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Schachterle ML, Lowe LE, Owens JE. Exploring the residential exposome: Determination of hazardous flame retardants in air filter dust from HVAC systems. Environ Res 2024; 248:118223. [PMID: 38286254 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Dust is a sink for flame retardants, which are added to a myriad of consumer products in residential spaces. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are two classes of flame retardants that are frequently used in consumer products and consequently found in dust. In this present work, a novel solvent-limited microextraction technique, which we detailed in a companion study, was applied for the determination of four OPEs and two BFRs with limits of quantitation at the ng/g level by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry from n = 47 air filter dust samples collected from forced air HVAC systems. Levels of the BFRs, including tetrabromobisphenol-A and its derivative tribromobisphenol-A, were found at levels <4 μg/g and not frequently detected. Conversely, all four OPEs were detected in all air filter dust samples. Total OPE load was dominated by tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate, T24DtBPP, a novel OPE not widely examined in the literature. Comparison of individual and total OPE concentrations to residential characteristics revealed statistically significant relationships to location of the home and dominant flooring type. Overall, this study motivates future work in examining the whole house exposome using air filter dust as a passive sampling regime with more examination of T24DtBPP loads within other indoor spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Schachterle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA.
| | - Luis E Lowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Janel E Owens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA.
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2
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Pieper JR, Anthony BM, Chaparro JM, Prenni JE, Minas IS. Rootstock vigor dictates the canopy light environment that regulates metabolite profile and internal fruit quality development in peach. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 208:108449. [PMID: 38503188 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Five rootstock cultivars of differing vigor: vigorous ('Atlas™' and 'Bright's Hybrid® 5'), standard ('Krymsk® 86' and 'Lovell') and dwarfing ('Krymsk® 1') grafted with 'Redhaven' as the scion were studied for their impact on productivity, mid-canopy photosynthetic active radiation transmission (i.e., light availability) and internal fruit quality. Αverage yield (kg per tree) and fruit count increased significantly with increasing vigor (trunk cross sectional area, TCSA). Α detailed peach fruit quality analysis on fruit of equal maturity (based on the index of absorbance difference, IAD) coming from trees with equal crop load (no. of fruit cm-2 of TCSA) characterized the direct impact of rootstock vigor on peach internal quality [dry matter content (DMC) and soluble solids concentration (SSC)]. DMC and SSC increased significantly with decreasing vigor and increasing light availability, potentially due to reduced intra-tree shading and better light distribution within the canopy. Physiologically characterized peach fruit mesocarp was further analyzed by non-targeted metabolite profiling using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Metabolite distribution was associated with rootstock vigor class, mid-canopy light availability and fruit quality characteristics. Fructose, glucose, sorbose, neochlorogenic and quinic acids, catechin and sorbitol were associated with high light environments and enhanced quality traits, while sucrose, butanoic and malic acids related to low light conditions and inferior fruit quality. These outcomes show that while rootstock genotype and vigor are influencing peach tree productivity and yield, their effect on manipulating the light environment within the canopy also plays a significant role in fruit quality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff R Pieper
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Brendon M Anthony
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Chaparro
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ioannis S Minas
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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3
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Liu L, Karim Z, Schlörer N, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Zoschke C, Parr MK. Biotransformation of anabolic androgenic steroids in human skin cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 237:106444. [PMID: 38092130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In comparison to well-known drug-metabolizing organs such as the liver, the metabolic capacity of human skin is still not well elucidated despite the widespread use of topical drug application. To gain a comprehensive insight into anabolic steroid metabolism in the skin, six structurally related anabolic androgenic steroids, testosterone, metandienone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, and methylclostebol, were applied to human keratinocytes and fibroblasts derived from the juvenile foreskin. Phase I metabolites obtained from incubation media were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 5α-reductase activity was predominant in the metabolic pathways as supported by the detection of 5α-reduced metabolites after incubation of testosterone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, and methylclostebol. Additionally, the stereochemistry structures of fully reduced metabolites (4α,5α-isomers) of clostebol and methylclostebol were newly confirmed in this study by the help of inhouse synthesized reference materials. The results provide insights into the steroid metabolism in human skin cells with respect to the characteristics of the chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziaul Karim
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, ISSUL - Institute de sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Synathlon 3224 - Quartier Centre, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Drugs, Gerichtstr. 49, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Wu S, Zheng J, Chen Y, Yi L, Liu C, Li G. Chemometrics-based Discrimination of Virgin and Recycled Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Plastics Toys via Non-targeted Screening of Volatile Substances. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1711:464442. [PMID: 37844445 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the growing emphasis on child safety, it is greatly urgent to identify and assess the unknown compounds and discriminate the recycled materials for plastic toys. In this study, gas chromatography mass spectrometry coupled with static headspace has been optimized by response surface methodology for non-targeted screening of unknown volatiles in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic toys. Optimum conditions for static headspace were 120 °C for extraction temperature and 48 min for extraction time. A total of 83 volatiles in 11 categories were qualitatively identified by matching the NIST database library, retention index and standard materials. Considering high positive rate and potential toxicity, high-risk volatiles in ABS plastic toys were listed and traced for safety pre-warning. Moreover, the differential volatiles between virgin and recycled ABS plastics were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis. Principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and linear discrimination analysis were employed to successfully discriminate recycled ABS plastic toys based on the differential volatiles. The proposed strategy represents an effective and promising analytical method for non-targeted screening and risk assessment of unknown volatiles and discrimination of recycled materials combining with various chemometric techniques for children's plastic products to safeguard children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wu
- Toys & Juvenile Products Testing Institute, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China; School of chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- Toys & Juvenile Products Testing Institute, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Toys & Juvenile Products Testing Institute, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Lezhou Yi
- Toys & Juvenile Products Testing Institute, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Chonghua Liu
- Toys & Juvenile Products Testing Institute, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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5
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Anjum A, Liigand J, Milford R, Gautam V, Wishart DS. Accurate prediction of isothermal gas chromatographic Kováts retention indices. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464176. [PMID: 37413909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a freely available web server called Retention Index Predictor (RIpred) (https://ripred.ca) that rapidly and accurately predicts Gas Chromatographic Kováts Retention Indices (RI) using SMILES strings as chemical structure input. RIpred performs RI prediction for three different stationary phases (semi-standard non-polar (SSNP), standard non-polar (SNP), and standard polar (SP)) for both derivatized (trimethylsilyl (TMS) and tert‑butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatized) and underivatized (base compound) forms of GC-amenable structures. RIpred was developed to address the need for freely available, fast, highly accurate RI predictions for a wide range of derivatized and underivatized chemicals for all common GC stationary phases. RIpred was trained using a Graph Neural Network (GNN) that used compound structures, their extracted features (mostly atom-level features) and the GC-RI data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology databases (NIST 17 and NIST 20). We curated this NIST 17 and NIST 20 GC-RI data, which is available for all three stationary phases, to create appropriate inputs (molecular graphs in this case) needed to enhance our model performance. The performance of different RIpred predictive models was evaluated using 10-fold cross validation (CV). The best performing RIpred models were identified and when tested on hold-out test sets from all stationary phases, achieved a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of <73 RI units (SSNP: 16.5-29.5, SNP: 38.5-45.9, SP: 46.52-72.53). The Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of these models were typically within 3% (SSNP: 0.78-1.62%, SNP: 1.87-2.88%, SP: 2.34-4.05%). When compared to the best performing model by Qu et al., 2021, RIpred performed similarly (MAE of 16.57 RI units [RIpred] vs. 16.84 RI units [Qu et al., 2021 predictor] for derivatized compounds). RIpred also includes ∼5 million predicted RI values for all GC-amenable compounds (∼57,000) in the Human Metabolome Database HMDB 5.0 (Wishart et al., 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Anjum
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jaanus Liigand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - Ralph Milford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - Vasuk Gautam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - David S Wishart
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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6
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Pitzalis E, Campanella B, Bonini R, Onor M, D'Ulivo A. Unveiling the mechanisms behind the chemical vapor generation of plumbane for trace analysis of lead. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1269:341427. [PMID: 37290860 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms controlling the generation of PbH4 by reaction of inorganic Pb(II) with aqueous NaBH4 were investigated both in the presence and in the absence of the additive K3Fe(CN)6. For the first time PbH4 has been identified in analytical chemical vapor generation (CVG) by using gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which allows the use of deuterium labelled experiments. In the absence of the additive, under reaction conditions typically employed for trace lead determination by CVG, Pb(II) is converted to solid species and no volatile lead species can be detected by either atomic or mass spectrometry for Pb(II) concentration up to 100 mg L-1. In alkaline conditions Pb(II) substrates are unreactive towards NaBH4. In the presence of K3Fe(CN)6, deuterium labelled experiments clearly indicated that the generated PbH4 is formed by the direct transfer of hydride from borane to lead atoms. Kinetic experiments were carried out to evaluate the rate of reduction of K3Fe(CN)6 by NaBH4, the rate of hydrolysis of NaBH4 both in the presence and in the absence of K3Fe(CN)6, and the rate of dihydrogen evolution following NaBH4 hydrolysis. The effect of delayed addition of Pb(II) to NaBH4-HCl- K3Fe(CN)6, and K3Fe(CN)6 to NaBH4-HCl-Pb(II) reaction mixtures on the efficiency of plumbane generation was investigated by continuous flow CVG coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The collected evidences, complemented with thermodynamic considerations and literature data, have made it possible to clarify long-standing controversial aspects related to the mechanism of plumbane generation and the role of K3Fe(CN)6 additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pitzalis
- CNR, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, S.S. of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Campanella
- CNR, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, S.S. of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rachele Bonini
- CNR, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, S.S. of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Onor
- CNR, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, S.S. of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Ulivo
- CNR, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, S.S. of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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7
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Nabizadeh S, Barzegar F, Babaei M, Kamankesh M, Mohammadi A. New and efficient direct-SLM two-phase hollow fiber electromembrane extraction coupled to GC/MS for the analysis of nitrosamines in different types of sausage: Investigation of meat type, meat percent and cooking methods. Food Chem 2023; 416:135759. [PMID: 36893642 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The potent two-phase hollow fiber electromembrane extraction technique coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HF-EME/GC-MS) was proposed for the determination of six types of carcinogen nitrosamines in sausages samples. Two steps of sample digestion were accomplished for the complete removal of fat globules and efficient release of target analytes. The extraction principle was based on electro-migration of target analytes via specific fiber to extraction solvent. 2-Nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) was dexterously employed as both supported liquid membrane and extraction solvent, which is compatible with GC-MS. After the extraction process, the NPOE containing nitrosamines was directly injected to GC-MS without extra steps requirement to reduce analysis time. The consequences revealed that N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) as the most potent carcinogen has the highest concentration in fried and oven-cooked sausages with 70% of red meat. The meat type and amount and also cooking process could significantly effect on nitrosamines formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Nabizadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Barzegar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Babaei
- Department of Identity Recognition and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Intelligence and Criminal Investigation Science and Technology, Amin Police University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Li H, Gao T, Zhang Z, Lei J, Hu J, Tang Z, Feng S, Ding C, Chen T, Chen Y, Yuan S, Yuan M. A novel Stauntonia leucantha fruits arabinogalactan: and structural characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 303:120481. [PMID: 36657852 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides were the key ingredients of many herbal medicines, and were responsible for multiple pharmacological activities. In this study, a novel polysaccharide fraction, named SLP-2, was isolated from Stauntonia leucantha fruits, and purified by DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Furthermore, SLP-2 was identified by congo red, methylation, partial acid hydrolysis and NMR. The results indicated that the backbone of SLP-2 was composed of →4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ substituted at C-6 with 1,5-linked arabinan. SLP-2 had good anti-oxidation ability in vitro. Surprisingly, we found that reduction of carboxyl groups and methylation of hydroxyl groups enhanced the ability to scavenge 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation, and weakened the activity to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and reduce ferric iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Gao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhonghao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiangping Lei
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Junchao Hu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zizhong Tang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shiling Feng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chunbang Ding
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yanger Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611134, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan Province, China.
