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Li S, Liu Y, Jing A, Wang Y. The effects of multitasking on metacognitive monitoring in primary and secondary school students. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 242:105908. [PMID: 38502999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Influenced by the epidemic and the rapid popularization of smart devices, media multitasking has become increasingly common in people's lives and has attracted the attention of researchers, particularly among adolescents who are native to the digital era. However, previous studies have focused primarily on the relationship between multitasking and general cognitive functions, paying less attention to the connection between multitasking and metacognition, and there is a lack of research specifically addressing adolescents in this context. To address this gap, the current study conducted two experiments with upper primary and secondary school students to explore the relationship between multitasking and adolescents' metacognition under intrinsic and extrinsic cue conditions using metacognitive monitoring as an indicator. The results revealed that multitasking significantly reduced adolescents' metacognitive monitoring accuracy. However, the scores on the media multitasking questionnaire did not significantly correlate with metacognitive monitoring accuracy in the laboratory task. This finding suggested that multitasking, under both intrinsic and extrinsic cue conditions, impairs the accuracy of metacognitive monitoring for primary and secondary school students. However, daily media multitasking activities among these students were not significantly correlated with metacognitive monitoring accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Li
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Annan Jing
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, People's Republic of China
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de Aquino Costa Sousa T, Gagnon IJ, Li KZH, McFadyen BJ, Lamontagne A. Exploring the challenges of avoiding collisions with virtual pedestrians using a dual-task paradigm in individuals with chronic moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:80. [PMID: 38755606 PMCID: PMC11097498 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with a moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (m/sTBI), despite experiencing good locomotor recovery six months post-injury, face challenges in adapting their locomotion to the environment. They also present with altered cognitive functions, which may impact dual-task walking abilities. Whether they present collision avoidance strategies with moving pedestrians that are altered under dual-task conditions, however, remains unclear. This study aimed to compare between individuals with m/sTBI and age-matched control individuals: (1), the locomotor and cognitive costs associated with the concurrent performance of circumventing approaching virtual pedestrians (VRPs) while attending to an auditory-based cognitive task and; (2) gaze behaviour associated with the VRP circumvention task in single and dual-task conditions. METHODOLOGY Twelve individuals with m/sTBI (age = 43.3 ± 9.5 yrs; >6 mo. post injury) and 12 healthy controls (CTLs) (age = 41.8 ± 8.3 yrs) were assessed while walking in a virtual subway station viewed in a head-mounted display. They performed a collision avoidance task with VRPs, as well as auditory-based cognitive tasks (pitch discrimination and auditory Stroop), both under single and dual-task conditions. Dual-task cost (DTC) for onset distance of trajectory deviation, minimum distance from the VRP, maximum lateral deviation, walking speed, gaze fixations and cognitive task accuracy were contrasted between groups using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS In contrast to CTLs who showed locomotor DTCs only, individuals with m/sTBI displayed both locomotor and cognitive DTCs. While both groups walked slower under dual-task conditions, only individuals with m/sTBI failed to modify their onset distance of trajectory deviation and maintained smaller minimum distances and smaller maximum lateral deviation compared to single-task walking. Both groups showed shorter gaze fixations on the approaching VRP under dual-task conditions, but this reduction was less pronounced in the individuals with m/sTBI. A reduction in cognitive task accuracy under dual-task conditions was found in the m/sTBI group only. CONCLUSION Individuals with m/sTBI present altered locomotor and gaze behaviours, as well as altered cognitive performances, when executing a collision avoidance task involving moving pedestrians in dual-task conditions. Potential mechanisms explaining those alterations are discussed. Present findings highlight the compromised complex walking abilities in individuals with m/sTBI who otherwise present a good locomotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago de Aquino Costa Sousa
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital - CISSS Laval, Site of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), 3205 Place Alton-Goldbloom, Laval, QC, H7V 1R2, Canada.
| | - Isabelle J Gagnon
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Trauma/Child Development, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Karen Z H Li
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Research in Human Development, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bradford J McFadyen
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS Capitale Nationale, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anouk Lamontagne
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital - CISSS Laval, Site of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), 3205 Place Alton-Goldbloom, Laval, QC, H7V 1R2, Canada
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Jackson KM, Thayer SC, Simpson KL, Shaw TH, McKnight PE, Helton WS. Swimming with a head-mounted display: dual-task costs. Ergonomics 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38613402 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2339436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Head-up displays (HUDs) have the potential to change work in operation environments by providing hands-free information to wearers. However, these benefits may be accompanied by trade-offs, primarily by increasing cognitive load due to dividing attention. Previous studies have attempted to understand the trade-offs of HUD usage; however, all of which were focused on land-based tasks. A gap in understanding exists when examining HUD use in aquatic environments as immersion introduces unique environmental and physiological factors that could affect multitasking. In this study, we investigated multitasking performance associated with swimming with a HUD. Eighteen participants completed three tasks: swimming only, a HUD-administered word recall task, and a dual-task combining both tasks. Results revealed significant dual-task interference in both tasks, though possibly less pronounced than in land-based tasks. These findings enhance not only help characterise dual-task performance, but also offer valuable insights for HUD design for aquatic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Jackson
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Health and Human-Machine Systems Group, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Sean C Thayer
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | - Tyler H Shaw
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | - William S Helton
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Bergmann PJ, Tonelli-Sippel I. Many-to-many mapping: A simulation study of how the number of traits and tasks affect the evolution of form and function. J Theor Biol 2024; 581:111744. [PMID: 38281541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Many-to-many mapping of form-to-function posits that multiple morphological and physiological traits affect the performance of multiple tasks in an organism, and that redundancy and multitasking occur simultaneously to shape the evolution of an organism's phenotype. Many-to-many mapping is expected to be ubiquitous in nature, yet little is known about how it influences the evolution of organismal phenotype. The F-matrix is a powerful tool to study these issues because it describes how multiple traits affect multiple tasks. We undertook a simulation study using the F-matrix to test how the number of traits and the number of tasks affect trait integration and evolvability, as well as the relationships among tasks. We found that as the number of traits and/or tasks increases, the relationships between the tasks and the integration between the traits become weaker, and that the evolvability of the traits increases, all resulting in a system that is freer to evolve. We also found that as the number of traits increases, performance tradeoffs tend to become weaker, but only to a point. Our work shows that it is important to consider not only multiple traits, but also the multitude of tasks that those traits carry out when studying form-function relationships. We suggest that evolution of these relationships follows functional lines of least resistance, which are less defined in more complex systems, resulting in a mechanism for diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01602, United States.
| | - Isabel Tonelli-Sippel
- Department of Biology, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01602, United States
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Grießbach E, Raßbach P, Herbort O, Cañal-Bruland R. Dual-tasking modulates movement speed but not value-based choices during walking. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6342. [PMID: 38491146 PMCID: PMC10943095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Value-based decision-making often occurs in multitasking scenarios relying on both cognitive and motor processes. Yet, laboratory experiments often isolate these processes, thereby neglecting potential interactions. This isolated approach reveals a dichotomy: the cognitive process by which reward influences decision-making is capacity-limited, whereas the influence of motor cost is free of such constraints. If true, dual-tasking should predominantly impair reward processing but not affect the impact of motor costs. To test this hypothesis, we designed a decision-making task in which participants made choices to walk toward targets for rewards while navigating past an obstacle. The motor cost to reach these rewards varied in real-time. Participants either solely performed the decision-making task, or additionally performed a secondary pitch-recall task. Results revealed that while both reward and motor costs influenced decision-making, the secondary task did not affect these factors. Instead, dual-tasking slowed down participants' walking, thereby reducing the overall reward rate. Hence, contrary to the prediction that the added cognitive demand would affect the weighing of reward or motor cost differentially, these processes seem to be maintained at the expense of slowing down the motor system. This slowdown may be indicative of interference at the locomotor level, thereby underpinning motor-cognitive interactions during decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Grießbach
- Department for Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department for the Psychology of Human Movement and Sport, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Philipp Raßbach
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Herbort
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rouwen Cañal-Bruland
- Department for the Psychology of Human Movement and Sport, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Christodoulou AG, Cruz G, Arami A, Weingärtner S, Artico J, Peters D, Seiberlich N. The future of cardiovascular magnetic resonance: All-in-one vs. real-time (Part 1). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2024; 26:100997. [PMID: 38237900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2024.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) protocols can be lengthy and complex, which has driven the research community to develop new technologies to make these protocols more efficient and patient-friendly. Two different approaches to improving CMR have been proposed, specifically "all-in-one" CMR, where several contrasts and/or motion states are acquired simultaneously, and "real-time" CMR, in which the examination is accelerated to avoid the need for breathholding and/or cardiac gating. The goal of this two-part manuscript is to describe these two different types of emerging rapid CMR. To this end, the vision of each is described, along with techniques which have been devised and tested along the pathway of clinical implementation. The pros and cons of the different methods are presented, and the remaining open needs of each are detailed. Part 1 will tackle the "all-in-one" approaches, and Part 2 the "real-time" approaches along with an overall summary of these emerging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Christodoulou
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gastao Cruz
- Michigan Institute for Imaging Technology and Translation, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ayda Arami
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Weingärtner
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Dana Peters
- Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicole Seiberlich
- Michigan Institute for Imaging Technology and Translation, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Contijoch F, Rasche V, Seiberlich N, Peters DC. The future of CMR: All-in-one vs. real-time CMR (Part 2). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2024; 26:100998. [PMID: 38237901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2024.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) protocols can be lengthy and complex, which has driven the research community to develop new technologies to make these protocols more efficient and patient-friendly. Two different approaches to improving CMR have been proposed, specifically "all-in-one" CMR, where several contrasts and/or motion states are acquired simultaneously, and "real-time" CMR, in which the examination is accelerated to avoid the need for breathholding and/or cardiac gating. The goal of this two-part manuscript is to describe these two different types of emerging rapid CMR protocols. To this end, the vision of all-in-one and real-time imaging are described, along with techniques which have been devised and tested along the pathway of clinical implementation. The pros and cons of the different methods are presented, and the remaining open needs of each are detailed. Part 1 tackles the "All-in-One" approaches, and Part 2 focuses on the "Real-Time" approaches along with an overall summary of these emerging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Rasche
