactions with the binding pocket that do not involve residue H95. JDQ443 showed PK/PD activity in vivo and dose-dependent antitumor activity in mouse xenograft models. JDQ443 is now in clinical development, with encouraging early phase data reported from an ongoing Phase Ib/II clinical trial (NCT04699188).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Lorthiois
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Marc Gerspacher
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Kim S Beyer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Vaupel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Rowan Stringer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Weiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Wilcken
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Daniel A Guthy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lingel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Rainer Machauer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Rigollier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Ottl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Dorothee Arz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Solene Dussauge
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Christophe Mura
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Mickaël Sorge
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Milen Todorov
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Warin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Florence Zink
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Hans Voshol
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Frederic J Zecri
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Richard C Sedrani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Nils Ostermann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Simona Cotesta
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, BaselCH-4056, Switzerland
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Weiss A, Lorthiois E, Barys L, Beyer KS, Bomio-Confaglia C, Burks H, Chen X, Cui X, de Kanter R, Dharmarajan L, Fedele C, Gerspacher M, Guthy DA, Head V, Jaeger A, Núñez EJ, Kearns JD, Leblanc C, Maira SM, Murphy J, Oakman H, Ostermann N, Ottl J, Rigollier P, Roman D, Schnell C, Sedrani R, Shimizu T, Stringer R, Vaupel A, Voshol H, Wessels P, Widmer T, Wilcken R, Xu K, Zecri F, Farago AF, Cotesta S, Brachmann SM. Discovery, Preclinical Characterization, and Early Clinical Activity of JDQ443, a Structurally Novel, Potent, and Selective Covalent Oral Inhibitor of KRASG12C. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1500-1517. [PMID: 35404998 PMCID: PMC9394399 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Covalent inhibitors of KRASG12C have shown antitumor activity against advanced/metastatic KRASG12C-mutated cancers, though resistance emerges and additional strategies are needed to improve outcomes. JDQ443 is a structurally unique covalent inhibitor of GDP-bound KRASG12C that forms novel interactions with the switch II pocket. JDQ443 potently inhibits KRASG12C-driven cellular signaling and demonstrates selective antiproliferative activity in KRASG12C-mutated cell lines, including those with G12C/H95 double mutations. In vivo, JDQ443 induces AUC exposure-driven antitumor efficacy in KRASG12C-mutated cell-derived (CDX) and patient-derived (PDX) tumor xenografts. In PDX models, single-agent JDQ443 activity is enhanced by combination with inhibitors of SHP2, MEK, or CDK4/6. Notably, the benefit of JDQ443 plus the SHP2 inhibitor TNO155 is maintained at reduced doses of either agent in CDX models, consistent with mechanistic synergy. JDQ443 is in clinical development as monotherapy and in combination with TNO155, with both strategies showing antitumor activity in patients with KRASG12C-mutated tumors. SIGNIFICANCE JDQ443 is a structurally novel covalent KRASG12C inhibitor with a unique binding mode that demonstrates potent and selective antitumor activity in cell lines and in vivo models. In preclinical models and patients with KRASG12C-mutated malignancies, JDQ443 shows potent antitumor activity as monotherapy and in combination with the SHP2 inhibitor TNO155. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1397.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Louise Barys
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kim S. Beyer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Heather Burks
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xueying Chen
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Xiaoming Cui
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Ruben de Kanter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Carmine Fedele
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Marc Gerspacher
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Victoria Head
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ashley Jaeger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jeffrey D. Kearns
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Jason Murphy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Helen Oakman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nils Ostermann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Ottl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Danielle Roman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Richard Sedrani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Rowan Stringer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Vaupel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Voshol
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rainer Wilcken
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kun Xu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Frederic Zecri
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anna F. Farago
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Corresponding Authors: Saskia M. Brachman, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), WSJ-386/3/13.01, Kohlenstrasse 84, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. Phone: 41-616-9640-63; E-mail: ; Anna F. Farago, NIBR, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139. Phone: 617-871-8000; E-mail: ; and Simona Cotesta, NIBR, WSJ-386/13/10, Kohlenstrasse 84, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. Phone: 41-797-9792-70; E-mail:
| | - Simona Cotesta
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Corresponding Authors: Saskia M. Brachman, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), WSJ-386/3/13.01, Kohlenstrasse 84, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. Phone: 41-616-9640-63; E-mail: ; Anna F. Farago, NIBR, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139. Phone: 617-871-8000; E-mail: ; and Simona Cotesta, NIBR, WSJ-386/13/10, Kohlenstrasse 84, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. Phone: 41-797-9792-70; E-mail:
| | - Saskia M. Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Corresponding Authors: Saskia M. Brachman, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), WSJ-386/3/13.01, Kohlenstrasse 84, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. Phone: 41-616-9640-63; E-mail: ; Anna F. Farago, NIBR, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139. Phone: 617-871-8000; E-mail: ; and Simona Cotesta, NIBR, WSJ-386/13/10, Kohlenstrasse 84, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. Phone: 41-797-9792-70; E-mail:
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5
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Brachmann SM, Weiss A, Guthy DA, Beyer K, Voshol J, Maira M, Prahallad A, Porta DG, Schnell C, Ostermann N, Vaupel A, Gerspacher M, Leblanc C, Erdmann D, Sterker D, Kerr G, Jerome G, Head V, Stringer R, De Kanter R, Jeff K, Roman D, Widmer T, Wessels P, Nunez EJ, Sedrani R, Zecri F, Hofmann F, Engleman J, Lorthiois E, Cotesta S. Abstract P124: JDQ443, a covalent irreversible inhibitor of KRAS G12C, exhibits a novel binding mode and demonstrates potent anti-tumor activity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties in preclinical models. Mol Cancer Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-21-p124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
RAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer. KRAS G12C mutations are most prevalent in lung adenocarcinoma (~13%) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (~4%), and occur less commonly in other solid tumor malignancies. First generation KRASG12C inhibitors show anti-tumor activity in early phase clinical trials. However, the emergence of resistance, mediated at least in part by RAS gene mutations that disrupt inhibitor binding and reactivation of downstream pathways, limit the duration of response. Here we report the identification of JDQ443 (NVP-JDQ443), a novel KRASG12C inhibitor which binds under the switch II loop with a novel binding mode, exploiting unique interactions with the KRASG12C protein compared to sotorasib and adagrasib. JDQ443 potently inhibits KRASG12C cellular signaling and proliferation in a mutant selective manner by irreversibly trapping the GDP-bound state of KRASG12C through formation of a covalent bond with cysteine at position 12. Consistent with its mechanism as an irreversible inhibitor, JDQ443 shows sustained target occupancy (TO) in vivo (KRASG12C TO t1/2 ~ 66 h in the MiaPaCa2 model) despite a blood half-life of ~ 2 hours, and exhibits a linear PK/PD relationship. JDQ443 has dose-dependent anti-tumor activity in mice bearing KRAS G12C mutated tumor xenografts comparable to sotorasib and adagrasib. In mouse, rat, and dog, JDQ443 is orally bioavailable, achieves exposures in a range predicted to confer anti-tumor activity, and is well-tolerated. Continuous delivery of JDQ443 using mini-pump administration demonstrates that area under the curve (AUC), rather than maximal concentration (Cmax), is the driver of efficacy. Combination of JDQ443 with the SHP2 inhibitor TNO155 further increases KRAS G12C target occupancy in vivo, enhanced pre-clinical anti-tumor activity, and delayed the emergence of resistance in xenografts. A genome-wide CRISPR screen in 5 KRAS G12C mutated lung cancer cell lines identifies novel mechanisms of resistance to the KRAS/SHP2 drug combination. Furthermore, the characterization of JDQ443 alone and in combination with TNO155 in BaF/3 pools addicted to KRAS alleles that have previously been shown to mediate resistance to adagrasib in clinical samples will be discussed. Collectively, these data show that JDQ443 is a potent, mutant-selective, covalent irreversible KRASG12C inhibitor with favorable pharmaceutical properties. A phase Ib/II clinical trial of JDQ443 alone and in combination with TNO155 in patients with advanced solid tumors harboring the KRAS G12C mutation is ongoing (NCT04699188).