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9
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Oflu S, Erarpat S, Zaman BT, Günkara ÖT, Bakırdere S, Turak F. Combination of quadrupole isotope dilution mass spectrometry with simultaneous derivatization and spray assisted droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction for the determination of methamphetamine in human urine and serum samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 119:107207. [PMID: 35933004 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an analytical method with high accuracy and precision was developed for the determination of methamphetamine in human urine and serum samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A simultaneous derivatization and spray assisted droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction (SADF-LPME) method was proposed to derivatize and preconcentrate target analyte. Quadruple isotope dilution (ID4) was used to provide high accuracy and precision for methamphetamine determination in the samples. After the optimization studies for the derivatization and microextraction parameters, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the developed SADF-LPME method were found to be 48.0 and 159.9 μg/kg, respectively. Recovery studies were implemented to verify the applicability and accuracy of the developed method for human urine and serum samples. The SADF-LPME method gave low percent recovery results (30.5-61.0%) for the spiked urine and serum samples showing that it failed to minimize or eliminate matrix effects for the analyte. Hence, methamphetamine acetamide-d3 was synthesized and purified in our research laboratory to be used as methamphetamine isotopic analogue in the ID4 method. When the SADF-LPME method was combined with ID4, the percent recovery values for urine and serum samples were calculated as 99.7-100.0% and 99.4-100.2%, respectively. These results demonstrated the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method for urine and serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sude Oflu
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezin Erarpat
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Buse Tuğba Zaman
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ömer Tahir Günkara
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No: 112, 06670, Çankaya, 06690, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Fatma Turak
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34,210, Davutpasa, Esenler, İstanbul, Türkiye.
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10
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Giebelhaus RT, Sorochan Armstrong MD, de la Mata AP, Harynuk JJ. Untargeted region of interest selection for gas chromatography - mass spectrometry data using a pseudo F-ratio moving window. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463499. [PMID: 36126562 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
There are many challenges associated with analysing gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data. Many of these challenges stem from the fact that electron ionization (EI) can make it difficult to recover molecular information due to the high degree of fragmentation with concomitant loss of molecular ion signal. With GC-MS data there are often many common fragment ions shared among closely-eluting peaks, necessitating sophisticated methods for analysis. Some of these methods are fully automated, but make some assumptions about the data which can introduce artifacts during the analysis. Chemometric methods such as Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR), or Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC/PARAFAC2) are particularly attractive, since they are flexible and make relatively few assumptions about the data - ideally resulting in fewer artifacts. These methods do require expert user intervention to determine the most relevant regions of interest and an appropriate number of components, k, for each region. Automated region of interest selection is needed to permit automated batch processing of chromatographic data with advanced signal deconvolution. Here, we propose a new method for automated, untargeted region of interest selection that accounts for the multivariate information present in GC-MS data to select regions of interest based on the ratio of the squared first, and second singular values from the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of a window that moves across the chromatogram. Assuming that the first singular value accounts largely for signal, and that the second singular value accounts largely for noise, it is possible to interpret the relationship between these two values as a probabilistic distribution of Fisher Ratios. The sensitivity of the algorithm was tested by investigating the concentration at which the algorithm can no longer pick out chromatographic regions known to contain signal. The algorithm achieved detection of features in a GC-MS chromatogram at concentrations below 10 pg on-column. The resultant probabilities can be interpreted as regions that contain features of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryland T Giebelhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - A Paulina de la Mata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James J Harynuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Jang M, Yang H, Park SA, Sung HK, Koo JM, Hwang SY, Jeon H, Oh DX, Park J. Analysis of volatile organic compounds produced during incineration of non-degradable and biodegradable plastics. Chemosphere 2022; 303:134946. [PMID: 35569634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As plastic consumption has increased, environmental problems associated with the accumulation of plastic wastes have started to emerge. These include the non-degradability of plastic and its disintegration into sub-micron particles. Although some biodegradable plastic products have been developed to relieve the landfill and leakage burden, a significant portion of discarded plastics are inevitably still incinerated. The concern here is that incinerating plastics may result in the emission of toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Moreover, lack of policy and the limited market share contributes to the indiscriminate discarding of biodegradable plastics, whereby it is mixed and subsequently incinerated with non-degradable plastics. The aim of this study was therefore to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the VOCs emitted from both non-degradable and biodegradable plastics during combustion employing gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Here, non-degradable poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) emitted 10-115 and 6-22 ppmv of VOCs, respectively. These emission levels were more than 100 times higher than the VOC concentrations of 0.1-0.5 and 0.1-1.8 ppmv obtained for biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate and polylactic acid, respectively. Notably, due to the presence of a repeating butylene group in both non-degradable and biodegradable plastics, 1,3-butadiene accounted for the highest concentration among the VOCs identified, with concentrations of 6-116 ppmv and 0.5-558 ppmv obtained, respectively. During the evaluation of gas barrier films employed for food packaging purposes, non-degradable aluminum-coated multilayered films emitted 9-515 ppmv of VOCs, compared to the 2-41 ppmv VOCs emitted by biodegradable nanocellulose/nanochitin-coated films. Despite the significantly lower levels of VOCs emitted during the incineration of biodegradable plastics, this does not represent suitable waste treatment solution because VOCs are still emitted during incomplete combustion. This study aims to encourage further research into diverse combustion conditions for plastics and stimulate discussions on the fate of discarded plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jang
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Yang
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-A Park
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyeong Sung
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Koo
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Sambolino A, Ortega-Zamora C, González-Sálamo J, Dinis A, Cordeiro N, Canning-Clode J, Hernández-Borges J. Determination of phthalic acid esters and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate in fish and squid using the ammonium formate version of the QuEChERS method combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 380:132174. [PMID: 35086018 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the ammonium formate version of the QuEChERS method, considered highly advantageous in relation to instrument maintenance and other issues, was applied for the first time to extract a group of twelve phthalic acid esters (PAEs, i.e. dipropyl phthalate, DPP; diisobutyl phthalate, DIBP; dibutyl phthalate, DBP; diisopentyl phthalate, DIPP; di-n-pentyl phthalate, DNPP; dihexyl phthalate, DHP; butyl benzyl phthalate, BBP; dicyclohexyl phthalate, DCHP; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DEHP; di-n-octyl phthalate, DNOP; diisononyl phthalate, DINP; and diisodecyl phthalate, DIDP) and one adipate (di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, DEHA) from two species of fish (Scomber colias and Katsuwonus pelamis) and one of squid (Loligo gahi). The method was validated in terms of linearity, trueness and matrix effects. Determination coefficients (R2) for matrix-matched calibration curves were higher than 0.99 in all cases, being the lowest calibration levels in the range 0.5-10 ng/g. Mean recovery values were between 70 and 117% with relative standard deviation values ≤20%. Matrix effects were soft (between -20 and +20%) for most analytes and matrices, except in squid samples, which was mostly medium with a moderate ion suppression. The analysis of 10 samples of each type showed the presence of DIBP, DBP and DEHP at concentrations up to 44.2 ± 2.1 ng/g of wet weight in some of the samples and species, still not representing concerning values when considering the daily intake of such species of seafood in the human diet (tolerable daily intake -TDI- values were not exceeded). Results demonstrated that the ammonium formate version of the QuEChERS method can be applied with success for the extraction and determination of the selected PAEs and DEHA in fish and squid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Sambolino
- LB3, Faculty of Exact Science and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Cecilia Ortega-Zamora
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ana Dinis
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; OOM - Oceanic Observatory of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Nereida Cordeiro
- LB3, Faculty of Exact Science and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - João Canning-Clode
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, USA
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
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Maurer MM, Baker MA. Volatile profiling of cacti: a preliminary assessment of the taxonomic and evolutionary significance of volatile compounds in Cylindropuntia, Grusonia, Consolea, Opuntia, Quiabentia, and Tacinga. J Plant Res 2021; 134:1095-1103. [PMID: 33880665 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile analyses of cacti have previously been performed on the flowers, fruits, and consumed stems. During our own investigations, we and others have observed that the cut stems of certain species of the Graveolens clade of Cylindropuntia emitted odors similar to those of rancid butter or cyanoacrylate. Some species of Consolea, Opuntia, Quiabentia, and Tacinga were found to produce similar odors. Fresh samples of Cylindropuntia and these other genera were collected, and the volatile compound profiles were analyzed by solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Linear discriminate analysis found the compounds to be characteristic of the odiferous cacti as the aldehydes hexanal, 2-hexenal, and nonanal; the alcohol phenethyl alcohol; the terpene β-phellandrene; the ketone β-ionone; and the diol 5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol. Compounds characteristic of the non-odiferous cacti are the ketones 6-methyl-2-heptanone, 2-octanone, and 1,3-dihydro-5-methyl-2H-benzimidazol-2-one; the alkanes undecane, tridecane, pentadecane, and heptadecane; the aromatics p-cymene and 1,2,3,5-tetramethyl benzene; the esters octyl formate, methyl benzoate, and methyl salicylate; the aldehyde 2-octenal; the alcohol cyclooctyl alcohol; the imine methoxy-phenyl-oxime; the terpene 1-methyl-2-(2-propenyl)-benzene; and nine unknown compounds. Putative hybrid cacti were found to have a unique volatile profile in comparison to the parents. Additionally, differing infraspecific chromosome races, diploids (n = 11) and tetraploids (n = 22), were found to have differing volatile profiles with some compounds increasing with an increase in chromosome number while other compounds decreased with an increase in chromosome number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Maurer
- Knowledge Enterprise Biosciences Core, Arizona State University, PO Box 877901, Tempe, AZ, 85287-7901, USA.