- Ulm University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicole Seiberlich
- Michigan Institute for Imaging Technology and Translation, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Peng P, Yue X, Tang L, Wu X, Deng Q, Wu T, Cai L, Liu Q, Xu J, Huang X, Chen Y, Diao K, Sun J. Feasibility of Free-Breathing, Non-ECG-Gated, Black-Blood Cine Magnetic Resonance Images With Multitasking in Measuring Left Ventricular Function Indices. Korean J Radiol 2023; 24:1221-1231. [PMID: 38016681 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clinically validate the feasibility and accuracy of cine images acquired through the multitasking method, with no electrocardiogram gating and free-breathing, in measuring left ventricular (LV) function indices by comparing them with those acquired through the balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) method, with multiple breath-holds and electrocardiogram gating. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-three healthy volunteers (female:male, 30:13; mean age, 23.1 ± 2.3 years) and 36 patients requiring an assessment of LV function for various clinical indications (female:male, 22:14; 57.8 ± 11.3 years) were enrolled in this prospective study. Each participant underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using the multiple breath-hold bSSFP method and free-breathing multitasking method. LV function parameters were measured for both MRI methods. Image quality was assessed through subjective image quality scores (1 to 5) and calculation of the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the myocardium and blood pool. Differences between the two MRI methods were analyzed using the Bland-Altman plot, paired t-test, or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, as appropriate. RESULTS LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was not significantly different between the two MRI methods (P = 0.222 in healthy volunteers and P = 0.343 in patients). LV end-diastolic mass was slightly overestimated with multitasking in both healthy volunteers (multitasking vs. bSSFP, 60.5 ± 10.7 g vs. 58.0 ± 10.4 g, respectively; P < 0.001) and patients (69.4 ± 18.1 g vs. 66.8 ± 18.0 g, respectively; P = 0.003). Acceptable and comparable image quality was achieved for both MRI methods (multitasking vs. bSSFP, 4.5 ± 0.7 vs. 4.6 ± 0.6, respectively; P = 0.203). The CNR between the myocardium and blood pool showed no significant differences between the two MRI methods (18.89 ± 6.65 vs. 18.19 ± 5.83, respectively; P = 0.480). CONCLUSION Multitasking-derived cine images obtained without electrocardiogram gating and breath-holding achieved similar image quality and accurate quantification of LVEF in healthy volunteers and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Peng
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xun Yue
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Deng
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Liu
- UIH America, Inc., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- UIH America, Inc., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular lmaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yucheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaiyue Diao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Calabrese CG, Molesworth BRC, Hatfield J. The effect of punishment and feedback on correcting erroneous behavior. J Safety Res 2023; 87:481-487. [PMID: 38081719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the consequences of non-punitive sanctions and feedback for nonintentional deviations (i.e., errors) is important to effective safety policy. This study aims to address a lack of research on the effects of punishment and feedback on correcting erroneous behavior in the context of multitasking. METHOD A Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB-II) was employed to simulate the demands of aviating, an important area of applied safety. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups (no intervention, punishment, feedback, punishment + feedback) and asked to perform the MATB-II. Punishment, feedback, and punishment + feedback decreased error and increased performance, with punishment alone having the greatest effect. RESULTS The results highlight the need for behavioral consequences or feedback to reduce erroneous behavior. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS From an applied perspective, these results have implications for policy and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis G Calabrese
- School of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | | | - Julie Hatfield
- School of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Lewis CM, Gutzwiller RS. Examining post-error performance in a complex multitasking environment. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2023; 8:65. [PMID: 37864085 PMCID: PMC10589164 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-023-00512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work on indices of error-monitoring strongly supports that errors are distracting and can deplete attentional resources. In this study, we use an ecologically valid multitasking paradigm to test post-error behavior. It was predicted that after failing an initial task, a subject re-presented with that task in conflict with another competing simultaneous task, would more likely miss their response opportunity for the competing task and stay 'tunneled' on the initially errored task. Additionally, we predicted that an error's effect on attention would dissipate after several seconds, making error cascades less likely when subsequent conflict tasks are delayed. A multi-attribute task battery was used to present tasks and collect measures of both post-error and post-correct performance. Results supported both predictions: post-error accuracy on the competing task was lower compared to post-correct accuracy, and error-proportions were higher at shorter delays, dissipating over time. An exploratory analysis also demonstrated that following errors (as opposed to post-correct trials), participants clicked more on the task panel of the initial error regardless of delay; this continued task-engagement provides preliminary support for errors leading to a cognitive tunneling effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Lewis
- Human Systems Engineering Department, Arizona State University - Polytechnic, SANCA 7271 E Sonoran Arroyo Mall, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Robert S Gutzwiller
- Human Systems Engineering Department, Arizona State University - Polytechnic, SANCA 7271 E Sonoran Arroyo Mall, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA.
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Chen CC, Chien KL, Cheng SH. Examining the Long-term Spillover Effects of a Pay-for-Performance Program in a Healthcare System That Lacks Referral Arrangements. Int J Health Policy Manag 2023; 12:7571. [PMID: 38618790 PMCID: PMC10699817 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2023.7571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have examined the intended effects of pay-for-performance (P4P) programs, yet little is known about the unintended spillover effects of such programs on intermediate clinical outcomes. This study examines the long-term spillover effects of a P4P program for diabetes care. METHODS This study uses a nationwide population-based natural experimental design with a 3-year follow-up period under Taiwan's universal coverage healthcare system. The intervention group consisted of 7688 patients who enrolled in the P4P program for diabetes care in 2017 and continuously participated in the program for three years. The comparison group was selected by propensity score matching (PSM) from patients seen by the same group of physicians. Each patient had four records: one pertaining to one year before the index date of the P4P program and the other three pertaining to follow-ups spanning over the next three years. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) with difference-in-differences (DID) estimations were used to consider the correlation between repeated observations for the same patients and patients within the same matched pairs. RESULTS Patients enrolled in the P4P program showed improvements in incentivized intermediate clinical outcomes that persisted over three years, including proper control of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). We found a slight positive spillover effect of the P4P program on the control of non-incentivized triglyceride [TG]). However, we found no such effects on the non-incentivized high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) control. CONCLUSION The P4P program has achieved its primary goal of improving the incentivized intermediate clinical outcomes. The commonality in production among a set of activities is crucial for generating the spillover effects of an incentive program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chen Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Liong Chien
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Population Health Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Hsia Cheng
- Population Health Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Becker L, Kaltenegger HC, Nowak D, Weigl M, Rohleder N. Biological stress responses to multitasking and work interruptions: A randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 156:106358. [PMID: 37542740 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In the course of digitalization, new stressors are emerging. In modern working and living environments, two ubiquitous, technology-mediated stressors are multitasking demands and work interruptions. However, biological stress response patterns to multitasking and work interruptions have been sparsely investigated so far. We thus aimed to comprehensively assess biological stress response patterns to both stressors and, additionally, test whether responses differ between digital and partially non-digital settings. A controlled experimental set-up was established and humans' biological markers of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, and the immune system were assessed. N = 186 healthy participants (mean age: 23.2 ± 4.3 years, 74.7% female, body mass-index: 22.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2) took part in this pre-registered study. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of 6 experimental conditions (1 digital single-task, 3 dual-tasks [2 parallel tasks and 1 interruption], 1 multitasking, and 1 passive, control condition). Each one of the dual-tasking as well as the multitasking conditions included a non-digital sub-task, i.e., performing a task in presence of an examiner. All other conditions involved digital tasks only. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) levels as a marker for SNS reactivity significantly changed in work interruptions, parallel dual-tasking, and multitasking conditions. No changes were found for control conditions. Furthermore, no significant changes over time and no differences between the conditions were identified for three biological markers: cortisol as marker for HPA axis activity as well as for two immune system markers (secretory Immunoglobulin-A, C-reactive protein). A time course similar to sAA was found for perceived stress: with increases during task execution and decreases afterwards in multitasking and parallel dual-tasking. Yet, it did not change for the work interruption, passive control, and single-tasking condition. Overall, our findings show that dual- and multitasking are perceived as stressful and are associated with an activation of the SNS, but not with responses of HPA axis or immune system. This was consistent for digital as well as partially digital task demands. Our findings will also inform future research into the differential stress effects of digital and non-digital tasks to advance our understanding of biological stress response-patterns to multitasking and work interruptions. Therefore, our findings are highly relevant for understanding the long-term biological health effects of stress in modern (digitalized) environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Becker
- Chair of Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Helena C Kaltenegger
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Weigl
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany; Institute for Patient Safety, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Chair of Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Sanz Simon S, Ben-Eliezer D, Pondikos M, Stern Y, Gopher D. Feasibility and acceptability of a new web-based cognitive training platform for cognitively healthy older adults: the breakfast task. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2023; 9:136. [PMID: 37542331 PMCID: PMC10401737 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-023-01359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing efficient cognitive training for the older population is a major public health goal due to its potential cognitive benefits. A promising training target is executive control, critical for multitasking in everyday life. The aim of this pilot study was to establish the feasibility and acceptability of the Breakfast Task training in older adults, a new web-based cognitive training platform that simulates real-life multitasking demands. METHODS A community-based sample of 24 cognitively healthy participants aged between 60 and 75 (M = 69.12, SD = 3.83) underwent 5-session cognitive training protocol, delivered online. Each session lasted 45 min and occurred twice a week at participant's homes. Performance was recorded, and participants completed questionnaires at baseline and after the intervention. RESULTS Feasibility metrics showed overall high recruitment (82.7%), adherence and retention rates (100%). Acceptability was considered good based on participant's quantitative and qualitative responses. On average, participants rated the game as interesting, enjoyable and did not report difficulties in accessing the game online without supervision or in understanding the instructions. Participants showed a learning curve across sessions, suggesting improvement in the game outcomes and potential benefits from the emphasis change training approach. The study identified relevant areas that need improvements and adjustments, such as technical issues, session's structure, and dose. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide preliminary support for the feasibility and acceptability of the web-based Breakfast Task training platform in cognitively healthy older adults. Results suggest the value of further research to investigate the Breakfast Task training features and dose-response relationship, as well as its potential efficacy in older adults via larger randomized controlled trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04195230 (Registered 11 December 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Sanz Simon