Citation Format: Saskia M. Brachmann, Andreas Weiss, Daniel A. Guthy, Kim Beyer, Johannes Voshol, Michel Maira, Anirudh Prahallad, Diana Graus Porta, Christian Schnell, Nils Ostermann, Andrea Vaupel, Marc Gerspacher, Catherine Leblanc, Dirk Erdmann, Dario Sterker, Grainne Kerr, Giovannoni Jerome, Victoria Head, Rowan Stringer, Ruben De Kanter, Kearns Jeff, Danielle Roman, Toni Widmer, Peter Wessels, Eloisa Jimenez Nunez, Richard Sedrani, Frederic Zecri, Francesco Hofmann, Jeff Engleman, Edwige Lorthiois, Simona Cotesta. JDQ443, a covalent irreversible inhibitor of KRAS G12C, exhibits a novel binding mode and demonstrates potent anti-tumor activity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties in preclinical models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2021 Oct 7-10. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2021;20(12 Suppl):Abstract nr P124.
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Pickering KA, Gilroy K, Cassidy JW, Fey SK, Najumudeen AK, Zeiger LB, Vincent DF, Gay DM, Johansson J, Fordham RP, Miller B, Clark W, Hedley A, Unal EB, Kiel C, McGhee E, Machesky LM, Nixon C, Johnsson AE, Bain M, Strathdee D, van Hoof SR, Medema JP, Anderson KI, Brachmann SM, Stucke VM, Malliri A, Drysdale M, Turner M, Serrano L, Myant K, Campbell AD, Sansom OJ. A RAC-GEF network critical for early intestinal tumourigenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:56. [PMID: 33397922 PMCID: PMC7782582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RAC1 activity is critical for intestinal homeostasis, and is required for hyperproliferation driven by loss of the tumour suppressor gene Apc in the murine intestine. To avoid the impact of direct targeting upon homeostasis, we reasoned that indirect targeting of RAC1 via RAC-GEFs might be effective. Transcriptional profiling of Apc deficient intestinal tissue identified Vav3 and Tiam1 as key targets. Deletion of these indicated that while TIAM1 deficiency could suppress Apc-driven hyperproliferation, it had no impact upon tumourigenesis, while VAV3 deficiency had no effect. Intriguingly, deletion of either gene resulted in upregulation of Vav2, with subsequent targeting of all three (Vav2-/- Vav3-/- Tiam1-/-), profoundly suppressing hyperproliferation, tumourigenesis and RAC1 activity, without impacting normal homeostasis. Critically, the observed RAC-GEF dependency was negated by oncogenic KRAS mutation. Together, these data demonstrate that while targeting RAC-GEF molecules may have therapeutic impact at early stages, this benefit may be lost in late stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Pickering
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - K Gilroy
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - J W Cassidy
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK
| | - S K Fey
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - A K Najumudeen
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - L B Zeiger
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - D F Vincent
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - D M Gay
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - J Johansson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - R P Fordham
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - B Miller
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - W Clark
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - A Hedley
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - E B Unal
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Kiel
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E McGhee
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - L M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - C Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - A E Johnsson
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - M Bain
- IBAHCM and School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - D Strathdee
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - S R van Hoof
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM) and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J P Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM) and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K I Anderson
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - S M Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse, 141, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - V M Stucke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse, 141, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Malliri
- CRUK Manchester Institute, 553 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - M Drysdale
- Broad Institute, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States
| | - M Turner
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - L Serrano
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Myant
- Edinburgh Research Centre, The Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - A D Campbell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
| | - O J Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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7
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Lu H, Liu C, Velazquez R, Wang H, Dunkl LM, Kazic-Legueux M, Haberkorn A, Billy E, Manchado E, Brachmann SM, Moody S, Engelman JA, Hammerman PS, Caponigro G, Mohseni M, Hao HX. Abstract A44: SHP2 inhibition overcomes RTK-mediated pathway reactivation in KRAS-mutant tumors treated with MEK inhibitors. Mol Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3125.ras18-a44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
FGFR1 was recently shown to be activated as part of a compensatory response to prolonged treatment with MEK inhibitor trametinib in several KRAS-mutant lung and pancreatic cancer cell lines. We hypothesize that other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are also feedback activated in this context. Herein, we profile a large panel of KRAS-mutant cancer cell lines for the contribution of RTKs to the feedback activation of phospho-MEK following MEK inhibition, using a SHP2 inhibitor (SHP099) that blocks RAS activation mediated by multiple RTKs. We find that RTK-driven feedback activation widely exists in KRAS mutant cancer cells and involves several RTKs including EGFR, FGFR, and MET. We further demonstrate this pathway feedback activation is mediated through mutant KRAS. Finally, SHP099 and MEK inhibitors exhibit combination benefits inhibiting KRAS mutant cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide a rationale for exploration of combining SHP2 and MAPK pathway inhibitors for treating KRAS-mutant cancers in the clinic.
Citation Format: Hengyu Lu, Chen Liu, Roberto Velazquez, Hongyun Wang, Lukas M. Dunkl, Malika Kazic-Legueux, Anne Haberkorn, Eric Billy, Eusebio Manchado, Saskia M. Brachmann, Susan Moody, Jeffrey A. Engelman, Peter S. Hammerman, Giordano Caponigro, Morvarid Mohseni, Huai-Xiang Hao. SHP2 inhibition overcomes RTK-mediated pathway reactivation in KRAS-mutant tumors treated with MEK inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers; 2018 Dec 9-12; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(5_Suppl):Abstract nr A44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Lu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Chen Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Hongyun Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Lukas M. Dunkl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Anne Haberkorn
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | - Susan Moody
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Huai-Xiang Hao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
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8
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Sprouffske K, Kerr G, Li C, Prahallad A, Rebmann R, Waehle V, Naumann U, Bitter H, Jensen MR, Hofmann F, Brachmann SM, Ferretti S, Kauffmann A. Genetic heterogeneity and clonal evolution during metastasis in breast cancer patient-derived tumor xenograft models. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:323-331. [PMID: 32099592 PMCID: PMC7026725 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic heterogeneity within a tumor arises by clonal evolution, and patients with highly heterogeneous tumors are more likely to be resistant to therapy and have reduced survival. Clonal evolution also occurs when a subset of cells leave the primary tumor to form metastases, which leads to reduced genetic heterogeneity at the metastatic site. Although this process has been observed in human cancer, experimental models which recapitulate this process are lacking. Patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDX) have been shown to recapitulate the patient's original tumor's intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity, as well as its genomics and response to treatment, but whether they can be used to model clonal evolution in the metastatic process is currently unknown. Here, we address this question by following genetic changes in two breast cancer PDX models during metastasis. First, we discovered that mouse stroma can be a confounding factor in assessing intra-tumor heterogeneity by whole exome sequencing, thus we developed a new bioinformatic approach to correct for this. Finally, in a spontaneous, but not experimental (tail-vein) metastasis model we observed a loss of heterogeneity in PDX metastases compared to their orthotopic "primary" tumors, confirming that PDX models can faithfully mimic the clonal evolution process undergone in human patients during metastatic spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Sprouffske
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grainne Kerr
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cheng Li
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anirudh Prahallad
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Rebmann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verena Waehle
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Biotherapeutic and Analytical Technologies, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Bitter
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Jensen
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Hofmann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia M Brachmann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Ferretti
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Kauffmann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Lu H, Liu C, Velazquez R, Wang H, Dunkl LM, Kazic-Legueux M, Haberkorn A, Billy E, Manchado E, Brachmann SM, Moody S, Engelman JA, Hammerman PS, Caponigro G, Mohseni M, Hao H. Abstract 954: SHP2 inhibition overcomes RTK-mediated pathway reactivation in KRAS mutant tumors treated with MEK inhibitors. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: FGFR1 was recently shown to be activated as part of a compensatory response to prolonged treatment with MEK inhibitor (MEKi) such as trametinib in several KRAS mutant lung and pancreatic cancer cell lines. We hypothesize that other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are also feedback activated in KRAS mutant cell lines after MEKi treatment.