| | - Marc A Baker
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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Erarpat S, Bodur S, Öner M, Günkara ÖT, Bakırdere S. Quadruple isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after simultaneous derivatization and spraying based fine droplet formation liquid phase microextraction method for the accurate and sensitive quantification of chloroquine phosphate in human serum, urine and saliva samples at trace levels. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462273. [PMID: 34087718 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study presents an accurate and precise analytical strategy for the determination of chloroquine phosphate at trace levels in human body fluids (urine, serum, and saliva). Simultaneous derivatization-spraying based fine droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction (SD-SFDF-LPME) method was used to derivatize and preconcentrate the analyte prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurements. Acetic anhydride was employed as derivatizing agent in this study. After optimizing the SD-SFDF-LPME method, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were found to be 0.16 and 0.53 mg/kg, respectively. Quadruple isotope dilution (ID4) was coupled to the SD-SFDF-LPME method in order to alleviate matrix effects and promote accuracy/precision of the method. Chloroquine acetamide-d3 was firstly synthesized in our research laboratory and used as the isotopic analogue of the analyte in the ID4 experiments. Superior percent recovery results (99.4% - 101.0%) with low standard deviation values were obtained for the spiked samples. This validated the developed SD-SFDF-LPME-ID4-GC-MS method as highly accurate and precise for the determination of chloroquine phosphate at trace levels. In addition, the isotopic analogue of the analyte was obtained via the acetamide derivative of the analyte, which is an alternative to obtain isotopic analogues of organic compounds that are not accessible or commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezin Erarpat
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, 34210, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, 34210, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Miray Öner
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, 34210, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Tahir Günkara
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, 34210, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, 34210, İstanbul, Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Piyade Street No: 27, 06690 Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Mahilang M, Deb MK, Pervez S, Tiwari S, Jain VK. Biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation in an urban area of eastern central India: Seasonal variation, size distribution and source characterization. Environ Res 2021; 195:110802. [PMID: 33516684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Samples of ambient aerosols were collected at an urban site of eastern central India from monsoon to summer 2016-17 for the characterization of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOA). The BSOA tracers derived from isoprene, α/β-pinene and β-caryophyllene in size-distributed aerosols were studied. Concentrations of total SOAI (Isoprene secondary organic aerosols) were found more abundant than α/β-pinene in summer, while contradictory trends were found in the winter season, where SOAM (monoterpene derived SOA) and SOAS (sesquiterpenes derived SOA) were dominated. Size-distribution study revealed that most of the BSOA were formed in the aerosol phase and dominated in fine mode, except cis-pinonic acid. They were formed in the gaseous phase and partitioned onto the aerosol phase. The alkaline nature of mineral dust particles that triggered the adsorption of gaseous species onto pre-existing particles could be the reason for bimodal size distribution with major coarse mode peak and miner fine mode peak. Temporal variations suggest that the BSOA must be derived from terrestrial vegetation and biomass burning. The isoprene SOC (secondary organic carbon) contributed 0.91%, 1.38%, 0.88% and 1.04% to OC during winter, summer, post-monsoon and monsoon season, respectively. The isoprene SOC in fine mode was found to be higher than the coarse mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithlesh Mahilang
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India.
| | - Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Swapnil Tiwari
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Government Engineering College, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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16
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He Z, Liu Z, Gong L. Systematic evaluation of sample preparation strategy for GC-MS-based plasma metabolomics and its application in osteoarthritis. Anal Biochem 2021; 621:114153. [PMID: 33684344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation plays a crucial part in plasma metabolomics. In order to obtain an optimal sample extraction method for gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based plasma metabolomics, five different extraction strategies including protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction were evaluated systematically for both plasma untargeted- and targeted-metabolomics. The comprehensive evaluation revealed that the all-in-one sample preparation method, MeOH-MTBE-H2O (1:5:1.5, v/v/v), was the optimal extraction method for both untargeted- and targeted-metabolomics. Next, the optimal sample preparation protocol was applied in plasma metabolomics of osteoarthritis (OA). A panel containing cholesterol, lactic acid, stearic acid, alpha-tocopherol and oxalic acid was selected as candidate biomarker to distinguish OA patients from healthy controls (HC) based on the support vector machine (SVM) classification model. The discriminating capability of the candidate biomarker panel was further validated successfully with logistic regression and principal components analysis (PCA) analysis. Therefore, the panel could potentially act as diagnostic biomarker for osteoarthritis.
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Anthony BM, Chaparro JM, Prenni JE, Minas IS. Early metabolic priming under differing carbon sufficiency conditions influences peach fruit quality development. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 157:416-431. [PMID: 33202321 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crop load management is an important preharvest factor to balance yield, quality, and maturation in peach. However, few studies have addressed how preharvest factors impact metabolism on fruit of equal maturity. An experiment was conducted to understand how carbon competition impacts fruit internal quality and metabolism in 'Cresthaven' peach trees by imposing distinct thinning severities. Fruit quality was evaluated at three developmental stages (S2, S3, S4), while controlling for equal maturity using non-destructive visual to near-infrared spectroscopy. Non-targeted metabolite profiling was used to characterize fruit at each developmental stage from trees that were unthinned (carbon starvation) or thinned (carbon sufficiency). Carbon sufficiency resulted in significantly higher fruit dry matter content and soluble solids concentration at harvest when compared to the carbon starved, underscoring the true impact of carbon manipulation on fruit quality. Significant differences in the fruit metabolome between treatments were observed at S2 when phenotypes were similar, while less differences were observed at S4 when the carbon sufficient fruit exhibited a superior phenotype. This suggests a potential metabolic priming effect on fruit quality when carbon is sufficiently supplied during early fruit growth and development. In particular, elevated levels of catechin may suggest a link between secondary/primary metabolism and fruit quality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon M Anthony
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Chaparro
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ioannis S Minas
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Lozier BK, Kim RN, Zuromski LM, Kish-Trier E, De Biase I, Yuzyuk T. Effect of fasting status and other pre-analytical variables on quantitation of long-chain fatty acids in red blood cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 163:102211. [PMID: 33249349 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, play essential roles in health maintenance and outcomes. Insufficient intake or the inability to absorb LCFAs from the diet can cause a number of health problems. Evaluation of fatty acid profiles in plasma, serum or red blood cells (RBCs) is routinely used to monitor patients at risk of developing deficiency. Quantitation of LCFAs in RBCs offers advantages over serum/plasma due to low intra-individual variability. Fatty acid composition in RBCs also reflects long-term dietary intake, providing additional information about the patient's nutritional status. However, the literature does not currently address the impact of pre-analytical factors (conditions of RBC collection, sample handling and short-term storage) on LCFA measurements. This study evaluated the effect of several anticoagulants, interferents, different storage conditions and fasting status on quantitation of the twenty-one most abundant LCFAs in RBCs by gas chromatography negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GCNCI-MS). LCFA results were assessed quantitatively (nmol/mL) or as a percent of total. Most common tube types (containing citrate, sodium heparin or EDTA) were all appropriate for blood collection. Whole blood and lysed RBCs were stable at least 24 h at room temperature and up to 7 days refrigerated. Lysed RBCs were also stable for up to three freeze/thaw cycles. The presence of icterus or lipemia did not affect results. LCFAs concentrations in RBCs did not change ~4 h after high-fat intake when the lipid concentration in circulation reaches a peak, while plasma levels of most fatty acids increased up to 40% in response. In summary, RBCs are a reliable sample type for LCFA quantitation in the clinical laboratory. In contrast to plasma or serum, RBCs isolated from non-fasting, hemolyzed or lipemic whole blood specimens are all acceptable for testing. Therefore, RBCs might be a preferable sample type for evaluation of nutritional status of young pediatric patients and in patients with conditions associated with hemolytic anemia or hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Lozier
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - R N Kim
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - L M Zuromski
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - E Kish-Trier
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - I De Biase
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - T Yuzyuk
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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Fiorentin TR, Logan BK. Analytical findings in used syringes from a syringe exchange program. Int J Drug Policy 2020; 81:102770. [PMID: 32442881 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since it's first implementatation in 1984, Syringe Exchange Programs (SEP) are a critical component of harm reduction interventions among people who inject drugs.. The aim of this work was to use a scientific analytical approach to obtain drug use information through the analysis of the content of used syringes. METHODS 357 syringes were collected in New York City and submitted to qualitative analysis. Screening analysis was performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF). RESULTS Of the 357 syringes analyzed, 275 (77.0%) were positive for one or more substances. The most common drug of abuse identified was heroin/related substances (72.0%), followed by cocaine/related substance (34.9%), fentanyl/related substance (13.5%), methamphetamine/related substance (7.6%) and furanylfentanyl (3.6%). Quinine/quinidine (18.5%) was the most common cutting agent detected, followed by levamisole (12.0%), caffeine (11.6%), lidocaine (11.6%), and phenacetin (6.9%). CONCLUSION Analysis of samples collected from a drug street scenario allows the identification of new substances being injected and provides information to harm reduction programs to identify strategies to reduce drug abuse.