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel Ben-Eliezer
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion city, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Maria Pondikos
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Gopher
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion city, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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14
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Britteon P, Kristensen SR, Lau YS, McDonald R, Sutton M. Spillover effects of financial incentives for providers onto non-targeted patients: daycase surgery in English hospitals. Health Econ Policy Law 2023; 18:289-304. [PMID: 37190849 DOI: 10.1017/s1744133123000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incentives for healthcare providers may also affect non-targeted patients. These spillover effects have important implications for the full impact and evaluation of incentive schemes. However, there are few studies on the extent of such spillovers in health care. We investigated whether incentives to perform surgical procedures as daycases affected whether other elective procedures in the same specialties were also treated as daycases. DATA 8,505,754 patients treated for 92 non-targeted procedures in 127 hospital trusts in England between April and March 2016. METHODS Interrupted time series analysis of the probability of being treated as a daycase for non-targeted patients treated in six specialties where targeted patients were also treated and three specialties where they were not. RESULTS The daycase rate initially increased (1.04 percentage points, SE: 0.30) for patients undergoing a non-targeted procedure in incentivised specialties but then reduced over time. Conversely, the daycase rate gradually decreased over time for patients treated in a non-incentivised specialty. DISCUSSION Spillovers from financial incentives have variable effects over different activities and over time. Policymakers and researchers should consider the possibility of spillovers in the design and evaluation of incentive schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Britteon
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Søren Rud Kristensen
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Danish Centre for Health Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yiu-Shing Lau
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ruth McDonald
- Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matt Sutton
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Melbourne Institute: Applied Economics and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Truelove V, Stefanidis K, Oviedo-Trespalacios O. "It is a different type of policing than in the bush": Police officers' perceptions of the differences in enforcement of the phone use while driving legislation in rural and urban areas. Accid Anal Prev 2023; 186:107046. [PMID: 37027899 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phone use while driving continues to be a significant road safety concern, despite the severe legal countermeasures to reduce this behaviour. Phone use while driving-related crashes have been demonstrated to be an issue in rural areas, yet research into the impact of legal sanctions on phone use while driving has primarily focussed on urban areas. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate differences in enforcement of phone use while driving between rural and urban environments as reported by police officers. In addition, to provide necessary context, this study aimed to explore how the police officers perceive differences in drivers' engagement in phone use while driving between rural and urban environments. To address these aims, a total of 26 police officers from Queensland, Australia (18 with both rural and urban experience, 6 with only rural experience and 2 with only urban experience) completed an interview. A total of seven themes were developed from the data. Several differences between rural and urban environments were identified concerning different types of phone offending behaviour, as well as different resources, management and infrastructure that can impact police enforcement. For example, it was suggested that drivers in rural areas have less reasons to use their phone while driving. Nevertheless, when this behaviour does occur, it is more challenging to enforce this law in rural compared to urban environments. The results not only provide important contextual information for phone use while driving research, but also suggest that enforcement strategies for this behaviour may need to be recontextualised to incorporate the more nuanced aspects of rural policing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity Truelove
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, School of Law and Society, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia.
| | - Kayla Stefanidis
- Road Safety Research Collaboration, School of Law and Society, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia.
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Section of Safety and Security Science, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia.
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16
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Li H, Wang Y, Qu M, Cao P, Feng C, Yang J. EchoEFNet: Multi-task deep learning network for automatic calculation of left ventricular ejection fraction in 2D echocardiography. Comput Biol Med 2023; 156:106705. [PMID: 36863190 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is essential for evaluating left ventricular systolic function. However, its clinical calculation requires the physician to interactively segment the left ventricle and obtain the mitral annulus and apical landmarks. This process is poorly reproducible and error prone. In this study, we propose a multi-task deep learning network EchoEFNet. The network use ResNet50 with dilated convolution as the backbone to extract high-dimensional features while maintaining spatial features. The branching network used our designed multi-scale feature fusion decoder to segment the left ventricle and detect landmarks simultaneously. The LVEF was then calculated automatically and accurately using the biplane Simpson's method. The model was tested for performance on the public dataset CAMUS and private dataset CMUEcho. The experimental results showed that the geometrical metrics and percentage of correct keypoints of EchoEFNet outperformed other deep learning methods. The correlation between the predicted LVEF and true values on the CAMUS and CMUEcho datasets was 0.854 and 0.916, respectively.
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Musslick S, Masís J. Pushing the Bounds of Bounded Optimality and Rationality. Cogn Sci 2023; 47:e13259. [PMID: 37032563 PMCID: PMC10317311 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
All forms of cognition, whether natural or artificial, are subject to constraints of their computing architecture. This assumption forms the tenet of virtually all general theories of cognition, including those deriving from bounded optimality and bounded rationality. In this letter, we highlight an unresolved puzzle related to this premise: what are these constraints, and why are cognitive architectures subject to cognitive constraints in the first place? First, we lay out some pieces along the puzzle edge, such as computational tradeoffs inherent to neural architectures that give rise to rational bounds of cognition. We then outline critical next steps for characterizing cognitive bounds, proposing that some of these bounds can be subject to modification by cognition and, as such, are part of what is being optimized when cognitive agents decide how to allocate cognitive resources. We conclude that these emerging views may contribute to a more holistic perspective on the nature of cognitive bounds, as well as their alteration subject to cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Musslick
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University
| | - Javier Masís
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University
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18
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Dewey JA. Cognitive load decreases the sense of agency during continuous action. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 233:103824. [PMID: 36623472 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of agency that normally accompanies voluntary actions depends on a combination of sensory predictions and other inferences. For example, when people manipulate moving objects and rate their degree of control, control ratings are influenced by proximal correlations between motor commands and visual feedback as well as the overall success or failure of the action. The relative importance of sensory predictions vs. post hoc feedback may depend on the availability and perceived reliability of those cues, which is context dependent. The present study investigated how increasing cognitive load during a visuomotor tracking task influences the sense of agency, and whether cognitive load influences the extent to which control ratings depend on sensory predictions vs. post hoc feedback. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants performed a dual task that involved tracking a moving target using a joystick while rehearsing 3, 5, or 7 digits. Control ratings decreased as memory set size increased, even though set size had no significant effect on objective tracking error. Experiment 3 replicated this finding while also manipulating the favorability of feedback presented after each trial. Control ratings were correlated with post hoc feedback, but there was no significant interaction between feedback and cognitive load. These results suggest that sensorimotor predictions, performance feedback, and availability of working memory resources can all influence sense of agency. The hypothesis that people rely more on post hoc feedback to rate control when they are distracted was not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Dewey
- University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, United States of America.
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19
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Rahmillah FI, Tariq A, King M, Oviedo-Trespalacios O. Is distraction on the road associated with maladaptive mobile phone use? A systematic review. Accid Anal Prev 2023; 181:106900. [PMID: 36580764 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptive Mobile Phone Use (MMPU) (also known as Smartphone Addiction, Nomophobia, Fear of Missing Out, or Problematic Mobile Phone Use) is a growing mental health problem. However, the health and safety consequences of MMPU remain unexplored in many real-life contexts. A potential setting where MMPU may have some negative repercussions is on the road. It is well established that road users (e.g., drivers, motorcyclists, pedestrians, and cyclists) increasingly injure themselves or others due to distractions such as phone use while on the road. Emerging research suggests that MMPU is a possible determinant of this risky behaviour. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the relationship between MMPU and mobile phone use behaviour on the road, as it could help guide and improve interventions aimed at increasing road safety. This systematic review investigated the relationship between maladaptive mobile phone use and mobile phone use behaviour on the road in terms of attitudes and risk perception, intention, phone use engagement, performance changes, and safety outcomes. A total of 44 studies were identified with 47 unique samples of road users, of which 68.1% (32/47) were comprised of drivers, 19.1% (9/47) were pedestrians, 8.5% (4/47) were unspecified road users, and there was one group of motorcyclists and cyclists. Our findings confirmed that MMPU is related to risky behaviour on the roads. In the 29 studies considering observed or self-reported behaviour, 90.9% (30/33) found that road users who scored higher in MMPU are more likely to use their phones on the road as cyclists, drivers, motorcyclists, and pedestrians. Of the nine studies that analysed performance changes, 55.6% (5/9) showed evidence that MMPU changes the performance of road users engaging in mobile phone use, meaning that there is evidence suggesting that MMPU determines the level of impairment. Of the nine studies that analysed the safety-related-outcomes, 66.7% (6/9) found that the higher the MMPU score, the more likely road users are to experience safety-critical traffic events. This review contributes to the literature by showing a pathway between the negative health consequences of MMPU and road trauma. We also identified that the quality of the studies was generally low due to study design and blinding aspects. This field of research also lacks standard practices as researchers avoid using established and well-validated questionnaires, often creating new ones to measure MMPU. This hinders the generalisability of the findings and raises questions about the construct validity and external validity of MMPU. The usefulness of future research would be enhanced by a consistent methodological approach using the same scales based on standard behavioural definitions. The cross-disciplinary nature of MMPU effects means that transport and road safety professionals need to work with healthcare professionals and technology organisations to understand and address MMPU as a contributing factor to road crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fety Ilma Rahmillah
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Amina Tariq
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark King
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Section of Safety and Security Science, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands..