Experimental procedures: We profiled a large panel (n>32) of KRAS mutant cancer cell lines for the contribution of RTKs to the feedback activation of phospho-MEK following MEK inhibition, using a SHP2 inhibitor (SHP099) that blocks RAS activation mediated by multiple RTKs. We then performed in vitro and in vivo combination efficacy studies and pathway analysis in various KRAS mutant cancer models.
Results: We find that RTK-driven feedback activation widely exists in KRAS mutant cancer cells and involves several RTKs including EGFR, FGFR, and MET. We further demonstrate that this pathway feedback activation is mediated through mutant KRAS in KRAS G12C or G12D models. Finally, SHP099 and MEK inhibitors exhibit combination benefits inhibiting MAPK pathway and KRAS mutant cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that MAPK inhibition in KRAS mutant cancer provokes feedback re-activation of the pathway that often involves RTK activity and SHP2 inhibition may enhance the efficacy of MEKi in KRAS mutant tumors. These findings provide a rationale for exploration of combining SHP2 and MAPK pathway inhibitors for treating KRAS mutant cancers in the clinic.
Citation Format: Hengyu Lu, Chen Liu, Roberto Velazquez, Hongyun Wang, Lukas M. Dunkl, Malika Kazic-Legueux, Anne Haberkorn, Eric Billy, Eusebio Manchado, Saskia M. Brachmann, Susan Moody, Jeffrey A. Engelman, Peter S. Hammerman, Giordano Caponigro, Morvarid Mohseni, Huaixiang Hao. SHP2 inhibition overcomes RTK-mediated pathway reactivation in KRAS mutant tumors treated with MEK inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 954.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Lu
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Chen Liu
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Hongyun Wang
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Lukas M. Dunkl
- 2Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Anne Haberkorn
- 2Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Billy
- 2Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eusebio Manchado
- 2Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Susan Moody
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Huaixiang Hao
- 1Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA
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10
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Lu H, Liu C, Velazquez R, Wang H, Dunkl LM, Kazic-Legueux M, Haberkorn A, Billy E, Manchado E, Brachmann SM, Moody SE, Engelman JA, Hammerman PS, Caponigro G, Mohseni M, Hao HX. SHP2 Inhibition Overcomes RTK-Mediated Pathway Reactivation in KRAS-Mutant Tumors Treated with MEK Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1323-1334. [PMID: 31068384 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FGFR1 was recently shown to be activated as part of a compensatory response to prolonged treatment with the MEK inhibitor trametinib in several KRAS-mutant lung and pancreatic cancer cell lines. We hypothesize that other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are also feedback-activated in this context. Herein, we profile a large panel of KRAS-mutant cancer cell lines for the contribution of RTKs to the feedback activation of phospho-MEK following MEK inhibition, using an SHP2 inhibitor (SHP099) that blocks RAS activation mediated by multiple RTKs. We find that RTK-driven feedback activation widely exists in KRAS-mutant cancer cells, to a less extent in those harboring the G13D variant, and involves several RTKs, including EGFR, FGFR, and MET. We further demonstrate that this pathway feedback activation is mediated through mutant KRAS, at least for the G12C, G12D, and G12V variants, and wild-type KRAS can also contribute significantly to the feedback activation. Finally, SHP099 and MEK inhibitors exhibit combination benefits inhibiting KRAS-mutant cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo These findings provide a rationale for exploration of combining SHP2 and MAPK pathway inhibitors for treating KRAS-mutant cancers in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Lu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chen Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Roberto Velazquez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lukas Manuel Dunkl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Malika Kazic-Legueux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Haberkorn
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eusebio Manchado
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia M Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan E Moody
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Giordano Caponigro
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Morvarid Mohseni
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Huai-Xiang Hao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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11
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Martin KJ, McGhee EJ, Schwarz JP, Drysdale M, Brachmann SM, Stucke V, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI. Accepting from the best donor; analysis of long-lifetime donor fluorescent protein pairings to optimise dynamic FLIM-based FRET experiments. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0183585. [PMID: 29293509 PMCID: PMC5749721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FRET biosensors have proven very useful tools for studying the activation of specific signalling pathways in living cells. Most biosensors designed to date have been predicated on fluorescent protein pairs that were identified by, and for use in, intensity based measurements, however fluorescence lifetime provides a more reliable measurement of FRET. Both the technology and fluorescent proteins available for FRET have moved on dramatically in the last decade. Lifetime imaging systems have become increasingly accessible and user-friendly, and there is an entire field of biology dedicated to refining and adapting different characteristics of existing and novel fluorescent proteins. This growing pool of fluorescent proteins includes the long-lifetime green and cyan fluorescent proteins Clover and mTurquoise2, the red variant mRuby2, and the dark acceptor sREACh. Here, we have tested these donors and acceptors in appropriate combinations against the standard or recommended norms (EGFP and mTFP as donors, mCherry and either Ypet or Venus as acceptors) to determine if they could provide more reliable, reproducible and quantifiable FLIM-FRET data to improve on the dynamic range compared to other donors and breadth of application of biosensor technologies. These tests were performed for comparison on both a wide-field, frequency domain system and a multiphoton, TCSPC time domain FLIM system. Clover proved to be an excellent donor with extended dynamic range in combination with mCherry on both platforms, while mRuby2 showed a high degree of variability and poor FRET efficiencies in all cases. mTFP-Venus was the most consistent cyan-yellow pair between the two FLIM methodologies, but mTurquoise2 has better dynamic range and transfers energy consistently over time to the dark acceptor sRCh. Combination of mTFP-sRCh with Clover-mCherry would allow the simultaneous use of two FLIM-FRET biosensors within one sample by eliminating the crosstalk between the yellow acceptor and green donor emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewan J. McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin Drysdale
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Volker Stucke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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12
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McDonald ER, de Weck A, Schlabach MR, Billy E, Mavrakis KJ, Hoffman GR, Belur D, Castelletti D, Frias E, Gampa K, Golji J, Kao I, Li L, Megel P, Perkins TA, Ramadan N, Ruddy DA, Silver SJ, Sovath S, Stump M, Weber O, Widmer R, Yu J, Yu K, Yue Y, Abramowski D, Ackley E, Barrett R, Berger J, Bernard JL, Billig R, Brachmann SM, Buxton F, Caothien R, Caushi JX, Chung FS, Cortés-Cros M, deBeaumont RS, Delaunay C, Desplat A, Duong W, Dwoske DA, Eldridge RS, Farsidjani A, Feng F, Feng J, Flemming D, Forrester W, Galli GG, Gao Z, Gauter F, Gibaja V, Haas K, Hattenberger M, Hood T, Hurov KE, Jagani Z, Jenal M, Johnson JA, Jones MD, Kapoor A, Korn J, Liu J, Liu Q, Liu S, Liu Y, Loo AT, Macchi KJ, Martin T, McAllister G, Meyer A, Mollé S, Pagliarini RA, Phadke T, Repko B, Schouwey T, Shanahan F, Shen Q, Stamm C, Stephan C, Stucke VM, Tiedt R, Varadarajan M, Venkatesan K, Vitari AC, Wallroth M, Weiler J, Zhang J, Mickanin C, Myer VE, Porter JA, Lai A, Bitter H, Lees E, Keen N, Kauffmann A, Stegmeier F, Hofmann F, Schmelzle T, Sellers WR. Project DRIVE: A Compendium of Cancer Dependencies and Synthetic Lethal Relationships Uncovered by Large-Scale, Deep RNAi Screening. Cell 2017; 170:577-592.e10. [PMID: 28753431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the mutational landscape of human cancer has progressed rapidly and been accompanied by the development of therapeutics targeting mutant oncogenes. However, a comprehensive mapping of cancer dependencies has lagged behind and the discovery of therapeutic targets for counteracting tumor suppressor gene loss is needed. To identify vulnerabilities relevant to specific cancer subtypes, we conducted a large-scale RNAi screen in which viability effects of mRNA knockdown were assessed for 7,837 genes using an average of 20 shRNAs per gene in 398 cancer cell lines. We describe findings of this screen, outlining the classes of cancer dependency genes and their relationships to genetic, expression, and lineage features. In addition, we describe robust gene-interaction networks recapitulating both protein complexes and functional cooperation among complexes and pathways. This dataset along with a web portal is provided to the community to assist in the discovery and translation of new therapeutic approaches for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Robert McDonald