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Akbarov US, Pozharitskaya ON, Laakso I, Seppänen-Laakso T, Urakova IN, Vuorela H, Makarov VG, Shikov AN. Metabolite profiling and mechanisms of bioactivity of snake autolysate - A traditional Uzbek medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 250:112459. [PMID: 31811934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aqueous autolysate from the snake Eryx miliaris (SNA) has been used in traditional medicine of Uzbekistan as anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory agent. However, little is known about the chemical composition and its mechanisms of activity. AIM OF THE STUDY This is our first attempt to analyse the composition of snake autolysate using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to investigate the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and hyaluronidase activity of fingerprinted E. miliaris autolysate to support their use in the traditional Uzbek medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous autolysate was evaporated and derivatised for GC-MS analysis of metabolites. For quantification, lipids were extracted from autolysate by solvent extraction and derivatised by esterification and silylation. Biological activity was evaluated with lipid peroxidation, cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and antihyaluronidase activity tests. RESULTS GC-MS analysis of SNA enabled the identification of 27 compounds. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA, 21%), amino acid/derivatives 39% (incl. 2-piperidinone 19%), phenyl (7%), and OH-Phenyl (10%) derivatives covered 77%. Other derivatives (9%) included succinic acid and 3-indole acetic acid). Long chain fatty acids (C16-C18) accounted for 3%. The lipid concentration of SNA was 1.2 mg/mL (0.12%). Three concentration levels (1.0-20.0 μg/mL) did not inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 in vitro and malondialdehyde level was not decreased by SNA in lipid peroxidation model. However, SNA was a potent inhibitor of the hyaluronidase enzyme activity in a dose dependent manner with IC50 = 0.086 mL/mL. CONCLUSION The results from GC-MS analyses of SNA lead us to the identification of a wide range of major chemical structures of the metabolites and their derivatives with several categories. Pharmacological studies support the traditional use of SNA and show one of its possible mechanisms of activity via inhibition of hyaluronidase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga N Pozharitskaya
- St.Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, Leningrad Region, Vsevolozhsky District, Kuzmolovo 245, 188663, Russia
| | - Into Laakso
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuulikki Seppänen-Laakso
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000 (Tietotie 2), FI-02044, VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Irina N Urakova
- St.Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, Leningrad Region, Vsevolozhsky District, Kuzmolovo 245, 188663, Russia
| | - Heikki Vuorela
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valery G Makarov
- St.Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, Leningrad Region, Vsevolozhsky District, Kuzmolovo 245, 188663, Russia
| | - Alexander N Shikov
- St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popov, 14a, 197376, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Li W, Li B, Tao S, Ciais P, Piao S, Shen G, Peng S, Wang R, Gasser T, Balkanski Y, Li L, Fu B, Yin T, Li X, An J, Han Y. Missed atmospheric organic phosphorus emitted by terrestrial plants, part 2: Experiment of volatile phosphorus. Environ Pollut 2020; 258:113728. [PMID: 31877468 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emission and deposition of global atmospheric phosphorus (P) have long been considered unbalanced, and primary biogenic aerosol particles (PBAP) and phosphine (PH3) are considered to be the only atmospheric P sources from the ecosystem. In this work, we found and quantified volatile organic phosphorus (VOP) emissions from plants unaccounted for in previous studies. In a greenhouse in which lemons were cultivated, the atmospheric total phosphorus (TP) concentration of particulate matter (PM) was 41.8% higher than that in a greenhouse containing only soil, and the proportion of organic phosphorus (OP) in TP was doubled. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance tests (31P-NMR) of PM showed that phosphate monoesters were the main components contributed by plants in both the greenhouse and at an outside observation site. Atmospheric gaseous P was directly measured to be 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than P in PM but appeared to double during plant growing seasons relative to other months. Bag-sampling and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) tests showed that the gaseous P emitted by plants in the greenhouse was triethyl phosphate. VOP might be an important component of atmospheric P that has been underestimated in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bengang Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Jiangsu Centre for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Thomas Gasser
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Yves Balkanski
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Li
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Bo Fu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianya Yin
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie An
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunman Han
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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D’Agostino A, Gismondi A, Di Marco G, Lo Castro M, Olevano R, Cinti T, Leonardi D, Canini A. Lifestyle of a Roman Imperial community: ethnobotanical evidence from dental calculus of the Ager Curensis inhabitants. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2019; 15:62. [PMID: 31801550 PMCID: PMC6894264 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-019-0334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of ancient calcified dental plaque is a powerful archaeobotanical method to elucidate the key role of the plants in human history. METHODS In this research, by applying both optic microscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry on this matrix, a detailed qualitative investigation for reconstructing the lifestyle of a Roman imperial community of the Ager Curensis (Sabina Tiberina, Central Italy) was performed. RESULTS The detection of animal micro-remains and molecules (e.g., hairs, feather barbules, markers of dairy products), starch granules of several cereals and legumes, pollen (e.g., Juglans regia L., Hedera sp. L.) and other plant micro-debris (e.g., trichome of Olea sp., hemp fibers), and phytochemicals (e.g., Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae herbs, Ferula sp., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., wine, and Humulus lupulus L.) in the dental calculus sample demonstrated that plant-derived foods were regularly consumed together with animal resources. CONCLUSIONS This nutritional plan, consistent with the information reported in ancient written texts, suggested that the studied population based its own subsistence on both agriculture and husbandry, probably also including beekeeping and hunting activities. All together, these results represent proofs for the comprehension of food habits, phytotherapeutic practices, and cultural traditions of one of the first Roman settlements in the Sabina Tiberina area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia D’Agostino
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Gismondi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Marco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Lo Castro
- Società Cooperativa “Il Bètilo” - Servizi per i Beni Culturali a r. l., Via Remigio De Paolis 15, 00030 San Vito Romano (RM), Italy
| | - Rosaria Olevano
- Società Cooperativa “Il Bètilo” - Servizi per i Beni Culturali a r. l., Via Remigio De Paolis 15, 00030 San Vito Romano (RM), Italy
| | - Tiziano Cinti
- Società Cooperativa “Il Bètilo” - Servizi per i Beni Culturali a r. l., Via Remigio De Paolis 15, 00030 San Vito Romano (RM), Italy
| | - Donatella Leonardi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Canini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Karayaka S, Chormey DS, Fırat M, Bakırdere S. Determination of endocrine disruptive phenolic compounds by gas chromatography mass spectrometry after multivariate optimization of switchable liquid-liquid microextraction and assessment of green profile. Chemosphere 2019; 235:205-210. [PMID: 31255761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an accurate method for the determination of alkyl phenols and bisphenol A at trace levels using gas chromatography mass spectrometry after preconcentration with switchable liquid-liquid microextraction. In order to achieve high extraction output, the environmentally friendly switchable liquid-liquid microextraction method was optimized by varying parameters such as amount of switchable solvent, sodium hydroxide concentration/amount and the mixing period in a Box-Behnken experimental design. Under optimum extraction conditions, the limits of detection calculated for the analytes were between 0.13 and 0.54 ng/mL. The analytes showed good linearity over broad calibration ranges, and low percent relative standard deviations established good precision. Spiked recovery studies were performed on municipal wastewater and tap water to determine the method's suitability and accuracy, and the results (87-106%) obtained were satisfactory. Bisphenol A was detected (4.0-14 ng/mL) in four plastic samples investigated under high temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Karayaka
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dotse Selali Chormey
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Fırat
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey.