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20
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Li W, Cheng S, Wang H, Chang Y. EEG microstate changes according to mental fatigue induced by aircraft piloting simulation: An exploratory study. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114203. [PMID: 36356722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A continuous flight task load can induce fatigue and lead to changes in electroencephalography (EEG). EEG microstates can reflect the activities of large-scale neural networks during mental fatigue. This exploratory experiment explored the effects of mental fatigue induced by continuous simulated flight multitasking on EEG microstate indices. METHODS Twenty-four participants performed continuous 2-hour aircraft piloting simulation while EEG were recorded. The Stanford sleepiness scale (SSS) and critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) were measured before and after the task. Microstate analysis was applied to EEG. Four microstate classes (A-D) were identified during the pre-task, post-task, beginning, and end phases. The effects of mental fatigue were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with the pre-task, the post-task had a higher global explained variance (GEV) and time parameters of class C but lower occurrence and coverage of class D. The end had a higher GEV but lower duration and coverage of class D than at the beginning. After 2 h of multitasking, the transition probability between A and D, and between B and D decreased but between A and C increased. Subjective fatigue scores were negatively correlated with occurrence and coverage of class D. Task performance was negatively correlated with duration and coverage of class C but positively correlated with duration and occurrence of class B. CONCLUSION Time parameters and transition probability of EEG microstates can detect mental fatigue induced by continuous aircraft piloting simulation. The global brain network activation of mental fatigue can be detected by EEG microstates that can evaluate flight fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Li
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan Cheng
- Department of Aerospace Medical Equipment, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Department of Aerospace Ergonomics, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yaoming Chang
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Jackson KM, Shaw TH, Helton WS. The effects of dual-task interference on visual search and verbal memory. Ergonomics 2023; 66:125-135. [PMID: 35361042 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2061053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The operational costs of multitasking are more pressing given the increase in wearable technologies (head-up displays; HUDs) that facilitate multitasking. Often multitasking comes with performance costs, where the addition of more tasks impairs the performance of the tasks. The current study explored the extent to which multitasking interference can be characterised in simulated environments, as opposed to risky and harsh environments in real operational contexts. Forty-eight participants completed several trials where they performed a visual search task while navigating a simulated environment. There were three conditions: a standalone memory task, a standalone search task, and both tasks simultaneously. Results revealed significant dual-task interference when comparing the dual-task to each of the single-tasks. Results were corroborated by subjective workload and stress metrics. The results could prove useful for designing systems for individuals who routinely multitask in operational environments. Specifically, by furthering the understanding of their performance capabilities and trade-offs due to multitasking.Practitioner summary: Due to the demands of multitasking in operational environments, quantifying the degree of information lost on each task individually will aid in the understanding of the deficits of multitasking performance. This study shows that deficits in multi-tasking (via a HUD) can be understood in simulated environments to a similar degree as real-world tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler H Shaw
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - William S Helton
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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22
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Tuo S, Li C, Liu F, Zhu Y, Chen T, Feng Z, Liu H, Li A. A Novel Multitasking Ant Colony Optimization Method for Detecting Multiorder SNP Interactions. Interdiscip Sci 2022; 14:814-832. [PMID: 35788965 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-022-00530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Linear or nonlinear interactions of multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) play an important role in understanding the genetic basis of complex human diseases. However, combinatorial analytics in high-dimensional space makes it extremely challenging to detect multiorder SNP interactions. Most classic approaches can only perform one task (for detecting k-order SNP interactions) in each run. Since prior knowledge of a complex disease is usually not available, it is difficult to determine the value of k for detecting k-order SNP interactions. METHODS A novel multitasking ant colony optimization algorithm (named MTACO-DMSI) is proposed to detect multiorder SNP interactions, and it is divided into two stages: searching and testing. In the searching stage, multiple multiorder SNP interaction detection tasks (from 2nd-order to kth-order) are executed in parallel, and two subpopulations that separately adopt the Bayesian network-based K2-score and Jensen-Shannon divergence (JS-score) as evaluation criteria are generated for each task to improve the global search capability and the discrimination ability for various disease models. In the testing stage, the G test statistical test is adopted to further verify the authenticity of candidate solutions to reduce the error rate. RESULT Three multiorder simulated disease models with different interaction effects and three real age-related macular degeneration (AMD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) datasets were used to investigate the performance of the proposed MTACO-DMSI. The experimental results show that the MTACO-DMSI has a faster search speed and higher discriminatory power for diverse simulation disease models than traditional single-task algorithms. The results on real AMD data and RA and T1D datasets indicate that MTACO-DMSI has the ability to detect multiorder SNP interactions at a genome-wide scale. Availability and implementation: https://github.com/shouhengtuo/MTACO-DMSI/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouheng Tuo
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chao Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - YanLing Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - TianRui Chen
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - ZengYu Feng
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network Data Analysis and Intelligent Processing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Xi'an, 710121, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aimin Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, Shaanxi, China
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van Hulzen GAWM, Li CY, Martin N, van Zelst SJ, Depaire B. Mining context-aware resource profiles in the presence of multitasking. Artif Intell Med 2022; 134:102434. [PMID: 36462899 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare organisations are becoming increasingly aware of the need to improve their care processes and to manage their scarce resources efficiently to secure high-quality care standards. As these processes are knowledge-intensive and heavily depend on human resources, a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between processes and resources is indispensable for efficient resource management. Organisational mining, a subfield of Process Mining, reveals insights into how (human) resources organise their work based on analysing process execution data recorded in Health Information Systems (HIS). This can be used to, e.g., discover resource profiles which are groups of resources performing similar activity instances, providing an extensive overview of resource behaviour within healthcare organisations. Healthcare managers can employ these insights to allocate their resources efficiently, e.g., by improving the scheduling and staffing of nurses. Existing resource profiling algorithms are limited in their ability to apprehend the complex relationship between processes and resources because they do not take into account the context in which activities were executed, particularly in the context of multitasking. Therefore, this paper introduces ResProMin-MT to discover context-aware resource profiles in the presence of multitasking. In contrast to the state-of-the-art, ResProMin-MT is capable of taking into account more complex contextual activity dimensions, such as activity durations and the degree of multitasking by resources. We demonstrate the feasibility of our method within a real-life healthcare context, validated by medical domain experts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiao-Yun Li
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT), Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Department, Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin 53757, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Niels Martin
- Hasselt University, Research group Business Informatics, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Egmontstraat 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan J van Zelst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT), Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Department, Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin 53757, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Chair of Process and Data Science, Ahornstraße 55, Aachen 52074, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Benoît Depaire
- Hasselt University, Research group Business Informatics, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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24
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Soltani M, Batt RJ, Bavafa H, Patterson BW. Does What Happens in the ED Stay in the ED? The Effects of Emergency Department Physician Workload on Post-ED Care Use. Manuf Serv Oper Manag 2022; 24:3079-3098. [PMID: 36452218 PMCID: PMC9707701 DOI: 10.1287/msom.2022.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM DEFINITION Emergency department (ED) crowding has been a pressing concern in healthcare systems in the U.S. and other developed countries. As such, many researchers have studied its effects on outcomes within the ED. In contrast, we study the effects of ED crowding on system performance outside the ED-specifically, on post-ED care utilization. Further, we explore the mediating effects of care intensity in the ED on post-ED care use. METHODOLOGY/RESULTS We utilize a dataset assembled from more than four years of microdata from a large U.S. hospital and exhaustive billing data in an integrated health system. By using count models and instrumental variable analyses to answer the proposed research questions, we find that there is an increasing concave relationship between ED physician workload and post-ED care use. When ED workload increases from its 5th percentile to the median, the number of post-discharge care events (i.e., medical services) for patients who are discharged home from the ED increases by 5% and it is stable afterwards. Further, we identify physician test-ordering behavior as a mechanism for this effect: when the physician is busier, she responds by ordering more tests for less severe patients. We document that this "extra" testing generates "extra" post-ED care utilization for these patients. MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS This paper contributes new insights on how physician and patient behaviors under ED crowding impact a previously unstudied system performance measure: post-ED care utilization. Our findings suggest that prior studies estimating the cost of ED crowding underestimate the true effect, as they do not consider the "extra" post-ED care utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Soltani
- Alberta School of Business, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R6
| | - Robert J Batt
- Wisconsin School of Business, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Hessam Bavafa
- Wisconsin School of Business, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Brian W Patterson
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
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25
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Langhanns C, Ewolds H, Künzell S, Müller H. Contributions of open-loop and closed-loop control in a continuous tracking task differ depending on attentional demands during practice. Hum Mov Sci 2022; 85:103001. [PMID: 36095983 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Improving tracking performance requires numerous adjustments in the motor system, including peripheral muscle functions and central motor commands. These commands can rely on sensory feedback processing during tracking, i.e., closed-loop control. In the case of repeated tracking sequences, these commands can rely on an inner representation of the target trajectory to optimize pre-planning, i.e., open-loop control. Implicit learning in a continuous tracking task with repeated sequences proves the availability of an inner target representation, which emerges by learning task regularities, even without explicit knowledge. We hypothesize that the actual use of open-loop or closed-loop control is influenced by the demand for attention. Specifically, we suggest that closed-loop control and its development during practice need attentional resources, whereas open-loop control can work and evolve in a more automatic way without attentional demands. To test this, we investigated motor-control strategies when extensively practicing a continuous compensatory force-tracking task using isometric leg muscle activation, either as a single-motor task or as a motor-cognitive dual task. After training, we found evidence for predominantly closed-loop control in the single-task training group and for open-loop control in the dual-task training group. In particular, we ascertained dual-task motor costs and a weakly developed implicit knowledge of task regularities in the single-task training group. In contrast, in the dual-task training group dual-task motor costs disappeared, while implicit learning was clearly observed. We conclude that motor-cognitive dual-task training may boost implicit motor learning, without necessarily impeding concurrent improvement in the cognitive task. Data repository: reserved doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6759377.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Langhanns
- Department of Psychology and Sports Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; nemolab, University of Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
| | - Harald Ewolds
- Department of Sports Science and Sport Center, University of Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Künzell
- Department of Sports Science and Sport Center, University of Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Hermann Müller
- Department of Psychology and Sports Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; nemolab, University of Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; CMBB Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities of Marburg and Giessen, Germany.