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
| | - Antoine de Weck
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Michael R Schlabach
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Konstantinos J Mavrakis
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Gregory R Hoffman
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Dhiren Belur
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Deborah Castelletti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Elizabeth Frias
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kalyani Gampa
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Javad Golji
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Iris Kao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Li Li
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Philippe Megel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Thomas A Perkins
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Nadire Ramadan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - David A Ruddy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Serena J Silver
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Sosathya Sovath
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Mark Stump
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Odile Weber
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Roland Widmer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kristine Yu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Yingzi Yue
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Dorothee Abramowski
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ackley
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Rosemary Barrett
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Joel Berger
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Julie L Bernard
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Rebecca Billig
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Saskia M Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Frank Buxton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Roger Caothien
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Justina X Caushi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Franklin S Chung
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Marta Cortés-Cros
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Rosalie S deBeaumont
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Clara Delaunay
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Aurore Desplat
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - William Duong
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Donald A Dwoske
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Richard S Eldridge
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Ali Farsidjani
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Fei Feng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - JiaJia Feng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Daisy Flemming
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - William Forrester
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Giorgio G Galli
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Zhenhai Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - François Gauter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Veronica Gibaja
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kristy Haas
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Marc Hattenberger
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tami Hood
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kristen E Hurov
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Zainab Jagani
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Mathias Jenal
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jennifer A Johnson
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Michael D Jones
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Avnish Kapoor
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Joshua Korn
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jilin Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Qiumei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Shumei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Alice T Loo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Macchi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Typhaine Martin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Gregory McAllister
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Amandine Meyer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Sandra Mollé
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Raymond A Pagliarini
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tanushree Phadke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Brian Repko
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tanja Schouwey
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Frances Shanahan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Qiong Shen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Christelle Stamm
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Christine Stephan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Volker M Stucke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Ralph Tiedt
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Malini Varadarajan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kavitha Venkatesan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Alberto C Vitari
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Marco Wallroth
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jan Weiler
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Craig Mickanin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Vic E Myer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Jeffery A Porter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Albert Lai
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Hans Bitter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Emma Lees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Nicholas Keen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Audrey Kauffmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Francesco Hofmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Tobias Schmelzle
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
| | - William R Sellers
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel 4002, Switzerland; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; and Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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13
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Herkert B, Kauffmann A, Mollé S, Schnell C, Ferrat T, Voshol H, Juengert J, Erasimus H, Marszalek G, Kazic-Legueux M, Billy E, Ruddy D, Stump M, Guthy D, Ristov M, Calkins K, Maira SM, Sellers WR, Hofmann F, Hall MN, Brachmann SM. Maximizing the Efficacy of MAPK-Targeted Treatment in PTENLOF/BRAFMUT Melanoma through PI3K and IGF1R Inhibition. Cancer Res 2015; 76:390-402. [PMID: 26577700 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of MAPK pathway inhibitors paved the road for significant advancements in the treatment of BRAF-mutant (BRAF(MUT)) melanoma. However, even BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination therapy has failed to offer a curative treatment option, most likely because these pathways constitute a codependent signaling network. Concomitant PTEN loss of function (PTEN(LOF)) occurs in approximately 40% of BRAF(MUT) melanomas. In this study, we sought to identify the nodes of the PTEN/PI3K pathway that would be amenable to combined therapy with MAPK pathway inhibitors for the treatment of PTEN(LOF)/BRAF(MUT) melanoma. Large-scale compound sensitivity profiling revealed that PTEN(LOF) melanoma cell lines were sensitive to PI3Kβ inhibitors, albeit only partially. An unbiased shRNA screen (7,500 genes and 20 shRNAs/genes) across 11 cell lines in the presence of a PI3Kβ inhibitor identified an adaptive response involving the IGF1R-PI3Kα axis. Combined inhibition of the MAPK pathway, PI3Kβ, and PI3Kα or insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R) synergistically sustained pathway blockade, induced apoptosis, and inhibited tumor growth in PTEN(LOF)/BRAF(MUT) melanoma models. Notably, combined treatment with the IGF1R inhibitor, but not the PI3Kα inhibitor, failed to elevate glucose or insulin signaling. Taken together, our findings provide a strong rationale for testing combinations of panPI3K, PI3Kβ + IGF1R, and MAPK pathway inhibitors in PTEN(LOF)/BRAF(MUT) melanoma patients to achieve maximal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Herkert
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Kauffmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Mollé
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schnell
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ferrat
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Voshol
- NIBR, Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janina Juengert
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Erasimus
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Marszalek
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Malika Kazic-Legueux
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Ruddy
- Novartis Pharma, OTM Translational Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Stump
- NIBR, Disease Area Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Guthy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mitko Ristov
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Keith Calkins
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sauveur-Michel Maira
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Francesco Hofmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Saskia M Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland.