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Hano T, Tomaru Y. Metabolomics-based approach to explore growth phase-dependent markers in cultured diatom Chaetoceros tenuissimus. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1128:121779. [PMID: 31499295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chaetoceros tenuissimus is a cosmopolitan marine diatom whose metabolism has been little investigated. In this study, we examined the alterations of the metabolite profile between different growth phases (exponential and stationary phase) in cultured C. tenuissimus and identified growth phase-dependent candidate marker metabolite. First, the preparation methodology was optimized, focusing on extraction solvent. Metabolites of the cultured diatom (exponential phase 2.4 × 106 cells/mL, stationary phase 3.1 × 106 cells/mL) were extracted using two solvents with different constituents (solvent 1, methanol:H2O:chloroform = 5:2:2; solvent 2, methanol:ethanol:chloroform = 1:3:1). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based metabolomics successfully detected 43 water-soluble metabolites in both solvents. The metabolic features were dependent on the growth phase: amino acid levels were higher in the exponential phase, whereas sugars and alcohols were more abundant in the stationary phase. Solvent 1 was superior in the recovery of the candidate metabolite that had a retention time of 18.13 min and predominantly contributed to discrimination between the growth phases; the metabolite level was higher in the stationary phase than in the exponential phase. The candidate metabolite was identified as mannonic acid by using GC/MS and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Higher levels of mannonic acid during the stationary phase were also observed in other three diatom species. This study provides further insight into the use of metabolomics in the evaluation of physiological conditions of diatoms and suggests that mannonic acid content is a potential biomarker of the growth phase in cultured diatom cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hano
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan. http://feis.fra.affrc.go.jp/
| | - Yuji Tomaru
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
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Alonso-Castro AJ, Alba-Betancourt C, Yáñez-Barrientos E, Luna-Rocha C, Páramo-Castillo AS, Aragón-Martínez OH, Zapata-Morales JR, Cruz-Jiménez G, Gasca-Martínez D, González-Ibarra AA, Álvarez-Camacho DA, Devezé-Álvarez MA. Diuretic activity and neuropharmacological effects of an ethanol extract from Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 239:111923. [PMID: 31034951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ethnopharmacological relevance Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae) is a shrub empirically used as diuretic, and for the treatment of neurological disorders. These pharmacological effects have not been previously evaluated. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the diuretic and CNS effects of a standardized ethanol extract of Senna septemtrionalis aerial parts (SSE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to perform a chemical analysis with SSE. In all tests, SSE was evaluated from 10 to 100 mg/kg p.o. The diuretic activity of SSE was assessed in mice individually placed in metabolic cages. After 6 h, the urine volume and the electrolyte excretion (Na and K) were measured. The role of prostaglandins and nitric oxide was assessed administrating mice with indomethacin and N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), prior the administration of 100 mg/kg SSE. The sedative effects of SSE were analyzed with the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time test. The effects of SSE on motor coordination in mice were evaluated with the rotarod test. The antidepressant-like activity of SSE was analyzed with the forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). The role of 5-HT2 receptor, α1-and α2-adrenoceptors, or muscarinic receptors was assessed administrating mice with cyproheptadine, prazosin, yohimbine, and atropine, respectively, prior the administration of 100 mg/kg SSE in the FST. The anxiolytic-like activity of SSE (10-100 mg/kg p.o.) was assessed using the light-dark test (LDB), the elevated plus maze test (EPM), the cylinder exploratory test, and the open field test (OFT). The anticonvulsant effect of SSE (1-100 mg/kg) was evaluated in mice administered with different convulsant agents: strychnine, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), isoniazid (INH) or yohimbine. RESULTS The main compound found in SSE was D-pinitol (42.2%). SSE (100 mg/kg) increased the urinary volume (2.67-fold), as well as the excretion of Na (5.60-fold) and K (7.2-fold). The co-administration of SSE with L-NAME or indomethacin reverted the diuretic activity shown by SSE alone. SSE lacked sedative effects and did not affect motor coordination in mice. SSE (100 mg/kg) showed higher and similar antidepressant-like effect, compared to 20 mg/kg fluoxetine, in the FST and TST, respectively. The co-administration of SSE with yohimbine reverted the antidepressant-like activity shown by SSE alone. SSE (100 mg/kg) showed anxiolytic-like activity in the four models of anxiety, with similar activity with 1.5 mg/kg clonazepam. The seizure-protective effect of SSE was ED50 = 73.9 ± 8.4 mg/kg (INH) and 40.4 ± 5.2 mg/kg (yohimbine). CONCLUSION The diuretic effects of SSE involve the possible contribution of prostaglandins and nitric oxide. SSE showed moderate anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects, whereas the participation of α2-adrenoceptors is probably associated in the antidepressant-like effects of SSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico.
| | - Clara Alba-Betancourt
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico
| | - Eunice Yáñez-Barrientos
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico
| | - Cynthia Luna-Rocha
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico
| | | | | | - Juan Ramón Zapata-Morales
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Cruz-Jiménez
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico
| | - Deisy Gasca-Martínez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | | | - Martha Alicia Devezé-Álvarez
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico.
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Ilić B, Unković N, Ćirić A, Glamočlija J, Ljaljević Grbić M, Raspotnig G, Bodner M, Vukojević J, Makarov S. Phenol-based millipede defence: antimicrobial activity of secretions from the Balkan endemic millipede Apfelbeckia insculpta (L. Koch, 1867) (Diplopoda: Callipodida). Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106:37. [PMID: 31209578 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Millipedes use an array of chemical compounds to defend themselves from predator attack. These chemical substances can have additional roles, i.e. defence against various pathogens. We evaluated the efficacy of the defensive secretion of Apfelbeckia insculpta (L. Koch, 1867) against bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi. The tested secretion consisted of two compounds, p-cresol and phenol, and showed antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal potential against all selected microorganisms. The most sensitive bacterium in our study was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the tested defensive secretion manifested the lowest activity against Escherichia coli. The defensive secretion of A. insculpta also showed an ability, albeit mild, to suppress biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. Among the tested yeasts, Candida albicans and C. krusei were the most susceptible and most resistant species, respectively. Finally, the concentration of extracts obtained from the tested defensive secretion needed to achieve an antifungal effect was lowest in the case of Cladosporium cladosporioides. Fusarium verticillioides and Penicillium rubens were the micromycetes most resistant to the tested secretion. Our results indicate that antibacterial activity of the defensive secretion of A. insculpta is similar to or slightly weaker than that of streptomycin, while comparison with antimycotics showed that the tested millipede secretion has stronger activity than fluconazole, but weaker activity than nystatin and ketoconazole. The present study corroborates previous findings indicating that the defensive secretions of millipedes can have different roles apart from antipredator protection and are effective against pathogenic microorganisms.
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Yang J, He Y, Zou J, Xu L, Fan F, Ge Z. Effect of Polygonum Multiflorum Thunb on liver fatty acid content in aging mice induced by D-galactose. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:128. [PMID: 31153380 PMCID: PMC6545222 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polygonum Multiflorum Thunb(PMT) has multiple biological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, anti-aging and so on. Therefore, D-galactose-induced aging mice were used to study the effect of PMT on fatty acid metabolism and its underlying mechanism. Methods C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into normal group, aging model group, PMT intragastrical administration group (high, Medium, low); model group and PMT intragastrical administration group Daily intraperitoneal injection D-galactose 800 mg·ml− 1·Kg− 1 to establish subacute aging model; PMT intragastrical administration group at the same time to intragastrical PMT extract (1 g·ml− 1·Kg− 1, 0.6 g·ml− 1·Kg− 1, 0.3 g·ml− 1·Kg− 1), normal group injection and intragastrical equivalent saline for 60 consecutive days. By detecting the oxidation index of liver to judge the efficacy of PMT, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to quantitatively analyze the fatty acid content in liver. Results Finally, we found that PMT improved the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in aging mice, and reduce the enzyme activity of malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The content of fatty acids such as C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 N3, C20:2 and C20:3 N3 decreased significantly in senescent mice (P < 0.05) as evidenced by GC-MS analysis, whereas, these fatty acids increased significantly after treatment of PMT (P < 0.05). Conclusion PMT improves the content of liver fatty acids in aging mice induced by D-galactose through, enhancing the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangquan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yuqi He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jiayi Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Fang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhenglong Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China.
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Baumeister TUH, Ueberschaar N, Pohnert G. Gas-Phase Chemistry in the GC Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2019; 30:573-580. [PMID: 30569429 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase reactions of temporally stored ions play a significant role in trapped ion mass spectrometry. Especially highly labile ion species generated through electron ionization (EI) are prone to undergo gas-phase reactions after relaxation to a low vibrational state. Here, we show that in the C-Trap of the Q Exactive GC Orbitrap mass spectrometer, gaseous water reacts with radical cations of various compound classes. High-resolution accurate mass spectrometry of the resulting ions provides a key to the mechanistic understanding of the chemistry of high energetic species generated during EI. We systematically addressed water adduct formation by use of H2O and D218O in the C-Trap. Mass spectra of halogen cyanides XCN (X=Cl, Br, I) showed the formation of HXCN+ species, indicating hydrogen atomic transfer reactions. Relative ratios of HXCN+/XCN+• increased as the electronegativity of the halide increased. The common internal calibrant perfluorotributylamine forms oxygenated products from water reactive fragment ions. These can be explained by the addition of water to an initial cation followed by elimination of two HF molecules. This addition/elimination chemistry can also explain [M+2]+ and [M+3]+ ions that commonly occur in mass spectra of silylated analytes. High-resolution accurate mass spectra of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives revealed these as [M-CH3•+H2O]+ and [M-CH4+H2O]•+, respectively. This study explains common fragment ions in ion trap mass spectrometry. It also opens up perspectives for the systematic mechanistic and kinetic investigation of high-energy ion reactivity. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim U H Baumeister
- Max Planck Fellow Group on Plankton Community Interaction, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Ueberschaar
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Platform, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Max Planck Fellow Group on Plankton Community Interaction, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
Oxidant stress has been identified as important in the pathology of many diseases. Oxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids collectively termed isoprostanes, neuroprostanes, and isofurans are considered the most reliable measures of in vivo lipid oxidation, and they are widely used to assess oxidant stress in various diseases. Here we describe the measurement of these lipid oxidation products using gas chromatography mass spectrometry with electron capture negative ionization.
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30
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Zhu C, Jiang C, Chen S, Mei R, Wang X, Cao J, Ma L, Zhou B, Wei Q, Ouyang G, Yu Z, Zhou K. Ultrasound enhanced electrochemical oxidation of Alizarin Red S on boron doped diamond(BDD) anode:Effect of degradation process parameters. Chemosphere 2018; 209:685-695. [PMID: 29958164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Textile wastewater is characterized by high toxicity, complex structure, and resistance to biodegradation. Therefore, advanced oxidation technologies have received extensive attention. However, it is usually difficult to achieve a desired degradation effect using a single technology. The combination of various advanced oxidation technologies is an important way to achieve efficient degradation of organic wastewater. The present investigation was focused on ultrasound enhanced electrochemical oxidation (US-EO) of typical anthracene Alizarin Red S dye on a boron doped diamond anode. Our work indicates that ultrasonic oxidation technology which is mainly based on cavitation, can produce strongly oxidizing active substances such as OH, HO2, O, and H2O2, that accelerate the destruction of the dye molecular structure and achieve dye decolorization and mineralization. The effects on cavitation and decomposition of ARS by the parameters that affect degradation, including solution temperature, initial pH, and electrolytes, were examined. Results show that low temperature was more conducive to ultrasonic cavitation in the US-EO process; the degradation efficiency rate of EO was higher than that of US-EO when the solution temperature was above 45 °C. Ultrasonic cavitation was significantly more efficient in acid than in alkaline conditions. Almost 100% color removal and 86.07% COD removal was achieved for 100 mg L-1 ARS concentration with a 0.05 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, temperature of 30 °C and pH of 4.97 after 3 h. GC-MS analysis showed that the intermediate products of ARS in the US-EO process were phthalic anhydride, PEAs and bisphenol A, which is eventually mineralized to CO2 and H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Chuqi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Shou Chen
- Shenzhen 863 New Material and Technology Co., Ltd, BeautyStar Sci-tech Industrial Park, 2/F, Building 2, No.1001, Longgang Road, (Pingdi Section), Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518117, PR China
| | - Ruiqiong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shenzhen 863 New Material and Technology Co., Ltd, BeautyStar Sci-tech Industrial Park, 2/F, Building 2, No.1001, Longgang Road, (Pingdi Section), Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518117, PR China
| | - Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Bo Zhou
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Qiuping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
| | - Guangqi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Kechao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
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Boelter G, Cazarolli JC, Beker SA, de Quadros PD, Correa C, Ferrão MF, Galeazzi CF, Pizzolato TM, Bento FM. Pseudallescheria boydii and Meyerozyma guilliermondii: behavior of deteriogenic fungi during simulated storage of diesel, biodiesel, and B10 blend in Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:30410-30424. [PMID: 30159846 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to their renewable and sustainable nature, biodiesel blends boost studies predicting their stability during storage. Besides chemical degradation, biodiesel is more susceptible to biodegradation due to its raw composition. The aim of this work was to evaluate the deteriogenic potential (growth and degradation) of Pseudallescheria boydii and Meyerozyma guilliermondii in degrading pure diesel (B0), pure biodiesel (B100), and a B10 blend in mineral medium during storage. The biodeterioration susceptibility at different fuel ratios and in BH minimal mineral medium were evaluated. The biomass measurements of P. boydii during 45 days indicated higher biomass production in the B10 blend. The growth curve of M. guilliermondii showed similar growth in B10 and B100. Although there was no significant production of biosurfactant, lipase production was detected in the tributyrin agar medium of both microorganisms. The main compounds identified in the aqueous phase by GC-MS were alcohols, esters, acids, sulfur, ketones, and phenols. The results showed that P. boydii grew at the expense of fuels, degrading biodiesel esters, and diesel hydrocarbons. M. guilliermondii grew in B100 and B10; however, degradation was not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Boelter
- LABBIO Biodeterioration of Fuel and Biofuel Laboratory, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050170, Brazil.