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26
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Lam TK, Vartanian O, Hollands JG. The brain under cognitive workload: Neural networks underlying multitasking performance in the multi-attribute task battery. Neuropsychologia 2022; 174:108350. [PMID: 35988804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multitasking is a common requirement in many occupations. Considerable research has demonstrated that performance declines as a result of multitasking, and that it engages multiple brain regions. Despite growing evidence suggesting that brain regions operate as networks, minimal research has investigated the cognitive brain networks implicated in multitasking. The Multi-Attribute Task Battery II (MATB) is a common method for assessing multitasking ability that simulates a pilot's operational environment inside an aircraft cockpit. The aim of the present study was to examine multitasking performance on the MATB, and the associated neural patterns underlying performance with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-four participants completed the MATB in the fMRI scanner. Participants completed four runs of the MATB in a 2 (Task: multitasking vs. single tasking) × 2 (Difficulty: hard vs. easy) design. MATB performance was measured as a function of accuracy. We analyzed the fMRI brain scans using both static and dynamic functional connectivity to determine whether there were differences in the connectivity patterns associated with each of the four conditions. A significant interaction between Task and Difficulty was observed such that multitasking performance accuracy, which was derived from the average across tasks, was lower than single tasking in the hard, but not easy, condition. The fMRI data revealed that static and dynamic functional connectivity between the default mode and dorsal attention networks was stronger during multitasking relative to single tasking. The static functional connectivity between the default mode and left frontoparietal networks, along with the dynamic functional connectivity between the dorsal attention and left frontoparietal networks, were both more anti-correlated during multitasking relative to single tasking. Taken together, the static and dynamic functional connectivity analyses provide complementary information to reveal the interactions among cognitive networks that support multitasking performance. Targeting these networks may offer a path to enhance multitasking ability through the application of neurostimulation and neuroenhancement techniques.
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27
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Patterson L, Kahan TA. Is the alerting-congruency interaction that is seen in experiments with stimulus-response motor associations moderated by a concurrent working-memory load? Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 225:103541. [PMID: 35203012 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying attention, distraction, and cognitive control have been widely studied, and results consistently show that reaction times are affected by alerting cues as well as by concurrent distraction. In addition, when distractors have pre-existing directional motor associations, alerting and distractor congruency interact in a manner where distractors have a larger effect when people are alerted to an upcoming target relative to when people are not alerted to the target's presentation. However, does a concurrent working memory load moderate this interaction in multitasking experiments, and if so, does it magnify or suppress this effect? The current study (N = 40) finds that although a memory-load significantly slows reaction times it does not moderate the alerting-congruency interaction. Discussion focuses on theoretical and applied implications of this empirical result.
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Becker L, Kaltenegger HC, Nowak D, Rohleder N, Weigl M. Differences in stress system (re-)activity between single and dual- or multitasking in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2022; 17:78-103. [PMID: 35477383 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2022.2071323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the age of digitization, multitasking requirements are ubiquitous, especially in the workplace. Multitasking (MT) describes the activity of performing multiple (at least two) tasks at the same time. Dual tasking (DT) refers to the sequential switching between two tasks. The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was first to investigate whether physiological stress systems become activated in response to or during MT/DT and, secondly, whether this (re-)activity is higher compared to single tasking. We focused on the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS), the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, and the immune system. The systematic review has been pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020181415). A total of twenty-five articles were identified as eligible, in which n = 26 studies were reported, with N = 1,142 participants. Our main findings are that SNS activity is significantly higher and PNS activity is significantly lower during MT/DT than during single tasking. Only two studies were found, in which HPA axis (re-)activity was surveyed. No eligible study was identified in which immune system (re-)activity was investigated. This is the first systematic synthesis of the literature base showing that stress system activity is increased during MT/DT in comparison to single-tasking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Becker
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helena C Kaltenegger
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weigl
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany.,Institute for Patient Safety, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Hamadneh J, Esztergár-Kiss D. The preference of onboard activities in a new age of automated driving. Eur Transp Res Rev 2022; 14:15. [PMID: 38625307 PMCID: PMC9013634 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-022-00540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
According to the economic theory assumption, travelers tend to monetize travel time based on factors related to their individual and trip characteristics. In the literature, a limited number of studies evaluating onboard activities on traveler's utility in the presence of the autonomous vehicle (AV) are found. In the current research, traveler preferences on board of three transport modes: individual-ride autonomous vehicle (IR-AV), shared-ride autonomous vehicle (SAV), and public transport (PT) are studied. The focus of this paper is the examination of travelers in urban areas, where traveling is relatively short, and the study of the travelers' main trip purposes. The impact of travel time, travel cost, and main onboard activity is estimated based on a discrete choice experiment (DCE). The in-vehicle onboard activities are divided into six onboard activities, where active and passive activities are considered. An experimental design and a stated preference (SP) survey are carried out. The result of the SP survey is analyzed, where a Mixed Logit (ML) model, which includes various explanatory variables, is applied. The developed model contains such variables as trip time, trip cost, main onboard activity, frequent transport mode, job, age, and car ownership. These variables show various effects on the probability of choosing a transport mode. The impact of change in travel time, travel cost, and each of the six onboard activities on traveler preferences is highlighted. As a result, variations on the impact of time, cost, and onboard activities are demonstrated. Furthermore, it is presented that people prefer using IR-AV over SAV and PT, while the probability of choosing SAV is the lowest. Besides, reading and using social media affect the utility of travelers positively (i.e., higher probability) to a greater extent than other activities, while writing alone demonstrates negative utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Hamadneh
- Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Esztergár-Kiss
- Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
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30
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Rann JC, Almor A. Effects of verbal tasks on driving simulator performance. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:12. [PMID: 35119569 PMCID: PMC8817015 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We report results from a driving simulator paradigm we developed to test the fine temporal effects of verbal tasks on simultaneous tracking performance. A total of 74 undergraduate students participated in two experiments in which they controlled a cursor using the steering wheel to track a moving target and where the dependent measure was overall deviation from target. Experiment 1 tested tracking performance during slow and fast target speeds under conditions involving either no verbal input or output, passive listening to spoken prompts via headphones, or responding to spoken prompts. Experiment 2 was similar except that participants read written prompts overlain on the simulator screen instead of listening to spoken prompts. Performance in both experiments was worse during fast speeds and worst overall during responding conditions. Most significantly, fine scale time-course analysis revealed deteriorating tracking performance as participants prepared and began speaking and steadily improving performance while speaking. Additionally, post-block survey data revealed that conversation recall was best in responding conditions, and perceived difficulty increased with task complexity. Our study is the first to track temporal changes in interference at high resolution during the first hundreds of milliseconds of verbal production and comprehension. Our results are consistent with load-based theories of multitasking performance and show that language production, and, to a lesser extent, language comprehension tap resources also used for tracking. More generally, our paradigm provides a useful tool for measuring dynamical changes in tracking performance during verbal tasks due to the rapidly changing resource requirements of language production and comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Rann
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendelton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. .,Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Amit Almor
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendelton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.,Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.,Linguistics Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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31
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Langsdorf LE, Kübler S, Schubert T. Investigation of reward effects in overlapping dual-task situations. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 222:103465. [PMID: 34922040 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In dual-task (DT) situations, performance in reaction time and error rates decrease compared with single-task situations. These performance decrements are usually explained with the serial processing at the response selection stage constituting a bottleneck. Evidence for this assumption stems from the observation that response times for the second task (task 2; RT 2) increase with decreasing stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). In this study, we investigated the effect of reward on bottleneck processing in DTs. In Experiment 1, we addressed two questions. First, does reward provided for task 2 performance affect task 2 performance, or does it affect task 1 performance? To conclude whether reward affected task 2 or task 1 performance, we relied on the psychological refractory period paradigm (PRP) as a chronometric tool. Second, we asked for the locus of the reward effect within the DT stream. We demonstrated shorter RTs in task 1 in a rewarded compared with an un-rewarded condition indicating reward affected task 1 processing. Furthermore, this reward effect is propagated onto task 2 at short SOA suggesting that the locus of the reward effect can be pinpointed before or at the bottleneck of task 1. In Experiment 2, we tested for the locus of the effect propagation onto task 2. To this end, we implemented an additional difficulty manipulation of the response selection of task 2 and found that the reward effect is propagated from task 1 onto the response selection stage of task 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif E Langsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kübler
- Department of Psychology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Schubert
- Department of Psychology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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32
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Mahesan D, Janczyk M, Fischer R. Two types of between-task conflict trigger respective processing adjustments within one dual-task. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 221:103450. [PMID: 34823209 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In dual tasking, two different kinds of between-task conflict occur. Because in both cases, Task 2 characteristics affect Task 1 performance, they are commonly referred to as backward crosstalk effects (BCE): One with a conflict at the response selection stage when Task 1 and Task 2 have dimensional overlap (the compatibility-based BCE) and one with a conflict at the motor execution stage when response inhibition resulting from a Task 2 no-go-trial interferes with simultaneous response execution in Task 1 (the no-go BCE). Recent research suggests that these BCEs differ not only in their underlying cognitive processes, but also in how cognitive control is regulated. Here, we investigated whether both can be produced in a single dual-task set up and whether they trigger their respective processing adjustments (i.e., a sequential modulation). In three experiments, participants categorized numbers as smaller or larger than 5 in Task 1. In Experiments 1 and 2, numbers were responded to irrespective of numerical size (go-response) as Task 2. Further, dimensional overlap was provided by (non)corresponding size information in both stimuli, which was strengthened in Experiment 2 by presenting S1 and S2 in the same/different color in compatible/incompatible trials, respectively. In Experiment 3, participants were required to perform a number-size categorization also in Task 2, establishing strong dimensional overlap by activating the same or different response categories in both tasks. In all three experiments, the number 5 served as the no-go stimulus in Task 2 to induce a no-go BCE on Task 1. By and large, our results show that both types of between-task conflicts not only occur within the same type of BCE, but they also trigger their respective sequential modulation.