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14
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Fritsch C, Huang A, Chatenay-Rivauday C, Schnell C, Reddy A, Liu M, Kauffmann A, Guthy D, Erdmann D, De Pover A, Furet P, Gao H, Ferretti S, Wang Y, Trappe J, Brachmann SM, Maira SM, Wilson C, Boehm M, Garcia-Echeverria C, Chene P, Wiesmann M, Cozens R, Lehar J, Schlegel R, Caravatti G, Hofmann F, Sellers WR. Characterization of the novel and specific PI3Kα inhibitor NVP-BYL719 and development of the patient stratification strategy for clinical trials. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1117-29. [PMID: 24608574 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Somatic PIK3CA mutations are frequently found in solid tumors, raising the hypothesis that selective inhibition of PI3Kα may have robust efficacy in PIK3CA-mutant cancers while sparing patients the side-effects associated with broader inhibition of the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family. Here, we report the biologic properties of the 2-aminothiazole derivative NVP-BYL719, a selective inhibitor of PI3Kα and its most common oncogenic mutant forms. The compound selectivity combined with excellent drug-like properties translates to dose- and time-dependent inhibition of PI3Kα signaling in vivo, resulting in robust therapeutic efficacy and tolerability in PIK3CA-dependent tumors. Novel targeted therapeutics such as NVP-BYL719, designed to modulate aberrant functions elicited by cancer-specific genetic alterations upon which the disease depends, require well-defined patient stratification strategies in order to maximize their therapeutic impact and benefit for the patients. Here, we also describe the application of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia as a preclinical platform to refine the patient stratification strategy for NVP-BYL719 and found that PIK3CA mutation was the foremost positive predictor of sensitivity while revealing additional positive and negative associations such as PIK3CA amplification and PTEN mutation, respectively. These patient selection determinants are being assayed in the ongoing NVP-BYL719 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fritsch
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Global Discovery Chemistry; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Center for Proteomic Chemistry; Novartis Pharma AG, Oncology Translational Medicine, Basel, Switzerland; Novartis Pharma AG, Oncology Translational Medicine; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Shangai, China
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15
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Nyfeler B, Hoepfner D, Palestrant D, Kirby CA, Whitehead L, Yu R, Deng G, Caughlan RE, Woods AL, Jones AK, Barnes SW, Walker JR, Gaulis S, Hauy E, Brachmann SM, Krastel P, Studer C, Riedl R, Estoppey D, Aust T, Movva NR, Wang Z, Salcius M, Michaud GA, McAllister G, Murphy LO, Tallarico JA, Wilson CJ, Dean CR. Identification of elongation factor G as the conserved cellular target of argyrin B. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42657. [PMID: 22970117 PMCID: PMC3438169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Argyrins, produced by myxobacteria and actinomycetes, are cyclic octapeptides with antibacterial and antitumor activity. Here, we identify elongation factor G (EF-G) as the cellular target of argyrin B in bacteria, via resistant mutant selection and whole genome sequencing, biophysical binding studies and crystallography. Argyrin B binds a novel allosteric pocket in EF-G, distinct from the known EF-G inhibitor antibiotic fusidic acid, revealing a new mode of protein synthesis inhibition. In eukaryotic cells, argyrin B was found to target mitochondrial elongation factor G1 (EF-G1), the closest homologue of bacterial EF-G. By blocking mitochondrial translation, argyrin B depletes electron transport components and inhibits the growth of yeast and tumor cells. Further supporting direct inhibition of EF-G1, expression of an argyrin B-binding deficient EF-G1 L693Q variant partially rescued argyrin B-sensitivity in tumor cells. In summary, we show that argyrin B is an antibacterial and cytotoxic agent that inhibits the evolutionarily conserved target EF-G, blocking protein synthesis in bacteria and mitochondrial translation in yeast and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Nyfeler
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Dominic Hoepfner
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Palestrant
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Christina A. Kirby
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Lewis Whitehead
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Yu
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Gejing Deng
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Caughlan
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Angela L. Woods
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Adriana K. Jones
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - S. Whitney Barnes
- Novartis Institute for Functional Genomics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Walker
- Novartis Institute for Functional Genomics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Swann Gaulis
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ervan Hauy
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia M. Brachmann
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Krastel
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Natural Products Unit, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Studer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Riedl
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Estoppey
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Aust
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N. Rao Movva
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zuncai Wang
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Salcius
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Michaud
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory McAllister
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Leon O. Murphy
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - John A. Tallarico
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Wilson
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachussetts, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Dean
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Hofmann I, Weiss A, Elain G, Schwaederle M, Sterker D, Romanet V, Schmelzle T, Lai A, Brachmann SM, Bentires-Alj M, Roberts TM, Sellers WR, Hofmann F, Maira SM. K-RAS mutant pancreatic tumors show higher sensitivity to MEK than to PI3K inhibition in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44146. [PMID: 22952903 PMCID: PMC3432074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating K-RAS mutations occur at a frequency of 90% in pancreatic cancer, and to date no therapies exist targeting this oncogene. K-RAS signals via downstream effector pathways such as the MAPK and the PI3K signaling pathways, and much effort has been focused on developing drugs targeting components of these pathways. To better understand the requirements for K-RAS and its downstream signaling pathways MAPK and PI3K in pancreatic tumor maintenance, we established an inducible K-RAS knock down system that allowed us to ablate K-RAS in established tumors. Knock down of K-RAS resulted in impaired tumor growth in all pancreatic xenograft models tested, demonstrating that K-RAS expression is indeed required for tumor maintenance of K-RAS mutant pancreatic tumors. We further examined signaling downstream of K-RAS, and detected a robust reduction of pERK levels upon K-RAS knock down. In contrast, no effect on pAKT levels could be observed due to almost undetectable basal expression levels. To investigate the requirement of the MAPK and the PI3K pathways on tumor maintenance, three selected pancreatic xenograft models were tested for their response to MEK or PI3K inhibition. Tumors of all three models regressed upon MEK inhibition, but showed less pronounced response to PI3K inhibition. The effect of MEK inhibition on pancreatic xenografts could be enhanced further by combined application of a PI3K inhibitor. These data provide further rationale for testing combinations of MEK and PI3K inhibitors in clinical trials comprising a patient population with pancreatic cancer harboring mutations in K-RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Hofmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Brachmann SM, Kleylein-Sohn J, Gaulis S, Kauffmann A, Blommers MJJ, Kazic-Legueux M, Laborde L, Hattenberger M, Stauffer F, Vaxelaire J, Romanet V, Henry C, Murakami M, Guthy DA, Sterker D, Bergling S, Wilson C, Brümmendorf T, Fritsch C, Garcia-Echeverria C, Sellers WR, Hofmann F, Maira SM. Characterization of the mechanism of action of the pan class I PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120 across a broad range of concentrations. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1747-57. [PMID: 22653967 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pan-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor BKM120 was found, at high concentrations, to cause cell death in various cellular systems, irrespective of their level of PI3K addiction. Transcriptional and biochemical profiling studies were used to identify the origin of these unexpected and apparently PI3K-independent effects. At 5- to 10-fold, the concentration needed to half-maximally inhibit PI3K signaling. BKM120 treatment caused changes in expression of mitotic genes and the induction of a robust G(2)-M arrest. Tubulin polymerization assays and nuclear magnetic resonance-binding studies revealed that BKM120 inhibited microtubule dynamics upon direct binding to tubulin. To assess the contribution of this off-target activity vis-à-vis the antitumor activity of BKM120 in PI3K-dependent tumors, we used a mechanistic PI3K-α-dependent model. We observed that, in vivo, daily treatment of mice with doses of BKM120 up to 40 mg/kg led to tumor regressions with no increase in the mitotic index. Thus, strong antitumor activity can be achieved in PI3K-dependent models at exposures that are below those necessary to engage the off-target activity. In comparison, the clinical data indicate that it is unlikely that BKM120 will achieve exposures sufficient to significantly engage the off-target activity at tolerated doses and schedules. However, in preclinical settings, the consequences of the off-target activity start to manifest themselves at concentrations above 1 μmol/L in vitro and doses above 50 mg/kg in efficacy studies using subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice. Hence, careful concentration and dose range selection is required to ensure that any observation can be correctly attributed to BKM120 inhibition of PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia M Brachmann
- NIBR Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel CH4002, Switzerland.
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18
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Brachmann SM, Kleylein-Sohn J, Gaulis S, Stauffer F, Voshol J, Guthy D, Wilson C, Huang A, Wartmann M, Bruemmendorf T, Chene P, Fritsch C, Hackl W, Cosaert J, Schnell C, Hofmann F, Maira M. Abstract 4466: Characterization of the pan class I PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120 mechanism of action across a broad range of concentrations. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-4466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
NVP-BKM120 is a pan class I PI3K inhibitor that has recently entered phase II clinical trials. The compound was shown to inhibit cell proliferation and survival of cancer models displaying PI3K pathway dependency, in a dose-dependent manner, and proportionally to the extent of pathway inhibition. To further characterize NVP-BKM120, we have investigated its mechanism of action across a broad range of relevant models and concentrations of the molecule and compared it to other PI3K inhibitors (e.g. GDC0941 and ZSTK474). The effects observed on phenotypical read-outs were similar for all compounds, when tested up to concentrations necessary to achieve near complete pathway inhibition (IC90 for Akt-S473P). More profound effects were however observed with NVP-BKM120, at higher concentrations (>2 micromolar), in PI3K-independent models, suggesting that at these dose levels, NVP-BKM120 might display inhibitory activities other than PI3K.