| | - Juciana Clarice Cazarolli
- LABBIO Biodeterioration of Fuel and Biofuel Laboratory, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050170, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Anderson Beker
- LABBIO Biodeterioration of Fuel and Biofuel Laboratory, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050170, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Dörr de Quadros
- LABBIO Biodeterioration of Fuel and Biofuel Laboratory, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050170, Brazil
| | - Camila Correa
- Chemistry Institute, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Flôres Ferrão
- Chemistry Institute, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Faganello Galeazzi
- Chemistry Institute, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tânia Mara Pizzolato
- Chemistry Institute, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fátima Menezes Bento
- LABBIO Biodeterioration of Fuel and Biofuel Laboratory, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050170, Brazil
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El-Zakhem Naous G, Merhi A, Abboud MI, Mroueh M, Taleb RI. Carcinogenic and neurotoxic risks of acrylamide consumed through caffeinated beverages among the lebanese population. Chemosphere 2018; 208:352-357. [PMID: 29885500 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to quantify acrylamide in caffeinated beverages including American coffee, Lebanese coffee, espresso, instant coffee and hot chocolate, and to determine their carcinogenic and neurotoxic risks. A survey was carried for this purpose whereby 78% of the Lebanese population was found to consume at least one type of caffeinated beverages. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed that the average acrylamide level in caffeinated beverages is 29,176 μg/kg sample. The daily consumption of acrylamide from Lebanese coffee (10.9 μg/kg-bw/day), hot chocolate (1.2 μg/kg-bw/day) and Espresso (7.4 μg/kg-bw/day) was found to be higher than the risk intake for carcinogenicity and neurotoxicity as set by World Health Organization (WHO; 0.3-2 μg/kg-bw/day) at both the mean (average consumers) and high (high consumers) dietary exposures. On the other hand, American coffee (0.37 μg/kg-bw/day) was shown to pose no carcinogenic or neurotoxic risks among the Lebanese community for consumers with a mean dietary exposure. The study shows alarming results that call for regulating the caffeinated product industry by setting legislations and standard protocols for product preparation in order to limit the acrylamide content and protect consumers. In order to avoid carcinogenic and neurotoxic risks, we propose that WHO/FAO set acrylamide levels in caffeinated beverages to 7000 μg acrylamide/kg sample, a value which is 4-folds lower than the average acrylamide levels of 29,176 μg/kg sample found in caffeinated beverages sold in the Lebanese market. Alternatively, consumers of caffeinated products, especially Lebanese coffee and espresso, would have to lower their daily consumption to 0.3-0.4 cups/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada El-Zakhem Naous
- School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Areej Merhi
- School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | | | - Mohamad Mroueh
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos Lebanon
| | - Robin I Taleb
- School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
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LeBouf RF, Burns DA, Ranpara A, Attfield K, Zwack L, Stefaniak AB. Headspace analysis for screening of volatile organic compound profiles of electronic juice bulk material. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5951-5960. [PMID: 29974153 PMCID: PMC6129974 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems continues to gain popularity, and there is concern for potential health risks from inhalation of aerosol and vapor produced by these devices. An analytical method was developed that provided quantitative and qualitative chemical information for characterizing the volatile constituents of bulk electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids) using a static headspace technique. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were screened from a convenience sample of 146 e-liquids by equilibrating 1 g of each e-liquid in amber vials for 24 h at room temperature. Headspace was transferred to an evacuated canister and quantitatively analyzed for 20 VOCs as well as tentatively identified compounds using a preconcentrator/gas chromatography/mass spectrometer system. The e-liquids were classified into flavor categories including brown, fruit, hybrid dairy, menthol, mint, none, tobacco, and other. 2,3-Butanedione was found at the highest concentration in brown flavor types, but was also found in fruit, hybrid dairy, and menthol flavor types. Benzene was observed at concentrations that are concerning given the carcinogenicity of this compound (max 1.6 ppm in a fruit flavor type). The proposed headspace analysis technique coupled with partition coefficients allows for a rapid and sensitive prediction of the volatile content in the liquid. The technique does not require onerous sample preparation, dilution with organic solvents, or sampling at elevated temperatures. Static headspace screening of e-liquids allows for the identification of volatile chemical constituents which is critical for identifying and controlling emission of potentially hazardous constituents in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F LeBouf
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Dru A Burns
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Anand Ranpara
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | | | - Leonard Zwack
- Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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Yuzyuk T, Lozier B, Schwarz EL, Viau K, Kish-Trier E, De Biase I. Intra-individual variability of long-chain fatty acids (C12-C24) in plasma and red blood cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:30-38. [PMID: 30103929 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) play key roles in mammalian cells as sources of energy, structural components and signaling molecules. Given their importance in numerous physiological processes, the roles of LCFAs in health and disease have been extensively investigated. In the majority of studies, correlations are established using a single measurement in plasma or red blood cells (RBCs). Although a few studies have reported on reproducibility of individual fatty acid measurements, the comprehensive analysis of intra-individual LCFA variability has not been performed. Therefore, our goal was to determine intra-individual variability for the 22 most abundant LCFAs in both plasma and RBC samples collected from healthy individuals on a regular diet after overnight fasting. The measurements of LCFAs in RBCs were consistent throughout the course of study reflecting long-term nutritional status. In contrast, the results in plasma showed considerable LCFA intra-individual variability, even between fatty acids of the same type. Plasma intra-individual variability for omega-3 alpha-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids in some participants were >40% whereas the variability of docosahexaenoic acid was consistently <12.8%. Omega-6 linoleic and arachidonic acids also showed low variability in plasma. The results suggest that some LCFAs have less variability and would be more reliable as biomarkers. Reliability of biomarkers can have a profound impact on the research outcomes. Intra-individual variability of LCFAs should be taken into consideration in designing, conducting and interpreting results of clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yuzyuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - B Lozier
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - E L Schwarz
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K Viau
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Kish-Trier
- ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Navigen, Salt Lake City, UT, USA (present affiliation)
| | - I De Biase
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute of Clinical & Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Pagliano E, Campanella B, Shi L, Thibeault MP, Onor M, Crum S, Melanson JE, Mester Z. Determination of total dissolved nitrogen in seawater by isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry following digestion with persulfate and derivatization with aqueous triethyloxonium. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:193-199. [PMID: 30076005 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a novel approach for the determination of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in seawater combining high-precision isotope dilution GC-MS with persulfate digestion. A 2 mL sample aliquot was digested with an alkaline solution of persulfate to convert nitrogen containing compounds to nitrate. Digested samples were spiked with 15NO3- internal standard and treated with aqueous triethyloxonium to convert the analyte into volatile EtONO2. This derivative was readily separated from the matrix under gaseous form and could be sampled from the headspace before GC-MS analysis. The resulting chromatograms showed a stable flat baseline with EtONO2 as the only eluting peak (retention time 2.75 min on a DB 5.625 column). Such an approach provides specificity and obviates the shortcomings of current detection methods employed to analyze seawater samples after digestion with persulfate. In negative chemical ionization mode, the method reached a detection limit of 0.5 μmol/kg TDN (7 ng/g N) and could be applied to quantify seawater samples with 1-25 μmol/kg TDN. On the upper end of the range, quantitation could be repeated within 1%, whereas on a 6 μmol/kg TDN sample repeatability was 2.3% on eight measurements. The method was employed in two proficiency testing exercises providing results in agreement with consensus values. We investigated the impact of reagent blank and we implemented a blank-matching optimal design to account for such contribution. Finally, we performed a study on the yield of persulfate oxidation for organic and inorganic nitrogen compounds typically present in seawater. Whilst nitrite and ammonium are fully converted to nitrate, more complex organic molecules showed recoveries varying from 70% to 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Pagliano
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Beatrice Campanella
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, UOS di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lisa Shi
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Thibeault
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Massimo Onor
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, UOS di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Steven Crum
- QUASIMEME, NL-6700 EC Wageningen, Bornsesteeg 10, 6721 NG Bennekom, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zoltán Mester
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Troisi J, Landolfi A, Sarno L, Richards S, Symes S, Adair D, Ciccone C, Scala G, Martinelli P, Guida M. A metabolomics-based approach for non-invasive screening of fetal central nervous system anomalies. Metabolomics 2018; 14:77. [PMID: 30830338 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system anomalies represent a wide range of congenital birth defects, with an incidence of approximately 1% of all births. They are currently diagnosed using ultrasound evaluation. However, there is strong need for a more accurate and less operator-dependent screening method. OBJECTIVES To perform a characterization of maternal serum in order to build a metabolomic fingerprint resulting from congenital anomalies of the central nervous system. METHODS This is a case-control pilot study. Metabolomic profiles were obtained from serum of 168 mothers (98 controls and 70 cases), using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Nine machine learning and classification models were built and optimized. An ensemble model was built based on results from the individual models. All samples were randomly divided into two groups. One was used as training set, the other one for diagnostic performance assessment. RESULTS Ensemble machine learning model correctly classified all cases and controls. Propanoic, lactic, gluconic, benzoic, oxalic, 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric, acetic, lauric, myristic and stearic acid and myo-inositol and mannose were selected as the most relevant metabolites in class separation. CONCLUSION The metabolomic signature of second trimester maternal serum from pregnancies affected by a fetal central nervous system anomaly is quantifiably different from that of a normal pregnancy. Maternal serum metabolomics is therefore a promising tool for the accurate and sensitive screening of such congenital defects. Moreover, the details of the most relevant metabolites and their respective biochemical pathways allow better understanding of the overall pathophysiology of affected pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Troisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.