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Ludwig J, Dignath D, Lukas S. Positive and negative action-effects improve task-switching performance. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 221:103440. [PMID: 34717256 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipation of one's own actions' effects drives goal-directed behavior. In multitasking environments, the learning of stable action-effect associations seems particularly important, because establishing reliable response-effect associations for multiple competing tasks may help to differentiate between these tasks and thereby improve task-switching performance. Action-effects not only have cognitive, but also motivational aspects and often the consequences of our actions are hedonically marked. Thus, the anticipated hedonic quality of action-effects may also become part of the task representation, and positive and negative affect may distinctly modulate task-switching performance. We report a pre-registered experiment (N = 120) designed to examine how positive, negative, and neutral valence of action-effects impact performance in a cued task-switching paradigm. Pictures from the IAPS database were used to manipulate the action-effects' valence. Affective valence determined reaction times: participants who learned positive or negative action-effects responded faster than participants in the control condition. In particular, task-switch trials were faster in both conditions than in the control condition, while task-repetition trials were comparable across valence conditions. Our results further suggest that performance improvements in the positive and negative valence conditions occurred for different reasons. Negative action-effects expedited responses specifically for the task that produced the unpleasant outcome, while positive affect more generally promoted performance of both tasks. These findings point toward distinct roles of positive and negative valence of action-effects in regulating multitasking performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ludwig
- University of Education Weingarten, Germany; Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Lukas
- University of Education Weingarten, Germany.
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34
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Raßbach P, Grießbach E, Cañal-Bruland R, Herbort O. Deciding while moving: Cognitive interference biases value-based decisions. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 221:103449. [PMID: 34801882 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When people act, they repeatedly have to make value-based decisions about the further course of actions. For example, when driving on the highway, they must decide whether to overtake other cars by changing lanes to arrive at their destination quicker; concurrently, they are required to stay on their momentary lane by controlling the steering wheel. Embodied choice models predict that concurrent action execution modulates value-based decisions. Here, we examined whether value-based decisions are influenced by a change of action costs and/or cognitive interference between concurrent actions and decision making. In a novel, computerized multilane tracking task paradigm, participants (N = 50) controlled a cursor moving on one of three horizontal lanes. During tracking (concurrent action), participants had to switch to other lanes to avoid obstacles or collect rewards (value-based decisions). The action costs associated with a lane switch depended on the cursor position relative to the currently tracked lane, and this relationship varied between conditions. Results showed that value-based lane switching decisions were biased by the cursor state. While this influence was partly attributed to minimizing action costs, a considerable part of the influence could be attributed to cognitive interference. Our findings provide further evidence for embodied choice models, showing that both cognitive interference as well as action costs bias value-based decisions.
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35
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Bock O, Stojan R, Wechsler K, Mack M, Voelcker-Rehage C. Distracting tasks have persisting effects on young and older drivers' braking performance. Accid Anal Prev 2021; 161:106363. [PMID: 34454282 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that car driving performance suffers when the driver concurrently engages in a distracting activity, such as talking on a cell phone. The present study investigates whether the effects of driver distraction are short-lived, or rather persist for some time. Age-related differences are evaluated as well. Sixty-three young and 61 older adults were tested in a driving simulator. They were asked to follow a lead car that drove at a constant speed, and to concurrently engage in a pseudorandom sequence of distracting tasks (typing, reasoning, memorizing). When the lead car braked, participants had to brake as well to prevent a collision. The stimulus onset asynchrony between the braking task and the last preceding distraction was 11.49 ± 1.99 s. Each person was tested once in a multitasking condition (as described above), and once in a control condition without distracting tasks. Outcome measures quantified distance keeping and lane keeping while participants braked to the lead car. We found that braking responses differed significantly between conditions; this difference could be interpreted as a combination of performance deficits and compensatory strategies in the multitasking condition compared to the control condition. We also found significant differences between age groups, which could be interpreted similarly. Differences between age groups were less pronounced in the multitasking than in the control condition. All observed effects were associated with participants' executive functioning. Our findings confirm that distractions have an impact on braking responses, and they document for the first time that this impact can persist for about 11.5 s. We attribute this persistence to a task set effect, and discuss the practical relevance of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Bock
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50927 Köln, Germany.
| | - Robert Stojan
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, University of Münster, Horstmarer Landweg 62 b, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Konstantin Wechsler
- Institute for Movement Therapy and Movement-Oriented Prevention and Rehabilitation, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50927 Köln, Germany.
| | - Melanie Mack
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50927 Köln, Germany.
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, University of Münster, Horstmarer Landweg 62 b, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Kulomäki J, Oksama L, Rantanen E, Hyönä J. Attention control in a demanding dynamic time-sharing environment: An eye-tracking study. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021. [PMID: 34595687 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined different models of cognitive control in dynamic time-sharing situations. We investigated attentional allocation by registering participants' eye movements while they performed a new time-sharing task that forced them to solve resource conflicts between subtasks through prioritization. Participants were monitoring four subtasks each requiring different amounts of visual attention and response frequencies. Participants' attention allocation was operationalized in terms of the time spent dwelling on subtasks, the rate they visually sampled the tasks, and the duration of dwells. Additionally, the accuracy of responses and efficiency of time-sharing were estimated. In Experiment 1, we studied adaptation to a time-sharing environment in which priority order of the subtasks was kept constant from trial to trial. We found that the participants sampled the most important subtasks more frequently, spent more time on them, and shifted their gaze earlier to them than to less important subtasks. That is, they allocated their attention according to the subtask priorities. In Experiment 2, subtask priorities changed from trial to trial. Despite the higher demands of the constantly changing situation, participants again adapted to the varying priorities of the subtasks almost instantly. Our results suggest that performance in complex and dynamic time-sharing situations is not managed by a system relying on liberal resource allocation policies and gradual learning. Instead, the participants' rapid adaptation is more consistent with tighter executive and authoritative control and intelligent use of prioritization information.
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Muratori LM, Quinn L, Li X, Youdan G, Busse M, Fritz NE. Measures of postural control and mobility during dual-tasking as candidate markers of instability in Huntington's disease. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 80:102881. [PMID: 34583142 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Huntington's disease (HD) have impairments in performing dual-tasks, however, there is limited information about the effects of changing postural and cognitive demands as well as which measures are best suited as markers of underlying motor-cognitive interference. METHODS Forty-three individuals with HD and 15 healthy controls (HC) completed single tasks of walking (Timed Up & Go (TUG), 7 m walk), standing (feet together, feet apart and foam surface) and seated cognitive performance (Stroop, Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) Sorting test) and dual cognitive-motor tasks while standing (+ Stroop) and walking (+ DKEFS, TUG cognitive). APDM Opal sensors recorded measures of postural sway and time to complete motor tasks. RESULTS Individuals with HD had a greater increase in standing postural sway compared to HC from single to dual-tasks and with changes to support surface. Both groups demonstrated a decrease in gait performance during the TUG cognitive, however, this difference was greater in people with HD compared to HC. While those with HD showed a greater dual-task motor cost compared to HC, both groups behaved similarly as condition complexity increased. CONCLUSIONS Standing postural sway is a more sensitive marker of instability than change in standard gait speed, particularly under dual-task conditions. The more complex TUG cognitive is a sensitive measure of walking dual-task performance. The results of this study provide insights about the nature of motor-cognitive impairments in HD and provide support for a distinction between static and dynamic postural control mechanisms during performance of dual-tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Muratori
- Department of Physical Therapy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8201, United States of America.
| | - Lori Quinn
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America.
| | - Xueyao Li
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America.
| | - Gregory Youdan
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America.
| | - Monica Busse
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Nora E Fritz
- Program in Physical Therapy and Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America.