In order to determine this potential off-target activity, a gene expression profiling study was performed in a PI3K insensitive model, comparing effects of GDC0941 and NVP-BKM120 at equipotent concentrations. Gene-Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that NVP-BKM120 at the highest dose only (3.6 micromolar, 2 fold above the S473-Akt IC90 of PI3K sensitive models), led to increased expression of genes involved in G2 and mitotic (M) phases. Subsequent FACS analysis showed that in contrast to the other pan-PI3K inhibitors, NVP-BKM120 was indeed able to induce a strong G2/M arrest in several PI3K non addicted cell lines when used at concentrations higher than 2 micromolar. DAPI and tubulin immuno-histochemistry studies showed that the NVP-BKM120 induced block was phenotypically similar to that of Nocodazole, suggesting effects on spindle dynamics in prometaphase. Indeed, in cellular or in in vitro purified systems, NVP-BKM120 greatly reduced microtubule polymerization.Based on analysis the antitumor activity observed in vivo in PI3K-dependent animal models, it appears that efficacy is solely due to pure PI3K inhibition, as these off-target activities are generally observed at concentrations (corrected for free fraction) that could not be achieved in animals. Based on modeling of human PK data, a similar conclusion can be reached for patients, as the exposure currently observed in plasma does predict sole coverage of PI3K inhibitory activities.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4466. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4466
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan Huang
- 4Novartis Pharma Oncology, OTM, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Cosaert
- 6Novartis Pharma Oncology, OTM, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Kaur S, Sassano A, Joseph AM, Majchrzak-Kita B, Eklund EA, Verma A, Brachmann SM, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Dual regulatory roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in IFN signaling. J Immunol 2008; 181:7316-23. [PMID: 18981154 PMCID: PMC2597572 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PI3K is activated by the type I and II IFN receptors, but its precise role in the generation of IFN responses is not well understood. In the present study we used embryonic fibroblasts from mice with targeted disruption of the genes encoding for both the p85alpha and p85beta regulatory subunits of PI3'-kinase (p85alpha(-/-)beta(-/-)) to precisely define the role of PI3K in the control of IFN-induced biological responses. Our data demonstrate that PI3K plays dual regulatory roles in the induction of IFN responses by controlling both IFN-alpha- and IFN-gamma-dependent transcriptional regulation of IFN-sensitive genes and simultaneously regulating the subsequent initiation of mRNA translation for such genes. These processes include the Isg15, Cxcl10, and/or Irf7 genes, whose functions are important in the generation of the biological effects of IFNs. Consistent with this, the induction of IFN antiviral responses is defective in double p85alpha/p85beta knockout cells. Thus, integration of signals via PI3K is a critical event during engagement of the IFN receptors that complements both the transcriptional activity of Jak-STAT pathways and controls initiation of mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Kaur
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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20
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Isakoff SJ, Engelman JA, Irie HY, Luo J, Brachmann SM, Pearline RV, Cantley LC, Brugge JS. Breast cancer-associated PIK3CA mutations are oncogenic in mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10992-1000. [PMID: 16322248 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding the p110alpha catalytic subunit of PI3K (PIK3CA) have been identified in several human cancers. The mutations primarily result in single amino acid substitutions, with >85% of the mutations in either exon 9 or 20. Multiple studies have shown that these mutations are observed in 18% to 40% of breast cancers. However, the phenotypic effects of these PIK3CA mutations have not been examined in breast epithelial cells. Herein, we examine the activity of the two most common variants, E545K and H1047R, in the MCF-10A immortalized breast epithelial cell line. Both variants display higher PI3K activity than wild-type p110alpha yet remain sensitive to pharmacologic PI3K inhibition. In addition, expression of p110alpha mutants in mammary epithelial cells induces multiple phenotypic alterations characteristic of breast tumor cells, including anchorage-independent proliferation in soft agar, growth factor-independent proliferation, and protection from anoikis. Expression of these mutant p110alpha isoforms also confers increased resistance to paclitaxel and induces abnormal mammary acinar morphogenesis in three-dimensional basement membrane cultures. Together, these data support the notion that the cancer-associated mutations in PIK3CA may significantly contribute to breast cancer pathogenesis and represent attractive targets for therapeutic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Isakoff
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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21
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Brachmann SM, Yballe CM, Innocenti M, Deane JA, Fruman DA, Thomas SM, Cantley LC. Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory isoforms in development and actin rearrangement. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:2593-606. [PMID: 15767666 PMCID: PMC1061637 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.7.2593-2606.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Class Ia phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are heterodimers of p110 catalytic and p85 regulatory subunits that mediate a variety of cellular responses to growth and differentiation factors. Although embryonic development is not impaired in mice lacking all isoforms of the p85alpha gene (p85alpha-/- p55alpha-/- p50alpha-/-) or in mice lacking the p85beta gene (p85beta-/-) (D. A. Fruman, F. Mauvais-Jarvis, D. A. Pollard, C. M. Yballe, D. Brazil, R. T. Bronson, C. R. Kahn, and L. C. Cantley, Nat Genet. 26:379-382, 2000; K. Ueki, C. M. Yballe, S. M. Brachmann, D. Vicent, J. M. Watt, C. R. Kahn, and L. C. Cantley, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:419-424, 2002), we show here that loss of both genes results in lethality at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5). The phenotypes of these embryos, including subepidermal blebs flanking the neural tube at E8 and bleeding into the blebs during the turning process, are similar to defects observed in platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha null (PDGFRalpha-/-) mice (P. Soriano, Development 124:2691-2700, 1997), suggesting that PI3K is an essential mediator of PDGFRalpha signaling at this developmental stage. p85alpha-/- p55alpha+/+ p50alpha+/+ p85beta-/- mice had similar but less severe defects, indicating that p85alpha and p85beta have a critical and redundant function in development. Mouse embryo fibroblasts deficient in all p85alpha and p85beta gene products (p85alpha-/- p55alpha-/- p50alpha-/- p85beta-/-) are defective in PDGF-induced membrane ruffling. Overexpression of the Rac-specific GDP-GTP exchange factor Vav2 or reintroduction of p85alpha or p85beta rescues the membrane ruffling defect. Surprisingly, reintroduction of p50alpha also restored PDGF-dependent membrane ruffling. These results indicate that class Ia PI3K is critical for PDGF-dependent actin rearrangement but that the SH3 domain and the Rho/Rac/Cdc42-interacting domain of p85, which lacks p50alpha, are not required for this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia M Brachmann
- Beth Israel Hospital, NRB, Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Systems Biology,10th Floor, 330 Brookline, MA 02215, USA
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22
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Brachmann SM, Ueki K, Engelman JA, Kahn RC, Cantley LC. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunit deletion and regulatory subunit deletion have opposite effects on insulin sensitivity in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:1596-607. [PMID: 15713620 PMCID: PMC549361 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.5.1596-1607.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies ex vivo have shown that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity is necessary but not sufficient for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Unexpectedly, mice lacking either of the PI3K regulatory subunits p85alpha or p85beta exhibit increased insulin sensitivity. The insulin hypersensitivity is particularly unexpected in p85alpha-/- p55alpha-/- p50alpha-/- mice, where a decrease in p110alpha and p110beta catalytic subunits was observed in insulin-sensitive tissues. These results raised the possibility that decreasing total PI3K available for stimulation by insulin might circumvent negative feedback loops that ultimately shut off insulin-dependent glucose uptake in vivo. Here we present results arguing against this explanation. We show that p110alpha+/- p110beta+/- mice exhibit mild glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia in the fasted state. Unexpectedly, p110alpha+/- p110beta+/- mice showed a approximately 50% decrease in p85 expression in liver and muscle. Consistent with this in vivo observation, knockdown of p110 by RNA interference in mammalian cells resulted in loss of p85 proteins due to decreased protein stability. We propose that insulin sensitivity is regulated by a delicate balance between p85 and p110 subunits and that p85 subunits mediate a negative role in insulin signaling independent of their role as mediators of PI3K activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia M Brachmann