- Theoreo srl - Spin-off company of the University of Salerno, Via S. De Renzi, 50., Salerno, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Landolfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Laura Sarno
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sean Richards
- Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave., Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | - Steven Symes
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave., Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | - David Adair
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | | | - Giovanni Scala
- Theoreo srl - Spin-off company of the University of Salerno, Via S. De Renzi, 50., Salerno, Italy
| | - Pasquale Martinelli
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guida
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- Theoreo srl - Spin-off company of the University of Salerno, Via S. De Renzi, 50., Salerno, Italy
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Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol formed in the human body or ingested in the diet. By modulating the activity of many proteins (for instance, liver X receptors, oxysterol-binding proteins, some ATP-binding cassette transporters), oxysterols can affect many cellular functions and influence various physiological processes (e.g., cholesterol metabolism, membrane fluidity regulation, intracellular signaling pathways). Due to their crucial role, it is important to be able to quantify them in pathological conditions. The method described here permits to measure the content of oxysterol in plasma, cell, or media using GC-MS.
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Bell L, Yahya HN, Oloyede OO, Methven L, Wagstaff C. Changes in rocket salad phytochemicals within the commercial supply chain: Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, amino acids and bacterial load increase significantly after processing. Food Chem 2017; 221:521-34. [PMID: 27979236 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates and amino acids increase significantly over time. Glucoraphanin is not significantly affected by harvesting and processing. Sulforaphane significantly increases after processing in E. sativa cultivars. Bacterial load of leaves is correlated with glucosinolate and amino acid abundance. Commercial processing may increase the nutritional value of E. sativa to consumers.
Five cultivars of Eruca sativa and a commercial variety of Diplotaxis tenuifolia were grown in the UK (summer) and subjected to commercial growth, harvesting and processing, with subsequent shelf life storage. Glucosinolates (GSL), isothiocyanates (ITC), amino acids (AA), free sugars, and bacterial loads were analysed throughout the supply chain to determine the effects on phytochemical compositions. Bacterial load of leaves increased significantly over time and peaked during shelf life storage. Significant correlations were observed with GSL and AA concentrations, suggesting a previously unknown relationship between plants and endemic leaf bacteria. GSLs, ITCs and AAs increased significantly after processing and during shelf life. The supply chain did not significantly affect glucoraphanin concentrations, and its ITC sulforaphane significantly increased during shelf life in E. sativa cultivars. We hypothesise that commercial processing may increase the nutritional value of the crop, and have added health benefits for the consumer.
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Albrecht U, Fiehn O, Bowman KD. Metabolic variations in different citrus rootstock cultivars associated with different responses to Huanglongbing. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 107:33-44. [PMID: 27236226 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of citrus. No resistant cultivars have been identified, although tolerance has been observed in the genus Poncirus and some of its hybrids with Citrus that are commonly used as rootstocks. In this study we exploited this tolerance by comparing five different tolerant hybrids with a cultivar that shows pronounced HLB sensitivity to discern potential contributing metabolic factors. Whole leaves of infected and non-infected greenhouse-grown seedlings were extracted and subjected to untargeted GC-TOF MS based metabolomics. After BinBase data filtering, 342 (experiment 1) and 650 (experiment 2) unique metabolites were quantified, of which 122 and 195, respectively, were assigned by chemical structures. The number of metabolites found to be differently regulated in the infected state compared with the non-infected state varied between the cultivars and was largest (166) in the susceptible cultivar Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and lowest (3) in the tolerant cultivars US-897 (C. reticulata 'Cleopatra' × Poncirus trifoliata) and US-942 (C. reticulata 'Sunki' × P. trifoliata) from experiment 2. Tolerance to HLB did not appear to be associated with accumulation of higher amounts of protective metabolites in response to infection. Many metabolites were found in higher concentrations in the tolerant cultivars compared with susceptible Cleopatra mandarin and may play important roles in conferring tolerance to HLB. Lower availability of specific sugars necessary for survival of the pathogen may also be a contributing factor in the decreased disease severity observed for these cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Albrecht
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 2685 SR 29 North, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA; US Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Rd., Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- UC Davis Genome Center - Metabolomics, University of California, 451 Health Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; King Abdulaziz University, Biochemistry Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kim D Bowman
- US Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Rd., Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
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Duan L, Guo L, Dou LL, Zhou CL, Xu FG, Zheng GD, Li P, Liu EH. Discrimination of Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry based metabolomics approach. Food Chem 2016; 212:123-7. [PMID: 27374515 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, mainly including the pericarp of Citrus reticulata Blanco and the pericarp of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi', has been consumed daily as food and dietary supplement for centuries. In this study, GC-MS based metabolomics was employed to compare comprehensively the volatile constituents in Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis indicated that samples could be distinguished effectively from one another. Fifteen metabolites were finally identified for use as chemical markers in discrimination of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium samples. The antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria of the volatile oil from Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' was investigated preliminarily.
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Khan NA, Engle M, Dungan B, Holguin FO, Xu P, Carroll KC. Volatile-organic molecular characterization of shale-oil produced water from the Permian Basin. Chemosphere 2016; 148:126-36. [PMID: 26802271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Growth in unconventional oil and gas has spurred concerns on environmental impact and interest in beneficial uses of produced water (PW), especially in arid regions such as the Permian Basin, the largest U.S. tight-oil producer. To evaluate environmental impact, treatment, and reuse potential, there is a need to characterize the compositional variability of PW. Although hydraulic fracturing has caused a significant increase in shale-oil production, there are no high-resolution organic composition data for the shale-oil PW from the Permian Basin or other shale-oil plays (Eagle Ford, Bakken, etc.). PW was collected from shale-oil wells in the Midland sub-basin of the Permian Basin. Molecular characterization was conducted using high-resolution solid phase micro extraction gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Approximately 1400 compounds were identified, and 327 compounds had a >70% library match. PW contained alkane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), alkyl benzenes, propyl-benzene, and naphthalene. PW also contained heteroatomic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. 3D van Krevelen and double bond equivalence versus carbon number analyses were used to evaluate molecular variability. Source composition, as well as solubility, controlled the distribution of volatile compounds found in shale-oil PW. The salinity also increased with depth, ranging from 105 to 162 g/L total dissolved solids. These data fill a gap for shale-oil PW composition, the associated petroleomics plots provide a fingerprinting framework, and the results for the Permian shale-oil PW suggest that partial treatment of suspended solids and organics would support some beneficial uses such as onsite reuse and bio-energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima A Khan
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Mark Engle
- U.S. Geological Survey, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Barry Dungan
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | | | - Pei Xu
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
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Shu Y, Chen Y, Qin K, Liu X, Cai B. A Study on the Chemical Compositions of the Yinqiaosan (Lonicerae and Forsythiae Powder) at Different Time of Later-decoction by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:134-8. [PMID: 27076750 PMCID: PMC4809168 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.177911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yinqiaosan (Lonicerae and Forsythiae Powder), as a famous prescription of Dr. Wu Jutong in Qing dynasty of China, has the effects of diaphoresis cooling, fire-purging, and detoxicaton. It is mainly used in the treatment of influenza, hand-foot-mouth disease, esophagitis, pneumonia, acute tonsillitis, mumps, and other viral infections. It is one of the widely used traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions with proven curative effects in clinical use. OBJECTIVE To research the material basis of Yinqiaosan decoction when decocting mint, herba schizonepetae in different length of later-decoction time, to find the influence on volatile components of Yinqiaosan decoction decocted later in different length of time, to lay the foundation to further clarify the after-decoction mechanism of Yinqiaosan, and the specification of Yinqiaosan decoction process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gas chromatography mass spectrometry method is used to analyze the volatile components of Yinqiaosan decoction samples decocted for 0, 3, 5, 8, and 10 min. RESULTS Later-decocting mint and herba schizonepetae at different time when decocting Yinqiaosan had a significant influence on the volatile components of the solution. 54 different chemical components were identified: 25 were identified when later-decocting the sample for 3 min; 13 were identified when later-decocting the sample for 5 min; 11 were identified when later-decocting the sample for 8 min; 7 were identified when later-decocting the sample for 10 min; and 26 were identified when later-decocting the sample for 0 min. There were more volatile components in the sample after-decocted for 3 min. A total of 54 different chemical components were identified in different later-decocting solution samples. These components form the basis of the Yinqiaosan drug effect. CONCLUSIONS The length of later-decoction time of mint and herba schizonepetae was confirmed to be 3 min when decocting Yinqiaosan. SUMMARY Later-decocting mint and herba schizonepetae at different time had a significant influence on the volatile components of the solutionFifty-four different chemical components were identified in different later-decocting solution samplesThere were more volatile components in the sample after-decocted for 3 minThe volatile components content was high. These components form the important basis of the Yinqiaosan drug effect.Total ion flow diagram of volatile oils in the Yinqiaosan sample with mint, herba schizonepetae after 3 min decoction. Abbreviations used: GC-MS: Gas chromatography mass spectrometry, TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Kunming Qin
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
- Research and Development Center, Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Corporation, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Baochang Cai
- Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