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Zanto TP, Jones KT, Ostrand AE, Hsu WY, Campusano R, Gazzaley A. Individual differences in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology predict effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1317-1329. [PMID: 34481095 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) research has been plagued with inconsistent effects. Recent work has suggested neuroanatomical and neurophysiological variability may alter tES efficacy. However, direct evidence is limited. OBJECTIVE We have previously replicated effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on improving multitasking ability in young adults. Here, we attempt to assess whether these stimulation parameters have comparable effects in older adults (aged 60-80 years), which is a population known to have greater variability in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. It is hypothesized that this variability in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology will be predictive of tACS efficacy. METHODS We conducted a pre-registered study where tACS was applied above the prefrontal cortex (between electrodes F3-F4) while participants were engaged in multitasking. Participants were randomized to receive either 6-Hz (theta) tACS for 26.67 min daily for three days (80 min total; Long Exposure Theta group), 6-Hz tACS for 5.33 min daily (16-min total; Short Exposure Theta group), or 1-Hz tACS for 26.67 min (80 min total; Control group). To account for neuroanatomy, magnetic resonance imaging data was used to form individualized models of the tACS-induced electric field (EF) within the brain. To account for neurophysiology, electroencephalography data was used to identify individual peak theta frequency. RESULTS Results indicated that only in the Long Theta group, performance change was correlated with modeled EF and peak theta frequency. Together, modeled EF and peak theta frequency accounted for 54%-65% of the variance in tACS-related performance improvements, which sustained for a month. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the importance of individual differences in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology in tACS research and help account for inconsistent effects across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Zanto
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin T Jones
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Avery E Ostrand
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wan-Yu Hsu
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Campusano
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Kane MJ, Carruth NP, Lurquin JH, Silvia PJ, Smeekens BA, von Bastian CC, Miyake A. Individual differences in task-unrelated thought in university classrooms. Mem Cognit 2021; 49:1247-1266. [PMID: 33890247 PMCID: PMC8313470 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-021-01156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated what academic traits, attitudes, and habits predict individual differences in task-unrelated thought (TUT) during lectures, and whether this TUT propensity mediates associations between academic individual differences and course outcomes (final grade and situational interest evoked by material). Undergraduates (N = 851) from ten psychology classes at two US universities responded to thought probes presented during two early-course lectures; they also indicated sitting in the front, middle, or back of the classroom. At each probe, students categorized their thought content, such as indicating on-task thought or TUT. Students also completed online, academic-self-report questionnaires at the beginning of the course and a situational interest questionnaire at the end. Average TUT rate was 24% but individuals' rates varied widely (SD = 18%). TUT rates also increased substantially from the front to back of the classroom, and modestly from the first to second half of class periods. Multiple-group analyses (with ten classroom groups) indicated that: (a) classroom media-multitasking habits, initial interest in the course topic, and everyday propensity for mind-wandering and boredom accounted for unique variance in TUT rate (beyond other predictors); (b) TUT rate accounted for unique (modest) variance in course grades and situational interest; and (c) classroom media multitasking and propensity for mind-wandering and boredom had indirect associations with course grades via TUT rate, and these predictor variables, along with initial interest, had indirect associations with end-of-term situational interest via TUT rate. Some academic traits and behaviors predict course outcomes in part because they predict off-task thought during class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kane
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA.
| | - Nicholas P Carruth
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA
| | - John H Lurquin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA
| | - Paul J Silvia
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Bridget A Smeekens
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Claudia C von Bastian
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Akira Miyake
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA.
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Humayun MA, Yassin H, Abas PE. Spatial position constraint for unsupervised learning of speech representations. PeerJ Comput Sci 2021; 7:e650. [PMID: 34395866 PMCID: PMC8323719 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The success of supervised learning techniques for automatic speech processing does not always extend to problems with limited annotated speech. Unsupervised representation learning aims at utilizing unlabelled data to learn a transformation that makes speech easily distinguishable for classification tasks, whereby deep auto-encoder variants have been most successful in finding such representations. This paper proposes a novel mechanism to incorporate geometric position of speech samples within the global structure of an unlabelled feature set. Regression to the geometric position is also added as an additional constraint for the representation learning auto-encoder. The representation learnt by the proposed model has been evaluated over a supervised classification task for limited vocabulary keyword spotting, with the proposed representation outperforming the commonly used cepstral features by about 9% in terms of classification accuracy, despite using a limited amount of labels during supervision. Furthermore, a small keyword dataset has been collected for Kadazan, an indigenous, low-resourced Southeast Asian language. Analysis for the Kadazan dataset also confirms the superiority of the proposed representation for limited annotation. The results are significant as they confirm that the proposed method can learn unsupervised speech representations effectively for classification tasks with scarce labelled data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Humayun
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Brunei
| | - Hayati Yassin
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Brunei
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Abstract
Multitasking situations, such as using one's phone while driving, are increasingly common in everyday life. Experimental psychology has long documented the costs of multitasking on task performance; however, little is known of the effects it has on the metacognitive processes that monitor such performance. The present study is a step toward filling this void by combining psychophysical procedures with complex multitasking. We devised a multimodal paradigm in which participants performed a sensorimotor tracking task, a visual discrimination task, and an auditory 2-back working memory task, either separately or concurrently, while also evaluating their task performance every ~15 s. Our main finding is that multitasking decreased participants' awareness of their performance (metacognitive sensitivity) for all three tasks. Importantly, this result was independent of the multitasking cost on task performance, and could not be attributed to confidence leak, psychological refractory period, or recency effects on self-evaluations. We discuss the implications of this finding for both metacognition and multitasking research.
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Vacheron CH, Peyrouset O, Incagnoli P, Charra V, Parat S, David JS, Theissen A, Piriou V, Friggeri A. Multitasking in postanesthesia care unit following nurse interruptions, an analysis of the causes and consequences using classification tree: an observational prospective study. Braz J Anesthesiol 2021. [PMID: 34118257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU) is an environment associated with an important workload which is susceptible to lead to task interruption (TI), leading to task-switching or concurrent multitasking. The objective of the study was to determine the predictors of the reaction of the nurses facing TI and assess those who lead to an alteration of the initial task. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study into the PACU of a university hospital during February 2017. Among 18 nurses, a selected one was observed each day, documenting for each TI the reaction of the nurse (task switching or concurrent multitasking), and the characteristics associated with the TI. We performed classification tree analyses using C5.0 algorithm in order to select the main predictors of the type of multitasking performed and the alteration of the initial task. RESULTS We observed 1119 TI during 132 hours (8.5 TI/hour). The main reaction was concurrent multitasking (805 TI, 72%). The short duration of the task interruption (one minute or less) was the most important predictor leading to concurrent multitasking. Other predictors of response to TI were the identity of the task interrupter and the number of nurses present. Regarding the consequences of the task switching, long interruption (more than five minutes) was the most important predictor of the alteration of the initial task. CONCLUSIONS By analysing the predictors of the type of multitasking in front of TI, we propose a novel approach to understanding TI, offering new perspective for prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Hervé Vacheron
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle Santé Publique, Service de Biostatistique-Bioinformatique, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon, France.
| | - Olivier Peyrouset
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Incagnoli
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Charra
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Parat
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Stephane David
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Theissen
- Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace, Département D'anesthésie Réanimation, Monaco, France
| | - Vincent Piriou
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud Friggeri
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon, France
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Vacheron CH, Peyrouset O, Incagnoli P, Charra V, Parat S, David JS, Theissen A, Piriou V, Friggeri A. Multitasking in postanesthesia care unit following nurse interruptions, an analysis of the causes and consequences using classification tree: an observational prospective study. Braz J Anesthesiol 2021; 73:267-275. [PMID: 34118257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU) is an environment associated with an important workload which is susceptible to lead to task interruption (TI), leading to task-switching or concurrent multitasking. The objective of the study was to determine the predictors of the reaction of the nurses facing TI and assess those who lead to an alteration of the initial task. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study into the PACU of a university hospital during February 2017. Among 18 nurses, a selected one was observed each day, documenting for each TI the reaction of the nurse (task switching or concurrent multitasking), and the characteristics associated with the TI. We performed classification tree analyses using C5.0 algorithm in order to select the main predictors of the type of multitasking performed and the alteration of the initial task. RESULTS We observed 1119 TI during 132 hours (8.5 TI/hour). The main reaction was concurrent multitasking (805 TI, 72%). The short duration of the task interruption (one minute or less) was the most important predictor leading to concurrent multitasking. Other predictors of response to TI were the identity of the task interrupter and the number of nurses present. Regarding the consequences of the task switching, long interruption (more than five minutes) was the most important predictor of the alteration of the initial task. CONCLUSIONS By analysing the predictors of the type of multitasking in front of TI, we propose a novel approach to understanding TI, offering new perspective for prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Hervé Vacheron
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle Santé Publique, Service de Biostatistique-Bioinformatique, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon, France.