- Beth Israel Hospital, NRB, Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Systems Biology, 10th Floor, 330, Brookline, MA 02215, USA
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23
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Lekmine F, Sassano A, Uddin S, Smith J, Majchrzak B, Brachmann SM, Hay N, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Interferon-γ engages the p70 S6 kinase to regulate phosphorylation of the 40S S6 ribosomal protein. Exp Cell Res 2004; 295:173-82. [PMID: 15051500 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Revised: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The signals generated by the IFNgamma receptor to initiate mRNA translation and generation of protein products that mediate IFNgamma responses are largely unknown. In the present study, we provide evidence for the existence of an IFNgamma-dependent signaling cascade activated downstream of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3'-kinase, involving the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the p70 S6 kinase. Our data demonstrate that p70 S6K is rapidly phosphorylated and activated during engagement of the IFNgamma receptor in sensitive cell lines. Such activation of p70 S6 kinase is blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of the PI 3' kinase and mTOR, and is abrogated in double-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts for the alpha and beta isoforms of the p85 regulatory subunit of the PI 3'-kinase. The IFNgamma-activated p70 S6 kinase subsequently phosphorylates the 40S S6 ribosomal protein on serines 235/236, to regulate IFNgamma-dependent mRNA translation. In addition to phosphorylation of 40S ribosomal protein, IFNgamma also induces phosphorylation of the 4E-BP1 repressor of mRNA translation on threonines 37/46, threonine 70, and serine 65, sites whose phosphorylation is required for the inactivation of 4E-BP1 and its dissociation from the eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF4E) complex. Thus, engagement of the PI 3'-kinase and mTOR by the IFNgamma receptor results in the generation of two distinct signals that play roles in the initiation of mRNA translation, suggesting an important role for this pathway in IFNgamma signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Lekmine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Lakeside Veterans Administration Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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24
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Maeda N, Inoshima Y, Fruman DA, Brachmann SM, Fan H. Transformation of mouse fibroblasts by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus envelope does not require phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Virol 2003; 77:9951-9. [PMID: 12941905 PMCID: PMC224593 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.18.9951-9959.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the causative agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, a transmissible lung cancer of sheep. The envelope of JSRV may have oncogenic properties, since it can morphologically transform mouse NIH 3T3 cells and other fibroblast lines. Recently, we found that the cytoplasmic tail of the envelope transmembrane (TM) protein is necessary for transformation, and in particular a consensus binding motif (YXXM) for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is important. Moreover, JSRV-transformed cells show phosphorylation (activation) of Akt/protein kinase B, a downstream target of PI3K. In these studies, we directly tested for the involvement of PI3K in transformation by JSRV. Contrary to expectations, four different experiments indicated that PI3K is not necessary for JSRV-induced transformation: (i) cotransfection with a dominant negative truncated form of the PI3K regulatory subunit (Deltap85) did not affect transformation frequency, (ii) cells stably expressing Deltap85 showed the same frequencies of transformation as parental NIH 3T3 cells, (iii) fibroblasts established from double-knockout mice lacking PI3K p85alpha and p85beta could be transformed with JSRV envelope, and (iv) incubation of cells with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 did not specifically inhibit transformation, nor did the drug reverse transformation of JSRV-transformed cells. One alternate explanation for the lack of transformation by YXXM mutants could be that they were defective in intracellular trafficking. However, confocal microscopy of epitope-tagged envelope proteins of both wild-type and nontransforming YXXM mutants showed a cell surface or plasma membrane localization. While PI3K is not required for JSRV-induced transformation of NIH 3T3 cells, the downstream target Akt kinase was found to be activated (phosphorylated) in JSRV-transformed PI3K-negative cells. Therefore, JSRV envelope can induce PI3K-independent phosphorylation of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Maeda
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3000, USA
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25
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Woolsey AM, Sunwoo L, Petersen CA, Brachmann SM, Cantley LC, Burleigh BA. Novel PI 3-kinase-dependent mechanisms of trypanosome invasion and vacuole maturation. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:3611-22. [PMID: 12876217 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cell invasion by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, is facilitated by the activation of host cell phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI 3)-kinases. We demonstrate that the well-characterized Ca2+-regulated lysosome-mediated parasite entry pathway is abolished by wortmannin pretreatment. In addition, we have characterized a novel route of T. cruzi invasion unexpectedly revealed in the course of this study. For over a decade, targeted exocytosis of lysosomes at the host cell plasma membrane was considered as the primary mechanism for T. cruzi entry into non-professional phagocytic cells. We now provide evidence that a significant fraction (50% or greater) of invading T. cruzi trypomastigotes exploit an alternate actin-independent entry pathway that involves formation of a tightly associated host cell plasma membrane-derived vacuole enriched in the lipid products of class I PI 3-kinases, PtdInsP3/PtdIns(3,4)P2. Initially devoid of lysosomal markers, the resultant parasite-containing vacuoles gradually acquire lysosome associated membrane protein 1 (lamp-1) and fluid phase endocytic tracer from the lysosomal compartment. In striking contrast to latex bead phagosomes, few T. cruzi vacuoles associate with the early endosomal marker, EEA1 and the 'maturation' process becomes refractory to PI 3-kinase inhibition immediately following parasite internalization. Jointly, these data provide a new paradigm for T. cruzi invasion of non-professional phagocytic cells and reveal a novel vacuole maturation process that appears to bypass the requirement for EEA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Woolsey
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Lekmine F, Uddin S, Sassano A, Parmar S, Brachmann SM, Majchrzak B, Sonenberg N, Hay N, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Activation of the p70 S6 kinase and phosphorylation of the 4E-BP1 repressor of mRNA translation by type I interferons. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:27772-80. [PMID: 12759354 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301364200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Type I IFN receptor-generated signals required for initiation of mRNA translation and, ultimately, induction of protein products that mediate IFN responses, remain unknown. We have previously shown that IFNalpha and IFNbeta induce phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins and downstream engagement of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3'-kinase pathway. In the present study we provide evidence for the existence of a Type I IFN-dependent signaling cascade activated downstream of PI 3'-kinase, involving p70 S6 kinase. Our data demonstrate that p70 S6K is rapidly phosphorylated on threonine 421 and serine 424 and is activated during treatment of cells with IFNalpha or IFNbeta. Such activation of p70 S6K is blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of the PI 3'-kinase or the FKBP 12-rapamycin-associated protein/mammalian target of rapamycin (FRAP/mTOR). Consistent with this, the Type I IFN-dependent phosphorylation/activation of p70 S6K is defective in embryonic fibroblasts from mice with targeted disruption of the p85alpha and p85beta subunits of the PI 3'-kinase (p85alpha-/-beta-/-). Treatment of sensitive cell lines with IFNalpha or IFNbeta also results in phosphorylation/inactivation of the 4E-BP-1 repressor of mRNA translation. Such 4E-BP1 phosphorylation is also PI3'-kinase-dependent and rapamycin-sensitive, indicating that the Type I IFN-inducible activation of PI3'-kinase and FRAP/mTOR results in dissociation of 4E-BP1 from the eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF4E) complex. Altogether, our data establish that the Type I IFN receptor-activated PI 3'-kinase pathway mediates activation of the p70 S6 kinase and inactivation of 4E-BP1, to regulate mRNA translation and induction of Type I IFN responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Lekmine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Lakeside Veterans Administration Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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27