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Akhatou I, González-Domínguez R, Fernández-Recamales Á. Investigation of the effect of genotype and agronomic conditions on metabolomic profiles of selected strawberry cultivars with different sensitivity to environmental stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 101:14-22. [PMID: 26841267 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry is one of the most economically important and widely cultivated fruit crops across the world, so that there is a growing need to develop new analytical methodologies for the authentication of variety and origin, as well as the assessment of agricultural and processing practices. In this work, an untargeted metabolomic strategy based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with multivariate statistical techniques was used for the first time to characterize the primary metabolome of different strawberry cultivars and to study metabolite alterations in response to multiple agronomic conditions. For this purpose, we investigated three varieties of strawberries with different sensitivity to environmental stress (Camarosa, Festival and Palomar), cultivated in soilless systems using various electrical conductivities, types of coverage and substrates. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant alterations in primary metabolites between the three strawberry cultivars grown under different crop conditions, including sugars (fructose, glucose), organic acids (malic acid, citric acid) and amino acids (alanine, threonine, aspartic acid), among others. Therefore, it could be concluded that GC-MS based metabolomics is a suitable tool to differentiate strawberry cultivars and characterize metabolomic changes associated with environmental and agronomic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Akhatou
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain; International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Raúl González-Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain; International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Fernández-Recamales
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain; International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
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Kumari C, Varughese B, Ramji S, Kapoor S. Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Solid Phase Extraction for Urinary Organic Acids: A Comparative Study from a Resource Constraint Setting. Indian J Clin Biochem 2016; 31:414-22. [PMID: 27605738 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-016-0557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pre analytical process of extraction for accurate detection of organic acids is a crucial step in diagnosis of organic acidemias by GCMS analysis. This process is accomplished either by solid phase extraction (SPE) or by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Both extraction procedures are used in different metabolic laboratories all over the world. In this study we compared these two extraction procedures in respect of precision, accuracy, percent recovery of metabolites, number of metabolites isolated, time and cost in a resource constraint setup. We observed that the mean recovery from SPE was 84.1 % and by LLE it was 77.4 % (p value <0.05). Moreover, the average number of metabolites isolated by SPE and LLE was 161.8 ± 18.6 and 140.1 ± 20.4 respectively. The processing cost of LLE was economical. In a cost constraint setting using LLE may be the practical option if used for organic acid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrawati Kumari
- Pediatrics Genetic and Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, New Medical Block, Opposite Old Casualty, Lok Nayak Hospital, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110002 India
| | - Bijo Varughese
- Pediatrics Genetic and Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, New Medical Block, Opposite Old Casualty, Lok Nayak Hospital, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110002 India
| | - Siddarth Ramji
- Department of Neonatology, Associated Lok Nayak Hospital, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110002 India
| | - Seema Kapoor
- Pediatrics Genetic and Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, New Medical Block, Opposite Old Casualty, Lok Nayak Hospital, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110002 India
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Bell L, Spadafora ND, Müller CT, Wagstaff C, Rogers HJ. Use of TD-GC-TOF-MS to assess volatile composition during post-harvest storage in seven accessions of rocket salad (Eruca sativa). Food Chem 2015; 194:626-36. [PMID: 26471601 PMCID: PMC4615134 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a robust method for VOC analysis from rocket salad packaging headspace. TD-GC–TOF-MS putatively identified 39 volatile compounds. VOC profiles for Eruca sativa varied significantly between accessions. Isothiocyanate compounds degrade significantly over shelf-life. Changes in VOC profiles could provide a useful tool for assessment of leaf quality.
An important step in breeding for nutritionally enhanced varieties is determining the effects of the post-harvest supply chain on phytochemicals and the changes in VOCs produced over time. TD-GC–TOF-MS was used and a technique for the extraction of VOCs from the headspace using portable tubes is described. Forty-two compounds were detected; 39 were identified by comparison to NIST libraries. Thirty-five compounds had not been previously reported in Eruca sativa. Seven accessions were assessed for changes in headspace VOCs over 7 days. Relative amounts of VOCs across 3 time points were significantly different – isothiocyanate-containing molecules being abundant on ‘Day 0’. Each accession showed differences in proportions/types of volatiles produced on each day. PCA revealed a separation of VOC profiles according to the day of sampling. Changes in VOC profiles over time could provide a tool for assessment of shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Bell
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Natasha D Spadafora
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Carsten T Müller
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Carol Wagstaff
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK; Centre for Food Security, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Hilary J Rogers
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
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Oshima T, Yonemitsu K, Sasao A, Ohtani M, Mimasaka S. Detection of carbon monoxide poisoning that occurred before a house fire in three cases. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2015; 17:371-5. [PMID: 26004303 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In our institutes, we perform a quantitative evaluation of volatile hydrocarbons in post-mortem blood in all fatal fire-related cases using headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry. We previously reported that benzene concentrations in the blood were positively correlated with carbon monoxide-hemoglobin (CO-Hb) concentrations in fire-related deaths. Here, we present 3 cases in which benzene concentrations in the blood were not correlated with CO-Hb concentrations. A high CO-Hb concentration without a hydrocarbon component, such as benzene, indicates that the deceased inhaled carbon monoxide that was not related to the smoke from the fire. Comparing volatile hydrocarbons with CO-Hb concentrations can provide more information about the circumstances surrounding fire-related deaths. We are currently convinced that this is the best method to detect if carbon monoxide poisoning occurred before a house fire started.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Oshima
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Kosei Yonemitsu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Ako Sasao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Maki Ohtani
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Sohtaro Mimasaka
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
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González-Domínguez R, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL. Metabolite profiling for the identification of altered metabolic pathways in Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 107:75-81. [PMID: 25575172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is the most frequent tool for metabolomic profiling of low molecular weight metabolites. Its suitability in health survey is beyond doubt, given that primary metabolites involved in central pathways of metabolism are usually altered in diseases. The objective of this work is to investigate metabolic differences in serum between Alzheimer's disease patients and healthy controls in order to elucidate pathological mechanisms underlying to disease. Alterations in levels of 23 metabolites were detected, including increased lactic acid, α-ketoglutarate, isocitric acid, glucose, oleic acid, adenosine and cholesterol, as well as decreased urea, valine, aspartic acid, pyroglutamate, glutamine, phenylalanine, asparagine, ornithine, pipecolic acid, histidine, tyrosine, palmitic and uric acid, tryptophan, stearic acid and cystine. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed the involvement of multiple affected pathways, such as energy deficiencies, oxidative stress, hyperammonemia, and others. Moreover, it is noteworthy that some of these compounds have not been previously described in AD research, such as α-ketoglutarate, isocitrate pipecolic acid, pyroglutamate and adenosine, confirming the potential of this metabolomic approach in the search of novel potential markers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl González-Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - José Luis Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
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Moschet C, Vermeirssen ELM, Seiz R, Pfefferli H, Hollender J. Picogram per liter detections of pyrethroids and organophosphates in surface waters using passive sampling. Water Res 2014; 66:411-422. [PMID: 25240608 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids and organophosphates are among the most toxic insecticides for aquatic organisms, leading to annual-average environmental quality standards (AA-EQS) in the picogram per liter range in surface waters. For monitoring purposes, it is therefore crucial to develop very sensitive analytical methods. Until now, it is very difficult to reach detection limits at or below given AA-EQSs. Here, we present a passive sampling method using silicone rubber (SR) sheets for the sampling of ten pyrethroids and two organophosphates in surface waters. An analytical method was developed, optimized and validated for the extraction of the insecticides from the SR sheets by accelerated solvent extraction followed by clean-up on C18 and silica gel and detection with GC-MS/MS in positive ionization mode. Good precision (<20%) and absolute recovery (>50%) was observed for all substances, accuracy was between 66% and 139%. Limits of detection between 6 and 200 pg/L were achieved for all substances in surface waters using average sampling rates for PCBs and PAHs. The lack of substance-specific sampling rates and missing performance reference compounds led to an uncertainty in the concentration estimation of factor three in both directions. In a large field study, comprising 40 environmental samples from nine Swiss rivers, eight out of 12 substances were detected (most frequently: chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin). Most of the estimated organophosphate concentrations were between 0.1 and 1 ng/L, most pyrethroid detections below 0.1 ng/L. Four substances (chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin) showed exceedances of their respective AA-EQS in multiple samples, also when the uncertainties in the concentration estimation were considered. As pyrethroid and organophosphate detection by SR passive sampling is very practicable and allows sensitive analysis, it has the potential to become a new tool in the monitoring of non-polar pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Moschet
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Remo Seiz
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Facility Management, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Phua LC, Koh PK, Cheah PY, Ho HK, Chan EC. Global gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS)-based metabonomic profiling of lyophilized human feces. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 937:103-13. [PMID: 24029555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based fecal metabonomics represents a powerful systems biology approach for elucidating metabolic biomarkers of lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT) diseases. Unlike metabolic profiling of fecal water, the profiling of complete fecal material remains under-explored. Here, a gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS) method was developed and validated for the global metabonomic profiling of human feces. Fecal and fecal water metabotypes were also profiled and compared. Additionally, the unclear influence of blood in stool on the fecal metabotype was investigated unprecedentedly. Eighty milligram of lyophilized feces was ultrasonicated with 1mL of methanol:water (8:2) for 30min, followed by centrifugation, drying of supernatant, oximation and trimethylsilylation for 45min. Lyophilized feces demonstrated a more comprehensive metabolic coverage than fecal water, based on the number of chromatographic peaks. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated occult blood (1mgHb/g feces) exerted a negligible effect on the fecal metabotype. Conversely, a unique metabotype related to feces spiked with gross blood (100mgHb/g feces) was revealed (PCA, R(2)X=0.837, Q(2)=0.794), confirming the potential confounding effect of gross GIT bleeding on the fecal metabotype. This pertinent finding highlights the importance of prudent interpretation of fecal metabonomic data, particularly in GIT diseases where bleeding is prevalent.
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