| | - Olivier Peyrouset
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Incagnoli
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Charra
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Parat
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Stephane David
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Theissen
- Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace, Département D'anesthésie Réanimation, Monaco, France
| | - Vincent Piriou
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon, France
| | - Arnaud Friggeri
- Hospice Civil de Lyon, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon, France
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Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Cunningham R, McAlister C, Arrotta K, Weakley A. The night out task and scoring application: an ill-structured, open-ended clinic-based test representing cognitive capacities used in everyday situations. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 36:537-553. [PMID: 33089318 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The night out task (NOT) was developed as a naturalistic, open-ended, multitasking measure that requires individuals to complete eight subtasks comparable to those encountered during real-world functioning (e.g., pack travel bag, prepare tea). We examined psychometric properties and administration feasibility of this direct observation measure within a clinic-like setting using a tablet-based coding application. METHOD A sample of 148 community-dwelling older adults (82% cognitively healthy; 18% mild cognitive impairment) and 57 younger adults completed the NOT along with other neurocognitive tests and questionnaires. RESULTS Inter-rater reliability across NOT primary (i.e., time, accuracy, efficiency) and process-related (e.g., error-types, self-corrections) variables was mostly excellent. NOT primary measures showed expected patterns of convergent and discriminant validity with measures of cognition, demographics, and well-being. External validity was established by the NOT ability to distinguish between age and diagnostic (cognitively healthy vs. mild cognitive impairment) groups. Demonstrating incremental validity, the NOT primary variables (execution time in particular) were predictive of self-reported functional abilities and completion quality of in-home everyday tasks over and earlier variables such as demographics, cognition, and mobility. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the NOT and its app interface, which allows for continuous logging of observations, are a feasible in-clinic measure to assess cognitive capacities important for real-world functioning. With further validation, the NOT may allow for earlier detection of functional difficulties. Understanding errors and strategies used during NOT performance could also have implications for individualized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reanne Cunningham
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Courtney McAlister
- Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Kayela Arrotta
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Weakley
- Neurology Department, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Huestegge L, Strobach T. Structuralist mental representation of dual-action demands: Evidence for compositional coding from dual tasks with low cross-task dimensional overlap. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 216:103298. [PMID: 33774503 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study asks how behavioral (dual-action) demands in dual tasks are mentally represented and whether changes in representation might govern practice-related dual-task performance improvements. Three different representation accounts were empirically tested based on the idea that dual-action demands required in a dual-task trial might be represented in different ways. According to a compositional (Structuralist) account, component tasks remain structurally intact when combined with another task. In contrast, a holistic (Gestalt) account posits that dual-action requirements in dual tasks are represented holistically and entirely distinct from its component action requirements. Finally, a contextual change account assumes that a change in context (e.g., from single- to dual-action requirement) generally impedes response retrieval, similar to repeating a response while the task context switches. To address this issue, we analyzed trial-by-trial effects in a single/dual switch paradigm (SDS paradigm, involving a randomized mix of single- and dual-task trials within blocks). Specifically, we analyzed performance in an extensive dual-task training setting (involving training sessions across several days) combining an auditory-vocal task and a visual-manual task. The results indicated that, throughout practice, nearly all relevant comparisons of performance between complete switch trials (e.g., between the two single tasks) and partial repetition trials (e.g., from dual to single task) revealed partial repetition benefits, that is, for both the auditory-vocal and the visual-manual task, and for both single- and dual-task performance analyses. Therefore, dual-action requirements in the present dual-task setting are mentally represented in a compositional, Structuralist fashion, probably due to low between-task dimensional overlap.
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Nicklas PR, Kiefer ML, Whalen MA, Stewart MT, Mosura DE, Bennett EM, Hawley WR, McLaughlin PJ. Muscarinic M1, but not M4, receptor antagonism impairs divided attention in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 205:173184. [PMID: 33836220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Divided attention may be more important than ever to comprehend, given ubiquitous distractors in modern living. In humans, concern has been expressed about the negative impact of distraction in education, the home, and the workplace. While acetylcholine supports divided attention, in part via muscarinic receptors, little is known about the specific muscarinic subtypes that may contribute. We designed a novel, high-response rate test of auditory sustained attention, in which rats complete variable-ratio runs on one of two levers, rather than emitting a single response. By doing this, we can present a secondary visual distractor task during some trials, for which a correct nosepoke response is reinforced with a more palatable food pellet. The nonspecific muscarinic antagonist scopolamine impaired performance, and slowed and reduced lever press activity. We then explored antagonists that preferentially block the M1 and M4 subtypes, because these receptors are potential therapeutic targets for cognitive enhancers. Telenzepine, an M1-preferring antagonist, impaired divided attention performance, but not performance of the attention task without distraction. Telenzepine also had fewer nonspecific effects than scopolamine. In contrast, the M4-preferring antagonist tropicamide had no effects. Analysis of overall behavior also indicated that accuracy in the main attention task decreased as a function of engagement with the distractor task. These results implicate the M1 receptor in divided attention.
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Steinhauser R, Steinhauser M. Adaptive rescheduling of error monitoring in multitasking. Neuroimage 2021; 232:117888. [PMID: 33647498 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concurrent execution of temporally overlapping tasks leads to considerable interference between the subtasks. This also impairs control processes associated with the detection of performance errors. In the present study, we investigated how the human brain adapts to this interference between task representations in such multitasking scenarios. In Experiment 1, participants worked on a dual-tasking paradigm with partially overlapping execution of two tasks (T1 and T2), while we recorded error-related scalp potentials. The error positivity (Pe), a correlate of higher-level error evaluation, was reduced after T1 errors but occurred after a correct T2-response instead. MVPA-based and regression-based single-trial analysis revealed that the immediate Pe and deferred Pe are negatively correlated, suggesting a trial-wise trade-off between immediate and postponed error processing. Experiment 2 confirmed this finding and additionally showed that this result is not due to credit-assignment errors in which a T1 error is falsely attributed to T2. For the first time reporting a Pe that is temporally detached from its eliciting error event by a considerable amount of time, this study illustrates how reliable error detection in dual-tasking is maintained by a mechanism that adaptively schedules error processing, thus demonstrating a remarkable flexibility of the human brain when adapting to multitasking situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Steinhauser
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Ostenstraße 25, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany.
| | - Marco Steinhauser
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Ostenstraße 25, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany
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48
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Abstract
This study examined the effect of instructions and feedback on the integration of two tasks. Task-integration of covarying tasks are thought to help dual-task performance. With complete task integration of covarying dual tasks, a dual task becomes more like a single task and dual-task costs should be reduced as it is no longer conceptualized as a dual task. In the current study we tried to manipulate the extent to which tasks are integrated. We covaried a tracking task with an auditory go/no-go task and tried to manipulate the extent of task-integration by using two different sets of instructions and feedback. A group receiving task-integration promoting instructions and feedback (N = 18) and a group receiving task-separation instructions and feedback (N = 20) trained on a continuous tracking task. The tracking task covaried with the auditory go/no-go reaction time task because high-pitch sounds always occurred 250 ms before turns, which has been demonstrated to foster task integration. The tracking task further contained a repeating segment to investigate implicit learning. Results showed that instructions, feedback, or participants' conceptualization of performing a single task versus a dual task did not significantly affect task integration. However, the covariation manipulation improved performance in both the tracking and the go/no-go task, exceeding performance in non-covarying and single tasks. We concluded that task integration between covarying motor tasks is a robust phenomenon that is not influenced by instructions or feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Ewolds
- Institute for Sports Science, Augsburg University, Universitätsstraße 3, 86159, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Laura Broeker
- Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Markus Raab
- Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Stefan Künzell
- Institute for Sports Science, Augsburg University, Universitätsstraße 3, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
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49
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Augenstein T, Schneider A, Wehler M, Weigl M. Multitasking behaviors and provider outcomes in emergency department physicians: two consecutive, observational and multi-source studies. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2021; 29:14. [PMID: 33413575 PMCID: PMC7792086 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-020-00824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multitasking is a key skill for emergency department (ED) providers. Yet, potentially beneficial or debilitating effects for provider functioning and cognition are underexplored. We therefore aimed to investigate the role of multitasking for ED physicians’ work stress and situation awareness (SA). Methods Two consecutive, multi-source studies utilizing standardized expert observations in combination with physicians’ self-reports on stress and SA were set out in an academic ED. To control for ED workload, measures of patient acuity, patient counts, and ED staff on duty were included. Regression analyses estimated associations between observed proportion of time spent in multitasking with matched ED physicians’ reports on stress (study 1) and SA (study 2). Results ED physicians engaged between 18.7% (study 1) and 13.0% (study 2) of their worktime in multitasking. Self-reported as well as expert-observed multitasking were significantly associated. This confirms the internal validity of our observational approach. After controlling for ED workload, we found that physicians who engaged more frequently in multitasking perceived higher work stress (Beta = .02, 95%CI .001–.03; p = .01). In study 2, ED physicians with more frequent multitasking behaviors reported higher SA (B = .08, 95%CI .02–.14; p = .009). Conclusions Multitasking is often unavoidable in ED care. Our findings suggest that ED physicians’ multitasking increases stress experiences, yet, may facilitate professional’s experiences of situation awareness. Our results warrant further investigation into potentially ambivalent effects of ED providers’ multitasking in effectively sharing time between competing demands while maintaining performance and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Augenstein
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of General, Visceral and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital Porz am Rhein, Urbacher Weg 19, 51149, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Schneider
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Science, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Wehler
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Weigl
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336, Munich, Germany. .,Institute for Patient Safety, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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50
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Abstract
Research on the limitations of dual-tasking might profit from using setups with a predictable sequence of stimuli and responses and assessing the acquisition of this sequence. Detrimental effects of dual-tasking on implicit sequence learning in the serial reaction time task (SRTT; Nissen & Bullemer, 1987) - when paired with an uncorrelated task - have been attributed to participants' lack of separating the streams of events in either task. Assuming that co-occurring events are automatically integrated, we reasoned that participants could need to first learn which events co-occur, before they can acquire sequence knowledge. In the training phase, we paired an 8-element visual-manual SRTT with an auditory-vocal task. Afterwards, we tested under single-tasking conditions whether SRTT sequence knowledge had been acquired. By applying different variants of probabilistic SRTT-tone pairings across three experiments, we tested what type of predictive relationship was needed to preserve sequence learning. In Experiment 1, where half of the SRTT-elements were paired to 100% with one specific tone and the other half randomly, only the fixedly paired elements were learned. Yet, no sequence learning was found when each of the eight SRTT-elements was paired with tone identity in a 75%-25% ratio (Experiment 2). Sequence learning was, however, intact when the 75%-25% ratio was applied to the four SRTT target locations instead (Experiment 3). The results suggest that participants (when lacking a separation of the task representations while dual-tasking) can learn a sequence inherent in one of two tasks to the extent that across-task contingencies can be learned first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Röttger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Hochschulring 18, 28359 Bremen, DE
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, Universitätsstr. 33, 58084 Hagen, DE
| | - Robert Gaschler
- Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, Universitätsstr. 33, 58084 Hagen, DE
| | - Hilde Haider
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931 Köln, DE
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