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Innocenti M, Frittoli E, Ponzanelli I, Falck JR, Brachmann SM, Di Fiore PP, Scita G. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase activates Rac by entering in a complex with Eps8, Abi1, and Sos-1. J Cell Biol 2003; 160:17-23. [PMID: 12515821 PMCID: PMC2172734 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200206079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are implicated in many cellular responses controlled by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including actin cytoskeletal remodeling. Within this pathway, Rac is a key downstream target/effector of PI3K. However, how the signal is routed from PI3K to Rac is unclear. One possible candidate for this function is the Rac-activating complex Eps8-Abi1-Sos-1, which possesses Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity. Here, we show that Abi1 (also known as E3b1) recruits PI3K, via p85, into a multimolecular signaling complex that includes Eps8 and Sos-1. The recruitment of p85 to the Eps8-Abi1-Sos-1 complex and phosphatidylinositol 3, 4, 5 phosphate (PIP3), the catalytic product of PI3K, concur to unmask its Rac-GEF activity in vitro. Moreover, they are indispensable for the activation of Rac and Rac-dependent actin remodeling in vivo. On growth factor stimulation, endogenous p85 and Abi1 consistently colocalize into membrane ruffles, and cells lacking p85 fail to support Abi1-dependent Rac activation. Our results define a mechanism whereby propagation of signals, originating from RTKs or Ras and leading to actin reorganization, is controlled by direct physical interaction between PI3K and a Rac-specific GEF complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metello Innocenti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy
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28
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Abstract
In nutrient-deprived cells autophagy recycles cytoplasmic constituents by engulfing and degrading them in membrane-bound autophagic vacuoles. The regulation of autophagic vacuole formation is poorly understood, but here we show this process is under strict cell-cycle control in cultured animal cells. We found strong inhibition of autophagic vacuole accumulation in nocodazole-arrested pseudo-prometaphase cells, and also in metaphase and anaphase cells generated on release from the nocodazole arrest. Autophagic vacuoles reappeared after closure of the nuclear envelope in telophase/G1. Treatment with phosphoinositide 3(PI3)-kinase inhibitors wortmannin, LY294002 and 3-methyladenine (known to inhibit the autophagic response in interphase cells) rescued autophagy in mitotic cells without inducing reassembly of vesiculated ER and Golgi compartments. The autophagy induced in mitotic cells was inhibited by amino acids, and the resulting autophagosomes contained proteins LC3 and Lamp1, known to be associated with autophagosomes in interphase cells. The mitotic inhibition of autophagy was not relieved by rapamycin treatment or in PDK1-/- embryonic stem cells, by microinjection of inhibitory antibodies against the class III PI3 kinase VPS34, or in cell lines lacking the p85 regulatory subunits of class IA PI3 kinases. Our results show that autophagy is under strict mitotic control and indicate a novel role for phosphoinositide 3-kinases or other wortmannin/LY294002-sensitive kinases in mitotic membrane traffic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- Centre for High Resolution Imaging and Processing, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
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29
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Ueki K, Fruman DA, Brachmann SM, Tseng YH, Cantley LC, Kahn CR. Molecular balance between the regulatory and catalytic subunits of phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulates cell signaling and survival. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:965-77. [PMID: 11784871 PMCID: PMC133541 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.3.965-977.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2001] [Revised: 06/21/2001] [Accepted: 10/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Class Ia phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase is a central component in growth factor signaling and is comprised of a p110 catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit, the most common family of which is derived from the p85alpha gene (Pik3r1). Optimal signaling through the PI 3-kinase pathway depends on a critical molecular balance between the regulatory and catalytic subunits. In wild-type cells, the p85 subunit is more abundant than p110, leading to competition between the p85 monomer and the p85-p110 dimer and ineffective signaling. Heterozygous disruption of Pik3r1 results in increased Akt activity and decreased apoptosis by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) through up-regulated phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate production. Complete depletion of p85alpha, on the other hand, results in significantly increased apoptosis due to reduced PI 3-kinase-dependent signaling. Thus, a reduction in p85alpha represents a novel therapeutic target for enhancing IGF-1/insulin signaling, prolongation of cell survival, and protection against apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohjiro Ueki
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School. Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Ueki K, Yballe CM, Brachmann SM, Vicent D, Watt JM, Kahn CR, Cantley LC. Increased insulin sensitivity in mice lacking p85beta subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:419-24. [PMID: 11752399 PMCID: PMC117575 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.012581799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2001] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis of ex vivo studies using insulin-responsive cells, activation of a Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) seems to be required for a wide variety of cellular responses downstream of insulin. The Class IA PI3K enzymes are heterodimers of catalytic and regulatory subunits. In mammals, insulin-responsive tissues express both the p85alpha and p85beta isoforms of the regulatory subunit. Surprisingly, recent studies have revealed that disruption of the p85alpha gene in the mouse (p85alpha(-/-) mice) results in hypoglycemia with decreased plasma insulin, and the p85alpha(+/-) mice exhibit significantly increased insulin sensitivity. These results suggest either that p85alpha negatively regulates insulin signaling, or that p85beta, which mediates the major fraction of Class IA PI3K signaling in the absence of p85alpha, is more efficient than p85alpha in mediating insulin responses. To address this question, we have generated mice in which the p85beta gene is deleted (p85beta(-/-) mice). As with the p85alpha(-/-) mice, the p85beta(-/-) mice showed hypoinsulinemia, hypoglycemia, and improved insulin sensitivity. At the molecular level, PI3K activity associated with phosphotyrosine complexes was preserved despite a 20-30% reduction in the total protein level of the regulatory subunits. Moreover, insulin-induced activation of AKT was significantly up-regulated in muscle from the p85beta(-/-) mice. In addition, insulin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-2 was enhanced in the p85beta(-/-) mice, a phenotype not observed in the p85alpha(-/-) mice. These results indicate that in addition to their roles in recruiting the catalytic subunit of PI3K to the insulin receptor substrate proteins, both p85alpha and p85beta play negative roles in insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohjiro Ueki
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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31
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Vieira OV, Botelho RJ, Rameh L, Brachmann SM, Matsuo T, Davidson HW, Schreiber A, Backer JM, Cantley LC, Grinstein S. Distinct roles of class I and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases in phagosome formation and maturation. J Cell Biol 2001; 155:19-25. [PMID: 11581283 PMCID: PMC2150784 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200107069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagosomes acquire their microbicidal properties by fusion with lysosomes. Products of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) are required for phagosome formation, but their role in maturation is unknown. Using chimeric fluorescent proteins encoding tandem FYVE domains, we found that phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI[3]P) accumulates greatly but transiently on the phagosomal membrane. Unlike the 3'-phosphoinositides generated by class I PI 3-kinases which are evident in the nascent phagosomal cup, PI(3)P is only detectable after the phagosome has sealed. The class III PI 3-kinase VPS34 was found to be responsible for PI(3)P synthesis and essential for phagolysosome formation. In contrast, selective ablation of class I PI 3-kinase revealed that optimal phagocytosis, but not maturation, requires this type of enzyme. These results highlight the differential functional role of the two families of kinases, and raise the possibility that PI(3)P production by VPS34 may be targeted during the maturation arrest induced by some intracellular parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Vieira
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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